only lesser Rivers and Fountains froze up but the Sea it self became passable being covered with an unusual but solid bridge of Ice King Charles was too prudent to let slip any opportunities which made way to his greatness Not a night passed wherein he did not send his Spies into the Island and his Scouts to discover the firmness of the congealed Waters which being at length reported to be strong enough save only a small but long rent of scarce five foot broad he gave orders to march commanding great quantity of planks posts hurds and the like materials to make a bridge over the said breach to be first brought thither and laid Two troops of Waldechs Regiment fell in the Ice breaking and several other single troopers were drowned which forced the Army to rush on with more vigour being too far ingaged to retire and the danger behind them being greater than that in their front The Danes made some though no great opposition for being bravely charged they were easily broke routed and slain scarce two hundred of them escaping the King pursued them that fled so close that he overtook Guldenlewe who was sick in his Coach not far from Odensea in which town the chief of the Island he also surprised five Danish Senators and several other fugitives so that he became absolute Master of this wealthy Province and the whole power of the Enemy in it which consisted of well with 5000. Souldiers and armed Boores sixty pieces of Cannon and great Magazines of all sorts of military provisions 'T is not unworthy the remembring that this adventrous march over the Frozen Seas was the resolve of the King himself at a Councel of War against the sense of his chief Officers who censured it of too much temerity And since it prospered well 't is due to the honour of that Kings Name which had it otherwise succeeded would have aspersed his memory The news of the losse of Funen being arrived at Coppenhagen carried so much the more of terrour and apprehension with it because besides the loss of so important an Isle the like Bridge which had let the Swede over the little Belt into Funen might serve to pass him over the great Belt into Zeland Hereupon the King of Denmark sends for Mr. Meadowe desiring him to set a Treaty on foot with all possible expedition which he did Feb. 3. by writing to the King of Sweden the purport whereof was to this effect That the King of Denmark had authorised the Lord Joackim Gersdorff and Christian Sckeel both Senatours of his Kingdom his Plenepotentiaries and Commissioners to meet treat and conclude with the like Commissioners of his at such time and place as his Majesty should please to appoint which he also desired at the instance and intervention of England and that his Majesty would be further pleased to deliver out safe conducts in due form both for him the Mediatour and for the Danish Commissioners and in the mean time suspend all future Hostilities This being dispatched with extraordinary diligence Feb. 5. the Messenger returned with his Answer Dated at Newburg in Funen where he left the King whereof the substance is That he thanked him for his care and dexterity in promoting the concerns of a peace which the Dane had hitherto so obstinately opposed How he was willing to enter presently upon a Treaty under the respective Mediatours of France and England and being it was left to him to appoint the place he gave the King of Denmark the choice either of the Isle of Spro or of Ruakoping in Langland for the Commissioners of both sides to meet in within eight daies That together with the present Letter he had sent safe conducts as desired And that the business required the greater haste forasmuch as he could promise no security to himself in a suspension of Arms. This was a clear answer and concession as to the desired treaty but he would not be complemented our of his advantages by a cessation of Arms knowing well that nothing more facilitates a conquest than a pannick terror incussed by the suddenness of an invasion and that the only way to profit upon it is to give no respite for recollecting those Spirits which the first impressions of fear had dissipated The Swedish King marches incessantly His nearest way to Zeland had been over the great Belt from Newbourg to Corsâ—ur about 16. English miles But he takes that of Langland so to Laland then to Falster which though much the further yet was the safer because the traject from Island to Island was no where so broad as that in the great Belt And he would secure all behind him They were not idle this while at Coppenhagen The Swedish safe conducts being delivered the Danish Commissioners together with the English Mediatour journeyed with what diligence they could towards Rydcoping They had travelled little more than sixty miles English when not far from Wardenburg or Warburg the last town upon Zeland from Coppenhagen they met with the Swedish scouts by whom they were advertised that their King was newly entred upon Zeland and not far behind And soon after they met the King himself in a Sledge at the head of 200 Finnish Horse This incredible diligence was altogether surprizing to the Danish Commissioners All alighting out of their Sledges the manner of travelling in the Northern Countrys to salute him His Majesty did the same and willing them to pass on to the neighbouring town and that he would speedily be with them For that he was going only to take view of a ground where he might most conveniently draw his Army into battalia To Warburg they went and there the Treaty first began where they also met the Chevalier Terlon Ambassadour of France who came in company with the Swedish King The Commissioners on the part of Sweden were Count Ulefelt a discontented Dane who had a long time refuged himself in the Court of Sweden and Steno Bielke a Senatour of Sweden The King of Sweden staid no longer at Warburg than was necessary for drawing over his Army and then ranging them in Batralia in a large extended Front in view of the Danes to make them appear more numerous at last marched off in the direct way to Coppenhagen 'T was uncomfortable treating whilst the King was marching and the Mediatours and Commissioners not being willing to be left behind adjourned the Treaty and breaking up thence overtook the King at Keuk four leagues from Coppenhagen who the next morning drew up in Battalia again and then drew off as before in an orderly march towards Coppenhagen The number of the Swedish Army was about 7000. Horse and Foot and some few Field-pieces with which he took up his quarters within two leagues of the City of which he would often sportingly say she was a fair Bride and deserved dancing for and not without reason neither for had he won Coppenhagen as he woo'd her she had brought him for her Dower all Denmark
