the_o present_a state_n of_o denmark_n by_o gvy_n miege_n author_n of_o the_o new_a cosmography_n or_o survey_v of_o the_o whole_a world_n london_n print_v for_o tho._n basset_n at_o the_o george_n in_o fleetstreet_n near_o st._n dunstan_n church_n 1683._o to_o his_o royal_a highness_n the_o most_o illustrious_a prince_n george_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n only_a brother_n may_v it_o please_v your_o royal_a highness_n the_o liberty_n i_o take_v to_o offer_v you_o this_o work_n be_v not_o out_o of_o presumption_n it_o be_v a_o debt_n i_o come_v to_o pay_v a_o homage_n i_o come_v to_o render_v to_o your_o royal_a highness_n it_o be_v your_o r.h._n have_v occasion_v it_o upon_o the_o news_n of_o your_o happy_a marriage_n with_o the_o princess_n which_o have_v diffuse_v so_o great_a a_o joy_n through_o the_o whole_a nation_n that_o it_o have_v certain_o break_v out_o into_o extraordinary_a and_o public_a demonstration_n at_o any_o other_o conjuncture_n however_o it_o have_v create_v a_o desire_n to_o know_v the_o estate_n of_o a_o kingdom_n which_o have_v give_v we_o so_o illustrious_a a_o prince_n by_o his_o birth_n so_o famous_a for_o his_o courage_n and_o so_o amiable_a by_o that_o sweetness_n of_o disposition_n which_o have_v already_o gain_v he_o so_o many_o heart_n in_o this_o realm_n therefore_o to_o satisfy_v the_o public_a i_o have_v undertake_v this_o short_a description_n of_o the_o state_n of_o denmark_n in_o write_v of_o which_o i_o have_v the_o advantage_n of_o speak_v well_o of_o denmark_n without_o have_v need_n to_o flatter_v and_o i_o be_o persuade_v it_o will_v be_v so_o much_o the_o more_o acceptable_a to_o your_o royal_a highness_n and_o the_o public_a if_o it_o shall_v have_v the_o fortune_n to_o please_v it_o will_v be_v no_o small_a satisfaction_n to_o i_o and_o i_o shall_v think_v myself_o very_o happy_a to_o have_v do_v something_o that_o have_v the_o honour_n to_o be_v approve_v by_o so_o great_a a_o prince_n for_o who_o my_o prayer_n to_o heaven_n shall_v be_v to_o pour_v down_o its_o most_o benign_a influence_n upon_o your_o royal_a highness_n to_o crown_v your_o marriage_n with_o a_o glorious_a offspring_n that_o this_o happy_a alliance_n may_v prove_v a_o eternal_a bond_n of_o amity_n between_o the_o two_o kingdom_n of_o england_n and_o denmark_n and_o that_o your_o royal_a highness_n may_v all_o the_o day_n of_o your_o life_n be_v the_o delight_n of_o your_o friend_n and_o terror_n of_o your_o enemy_n i_o humble_o beg_v of_o y._n r._n h._n to_o accept_v of_o these_o mark_n of_o the_o zeal_n i_o have_v for_o your_o service_n and_o to_o believe_v that_o none_o can_v be_v with_o more_o veneration_n than_o i_o be_o your_o royal_a highness_n most_o humble_o devote_a servant_n gvy_n miege_n reader_n here_o you_o have_v a_o short_a but_o comprehensive_a description_n of_o the_o state_n of_o denmark_n which_o may_v be_v call_v multum_fw-la in_o parvo_fw-la the_o occasion_n for_o write_v of_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o guess_v at_o before_o the_o late_a marriage_n of_o george_n prince_n of_o denmark_n with_o the_o lady_n and_n the_o english_a have_v no_o other_o interest_n in_o that_o country_n but_o that_o of_o a_o northern_a trade_n and_o the_o truth_n be_v few_o people_n mind_v it_o but_o such_o as_o trade_v that_o way_n but_o now_o these_o two_o crown_n be_v come_v to_o a_o close_a union_n it_o be_v worth_a our_o while_n to_o look_v back_o and_o to_o consider_v the_o state_n of_o that_o monarchy_n wherein_o the_o english_a nation_n have_v so_o great_a a_o interest_n in_o the_o prince_n person_n a_o monarchy_n which_o have_v be_v