Selected quad for the lemma: england_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
england_n	great_a	king_n	normandy_n	4,212	5	10.9535	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68397	The breuiary of Britayne As this most noble, and renowmed iland, was of auncient time deuided into three kingdomes, England, Scotland and Wales. Contaynyng a learned discourse of the variable state, [and] alteration therof, vnder diuers, as wel natural: as forren princes, [and] conquerours. Together with the geographicall description of the same, such as nether by elder, nor later writers, the like hath been set foorth before. Writen in Latin by Humfrey Lhuyd of Denbigh, a Cambre Britayne, and lately Englished by Thomas Twyne, Gentleman.; Commentarioli Britannicae descriptionis fragmentum. English	Llwyd, Humphrey, 1527-1568.; Twyne, Thomas, 1543-1613.	1573 (1573)	STC 16636; ESTC S108126	73,902	228

water either into the Sea as Aberconwy Abertiui Abertawy that is to say the mouth of Conway Tibius and Tobius or into some great Riuer as Aber hodni Abergeuenni to say the fall of Hodnus and Geuenus into Osca Moreouer wee call mouthes and entrances of Riuers Aber without addynge any thynge more thereto as in Carnaruanshyre between Conouium and Banchorium in the same maner so that I thinke Aber to signifie as much as Aestus doth whiche is the rage fall or force of Water as is most agreeable with Ptolomaeus Aboue these were the Damnij whose cheife Citie Antoninus maketh Vandagora to be not far from the valley Ofdam wherby I coniecture that they be those whiche wee call now VVestmerlandshyremen The Selgouij and Otadeni in times past inhabited Cumberland At the verie brimme of the Uallie standeth a most auncient citie Ptolomeus calleth it Lucopibia Antoninus Luguballia the Britaynes and Englishmen terme it Caerloyl and it standeth in the Frontirs of the Nouantes Not farre from this Citie as Malmsburiensis reporteth there was a Stone founde with this inscription In token of Marius victorie whiche token of triumph I suppose to haue bin erected by Meurigus whom some of the Romans haue termed more aptly Aruiragus othersome Marius in token that the Readshankes were there vanquished Rodericus beyng theyr kynge whiche at that season as the Saxons did exercised Pyracie in our Seas vntill at length one parte of them setled in Albania and other in Fraūce And it is wel knowne that these countries together with Gallouidia so farre as the Riuer Cluda vnto the yere of our Lorde 870 were in the Britaynes possession at what time beyng by the Scottes Danes and Englishmen disquieted with many batayles and in the ende their kynge Constantinus slayne at Lochmaba in Anādra they were enforced to returne into VVales to their countrymen and dryuing away the English Saxons forcibly chalenged to them selues the greater parte of the country which lieth twixt Conway and the water of Dee whiche they possessed and there appoynted a kyngdome whiche of the riuer Cluda on whose shoare they dwelt is of our countrymen called Struteluyd of Marianus Scotus corruptly Streadiylead of the VVallanes They had many conflictes agaynst the kynges of England as the same author reporteth vntill at length their last kynge dying at Rome they submitted themselues to the princes of Gwynedh This Marianus the chiefest Hystoriographer of his time one of late hath caused to set foorth in Printe being imperfect and lackynge the better parte of set purpose as him selfe confesseth because of the ambiguitie of the British Hystorie In like maner Sleydan while he turneth his abbridgement of Frossard into Latine beyng too too muche partiall to the Frenchemen either ouerpasseth with silence the most noble valiant deedes of the Englishmen or variynge from his author reporteth them otherwyse then Frossard hath written Wherefore me seemeth that the sayinge of Martial the Poet verye well agreeth with them That which now thou doest turne O Fidentine the booke is mine But when thou turnest him ill then he begins for to be thine But this much by the way The laste of the Northumberlandshyremen and almost of all Lhoëgr follow the inhabitantes of Lancashyre to be intreated of whom the Ryuer called of the Englishmen Merssee deuideth from the Kyngedome of March of whom the kyngdome of March in Englande was so called It is soone prooued out of Ptolomaeus that these were called Ordouici in olde time For the Ordouici saieth he lie more Southwest then the Brigantes doo Since therefore that Yorkeshyre is the kyngedome of Brigantes in vayne with Boethius wee seeke them in Scotland and muche more in Northfolke with Polydorus Wherefore renouncing these fables for my part I am perswaded that the ORDOVICI are not only the Lancas hyremen but also the Deuani or Ches hyremen and Shrops hyremen beyng recompted of Tacitus for a greate Citie In this place I call a Citie as Caesar doeth an whole conuent or kyngedome For looke how many Cities there are so many kyngedomes in olde time were in Britayne whiche seuerally wagyng batayle agaynst the Romans were all the sooner ouercummen Amongst the Cities of these kingdomes Ptolomaeus reciteth Mediolanū called now Lancastre Mancunium as appeareth out of Antoninus is called Māchestre Their kynge in times past was Cataracus whose fame was knowne aboue the Skies who the space of nine continuall yeres very muche molested the Romans with Warre at length was taken by treason of a Woman and led to Rome in triumphe And Claudius the Emperour deserued no lesse prayse for vanquishynge Cataracus then did Scipio for Syphax or Lucius Paulus for Perses as Tacitus writeth two moste puissant kynges brought home in shew to the people of Rome And here can I not maruel enough what came in minde to that Boëthius not the Troiane but the Scotte for Ahlas what one was he how farre from that same Hector sore He chaunged was that in Achilles spoyles came home before Impudently to affirme that he was a Scot seeyng that there was no suche nation at that time in the worlde But if there were it was so enfolded in darkenesse that it was vnknowne to the Romans and Britaynes or as Haymo Armenius writeth of a certayn nation it had so bleared the eyes of all peoples and countries that the Scots were inuisibly conuersant between the Romans and Britaynes Polydorus also writeth that he was kynge of the Ordulacae when neither Tacitus nor Ptolomaeus mentioneth the same but of the Ordouici And Tacitus reporteth that he was not onely gouernour of the Ordouici but also of the Siluri Which Siluri dwelled not in Scotland but in Southwales as in another place it shal be prooued more playnly And I remember very well that a few yeres agoe when I was in the frontirs of Shrops hyre with others about certain businesse of my Lordes the right honoble Erle of Arundell where some parte of his inheritance lieth I chaunced to fall into the view of a place exceedingly well fortefied both by nature art The situation whereof was vpon the toppe of an high hill enuironed with a triple ditche of greate depth There were iij. gates not directly but a shoshe the one agaynst the other and on three sides steepe headlonge places and compassed with twoo Riuers on the lifte hande with Colun or Clun on the right with Themis which our countrymen call Teuidia and accessible but on the one side therof These thinges when I beheld I vnderstoode by the inhabitants that this place was called Caër Caradoc that is to say the citie Caradoc and that there haue bin many fierce battayles fought there agaynst a certaine kyng called Caradoc who at last was vanquished and taken of his enemies For our coūtrymen ca● not only walled Cities townes but also al maner places which are entrenched and walled by the name Caër as I wil proue afterward by