with their Marriners and men and what ever else shall be provided by Denmark for the said evacuation shall as soon as the transport is done be released without any let or hinderance XXV It shall also be free for all the subjects and inhabitants of the surrendred Regions and Provinces to transport themselves into any other Cities or place to dwell there provided it be done according to the Statutes of the Provinces and priviledges of the Cities out of which they will transmigrate what concerns the goods which in the time of War were carried into Cities for their security the Masters and Owners thereof may redemand them without contradiction and impediment XXVI The former transactions and Covenants to wit those of Stetin Siôder Bromsbro and Rotschild excepting the third Article which is plainly excluded here made betwixt these Noble Kingdoms shall retain their force and vigour in all their Articles and shall be confirmed as they were before the beginning of this War and as if they were inserted word for word in this Treaty unless in as much as they are expresly changed in this XXVII Whereas it is provided by the 22 Article of the Treaty of Rotschild that His Majesty of Denmark shall be obliged according to equity to satisfie his Highness the Prince of Sleswick the Duke of Holsteyn Gottorp after that the Commissioners of both parts as well of the King of Denmark's as of his said Highness have treated transacted and concluded of the matter in difference at Coppenhagen the 22 of May 16â—8 it is agreed by these that all those Covenants and transactions shall be exactly observed and faithfully performed in every particular XXVIII Moreover if any thing should have happened in this or the former War that might breed any enmities or diffidence betwixt the King and kingdom of Denmark and the Duke of Holsteyn Gottorp as well betwixt themselves as their Ministers servants and subjects all that as well out of consideration of their mutual consanguinity and especially of Her Majesty the Queen of Sweden as betwixt the two Royal and Ducal House of Holsteyn Gottorp shall from this day by vertue of this Treaty be composed and wholly forgot and on the contrary a perfect solid and perpetual friendship be established betwixt them His Majesty of Denmark will also when the evacuation is made in Denmark withdraw his Army and forces out of his Highness Countries Fortresses and Cities and also use his utmost endeavour to perswade the Confederates to evacuate such of his Highness Forts and Towns which they possess without any delay XXIX What Kings Commonwealths Powers and Princes soever shall desire to be comprehended in this Peace must require it of both Kings But the Emperour the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg together with their Kingdoms Electorships Dutchies and Provinces are expresly included herein So that His Majesty and Kingdom of Sweden will seek no pretence under no pretext whatsoever against the aforementioned Emperour King of Poland and Electour of Brandenburg because of the ayd given by them this War against the Kingdom of Sweden and its Confederats XXX The Lord Anthony Gunther Earl of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst c. his Successors Feudals and Free-holders together with their Countries Dynasties Lands Goods Jurisdictions and Appurtenances shall be included in this Pacification wherein also John Prince of Anhalt of the Line of Zervest because of the Dynasty of Jeveren and the Lord the Earl Anthony of Oldenburg Lord in Varel and Kniphawsen with his Dynasties Lordships Goods and Rights shall be also comprehended XXXI It is further agreed that all the Cities comprehended in the Hanse League none excepted are likewise included in this so that they may enjoy a free and undisturbed Commerce in both Kingdoms both by Sea and Land and if any thing have happened in this War that might offend either party that also is forgot and buried in eternal Oblivion XXXII And whereas certain secret Articles were concluded about the time of the Rotschild Pacification which are not reiterated in this all such shall be of force as if they were inserted word for word in this Treaty Moreover what Writings soever have been published during this War on either side tending to the prejudice or scandal of the other are hereby wholly taken away and shall be cashiered and prohibited and be no more divulged or reprinted within these Kingdoms XXXIII But that all these things as they are set down as well in word as in deed may be observed and fulfilled now and for the future with all firmness fidelity and sincerity it is mutually promised that these our Covenants shall be amicably confirmed by both Kings Frederick the third King of Denmark and Charles King of Sweden with the subscriptions of their Hands and impression of their Seals and for greater security they shall be signed and sealed by the Senatours of both Kingdoms XXXIV It is also concluded and promised that a Senator and Secretary of both sides shall about the 24 of June next following meet at Elzeneur and bring with them and exchange the Ratification of this Treaty confirmed with the Subscriptions and Signatures of both parties Where also the Swedes shall have with them the Letters of Cession for the Government of Drontheym and deliver them at the same time to the Danish Commissioners as a testimony of the force firmness and observance of the concluded Peace This Treaty being thus Concluded Subscribed and Sealed by the Commissioners of both sides the Embassadours Commissioners and Plenipotentiary Deputies of the most Christian King of France of the Commonwealth of England and of the High and Mighty Lords of the United Provinces did promise in the Names of their Principals and oblige themselves by a reciprocal Caution and Garranty as well general of the three States together as special of each State apart as they do hereby tie themselves in the best Form by a most ample secure and mutual Obligation as Sureties Cautions and Avengers of what is transacted and cause effectually that these covenants be fully carefully religiously performed and observed for ever And that they will also procure the Ratifications of their respective Principals hereupon So that they have been further entreated by the Commissioners of both Kings not only as Mediators but as Sureties Pledges and Avengers of these transactions for greater confirmation and certain assurance of all to Subscribe and Sign these Articles and Treaty together with them dated betwixt Coppenhagen and the Camp the 27 of May Anno 1660. Hugues de Terlon LS. Al. Sidney LS. Rob. Honniwood LS. G. Van Slingland LS. Pet. Vogelsang LS. P. de Huybert LS. W. Haren LS. Olaus Gasberg LS. Axelius Urup LS. Pet. Rees LS. Sch. Rosenhaen LS. Steno Bielke LS. WHilest this Work was in the Press the following Papers came accidentally to hand Which containing a Summary Accompt of things conducing to the illustration of much of the Political part of the foregoing History whose Author chiefly intended
the Military being composed by One who had been publick Minister upon the place during the time of the first War terminated by the Rotschild Treaty in which He was Mediator and during most part of the Second renewed by the Swede upon a pretended inexecution on the Danish part of the said Treaty I have thought good to subjoyn as an useful Appendix to it A Report of the State of Affairs betwixt the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark made by Sir Philip Meadow upon his return into England in December 1669. AFter the Peace concluded at Rotschild in Febr. 1657. Betwixt the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark under the Mediation of England and France to the seeming good contentment of both the Kings The one gaining eminent advantages by the acquisition of a new Territory The other avoiding the imminent peril of the loss of his whole Country I was remanded out of Denmark by express order from England and placed with His Majesty of Sweden with intention to begin a new Mediation betwixt Him the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg and had powers and creditives requisite for that purpose In the mean time new and unexpected jealousies arose betwixt Sweden and Denmark which at last broke forth to an open rupture of the Peace so lately established The beginning of August 1658. His Majesty of Sweden rendezvouz'd a Body of his Army at Kiel in Holsteyn and there embarqu'd them but kept his Design very secret He propounded to me to go along with him which I refused considering that his Design must either be upon Denmark or Prussia in neither of which cases it could be proper for me to accompany