in_o former_a time_n most_o formidable_a both_o to_o france_n and_o england_n and_o which_o have_v to_o this_o day_n the_o command_n of_o the_o baltic_a in_o a_o far_o better_a manner_n than_o the_o venetian_n can_v pretend_v it_o of_o their_o gulf._n a_o monarchy_n of_o great_a latitude_n if_o we_o consider_v all_o the_o accessary_a estate_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n as_o the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n with_o the_o isle_n of_o schetland_n feroe_n and_o iseland_n beside_o the_o coast_n of_o groenland_n in_o terra_fw-la polaris_fw-la arctica_fw-la and_o new-denmark_n in_o the_o northern_a america_n in_o germany_n west_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o bremen_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n have_v get_v of_o late_a year_n the_o fruitful_a county_n of_o oldenburg_n and_o delmenhorst_n in_o africa_n he_o have_v frederixburg_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o guinea_n beside_o some_o hold_v in_o asia_n as_o for_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n itself_o which_o be_v the_o main_a thing_n of_o all_o i_o have_v have_v the_o advantage_n of_o know_v the_o country_n not_o only_o by_o read_v author_n upon_o that_o subject_a but_o also_o by_o my_o own_o experience_n when_o i_o be_v there_o a_o attendant_n on_o the_o right_n honourable_a the_o earl_n of_o carlisle_n in_o his_o northern_a embassy_n what_o material_a change_n have_v happen_v there_o since_o i_o get_v out_o of_o my_o memoires_n so_o that_o you_o have_v real_o in_o this_o small_a tract_n the_o state_n of_o denmark_n both_o ancient_n and_o modern_a wherein_o you_o will_v find_v not_o only_a geography_n but_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o history_n both_o civil_a and_o natural_a postscript_n upon_o the_o finish_n of_o this_o book_n at_o the_o press_n i_o be_v not_o a_o little_a surprise_v to_o see_v another_o get_v the_o start_n of_o it_o be_v of_o this_o very_a size_n upon_o the_o same_o subject_a and_o bear_v the_o same_o title_n the_o style_n whereof_o may_v have_v be_v more_o polite_a the_o matter_n better_o digest_v the_o impression_n much_o neat_a and_o the_o fault_n less_o numerous_a have_v not_o the_o book_n as_o i_o be_o inform_v be_v hurry_v into_o the_o world_n for_o the_o prevent_n of_o this._n but_o some_o people_n will_v run_v though_o they_o make_v more_o haste_n than_o good_a speed_n errata_fw-la page_n 7._o l._n 2._o for_o be_v read_v have_v p._n 10._o l._n 12._o for_o upon_o r._n of_o p._n 17._o l._n 13._o &_o 14._o r._n most_o part_n p._n 31._o l._n 16._o blot_n out_o former_o p._n 108._o l._n 23._o r._n 64th_o p._n 111._o last_o line_n r._n to_o drive_v p._n 127._o l._n 10._o r._n to_o the_o czar_n the_o present_a state_n of_o denmark_n a_o prefatory_a discourse_n of_o the_o rise_n and_o progress_n of_o this_o monarchy_n the_o state_n of_o denmark_n the_o description_n whereof_o i_o take_v in_o hand_n have_v be_v in_o former_a age_n a_o great_a and_o formidable_a state_n gotricus_n or_o godfrey_n be_v the_o first_o king_n of_o note_n that_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o danish_a government_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 797._o and_o it_o be_v about_o this_o time_n that_o the_o dane_n first_o begin_v to_o infest_v the_o coast_n of_o england_n that_o they_o invade_v frizeland_n with_o a_o fleet_n of_o 200_o sail_n and_o will_v have_v endanger_v the_o great_a monarchy_n of_o france_n if_o the_o death_n of_o godfrey_n and_o the_o quarrel_n that_o arise_v about_o the_o succession_n after_o his_o decease_n have_v not_o keep_v they_o