example of manie diuers places of VVales Wherfore whē I perceaued that this place was within the confines of the Siluri the Ordouici for it is scarse two miles distant from Colun or Clun castle which is the patrimony enheritance of the most noble and auncient family of Fytz Alanes in England that it so agreed in al points with the description of Tacitꝰ that nothing could be wanting I dare boldly affirme that this is the very selfe same place in which Ostorius cōtended with Cataracus in bataile vanquished him from whence fliyng puttyng himself in trust to the faith creditie of Cartimandua the queen of Brigantes was by her betrayed Moreouer that name of Cataracus is at this day so peculier to the welshmen that many princes noble mē ar called by that name amōgst whom at that time Trahernus the son of Caradoc ruled Northwales Fleanchus as the Scots say sonne to Banguho after that kynge Macabaeus had slayne his father by flight escaped into Wales on whose daughter by secret accesse but infortunate and miserable to the parentes he begat VValter who was the first of the Stuarts in Scotland that was of renowme from whom vnto this day the kynges of Scotland doo vaunt themselues to haue descended But I suppose it more likely that he whom they reporte to be the nephue of Trahernus the Scot borne of his daughter and his father a Scot in Northwales a thynge much disagreeynge from the truth rather to be one of Trahernus owne children whiche by Gryffine sonne vnto Conane together with Caradoc Gryffine and Meylere Rywallons sonnes was vanquished and slayne And that this VValter escaped by flight into Scotland and there attayned to greate honour And this can be no great fraude or disgracyng to the name of the Stuarts that they are descended from the bloud of the most noble and antique British kynges from whiche also most honorable famely the same Owen Tuder grandfather to king Henry the seuenth of that name kynge of England lineally descended by the Fathers side as we wil declare in our description of VVales and not from any meane or base degree as false and impudent Meyerus a Flemmyng sticketh not to affirme NOW that wee haue wandred ouer all England called LHOEGR let vs next in ordre proceede to the seconde Region of Britayne which of our countrimen is called Albania of the inhabitantes Scotland This same in old● time was of the Romans called the seconde Britayne For Sextus Ruffus reciteth fiue Prouinces of Britayne Maxima Caesariensis which I doo take to be that part of Britayne whiche by Iulius Caesar was made tributary to the Romans to wit Kent the Kyngedome of Southsaxons and the Region of Atrabates The second is Flauia which by like coniecture beyng therto mooued I suppose to be that which by Vespasian who descended of the family Flauia was by him set vpon and subdued that is to say the I le of Wight which afterward was made part of the VVestsaxons king dome The thirde I iudge to haue bin termed by the name of the first Britayne which lieth forth from the Thames to the Vally or Trench The fourth being the lesse and the second Britayne compriseth Scotland It remayneth then of necessitie that VVales be contayned vnder the name of Valētia which maketh vp the fift prouince Howbeit Ammianus writeth that that prouince which by Theodosius captayne to Valentinia was taken when he had driuen thence the Readshankes and Scots was then of the Emperours name called Valentia And that the Britaynes inhabited these Prouinces both our owne and the Roman writers haue left in memorie Neither was there ●uer any writer of name that made mention either of Scots or Readshankes before Vespasiās time aboute the yere of our Lordes incarnation threescore and twelue at what time Meurigus or Maus or Aruiragus reygned in Britayne For our Cronicles doo report of a nation which liued by Piracie rouyng on the Sea cummyng foorth of Sueuia or Norway hauynge one Rhythercus to their captayne and landed in Albania wastyng all the country with robbyng and spoylyng so farre as Caerleyl where he was discomfited and slayne by Meurigus a greate many of his men also those which escaped fled to their shippes and so conueyed them selues into the Orchades and the Iles of Scotland where they quietly abode a greate whyle They call them Phichtiaid that is to say Phichtiani in their mother tongue and so are they likewise called in the Scottish and in their owne tongue Wherfore it is not likely that they were so called of the Romans for paynting of their bodies since they were called by that name before that they were euer knowne to the Latines Neither were thei these but the Britaynes of whom Caesar and others do report that they wer wont to paynt theyr bodies Blew with Woad that they might appeare the more terrible to their enemies And with vs at this day which seemeth to argue antiquitie Blew cou●er is called Glas by whiche name also that Herbe not altogether vnlike a Plantayne very well knowne now to Marchants is called Besides all this the Romans whiche first made mention of this people termed them not Picti but Pictones These as I haue sayd before after that they had taken hart of grasse and were growen to some power out of these Ilandes in theyr litle Leathern Boates such as our Fyshermen do vse now a dayes alonge Scotland were want to robbe and sp●yie Shephardes and Husbandmen Untill that aboute the yere of our Lorde 290. when the Romans and Britaynes were bothe encombred with ciuile warres for the purple robe whiche Carausius woare and after him Allectus they entred generally into Cathanesia and Caledonia and driuyng thence the British sheapheardes and heardsmen and callynge vnto them the Gatheli out of Ireland whiche are now called the Scots were so bolde as to prouoke the Britaynes in open warre For the Scots come of the Irish broode as they them selues and others do know very well and are termed amongst our countrymen by the same name to wit Gwydhyl which as theyr owne Hystories doo testifie was the most auncient name of that nation And that the same nation came forth of Cantabria now Biscaya passed ouer the Sea into Ireland and there chose them a place of abode both ours and their owne writers haue lefte in memorie But by what cause or occasion they were called Scots truly I doo not know For I doo quite reiect the Aegiptian Fables of Scota And the selfe same language and the very same maners and behauior with the Irishmen and that they be called of the Britaynes by one name declareth sufficiently that they came from thence For the Southernmen of them are not true Scots but borne and begotten rather of Englishmen whereof a greate numbre flyinge at the cummynge of VVilliam Duke of Normandy departed into Scotlande and doo boaste to this day that