Him Not into Denmark for there I had been already Mediator and therefore incongruous for me to have been the Spectator of a breach of the Peace I had so lately concluded without having orders from England suitable to such an emergency Not into Prussia because thither I was designed Mediator and therefore ought not to make my self a party by putting my self in company of an Enemy Whereupon I stopp'd in Germany writing immediately into England to communicate what had passed and attending further Orders During these traverses the old Protector fell sick and incapable of making reflection upon affairs in those quarters and soon after died But as soon as I had received new Orders and Creditives from England I embarqued at Travemond and returned for Denmark in quest of His Majesty of Sweden The latter end of October 1658. Admiral Opdam with the Dutch Fleet consisting of about 38 men of War and 70 small Merchant-men and Fluyts upon which were embarqued 3000 Land souldiers passed the Sound and after a sharp encounter with the Swedish Fleet arrived at Coppenhagen Thus was Sweden engaged at the same time in a War with the Emperour Pole Brandenburger Moscovite Dane and Hollander But this powerful arming of our Neighbour-State awakened us in England to consider that we also had an interest to preserve in the Baltick Sea which we had no more reason to believe that the Hollander would do for us at his own charges than that he would imbarque himself in so expensive a War without expecting some satisfactory considerations of return from Denmark Besides though we were willing to see Coppenhagen relieved yet we were not sure the Hollanders assistance would be bounded there and could not be willing to see the King of Sweden ruined by the combined force of so many Enemies The States General made it their work and business absolutely to assist the Dane and never made any overture of accommodation betwixt the two Kings nor had as yet any publick Minister upon the place by whom to do it But England steers in this affair another course propounds not a direct Assistance but a Peace Has no design to make the King of Sweden Master of Denmark for on the contrary the conservation of Denmark is the common Interest both of England and Holland But the proper Interest of England was so to make a Peace as not to suffer the Dane to be ruined by the Swede nor to suffer the Swede to be ruined by the Hollander or in the conditions of the Peace to be subjected to such Laws as he should impose upon him at pleasure but to preserve Sweden not only as a ballance upon the House of Austria which is the common interest of England and France but as the counterpoise upon the Confederate Naval strength of Holland and Denmark which is the peculiar interest of England And besides this England had another interest in this Affair viz. To enable the King of Sweden so to retire himself out of so unhappy a War and upon such equitable terms and conditions as might have both capacitated him and obliged him to give us some reasonable satisfaction and recompence in consideration of the great expences we were necessitated to be at for the securing of his interest together with our own And indeed the most visible medium at that time for stopping the progress of a War betwixt Sweden and Holland and taking up the differences betwixt Sweden and Denmark was a Fleet from England In November 1658. A Fleet of twenty Frigats was sea out under Vice-Admiral Goodson who coming to the height of the Scaw found he could not enter the Cataget for the abundance of Ice and so was constrained to return without effecting any thing only that this warlike appearance from England stopped the 4000 men and twelve ships of War which were ready in the Texel designed for the Baltick under the command of de Ruyter During this I had proposed to both Kings the Mediation of England for composing a second-time the differences betwixt the two Crowns which both of them freely accepted But I could never induce the King of Denmark to treat seperately with the King of Sweden alone he always insisting upon the comprehension and admission of all his Allies to the same Treaty which was directly against the letter of my Instructions In January 1658. A Treaty was made betwixt France and England for re-establishing a Peace betwixt the two Northern Kings upon equitable terms Wherein it was particularly provided that if upon occasion of the succours sent or hereafter to be sent from England to the King of Sweden in order to such a Peace a War should arise with any other Forraign Prince or State France together with England should declare such Prince or State their common Enemy The beginning of April 1659. The Fleet under General Mountague arrived in the Sound My Instructions were to propound a particular Treaty betwixt the two Crowns because a general one in order to an Universal Peace would have been at that time tedious and impracticable and the Peace to be established in pursuance of this particular Treaty was to be under the conditions and qualifications of the Rotschild Treaty as the most proper Medium for accommoding all differences Besides both France and England esteemed it most honourable to assert and
maintain that Peace wherein they had been joint Mediators The issue of my Negotiations was this The K. of Denmark absolutely refused to treat sperately with Sweden the K. of Sweden declares himself willing to treat but not willing to accept of the Rotschild Treaty as the terms and conditions of the Peace Pretending that this would be tacitly to accuse His last enterprise upon Denmark of injustice for if the Dane gave the occasion of the War by entring into new practises and combinations with his Enemies after the former Peace made which he avers they did though both Kings as is usual in such cases highly protest the right of their Cause and the justice of their Armes then sayes he I ought to have better security for the future that the Dane by an innate animosity and desire of revenge fomented by other States start not out upon every occasion to traverse my designs and work me mischief when they shall find me intangled in a remote War as formerly in Poland especially being contiguous with Sweden and so most capable of doing me hurt Besides that He pretended satisfaction for the loss of Thoren and a considerable part of Prussia occasioned by this diversion of his Arms in Denmark As also for the loss of these opportunities in Germany during the vacancy of the Empire which He might have improved by the presence of His Army in those parts and the assistance of France and his other Allies either to have turned aside the Succession from the House of Austria his Hereditary Enemy or to have capitulated advantages for himself with the Emperour that was to be Elected or at least wise to have prevented the conjunction and confederacy betwixt the now Emperour and the Electour of Brandenburg Many other difficulties lay in the way of the Rotschild Treaty amongst which it was not the least that the King had already disposed of to the Officers of his Court and Army the Lands in Schonen and Bleking which by the Treaty of Rotschild are reserved to their respective Proprietors viz. the Danish Nobility However after many instances and solicitations together with the advantage of the Report which was about this time confirmed from all hands that the Peace betwixt France and Spain was intended in good earnest which might probably oblige England to retire home their forces for their own security and slacken any assistance from France and so Sweden left alone to contest with so many Enemies His Majesty began at last to hearken to the Proposition of the Rotschild Treaty and by a Paper in writing