off_o at_o last_o their_o affair_n at_o home_n be_v compose_v again_o they_o employ_v their_o whole_a force_n against_o england_n as_o the_o weak_a enemy_n this_o happen_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o nine_o century_n that_o be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o egbert_n the_o last_o king_n of_o the_o westsaxons_a and_o the_o first_o of_o england_n which_o be_v now_o reduce_v from_o a_o state_n of_o heptarchy_n into_o that_o of_o a_o monarchy_n be_v unhappy_o disturb_v by_o these_o new_a guest_n who_o have_v fill_v up_o the_o void_a room_n of_o the_o juite_n and_o angles_n in_o jutland_n former_o call_v the_o cimbrick_n chersonese_n think_v it_o convenient_a to_o follow_v they_o into_o britain_n also_o so_o that_o next_o to_o the_o saxon_n the_o dane_n be_v the_o most_o considerable_a actor_n in_o the_o stage_n of_o england_n where_o they_o continue_v about_o 225_o year_n during_o which_o time_n they_o first_o erect_v many_o small_a sovereignty_n till_o after_o several_a check_n give_v they_o by_o king_n alfred_n his_o son_n edward_n and_o athelstan_n edward_n son_n they_o be_v at_o last_o bring_v by_o king_n edred_n under_o the_o english_a government_n and_o compel_v by_o he_o to_o be_v christen_v so_o that_o they_o live_v with_o the_o english_a mix_v in_o marriage_n and_o alliance_n and_o incorporate_v with_o they_o but_o towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o ten_o century_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n ethelred_n a_o weak_a prince_n the_o dane_n begin_v again_o to_o grow_v upon_o the_o english_a insomuch_o that_o the_o king_n be_v say_v to_o buy_v his_o peace_n of_o they_o at_o the_o yearly_a tribute_n of_o ten_o thousand_o pound_n enhance_v soon_o after_o to_o forty_o thousand_o a_o vast_a sum_n in_o those_o time_n which_o be_v
german_n call_v all_o thief_n cimber_n these_o cimbri_n have_v leave_v their_o peninsule_n the_o saxon_n jute_n and_o angle_n take_v possession_n of_o it_o and_o upon_o the_o removal_n of_o these_o into_o britain_n the_o great_a part_n of_o it_o be_v people_v by_o the_o dane_n who_o dwell_v in_o the_o island_n the_o dane_n in_o general_n be_v of_o a_o good_a stature_n clear_a of_o complexion_n well_o colour_v for_o the_o most_o part_n healthful_a and_o long_o live_v their_o language_n be_v but_o a_o dialect_n of_o the_o german_a tongue_n from_o which_o it_o do_v however_o so_o differ_v that_o the_o dane_n and_o german_n can_v understand_v one_o another_o unless_o they_o do_v first_o converse_v some_o time_n together_o as_o to_o their_o inclination_n they_o do_v not_o vary_v much_o therein_o from_o the_o swede_n and_o german_n only_o they_o be_v look_v upon_o to_o be_v more_o crafty_a than_o the_o latter_a and_o more_o ambitious_a than_o the_o former_a the_o woman_n be_v fair_a courteous_a and_o good_a housewife_n fruitful_a in_o bear_v of_o child_n and_o yet_o deliver_v of_o they_o with_o great_a difficulty_n for_o man_n of_o learning_n they_o have_v have_v tyche_n brahe_n that_o renown_a astronomer_n hemingius_n a_o well_o know_v divine_a bartholinus_n a_o physician_n and_o philosopher_n of_o very_a good_a esteem_n john_n cluverus_n the_o historian_n etc._n etc._n for_o great_a captain_n gotricus_n or_o godfrey_n who_o settle_v the_o government_n of_o this_o kingdom_n and_o endanger_v the_o great_a monarchy_n of_o france_n sueno_n and_o canute_n the_o fortunate_a conqueror_n of_o england_n waldemar_n iii_o a_o right_a valiant_a prince_n but_o unsuccessful_a in_o his_o war_n against_o the_o hanse-town_n christiern_n ii_o a_o great_a commander_n but_o a_o cruel_a prince_n christiern_n iu._n