Arfon by the ryuer Conway of whom Antoninus Ptolomaeus do speake vnder the name of Nouius In this besides the forenamed Riuer standeth a most antique citie of the Britaynes called Dyganwy in Rosse of the Englishmen Gannock famous in Tacitus by the name of Cangorum wherof the people of that countrie were called of the Romans CANGI And Ptolomaeus mentioneth the Promontorie of the Iangani which they call now Gogarth A place so fortified by nature that it can scarse be taken by mās strength This citie as I say was the seate and Palace of the later kynges of Britayne when as now their power began to quayle as namely of Maylgun Caduanus Cadwalla whom Bede termeth a most cruell Tyranne bicause he persecuted his enemies very fiercely and of Cadwalladar who was the last kynge of Britayne of the Brittish bloud This Citie the yere of our redemption eight hundred and sixteen Cananus Dyndaythuy reygnynge in VVales was stroken with lightnynge from Heauen and burned in suche sort that it could neuer be afterwarde restored howbeit the name remayneth to the place to this daye out o● whose rubbish Conouia was builded Moreouer in this Territory in Rhyfaniacum Henry Lacey Erle of Lincolne to whom the conquer our therof Edward the first gaue that land erected a very stoute Castle not only by naturall situation but also by a Wall of wonderfull thicknesse made of a very harde kinde of stone in my opinion the strongest and best defensed thynge in England Addyng also therto a towne walled about whiche by the auncient name he called Dynbech although those which cam afterwarde termed it Denbigh This fine Towne and my sweet country beynge compassed welnigh aboute with very fayre Parkes standyng in the entrance of an exceedynge pleasant Ualley aboundeth plentifully with all thinges that are necessarie to the vse of man The Hilles yéelde Fleash and white meates The most fertile Ualley very good Corne and grasse The sweet Riuers with the Sea at hande minister all sortes of Fishe and Foule Strange Wynes come thither foorth of Spayne Fraūce Greece abundantly And being the cheif towne of the shyre standyng in the very middle of the countrie it is a greate market Towne famous and much frequented with wares and people from al partes of Northwales The indwellers haue the vse of both tongues And beyng endued by kinges of England with many Priueledges and Liberties are ruled by their owne lawes The valley nigh wherto this Towne standeth is termed amongst vs Dyphryn Clwyd that is to say the Ualley of Clwyd It is almost eighteene miles in length and in breadth in some place foure miles in other some sixe On the East west and South sides it is enuironed with high Hilles on the North with the Oceane Sea. In the midst it is cut in twayne by the Riuer Clwyd wherof it taketh name into whom diuers other litle streames fallyng out of the Hilles doo discharge them selues by reason wherof irriguous and pleasant Medowes plentifull pastures doo lie aboute the bankes therof In the entrance of whiche Ualley Ruthyn an auncient towne and Castle of the Grayes from whence the most noble famely amōgst the Englishmen tooke beginninge is to be seene And not farre from the Sea standeth Rudhlan in Tegengyl sometime a greate Towne but now a litle Uyllage In the same Prouince is a Cathedrall Churche of our country men called LHANEL WEY of the Englishmen S. Assaph builded between twoo Ryuers CLWYD and ELWEY I remember that I haue read that there was one ELBODIVS Arch bis●hoppe of Northwales preferred vnto that honour by the Byshoppe of Rome Who fyrst of all the yere of our Saluation seuen hundred thrée score and two reconciled the VVelshmen to the Romishe Churche from whiche before they had disagreed For the Britaynes imitatynge the Asiaticke Churche celebrated theyr EASTER from the foureteene day of the Moone vnto the twentie When the Romans followynge the Nicene counsell keepe theyr Easter from the fifteene to the one and twentie Whereby it commeth to passe that these Nations haue celebrated that Feast on diuers Sundayes But let the Byshoppes take regarde how farre they doo erre from the Decrees of the NICENE Counsell whyle they followe that vncertayne rule of the motion of the Sonne and Moone whiche they call the Golden Number beynge therein very fowly deceaued Whiche thinge in times paste was obiected for a cryme agaynst the Britaynes by the ouer superstitious Mounke Augustine and lykewyse by Bede whiche to muche attributed vnto suche ti●les in somuch that for the same cause he durst terme them Heretiques But now howbeit vnder curse of the Nicene counsell it be otherwyse commaunded it is reiected by the Prelates them selues and the whole Churche of Europe But let vs returne to our purpose In that place where the See of S. Assaph is was sometime a Colledge of learned Agonists that I may vse Capgraues woordes celebrated for multitude vnder Centigeme a Scot whiche was called Elguense or Eluense of a Riuer This Prouince Tegenia is called of the Latines Igenia and after beynge vanquished by the Englishmen began to be termed Tegengel that is to say the Englishmens Tegenia Afterward being inhabited by Britaynes cūminge foorth of Scotland driuyng the Englishmen thence with the Ualley of Clwyd Ruthyn and Rosse make one kyngdome whiche Marianus calleth Streudglead our countrymen terme it Stradclwyd that is to say the soyle of Clwyd For this woord Strat with the name of some Riuer ioyned therto doth vsually signifie amongst the welsh men a veyne or soyle of lande nigh to a Riuer as Strad Alyn Strad Towyn with many such like Theyr last prince called Dunwallon forsakyng his kingdome when the Danes afflicted all Britayne departed to Rome the yere after the incarnation 971. where shortly after he died In Tegenia is a well of a meruaylous nature whiche beyng sixe myles from the Sea in the parish of Kilken ebbeth and floweth twise in one day Yet haue I marked this of late when the Moone ascendeth from the East Horizon to the South at what time all Seas do flowe that then the water of this Wel diminisheth and ebbeth And not far from this place is the famous Fountayne takynge name of the superstitious worshyppinge of the Uirgin VVenefride which boyling vp sodenly out of a place which they call Sychnant that is to say a drie vallye rayseth forth of it self a greate streame which runneth immediatly into Deuanus This water besides that it bredeth Mosse of a very pleasant sauour is also most holsome vnto mans body bothe for washyng and drinkynge and of verie good tast in so much that many beinge washed therin were cured of diuers infirmities wherwith they were borne Moreouer in Tegenia there is a certayne auncient monument of an olde building in a place called Pot Vary somtime renowmed by Roman letters and Armes The towne whiche they call Flynt standynge vpon the water Deua is