signed by His Commissioners bearing date the 21 of April in answer to a former Memorial of mine expresly accepted the said Treaty but then subjoyned to the words of acceptance a provisional clause of better security than what was formerly granted him by the bare disposition of the Rotschild Treaty Which clause I not being satisfied with as that which might be interpreted as elusory of the fore-going words His Majesty soon after declared to me that as to point of future security He would acquiess in the special Garranty of England and France which I had power also to offer Him on the part of England In pursuance of the Instructions sent upon the Fleet under General Mountague and the better to facilitate the work of the Peace by engaging the States General to act in Consort with England and France A Treaty was concluded at the Hague the 11 of May 1659. Betwixt the three States in order to re-establish a Peace betwixt the two Northern Kings upon the root and foundation of the Rotschild Treaty There Weeks time was limited to the Negotiation of the publick Ministers upon the place after the expiration of which Term neither England nor the States were to assist either of the Kings who should refuse the Peace during his refusal The King of Sweden though unbeknown to the States General had already assented to treat upon the foot and foundation of the Rotschild Treaty his safe Conducts prepared his Commissioners nominated I as Mediator propounded Fredericksburg for the place of the Treaty which the King also accepted The Dutch Deputies Extraordinary from the States General to the two Kings who arrived about this time made their instances and applications to his Majesty of Denmark as I had formerly also done to draw from him a suitable concurrence to the Rotschild Treaty But that King still persisted in the same resolution not to treat separately but propounded an Universal Treaty at which the Ministers of his respective Allies and Confederates might be present and to this end nominated Lubec for the place of a general Assembly I urged upon the Dutch Deputies the fourth Article of the Treaty of the Hague wherein 't is covenanted that no assistance was to be given to the Prince that should refuse a Peace upon just and reasonable conditions which reasonable conditions are by the first Article to be expounded the Treaty at Rotschild Now he who refuses to treat which in this case according to the sense of the three Estates was to treat separately refuses a Peace upon what conditions soever The Deputies were at accord with me that His Majesty of Denmark continuing in that resolution their Fleets could no longer assist him and wrote to General Opdam their Commander in chief to the same effect who at that time was with his Fleet in the Belt He notwithstanding continued still to favour under-hand the Dane but durst not so vigorously and openly assist him as otherwise he would partly by reason of the contrary Advise and Orders which he had received from the Deputies of the States but more especially because over-awed by the presence of the English Fleet. This suspension of Assistance on the part of the Hollander though the English Fleet remained Neutral and acted nothing onely obliged the other to the performance of Covenants gave the Swede some considerable advantages who upon this opportunity reduced the Isles of Moenen Falster and Laland together with the capital Town of Naskow under his obedience The truth is the Dutch Deputies found themselves engaged in some difficulties for whereas they supposed that the King of Sweden would have been the refuser of the Treaty and consequently the English Fleet bound up from giving him any Assistance which was the main thing they aimed at and the King of Denmark the accepter and consequently the Dutch Fleet at liberty to assist him they found the quite contrary and so had tied up their own hands by their Treaty made at the Hague This was the state of Affairs in the Northern parts at the time of the Change of the Government here in England and the Parliaments being restored to their former authority And this was the true season of ripening things to a conclusion and if the Negotiation had continued still in the same train and method that is if the Parliament had either immediately sent new powers to me to act according to my former Instructions viz.
thereby their friends as well as their enemies For the Princes of the nether Saxon circle declare the invâ—ding of the Dutchy of Bremen to be a breach of the peac◠〈◊〉 the Empire and a violation of the Instrument of Peace for the observation whereof they stood reciprocally engaged By this time King Charles was advanced as far as Hamburgh with his harassed and ill accoutred Troops without opposition where he mounted and cloathed and armed them by the favour of that Ciâ—y jealous of its own Lords greatness and the assistance of good supplies of moneys which he received there upon the French accompt It seemed strange what was become of the Danish Army but that however sixteen thousand strong In stead of fighting the enemy in Pomerania or Mecklenburg or any where before they reach'd Hambourg still retired before them but whether affrighted with the reputation of these glorious Ruffians or betrayed by their own dissentions I will not determine though it be certain that King Charles had his Ulefeld in Denmark as well as his Radizeuski in Poland The Swedes being thus refreshed and lusty grew also very numerous by the accession of such whom the hopes and liberty of pillage daily added to their party They followed the retiring Danes as far as Frâ—dericks-ode which they also after some time took by assault under the conduct of Marshal Wrangel Fredericks-ode is seated upon the lesser Belt a new Town endowed with many priviledges to invite Inhabitants and fortified on the land side though the Works were not fully finished after the modern fashion the Sea was esteemed a sufficient guard on that side it watered being strengthened with Pallisadoes from the adjoyning Bulwarks as far as deep water But the Swedes under favour of the darkness and some false Allarms in other places broke down this wooden Fence and rushing in on that part up to the Saddle skirts in water wheeled about the Bastion and entred the Town rendring themselves Masters of the same without any considerable resistance This victory equalled a gained battle for they made above 2000 prisoners besides the slain which amounted to as many more well nigh 200 Officers 33 Colours and above fourscore pieces of Cannon with other store of Ammunition and plunder This success rendred them also absolute Masters of Holstein except Krempen and Gluckstadt and Rensbourg gave them the plunder and contribution of all Jutland and the communication betwixt the North and East Seas by the lesser Belt It was thought strange that so strong a place as Fredericks-ode and so well provided with Garrison and provisions should be taken by a number scarce equal to them within Andrew Bilde Marshal of the Kingdom was Governour of this important place but whether he lost it by his fate or by his folly by his cowardise or by his treason is still disputeable However it was it cost him his life he being mortally wounded in the attack which did not yet suffice to clear his memory from obloquie and a suspition of disloyalty The Swedes themselves contributed much though accidently to this rumour for they sent his body richly vested without ransom over into Funen which encreased the ill reports or him though it might as well have been thought an argument of their generous humanity as his perfidie as they will hereafter evince in the person of Vice Admiral De Witt slain in the Sound and returned with no less honour and pomp King Frederick hearing of this great loss quits Schonen where he had in person twice beaten the enemy by Helmstat and flies into Funen to give orders for the conservation of that Island the second of Denmark Which done he leaves his Bastard Brother Guldenlew there with 3000. men and returns to Coppenhagen to struggle with the divided factions of his Nobles which did not end but in theirs and their Countries Ruine But leaving the Danes to their dissentions and the Swedes posted in their new conquests let us step back a little to take a short view and prospect of the civil transactions contemporary with the former England had too great an interest in the Baltick which may not improperly be called the Mediterranean of the North to sit still without making reflection upon the great commotions in those parts And besides the concerns of a free and undisturbed Commerce England being at that time in an open War with Spain had much rather that the Swedish Arms had been at liberty to give a check to the other Austrian Branch in Germany than to have been diverted by a Warre with Denmark Upon this account two Gentlemen are made choice of to endeavour a Reconciliation betwixt the two Kings Mr. Meadowe being sent to the Court of Denmark and Mr. Jepson to that of Sweden The former arrived in Denmark in the beginning of September 1657. much about the time that the Swede entred Jutland He was received far above his Character being that of Envoy Extraordinary to the regret of other forreign Ministers But the conjuncture of time and affairs obliged the Danes by all possible waies and means to ingratiate themselves with the English So that the Envoyes Proposition for a Mediation after he had declared the ruinous effects of a War Sep. 25. 1657. was accepted off The Dane declaring that he was ready to enter upon a Treaty of a sure and honourable peace under the Mediation of England and that so soon as the King of Sweden should testifie a suitable concurrence on his part This Declaration was transmitted to the Swede with all possible diligence and drew from him a reply dated at Wismar in October following in which offer many expostulations how injuriously he had been dealt with 19. 1657. intermixt with some language which the Dane resented as opprobious He declares likewise his assent to enter upon a Treaty under the Mediation of France and England and that the preliminaries as to place of treating number of Commissioners sale conducts c. should be adjousted according to the transactions betwixt the two Crowns in the year 1644. upon the confines of the two Kingdoms This reply produced another Declaration from the Dane Nov. 5. That he consents also to the transactions in 44. only as to the place of the future Treaty conceives Lubeck or some other in that neighbourhood to be most commodious That the Treaty should commence under the Mediation of England and also of the States General and so soon as France should offer him their Mediation he would accept of that likewise But that the designed Peace be not restrained to the two Crowns only but that the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg be comprehended in the same It was easie to see how this comprehension of the Pole insisted on by the Dane would trouble the scene of affairs which obliged the English Mediatour to remonstrate it to be a novel Proposal and how that it would render the so much desired peace tedious and difficult if not impossible for that
at pleasure when the three Weeks were expired Opdam himself lay with his Fleet and some Danish Vessels betwixt Spro and Komps expecting the expiration of the Truce which was yet prolonged for three Weeks more For Monsieur Newport the States Embassadour in England had made a new Cessation with the Usurpers there and that without the knowledge of his Superiours the Counsel of State there having absolutely insisted upon it by reason their Commissioners designed for Denmark were not yet gone and lest any thing might happen before they could get thither prejudicial to the Peace they all so much desired June 13. The States seemed unsatisfied with this unexpected agreement but yet least they might seem likewise averse from thoughts of an Accommodation they approved of it and commanded their Admirals to observe it but with that restriction that they should joyn Forces upon the expiration of the first three Weeks and land their Land Militia in Coppenhagen In the mean time whilest the English Fleet expected new Orders an occasion happened wherein the English did the King of Sweden a singular good turn For 28 sail of Swedish ships very good ones were gone under the Command of young Wrangel into the lesser Belt for the relief of Funen Opdam and De Ruyter being newly joyned in the great Belt were going to surprise this Swedish Fleet the news thereof coming to the English Admiral he presently sailed into the Belt and there found the whole Dutch and Danish Fleet about ninety Sail pursuing the Swedish Fleet and in sight of them But upon discovery of the English Fleet the Dutch tackt and put themselves into the great Belt before the English Fleet and came to an Anchor near Komps Island and the English off the Town of Callenburg in the mean time the Swedes delivered in sight of both Fleets sailed away towards the Isle of Haselin and so for the Sound where the King of Sweden questioned and imprisoned young Wrangel for his ill Conduct The Dutch apprehending the English advance made ready for Fight and the allarm lasted until Montague's Ketch and Letters assured them that they were friends and had no other thoughts but of Amity and Peace Hereupon followed all the demonstrations of kindness on both sides the Generals complementing each other by their Vice-Admirals and the several Officers of the Fleet visiting receiving and feasting each other with all imaginable kindness and civility and now the Cessation being already expired the Chiefs themselves mentioned and concluded a further continuation of it for three Weeks more After both Fleets in the Belt had disputed some ten days the explaining some terms in the Hagues Treaty which the English Admiral made his pretence to go to the relief of the Swedes he weighed Anchor and sailed by Haselin into the Sound and came to an Anchor between Ween Island and Coppenhagen shutting the Dutch our of the Channel and expecting the coming of new Embassadours from England and lying in a Post advantageous to correspond either with Coppenhagen or Elzineur as occasion offered whilest Opdam sailed with his Fleet to Coppenhagen The Danes who languished within their Walls clamoured against these noxious Truces the loss of Naskow heightened their murmurings and complaints justly searing lest the whole burthen of the War might fall upon them whilest the great power of their Confederates seemed but idle Spectators in their Tragedy This moved the King to press the States by re-iterated Messages and intreaties June 24. July 31. that they would not suffer Denmark to be wholly lost and such vast and chargeable preparations to be rendred fruitless by their re-iterated Cessations The Enemy had in them taken all the Islands and Naskow it self in sight of their Fleet so that he had nothing now left but Coppenhagen only and that straitly besieged by Sea and Land He added that the Swedes did fortifie the landing places of Zeland and Funen with all diligence neither had they desisted from assaulting and taking the States own Ships in the lesser Belt by all which it appeared how little hopes there were to bring these to reason by Cessations and Treaties He did therefore earnestly desire them and that by vertue of the League betwixt them that they would send their Generals