¶ The Breuiary of Britayne As this most noble and renowmed Iland was of auncient time deuided into three Kingdomes England Scotland and Wales ▪ Contaynyng a learned discourse of the variable state alteration therof vnder diuers as wel natural as forren princes Conquerours Together with the Geographicall description of the same such as neither by elder nor later writers the like hath been set foorth before Writen in Latin by Humfrey Lhuyd of Denbigh a Cambre Britayne and lately Englished by Thomas Twyne Gentleman 1573. To the Right honorable Edward Deuiere Lorde Bulbeck Erle of Oxenford Lorde great Chamberlayne of England Tho. Twyne wisheth long life perfect health encrease of honour and endlesse felicitie NObilitie is a precious gift whiche so glittereth in the eyes of al men that there is no one corporall thyng in this worlde wherof we make a greater accompt For so is it esteemed of all desired of all and reuerenced of al. Vertue saith TVLLY and before him PLATO if it might be seene with our bodely eyes doubtlesse it woulde procure merueilous loue and good likynge vnto it self the shew therof would appeare so faier and amiable The vniting of which two most noble graces with al other furniture of Nature Fortune with in your person right honorable and my very good Lord hath so bent my iudgement and brought me into such likyng admiration therof that I haue rested no smale time not only not satisfied in being one of the admiratours but also desierus to be one of the participatours of those your honours most laudable dispositions wherunto I do now hūbly submit my selfe And in token of my dutiful meaning herein am so hardi as to presēt your honour with this simple traueyle which I so terme in respect of my paines in translatyng the same Howbeit I am perswaded that it cost M. Lhuyd who first and not longe since wroate the same in Latin no smale labour and industry in the gatheryng and pennyng Regarding your honour to be amongst therest a very fit patrone for it in consideration that beynge as yet but in your flower and tender age and generally hoped and accompted of in time to become the cheefest stay of this your common welth and country you woulde receaue into your salf tuition the writen name and descriptiō of that Britayne whiche as it is in part your natiue soyle so your duty biddeth you to defend and mantayne it Here on when your hono●r shal be at lea sure to looke bestowynge suche regard as you are accustomed to doo on bookes of Geographie Histories and other good lernynge wherin I am priuy your honour taketh singular delight I doubt not but you shall haue cause to iudge your time very well applied And so much the rather for that in the studie of Geographie it is expediēt first to know exactly the situation of our owne home where wee a bide before that wee shal be able to iudge how other countries doo lie vnto vs which are farre distant from vs besides that it were a foule shame to be inquisitiue of the state of forreyne landes and to be ignorant of our owne As your honour beynge already perfectly instructed is not now to learne at my ●ande But for my part it shal be sufficient that your honour would dayn to accept this smale present or rather therein my harty good wyl which beyng no otherwise able to gratefie the same shall neuer cease to pray to God that he would alwayes direct you in the commendable race of vertue and learnynge which you haue begun augment your honour with many degrees and in the end reward you with immortall felicitie Your honours most humble at commaundement Thomas Twyne ¶ THE PREFACE OF THE TRANSLAtours to the Reader WHen I first tooke in hande this Booke gentle Reader was determined to translate it into English I considered the great iudgement and learnyng of the Author mine owne simplicitie and vnskilfulnesse By conference wherof I was eftsoones driuen from my determination For I perceiued how dangerous a thyng it was for me who God knoweth am but a simple antiquarie and but slenderly practised in the antiquities of this Ilande to geue foorth my absolute sentence in suche matters as are in controuersie not only amongst the moste approued and best learned auntient writers in this behalfe but also between suche as haue been very well seen therin in our time wherof some be dead and some be yet liuyng Which I saw that of necessity I must doo As for this one example among many Although it be not yet fully agreed vpon what towne in Englande the auntient name of Caleua doth signifie and the place therof be also as vncerteine as vpon whiche side of the Thames it should lie yet followynge myne author so neare as I may I am enforced to determine some way I am sure not without mislikynge of many The like reprehension I haue incurred in the Englishyng of names of diuerse places moe some English some Scottish but especially VVelsh or Britysh In so much that I was determined to haue set them downe as I had founde them in M. Lhuyds Latin booke which he for that he wroate in Latine had so nigh as he coulde made them al Latin words in sounde termination But beyng therin much lightned especially by the helpe of the rightworshipfull M. Doct. Yale of London I trust I haue deserued lesse blame in that then in any other one parte of my translation how be it for my litle skill in that tongue I am the more I hope to be borne with all And where as the authour in the Latine copie recitynge the peculiar Letters the pronunciation of them with the proprietie of the British tongue in stéede of a double letter as DD or a lettre with an aspiration as LH would for breuety sake haue them writen with the same letter a pricke vnder the foote for want of the like letters wée haue throughout the whole worke expressed the same to that very effect in the double letter or with aspiration from place to place wher he hath vsed the same vnder pricked letter So that hereby sauing for his conceit of writing there is no errour committed at al. And herein I thought it needeful to admonish thée Moreouer if there shall haply appeare any fault by vs now committed either in misnamynge any person Towne or other thynge wronge placing of wordes euell allegation of writers altering of the authours meaning by false poynting one woord put for an other or such like the truth wherof I coulde not exactly try out by diligent animaduersion or due conferrence in so short time I most hartely craue pardon and must néedes impute the most parte therof vnto the falsenesse an disordre of the Latine copie printed at Colone Whose errata are moe then I haue commonly seene in a booke of no greater quantitie yet if the Printer woulde haue noted all he shoulde haue noted twise so many as