orders to obey his commands and that until Denmark was delivered from the danger it was in and the Enemy obliged to embrace a desired and equitable Peace July 1.22.22 Carisius the Danish Resident in the Hague urged the same by three several Memorials but all could not perswade the States to recede from their late Conventions with the English and French Monsieur De Thou had told them in their full Assembly that if they did depart from the Treaty which they had concluded with so much difficulty his King would also withdraw from the terms of Mediation and help the King of Sweden according to his agreement with the English with all his power But their greatest apprehensions were from the English as nearest and upon the place not that they feared their Forces for they were themselves double their numbers but lest they should engage in a War which might be easier begun than ended But the apprehensions of the English and the French threats did quickly vanish for both Nations did ratifie the Treaty of the 21 of May and the English Commissioners were daily expected at Elzineur That Bloody Faction the disgrace and Fag end of a Parliament who had murthered their Soveraign had also now cashiered their pretended Protector and having re-usurped a Tyranny over their fellow-subjects and the most noble English Nation swayed and domineered at pleasure and thinking themselves now secure at home extended their ambition the only commendable thing they did to forreign parts Amongst others the affairs of the North seemed most considerable They therefore dispatched three Commissioners thither Collonel Algernoon Sidney Sir Robert Honywood and Mr. Thomas Boon to whom they were pleased to add General Montague as not daring to distrust him because he commanded the Fleet. Though they sent him no new Commission to be Admiral when they did send new ones to all the rest of the Fleet. But they excluded Sir Philip Medow who had hitherto managed the whole Mediation as jealous of his affection to their Government These Embassadours came with Instructions and Orders to mediate a Peace betwixt the warring Kings upon the Basis of the Rotschild Treaty they were also commanded to joyn Counsels and means with the Dutch for the effecting of it according to the tenour of the Hagues Conventions which obliged a mutual communication betwixt the three States These Embassadours arrived at Elzineur with a splendid train where they were received and treated by the Swedes with all manner of civilities and honour the King himself was not there being gone to Naskow June 23. then taken by his forces they therefore stayed there in expectation of his return but to loose no time had daily Conferences with the French and Dutch
do was at length forced to submit for being unequal in strength though equalin number of Ships he obeyed De Ruyters second summons which was a Cannon Bullet and letting fall his sails after mutual salutation came to Anchor Cornelius Everson who followed the Swedes took his station betwixt them and Lanskrown and the next day De Ruyter drawing nearer to them environed them round to take from them all possibility of escaping in case they attempted it The Dutch Embassadours were at the time of detaining the Swedes Ships upon the top of the round Tower at Coppenhagen and perceiving the motion of the Fleets De Huybert and Haren went forthwith on board de Ruyter to give such Orders as they should judge necessary from whence they likewise sent the Swedes Admiral word that what they had done was to further the Peace and not out of design to prejudice him in the least which he might be assured of The Swedes Commissioners were extreamly vexed at the detension of their Ships and complaining bitterly against de Ruyter's insolence required that they might be suffered without delay to continue their journey to Stockholm whither they were designed The English and French Embassadours fretted yet higher and accusing the Dutch of breach of Faith and violation of Covenants demanded the instant relaxation of the Ships threatning that in case they would not that they would treat no further with them but revenge with all their power those indignities and injuries which were offered to England and to France The Dutch Embassadours replied that what they had done was but to further the Peace which if seriously and sincerely intended would be easily compassed and least any thing might intervene which might disturb and interrupt it in the interim they only endeavoured to oblige the Swedes to put their Declaration in execution After this May 7. they wrote Letters to the English and French wherein they professed That they did not vary from any of those Articles contained in their former Project adding that as for the Treaty of Elbing there was the same provision both in it and in its Illustrations made for France and England as for Sweden and the United Provinces if they would but be included in it They did therefore conjure them that they would add their endeavours to theirs according to the so often mentioned Conventions and the instructions of their respective superiours in the procuring of a sudden and setled Peace The English and French perceiving the Dutch had made no mention in their Letters of the detained Ships fancied they jeered them and therefore repeated by most bitter rescriptions what they had declared before by word of mouth and sending expresses into England France and Holland acquainted their several Masters and their Masters Ministers with what had hitherto happened in Denmark The Dutch Embassadours seeing that the other Mediatours had resolved to treat no more with them until they first released the Ships did send their above said Project for Peace to the Swedes Commissioners with Letters to the Camp demanding their answer Another Instrument of the same tenour was delivered to the great Master of Denmark and both parties invited to accept of those Forms But the Swedes delaying their Answer were again pressed though in vain for they affirmed they would not treat any further unless their Ships were first at liberty Hereupon the Dutch resolved to fight the said detained Ships and to make War upon the Swedes now manifestly refusing Peace which they also had done if the Danes themselves fearing the continuation of their misery and the perpetuity of these destroying contests had not disswaded them from it In the mean time the English and French Embassadours had daily conferences with the Swedes in their Tents and Camp and did mainly endeavour to make up a Peace betwixt the two Kings without the Dutch But the Danes were not to be separated from their Deliverers neither would the Swedes however irritated against the Dutch conclude entirely without them But so much was effected that both Kingdoms were more desirous of Peace and their Ministers now at more liberty and freedom by reason of the dissentions of the imperious Mediatours endeavoured the composing of it more than ever And finding themselves well nigh at their own disposal and unconstrained they urged the business with more fervour than before and advanced so far that they agreed upon all the Articles of the Treaty except only on the term to be designed for the withdrawing of the Swedish Troops and Garrisons out of the Countrey Hereupon the Swedes Commissioners composed an Instrument of Pacification according to their Conventions with the Danes and sent it into the City May 15 which being examined was not only found to quadrate with the Hagues Treaties and the above mentioned Projects for Peace but also to contain several more advantageous conditions for Denmark than they did hope for The chief controverted points were about the remission of the 400000 Crowns the