deuidyng it into many kingdomes namely Kent the South Saxons the VVestsaxons the Eastsaxons East Englishmen the kingdome of March whom Lazius a man very well learned and well deseruing of posteritie in vayne seeketh for in Germany supposing the hystorie of Bede to be written of the inhabitantes of Germany and not of England and Northumberland which was also deuided into twayne Bernicia and Deira Whose kynges beynge Paganes destroyed with fier and sworde all Churches Monasteries and Libraries And after that they had receaued Christianitie by Augustine the Monke they fought many battels both among them selues and against the Britaynes Untill that aboute the yeare of our Lorde 620. Egbert kynge of the westsaxons beynge made Monarch of all began to rule alone and first of al commaunded that the countrie should be called England and the people Englishmen Englishmen were a very famous people of Germany wherof the Captaynes and cheif of Saxony as Crantzius reporteth were longe time called Captaynes of Anglaria And there remayneth yet as I haue read a Castle where they sometime abode termed now Engern in the frontires of Westphalia between Osnabrugh and Heruordia Wherby it cometh that our countrymen retayning the first name doo call all Englishmen Saison and theyr tongue Saissonaëg and know not what this words England or an Englishman meaneth Shortly after the Danes ouer came the Englishmen possessed this Lande vntill the yere of the incarnate word 1066 VVilliam bastarde of Normandy with his Normans vanquishynge bothe Englishmen and Danes vsurped the coūtry From which stocke almost the whole nobility of this Realme vnto this day doo fetche their descent But let vs returne to Lhoëgr whiche in times past was enuironed with the British Oceane the riuers of Seuerne Dee and Humber but now since the Realme of England stretchefoorth beyonde Humber to Twede wée wil also stretche foorth the name of Lhoëgr so farre And although the Englishmen doo possesse beyonde Seuern Hereford shyre the Forest of Deane and many other places yet wee holde that they dwell in VVales not in Lhëogr and are taken almost euery where of all other Englishmen for Welshmen But the riuer Dee is accompted at this day one of the auncient bonds sauing that in certein places both the people the welsh tongue haue incroched more into England These thinges beynge thus presupposed let vs now discend to the particulared escription of Lhoëgr or England In which the countrie called Cantium of the Romanes of our countrimē Caint of Englishmen Kent commeth first vnto our view From whēce there is but a narow cut ouer into Fraunce to the hauen Gessoriacus which is now termed Bollen as S. Rhenanus gathereth out of the auncient Chart of warly descriptions And not only Marcellinus amongst the old writers speaketh of the sea towne of Bollen in the life of Iulian the Emperour but also in his Panegiricus called Constantinus the sonne of Constantius these are founde Constātinus the father being made Emperour at his first cumming with an innumerable fleet of enemies pend out the fierce Oceane enuironed tharmy which lay vpon the shoare of the towne Bollen c. Coenalis affirmeth the hauen Gessoriacus is Caslete of Flāders which towne standyng vpon the top of an high hill xiiij miles from the Sea sufficiently declareth the authors vnskilfulnesse And I take Iccius to be the same hauē whiche now they terme Caletum for Calitium Calice But I cannot agree with those whiche make Selusas of Flaunders to be Iccius beyng vnlike that the Romanes woulde haue vsed so longe a course by Sea when they might haue passed ouer sooner more commediously from that place There were in Kent in olde time three famous Portes well knowne to the Romanes Doris Rhutupis and Lemanis Doris vndoubtedly is the same whiche both Englishmen and Britaynes reseruinge the auncient name at this daye doo call Douer For wee call Water Dour or Duúr And I am not ignorant that the Douarians stoutly defende that theyr towne heretofore was called Rutupium and that Aruiragus kyng of Britaynes builded there a noble Castle Yet I had rather giue credite to Antoninus who speaketh of bothe And I suppose that to be Rutupium which of the Englishmen is called Repcestre nigh Sandwiche not farre from the yle of Thanat For that I lande wee call Ynys Rhuochym as much to say Rutupina wherof the shoare deserued to be termed Rutupinum and the Porte Rutupis Lemanis or as some call it Linienus is that Riuer which is now called amongst the Englishmen Rotler and floweth into the Oceane sea nigh Apuldore Moreouer besides these famous Portes are Rye and VVynchelsea two townes farther within the mayne lande Durobreuis and Durouernum the same Englishmen do call Cantorbury that is to say the court of the Kentyshmen and with vs Caërgant and is cheife Metropolitant Sea of al Englande and VVales The tother is termed Rofcester But Antoninus placeth Vagniacū between London and Dorouernum between that and Durouernum Durolernum but what names they haue at this day I am not altogether ignorant Howbeit it is manifest that these townes tooke their names of Water whiche is Duur in British and Duriuerne amongst vs playnly signifieth water which floweth out of a place where Alders growe Wherby I am perswaded that the same towne in times past therof obtained his name But before I depart forth of Kent I must breifly touche that great Wod wherof both British and English writers haue spoken The Britaynes call it Coëd Andred but the Englishmen Andedreswald And Huntington affyrmeth that it conteineth in length one hundreth and twentie miles and in bredth thirtie miles and that the worthy citie called Caër Andred and Andredecester stoode therin which Dalla kyng of the Southsaxons vtterly ouerthrew so that there remayneth no token nor rubbish therof The Kentishmen and Southsaxons to this day doo call a place where Wodde hath byn VValden not knowyng for all that whence the woorde is deriued When others but falsely call it VVelden others VVylden For the English Saxons cal a Wodde VValden as the Germans doo now terme a playne without trees VVolden as in these woordes Cottiswolden and Porke wolden it appeareth Next vnto the Kentishmen on the Southside of the Thames are those whiche in times past were the seconde kyngdome of Southsaxsons and were termed Southsaxon but is now deuided into twoo shyres Southsex and Southtrey And I am of beleife that Neomaguin was their Citie where Gylford now standeth Chichester the cheefest Citie of Southsaxons was called Caërceri in British After these come the Atrabates whiche now are called the people of Barkshyre whose principall Citie in olde time was called Caleua but now VValyngford Wherein I cannot consent to those which cal Oxford Caleua standing on the North shoare of the Thames There is also a village named Cilcester not far from Basinge which before time was called Caërsegent and Segontium of

buildynges it began to be called Caërludd and Lhundain that is to say Luds Citie and also London And I am not ignorant how Polydorus seeketh Trinouantū aboute Northampton but the authoritie of sacred antiquitie is of more force with me then any bare coniecture of a straunge and vnknowen person Wee yelde these names to London although Ptolomaeus lay thē nerer to the Thames the negligence of the Transcribers hath called Londō a Citie of Kent And Marius Niger afterward the other parte of the great bosome for the other side the Trinouātes doo holde into the middle wherof the Riuer Thames doth flow Polydorus Virgilius the Vrbinate goeth aboute to proue out of Tacitus by arguments of litle force that the Trinobantes are Inlande people when as his reasons seeme to próoue the contrary For where as he sayeth if the Trinobantes had bin nigh London Suetonius should haue had no salfe passage thither Nay rather Polydorus if it had bin in the midst of the Ilande it had byn harder for him to haue come to London through the thickest of his enemies for his way lay through them from the Isle of Anglesey from whence he cam Wherefore it is more likely that the Trinobantes were inhabitants of Essex as all sauynge a few obscure and vnknowen writers doo affirme Who suppose that with the Iceni their neigh bours whiche now be the people of Norfolke and Nordouolke they had conspired the death of the Romans and had spoyled with ●●er sword al that euer was in their way vnto Verolanū s●ayinge threescore and ten thousande Romans and were returned backe againe salfe and sounde before Suetonius cōmynge as Tacitus a●oucheth And that theyr rage extended not vnto London the cause was as the same author reporteth for that London was a Colony of the Romanes and a greate mart citie of theirs famous for plentie of trauaylers which resorted thither for tra●aque of Marchaundize aboundynge with vitayle and stoutly defensed with munition and garysons against all aduentures as all men doo know Hereby it appeareth how weak Polydorus argumentes be especially who so well knoweth that part of England and that London was the Citie Trinouantum whiche was afterward called Augusta as Marcellinus reporteth With these reasons beyng sufficiently instructed I say that the Trinobantes inhabited that parte of Britayne which after the cummynge of Saxons made vp theyr fourth kingdome which they called Eastsaxons and another called Midlesaxons whose principall citie is London at this day which somtime was vnder the kynges of the Mercij or march Ptolomaeus mentioneth a nother besides this citie Trinouantū called Camudolanum whiche I take to be all one with Camalodunum as I iudge by readyng Roman histories although Ptolomaeus speaketh of Camalodunū for it stoode not farre from the Thames and was by Claudius appoynted the first Colony of the Romanes and not neare the Brigantes as Polydorus much lesse in Scotlande as Boethius dreameth And for the more playnesse hereof I thinke it good to brynge forth the words of Dion who had bin somtime Consul Claudius after that he had receiued the message forthwith cōmitted the matters appertaynyng to the citie and the Souldieurs to Vitellius his college whose consulship as also his owne he had proroged for sixe monthes longer him self departed from Rome to Ostia where he tooke shippe and arryued at Massilia and takyng the residew of his iorney partly by lande and partly by water came too the Oceane and passed ouer into Britayne and came to his armie which lay by the Thames looking for him Whom when he had receaued in charge he wente ouer the Water with certeine Barbarians whiche drew to him at his commynge ●e spred his Banners fought and obtayned the victorie and wanne Camalodunū the regall seate of Cynobellinus and tooke many prisoners partly by force partly by yelding Hereby it appeareth euiuidently that Camalodunum standeth not far from the Thames in which place Ptolomaeus placeth Camudolanū And I suppose that this was the Colony of Claudius Cesar famous for the churche which they cal now Colchestre the olde name beyng made as I thinke by ioynyng the water and the Churche together a cōmon custome amonge the Britaynes as Henlhan that is an olde Churche Lhanelwy a Churche standyng vpon the riuer Elguen or the Church Elguen which the Englishmen and Bishops now a dayes call but not well the See of S. Asaphe Besides an infinite numbre moe wherby I am perswaded that those places which in Latin beginne or ende in these terminations Lan or Lam were of olde so termed of Churches in the British tōgue Moreouer out of this place of Dion it is gathered how much a man without shame that Polydorus virgillius is who doubteth not to affirme that Claudius Caesar vanquished the Britayns without any battaile most imputently calleth them dastards whom Caesar himself Tacitus Dion Herodian terme by these names most warlike cruell bloudthirstie impatient bothe of Bondage iniuries But an infamous beggage groome ful fraught with enuie hatred what dareth he not do or say I omit his Scholemayster Boethius who besides these lies speaketh of a mightie warre whiche Claudius made vpon the people of the Orchades affirmyng the same to be true too too impudently For thou mayst easely iudge good reader how muche Lande and Sea the Roman Emperour with a greate armie coulde marche ouer in xvi dayes only duryng whiche time he abode in Britayne when Tacitus also a most faithfull writer affirmeth that in the first yeres of Agricola the Iland of Britayne was knowne and the Isles called Orchades were then vnknowne but first founde out and subdued by him This Dion testefieth to be true in the life of Titus the Emperour neither speaketh Suetonius against it where he sayeth that Claudius taried in Britayne but a very few dayes Howbeit Eutropius and after him Orosius seeme to thynke otherwyse not knowinge exactly how farre distant the Orchades be from Kent But since reason and truth certaynly perswade vs to the contrarie let vs sticke vnto them as vnto twoo moste faithfull guides neglectynge the iudgement of Polydorus with his Hector Next to the Trinouantes were the Iceni whom I suppose to haue inhabited that region whiche maketh the fift kyngedome of Germans whiche is the East Englismen and their citie Venta whiche now of the Englishmen is called Northwe● And I am priuy also that there are thought to be other Iceni in the West but I thinke it more probable that these Iceni are put for Tigeni of whom I will speake hereafter And the kyngdome of East Englishmē comprehended not only the Iceni but also Cambridgshyre whose cheife citie in olde time the Britaynes called Caërgrawnt the Englishmen Grantcester of the water that passeth bie but now corruptlye is commonly called Cambridge and is a noble Uniuersity wherin florisheth all good learnyng Not farre of is the Isle of VVyllowes not of Eeles as some haue wroten For Helig