restitution of the Island of Bornholm and the possessions of the Gentry and Nobilities goods in Schonen all which were concluded as the Danes desired for the aforesaid sum was absolutely remitted the Goods and Lands were restored to their true owners and the Island was left in the King of Denmarks possession for a whole year with power to redeem it for its value by exchange or otherwise or restore it at the expiration of the said time The Treaty being thus far advanced without the Mediators the King lest they might seem neglected sent for the four Dutch Deputies to Court where the Ryx-hoff-master in presence of his Majesty and Senators told them that they had agreed with the Swedes to the content of both parties except only the time of evacuation or clearing the Country of the Souldiers The Embassadours having congratulated his Majesty hereupon congratulated also the Swedes Commissioners by Letters upon the happy progress of affairs and invited them notwithstanding the sinister interpretations of some men meaning the English and French to the sanction of the Treaty of Elbing the which together with its Illustrations they desired might be forthwith ratified and confirmed Some few dayes after not only these Demands of the Dutch were assented to but all other differences and desires accommodated and concluded by consent of both Kings and all the Mediators so that the detained Ships were thereupon lest to their liberty and by De Ruyter's removal from them permitted to sail whither they pleased which did not happen without the congratulatory thunder of the Cannon on both sides During this Treaty for Peace the thoughts of War were not so laid aside but that several encounters and light skirmishes happened betwixt the City and Camp Militia The besieged heightened with their former successes thought of attempting somewhat more extraordinary and therefore sallying out by night with all their Horse fell upon the Enemies Stations or Posts with the same confidence Mar. 4. though not with the same success
the Rotschild Treaty or forthwith dispatched some other person or persons to pursue the same it had certainly issued to a Peace For England France Sweden yea and Holland too being at accord concerning the Medium of the Peace it was not possible that the Dane should stand it out long But no persons appearing from England and I having no authorities from the Parliament the Dutch Deputies began to seek evasions When I urged upon them that they ought not to assist the refusing King their only Reply was this that by the first Article of the Treaty at the Hague the Ministers upon the place were to use their utmost diligence and endeavour with both the Kings which said they I had done with the King of Sweden but not with the King of Denmark which was a meer shift because they knew I could not at that time go to Coppenhagen being destitute of Creditives And now they held themselves no longer obliged by the Treaty at the Hague but de Ruyter with a new Fleet of forty men of War enters the Belt joyns with Admiral Opdam passes on to Coppenhagen all which was expresly against the letter of the said Treaty True it is that about the middle of June 1659 I received a Letter from the Councel of State directed to my self authorizing me to continue my Negotiation with the two Kings as formerly till further order from the Parliament or Councel of State but I neither had Creditives nor Commission nor any thing to exhibit to either of the Kings whereby to constitute and legitimate me as the publick Minister of this Commonwealth And now the Negotiation for the Peace was at a long pause and our Fleet in the mean time at an Anchor in the Sound Only because His Majesty of Denmark had always insisted upon an Universal Treaty in reference to a general Peace His Majesty of Sweden gave me a Declaration in writing which I sent to the Councel of State June the 28 in which he also declared himself willing to treat a general Peace This he did of his own accord not at my instance for all my Instructions directad me only to a particular Treaty betwixt the 2 Crowns His Majesty told me moreover that in case England and France would obtain for him a general Peace in which said Peace he propounded to himself no more than that things betwixt Him the Emperour and the Electour of Brandenburg should return to their former estate without any further demands on either side and for the Pole he should only give him some equitable recompence for the places he should surrender to him in Pruss He would not only admit the Dane to the Rotschild Treaty but release something considerable in the said Treaty in consideration of a general Peace But in case of a separate Treaty with Denmark he would remit nothing of the Rotschild Treaty The 20. of July 1659. The Commissioners Plenipotentiary arrived in the Sound which was three months after the Change of the Government here in England I was put out of the Commission for the Mediation and had Creditives sent me only as Resident A little before this viz. the fourth of the said Moneth a new Treaty was made at the Hague by which the King of Sweden was to restore not only what he had gaine upon the Dane by this last War but also the Island of Bruntholm with the Government of Drontheym in Norway with all its appurtenances a Country of near 200 English miles extent which was formerly granted him by the Rotschild Treaty and by authentick Acts of State incorporated in the Crown of Sweden Besides the remission of the 400000 Ryxdollers which the Dane had formerly promised to pay for satisfaction of damages done to the Swede in Guinea The King of Sweden was also to admit the States General to the Treaty made at Elbing and the Elucidations thereof made at Thoren and both States viz. England and Holland reciprocally oblige themselves not only not to assist the refuser but to compel by joynt force of Arms to an acceptance of the foresaid conditions And thus the State of Affairs was quite altered and new obstacles interposed in the way of the Peace For I. Both Kings were highly dis-satisfied with this manner of proceeding For whereas the first Treaty at the Hague of the eleventh of May was never propounded to either of the Kings as that which should bind or oblige them but only made use of by Me as a private Instruction this was not only publikely propounded but was to be obtruded by a compulsory force England and Holland making themselves not Mediators but Umpires and Arbitrators of the quarrel betwixt the two Kings which they interpreted to a diminution of their Soveraignty by erecting a superiority over them But the King of Sweden was most of all disgusted because England without any concert or communication had with him enters into a Treaty with his open Enemies for so at that time he reputed the States General to impose upon him by a conjoint force Laws and Conditions which he judges altogether unreasonable II. Whereas the King of Sweden had already accepted of the Rotschild Treaty conform to the Agreement made at the Hague of the eleventh of May though not under the notion and formality of the Treaty at the Hague as obligatory upon him but as the counsel and advice of England his faithful Allies and upon the King of Denmark's refusal had in prosecution of the War gained notable advantages upon him the King of Sweden expected both to have profited by his acceptance of the Peace at the instance of England and by the advantages of the War he having after the refusal of the King of Denmark reduced Moenen Falster and Laland Whereas a new Treaty is made at the Hague of the fourth of July in prejudice of the accepting King to clog the Peace on his part with new and burdensome conditions and these to be forcibly imposed upon him in favour of the Refuser Besides that England recoils from their own Agreement and sayes the King as they have made a second so they may still make a third and a fourth Treaty at the Hague III. The tedious and unnecessary delayes which have been used have been a great obstruction in the way of the Peace For if the Peace betwixt the two Crowns had been concluded in the Spring of the year the King of Sweden had had time enough to have transported his Army into Pomeren to have taken the Campagn there to have prevented the infal of the Imperial Army and to have provided Winter quarters for his Troops But the Summer being almost pass'd before the arrival of the Plenipotentiaries and the Peace to be begun anew upon another foot which would necessarily require some longer time The King of Sweden was to seek what to have done with his Army to disband them was not reasonable because though he had made Peace with Denmark yet he had still War with the Emperour Pole