in the British tongue signifieth Wyllow trees wherwith those Fennes doo abounde All these in fore times were called Girui Ioynynge to these are the Parisi whose chief Citie Pettuaria is now begunne to be called Peterborow Beyonde the Mydland Saxons west ward were the Catychlauni now Hertfordshyremen and Buckynghāshyremen on the Hill whose Cities are Salinae and Verolanum wherof this last tooke name of a riuer VVer for before time it was called in British Guernhan that is to say a Churche standing vpon the Riuer Ver afterward Caër Municip bycause it was a municipin or incorporate Towne belongynge to the Romans Englishmen terme it Verlamcester and VVatlyngchester This Citie was destroyed through the rage of the Saxons how be it there remayne the tokens and foundations of the Walles to this day nere to S. Albans Churche on the other side of the water But where as some doo thinke that the Thames sometime ran that way it is to be laughed at Howbeit it is certayne that there was a greate standing water hard by the Citie walles where now are pleasant flourishyng Medows in whiche as I am informed there was an Anker of a ship founde of late wherby and also by the corrupt copie of Gyldas that coniecture is risen After these come the Oxfordeshyremen on the North side of the Thames whose Citie is called by Englishmen Oxenford our countrymen terme it Rhyd ychen that is to say the Ford of Oxen but what name it had in olde time it is altogether vnknowen Yet some affirme that it is Caër Vortigeru that is Vortigers Citie and by him builded wherto I cannot agree For Gyldas writeth that the same Citie was builded in the West parte of the Ilande and I thinke it be in the kyngdome of VVales beynge called now after his name Gurthronion Our freende M. Leland the antiquarie ernestly defendeth that it should be called Ouseford that is to say the Ford of Isis against whom as one hauyng very well deserued of the Britaynes and much exercised in auncient Histories I dare not contend For it is certaine that it standeth vpon Isis and that tracte of time corrupteth the names of many places it is also euident But whatsoeuer name it had at the beginnyng it hath a very bewtiful and helthsome situation and a country which ministreth althynges necessarie abundantly and a most famous schole of al good learnyng as all doo confesse whiche haue seene the other Uniuersities of Europe Not farre from this Citie stoode Caërdor so called of the Romanes a Citie not vnknowne to the Englishmen a Bishops see now called Dorchester whereas the Thames dischargeth him selfe into Isis from whence the name of Tamesis the Thames proceedeth Towardes the North be the Buckynghamshyremen and beneath them the Bedfordshyremen and more northerly the Huntyngtonshiremen whose auncient names are not knowen After these are the Lincolnshyremen of olde Coritani so far as the riuer Trent the Britaynes in old time called it Caërludcoy the Romanes Lindum the Englishmen Lindecolyn and at this day Lincolne Notwithstandyng afterwarde the Normans called it corruptly Nychol as I haue manie times noted in auncient charters and recordes of the Erles therof written in the Frenche tongue and all that Prouince was called Lyndesey Next vnto these at Trent be the Leycestershyremen so called of Leicestre which in olde time were called Caërbier At the South appeare the Northampton shyremen so called of the Riuer Auon whiche cometh alonge by the Towne for AVON in British signifieth a Riuer and the Saxons hearyng the Britaynes so terme Riuers supposed that it had bin the proper names thereof wherby it came to passe that many notable Riuers in England were called by that name After these at the West follow the VVarwickshiremen whose principall Citie Caër Wythelin was founded by Guythelnius a Kynge of Britayne afterwarde of the Roman legions which went no farther Caërlheō lastly of a noble Britayne whiche beutified it with many fayre buildynges Caërgwayr and of the Englishmen is called VVarwike Next after these are the Staffordshiremen amongst whom is Lychfeild a Bishops See that is to say the Feild of dead folke For the Northern Englishmen cal death Lych and the vnluckie night Rauens Lych●oules Some affirme that here not in Legancestre Etheldrede kynge of Northumberlande most cruelly slew twoo thousande Monkes of the famous Monasterie of Banchor men excellently learned and suche as contrary to the custome of others gat their liuynge with trauayle of their owne handes Whiche blouddie war he would neuer haue begunne had it not bin at the motion of that bloud thyrstie Monke whom they call Augustine The cause was for that in some poynctes they seamed to disagree from the Churche of Rome and refused to be vnder the iurisdiction of the Archebishop of Cantorbury hauyng alreadie of their owne the Archbishop of Legion This was the chearitie and religion of that man to make away such good godly men as coulde not abide his intollerable pride But touchyng these matters godwillynge wee will speake in another place On the otherside of VVarwykeshyre are the VVorcestershyremen next to the Dobani their Citie Vigornia was of olde time called of the Romans BRANGONIA of the Britaynes to this daye Caër Vrangon and of the Englishmen is cōmonly called VVorcestre and is builded at the East side of Seuern Where is to be noted that all the greater Cities that lie vpon the East shoare of the Riuers Seuern and d ee were builded to resist the irruptions of the Britaynes into Lhoëgr that is Englande like as the Romans erected many notable Cities on the West shoare of the Rhyne to restraine the forcible inuasions of the Germans into Fraunce Adioyning vnto these are the Shropshyremen whose auncient Citie is Vricouium called afterwarde of the Englishmen VVrekecestre and shorte VVroxcestre all raysed downe to the grounde in the Saxon war from whose reliques foure miles of lieth Salopia the head Citie of all the shyre notable for two Bridges and almost compased with the Seuern The same in olde time was called Pengwern that is to say the head of a place where Alders growe and was the seate of the Kinges of Powyse from whence the English name Schreusbury is deriued although I remembre that in auncient records I read it termed Salopsbury and Slopesbury Our countrymen call it Ymwythig at this day Next after these are the Deuani or Ches hyremen vpon the Riuer Dee where as be certen Wells out of whose liquor very good pure White Salte is sodden Besides the Citie it selfe famous for the Roman monumentes therin which by reason that the Roman Legiōs wintered there is called by the Britaynes at this day Caër Lheō ar ddourdwy that is to say the Citie of Legions vpon the Riuer Dee for difference sake betwixt that and another of that name vpon the Ryuer Osca It appeareth out of Antoninus that the same in times paste was