and Brandenburger In Sweden there was no subsistence for them to transport them into Pomeren and there take the Field he could not for the Imperial Army was much superiour to his in strength and had already seized the principal Passes of the Country and was absolutely Master of the Campagne And to have put them into Garisons which above two parts in three consisted of Horse the want of forage had ruined them in few days So that now the King of Sweden holds close to Denmark First as a quarter to his Troops Secondly as a place of refuge and security putting himself upon the Defensive as it were intrenched within those Islands not having strength sufficient to appear before his Enemy upon the Terra firma Thirdly as a Gage or Pledge for the restitution of what he had lost in Pomeren And I have reason to believe that as things now stand the War betwixt Denmark and Sweden will hardly be accommodated but by a general Peace In the mean time I humbly conceive that England in the management of this business hath departed from their proper Interest and that upon these following grounds I. We have wholly dis-obliged the Swede who is Englands counterpoise against the Dane and Hollander The Hollander is sure that the Dane will alwayes side with him against England witness the Arrest of our Merchant-men in the Sound in 1653. We ought to be as sure of the Swede and though not to assist him in the conquest of Denmark yet so to have managed the business of a Peace as to have firmly engaged him in our Interests II. We have lost our reputation It had been honourable for England to have maintained the Rotschild Treaty in which we were Mediators But to equip a mighty Fleet of forty of our best men of War and to keep them out at Sea six Months together to the amazement of all our Neighbouring States without effecting any thing failing of our End and Design is wholly inglorious III. We have lost our Expences The King of Sweden never supposed that England would be at all those vast charges without expecting any return from him but freely propounded several advantages in point of Trade and Commerce by way of recompence and amongst others propounded that the Pitch and Tar and the whole growth and production of Sweden which is for the apparel and equipage of Shipping should be sold at a regulated price to English Merchants only by which means London might have become the Staple of those Commodities But we on the contrary have barr'd our selves from accepting any thing of priviledge or advantage though it be only ratione oneris upon the accompt of our expences and so to be considered as a re-imbursement For by the Agreement of the Hague of the fourth of July England is to compel the King of Sweden to admit the States General to the Treaty at Elbing And by the express letter of the Treaty of Elbing the King of Sweden is obliged to admit the people of the United Netherlands to the same priviledges and advantages which he either hath or shall hereafter grant to any other Forraign Nation whatsoever IV. We oblige cour selves to force the King of Sweden to admit the States General to the Elbing Treaty notwithstanding that by that Treaty the former Treaties made betwixt Queen Christina and the States General one at Stockholm 1640 and the other at Suderacre 1645 are expresly renewed and re-confirmed Both which are Treaties of mutual Defence and by vertue of which in case England become hereafter engaged in a War against Holland the King of Sweden will be obliged to assist Holland against us with four thousand men at his own charges V. We have lost our Opportunity of making the Peace England was once in a manner Arbitrator of this whole affair England propounds the Rotschild Treaty as the Medium of the Peace Holland though very unwilling yet is necessitated to assent thereto For to think that Holland who was in actual War with Portugal and Sweden would at the same time break with England when back'd with France especially his most confident Ally the Dane being reduced to that extremity as to become instead of a help a charge and burthen is to suppose that which is Morally and Politically impossible But as the case now stands England is the least in this business all that we pretend to is to be included in the States Generals Treaty of Elbing wherein they are Principals and we but Accessories VI. We play advantages into the hands of the Hollander our Rival State and that only which stands in the eye and aym of England's greatness For besides the Treaty of Elbing which we engage to obtain for him The Hollander obliges us also to see Drontheym restored to the Dane In which the Hollander consults his own utility for Schonen is the Country which the King of Denmark would have restored but the Hollander profits more by Drontheym when in the King of Denmark's hands than the King of Denmark himself both in point of Trade and in Levies of Men For during the late War betwixt England and Holland the Dutch had seldome less than two or three thousand of those Norwegians in the service of their Fleets Besides that the greatest part or the whole of the Revenue of Drontheym is oppignorated to the Merchants of Amsterdam for debt And indeed the whole Kingdom of Denmark is become so obnoxious upon the accompt of vast Debts that it is in a manner at the disposition of Holland The States General have steered an even and direct course to their Interest They have maintained their Ally they have not only secured Denmark from the power of Sweden but secured it to themselves And being secure of Denmark are now assuring Sweden to themselves also having already weakened the near Amity and correspondence which was betwixt England and Sweden Whereas we after all our Expences are so far from being sure of the friendship of either of the Kings that we are sure of the ill-will of both Of the Dane for appearing with an armed Fleet in the Interests of Sweden of the Swede for no sooner appearing but deserting him They have also obtained their Treaty at Elbing which in rigour of justice they could not pretend to for they themselves formerly refused to ratifie it in due time And to crown all they have heightened their reputation by rendring themselves Masters of their Design We on the contrary have lost our Friend lost our Expences lost our Business lost our Reputation From whence I conclude that in the management of this Affair we in England have departed from Our proper Interest FINIS A Catalogue of Books Printed for and are to be Sold by Thomas Basset at the George in Fleet-street near Cliffords-Inn Folio ' s. 1. COsmography in four Books containing the Chorography and History of the whole World and all the principal Kingdoms and Provinces Seas and Isles thereof By P. Heylin Printed 1669