inheritance vnto a woman called Hauisia who beynge maried vnto one Carleton an Englishman made him Lorde of Powis from which house at length it descended vnto the Grayes in the North. Next vnto that standeth Cadeuenna a new towne aboue whom towardes the risinge of Seuern are Arwistle and Lhanidlos countries wel knowne by reason of the Townes And more by VVest and by North at the head of Deuey Mouthuy now a portion of Merionedh Kefelioc knowne by the towne Machaulhaith On the other side of Seuern beneathe the Region Kerey there is a Castle by a litle Towne which VVelshmen call Trefaldwyn that is to say Baldwynes towne but the Englishmen terme it Montgomery of the builder Roger of Mont Gomer From this Towne all these Regions beyng ioyned together are called Montgomershyre a country brooder sometime of noble horses now it sendeth foorthe but few and by the forenamed Roger and his sonnes verie valiant and warlike gentlemen very sorely afflicted vntill that Robert beynge accused of high Treason was enforced to flie his countrie The region is hilly and by reason of plentifulnesse of Pastures verie good for grasinge of Cattell aboundynge with many waters and bryngynge foorthe tall men very well fauoured much addicted vnto Idlenesse and vnprofitable games Whereby it cometh to passe that you shall finde many ritche Englishe Farmers amongste them when as the Landelordes themselues which will take no paynes do become very poore These six shyres namely Anglysey Aruon Merionydh Denbyghshyre Fluitense and Montgomershyre Englishmen comprise vnder the name of Northwales There remayneth yet that parte of Powis which stretched sometime vnto Wey whose first Region taketh name of the Riuer Colunwy and of the Castle and possession of the Fitzalanes Next to Melienyth and Gurttrenion hilly countries and at the South RADENOR called of the VVelshmen Maisifod head of the shyre Ioynyng vnto these are the Eluil with the Castle of Payne by Wey which our country men cal Gwy Beyonde al these are Prestene whiche wee call S. Androwes Churche and Kynton with the Castle of Huntington And vpon Themis of vs called Tefedioc ▪ standeth the fayre towne Castle of Ludlaw in Schreupshyre in olde time called DINAV the worke of Roger Mōtgomer And aboue that the castle of Wigmore the patrimony of the Mortumars And at Seuern Bridgenorth Beaudely in old time very wel knowne by the castle Tyrhil ▪ And on the Southwest side vpon Logus which wee call Lhygwy on a passyng fertile playn standeth Lhanlhieni of the Englishmen Lemstre And not farre thence is the auncient Citie Henfford that is to say● an olde way of Englishmē in old time called Ferleg now Hereford standinge vpon Wey or more truly vpon Gwy Towards Seuern are Maluern hilles and in the very corner between Seuern and VVey not farre from the towne of Rosse is that renowmed Woodde whiche of the Danes is called the Forest of Deane These Regions with al Herefordshyre beyonde Wey before they were possessed by the Englishmen in olde time were termed in British Euryeynnwc and the inhabitants Eurnwyr of whiche name there remayneth yet some signification apparant in one place of Herefordshire For that which the Englishmen called Vrchenfeld the VVelshmen called Ergnig and afterward Ergengel And no meruayle since the least portion therof retayneth now as I haue sayd the name of Powis There remayneth the thyrd kyngkingedome of VVales of the English called Southwales of our countrymen which inhabite the lande Deheubarth that is to say the right or South part for so wee vse to terme the South The same is wholy compassed with the Irish Sea the streame of Seuern and the riuers Wey and Dyuei And although the country be very fertile the lande ritche and far more bigger then Gwynedh notwithstandynge as Gyraldus sayth it was compted the worser And that not only because Vchelwyr that is to say the nobliest cheefest men refused to obey their kynges but also by reason that the sea coastes therof were continually molested by the Englishmen Normans Flemmynges Whereby the Prince was compelled to forsake Caer mardthyn his seate and to apoyncte the principall place of his regalitie at Dinefur in Cantremawr And although these princes were of greate authoritie in VVales yet after that Rhesus the sonne of Theodore the greate was slayne through the treason of his owne men they were no longer termed Dukes nor Princes but Arglwydhi that is to say Lordes Untill at length through Ciuile Warres by deuidyng of their landes amongst many and also by externall whyle the Englishmen endeuored to possesse all by force and crafte they were so weakened that after the death of Rhesus the sonne of Griffith a very noble and valiant Gentleman they lost bothe the authority and name of Princes and Lordes Now let vs descend vnto the description of the Prouince wherof the first Region which commeth to hande is that whiche Gyraldus calleth Ceretica our countrymen Ceredigion the Englishmen Cardigan Where it is to be noted as in all other that C and G haue the force of Cappa Gamma This region on the North hath the Irish Sea on the East the riuer Dyuei wherby it is deuiued from Gwynedh towardes Powis very high Hilles on the South Caermyrthyn and on the West Dyfetia Their tōgue as Gyraldus affirmeth is esteemed the finest of al the other people of wales And Gwynedh the purer with out permixtion cōmyng nearest vnto thauncient British But the Southerne most rudest coursest bycause it hath greatest affinitie with strange tōgues The sea coast of this parte Rychard Clarens a very noble man comminge in with a nauie and buildyng Castles at the mouth of Teifi and Vstwyth possessed it for his owne and leauing garisons there returned into England But when he vnderstoode that his men were besieged by the VVelshmen beyng boldned by his great power he entended by an ouer rash enterprise to go ayde them by lande But at Coed Gronus not farre from Abergeueni he was slayne with all his armie by Ierwerthus of Caërlheon And so those Fortes returned agayne vnto theyr olde lords I suppose that the mouthe of Ystwyth is of Ptolomaeus called Rotossa and Tibium Abertius but that through necligence of the transcribers they were confounded into one Not farre from this place standeth Lhanpaternfawr that is the Church of Paternus the greate which in olde time was had in great veneration For welshmen aboue all other nations were accustomed to reuerence Churches attribute much honour vnto ecclesiastical persons For as Gyraldus reporteth they vsed not once to touche the most deadlyest foes they had and such as were accused of Treason if they escaped vnto the church Yea not so much as their enemies cattell if they fedde in any Pastures or Leazes whiche appertayned vnto the Churche Moreouer when they be armed and goynge vnto battell if they fortune to meete with a Priest on the way they will cast downe their