little_a inferior_a to_o many_o of_o his_o predecessor_n among_o who_o we_o may_v listen_v queen_n margaret_n the_o semiramis_n of_o these_o northern_a country_n a_o lady_n of_o a_o masculine_a spirit_n no_o less_o fortunate_a than_o dare_v in_o her_o enterprise_n this_o nation_n be_v convert_v to_o the_o christian_a faith_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n harold_n about_o 650_o year_n ago_o till_o than_o it_o can_v be_v say_v that_o the_o christian_a religion_n be_v root_v here_o though_o i_o read_v of_o some_o christian_a king_n before_o this_o as_o eric_n and_o froto_n both_o live_n in_o the_o nine_o century_n neither_o be_v the_o gospel_n so_o well_o fix_v in_o harold_n time_n but_o that_o the_o dane_n relapse_v still_o for_o the_o most_o part_n to_o their_o ancient_a heathenism_n till_o they_o be_v final_o regain_v by_o pope_n adrian_n the_o four_o a_o englishman_n in_o process_n of_o time_n the_o pope_n of_o rome_n will_v needs_o pretend_v some_o power_n and_o jurisdiction_n over_o they_o which_o when_o they_o begin_v to_o exercise_v with_o too_o much_o authority_n king_n waldemar_n iii_o the_o father_n of_o queen_n margaret_n be_v say_v to_o have_v return_v this_o answer_n naturam_fw-la habemus_fw-la à _fw-la deo_fw-la regnum_fw-la à _fw-la subditis_fw-la divitias_fw-la à _fw-la parentibus_fw-la religionem_fw-la à _fw-la romanâ_fw-la ecclesiâ_fw-la quam_fw-la si_fw-la nobis_fw-la invides_fw-la renuntiamus_fw-la per_fw-la praesentes_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v we_o hold_v our_o life_n from_o god_n our_o crown_n from_o our_o subject_n our_o riches_n from_o our_o ancestor_n our_o religion_n from_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n which_o religion_n if_o you_o envy_v we_o we_o do_v here_o remit_v it_o by_o these_o present_n but_o this_o renunciation_n though_o then_o threaten_v be_v not_o make_v till_o afterward_o king_n frederick_n i._o be_v he_o that_o abolish_v the_o whole_a mass_n of_o popery_n use_v therein_o the_o ministry_n of_o bugenhage_n a_o divine_a of_o pomeren_n by_o who_o the_o dane_n be_v reform_v according_a to_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o lutheran_n church_n and_o ever_o since_o they_o have_v continue_v in_o that_o state_n of_o reformation_n wherein_o the_o church_n of_o denmark_n differ_v not_o much_o from_o the_o church_n of_o england_n for_o as_o they_o have_v reject_v several_a error_n and_o abuse_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n so_o they_o have_v still_o retain_v a_o settle_a and_o prescribe_v liturgy_n for_o all_o their_o church_n most_o of_o the_o holiday_n observe_v in_o the_o former_a age_n the_o cross_n in_o baptism_n kneel_v at_o the_o communion_n and_o many_o other_o practicable_a ceremony_n transmit_v to_o we_o from_o the_o primitive_a church_n the_o main_a point_n wherein_o they_o differ_v as_o lutheran_n from_o all_o other_o protestant_n be_v the_o article_n of_o consubstantiation_n whereby_o they_o believe_v that_o in_o the_o sacrament_n of_o the_o lord_n supper_n the_o element_n of_o bread_n and_o wine_n remain_v in_o substance_n with_o the_o real_a body_n and_o blood_n of_o our_o saviour_n after_o the_o consecration_n of_o the_o danish_a government_n this_o kingdom_n have_v be_v till_o of_o late_a elective_a and_o not_o hereditary_a whatever_o heylin_n pretend_v to_o the_o contrary_n it_o be_v true_a the_o dane_n have_v usual_o prefer_v the_o royal_a family_n and_o set_v the_o elder_a son_n on_o the_o throne_n of_o his_o father_n but_o because_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n for_o example_n have_v hitherto_o enjoy_v the_o imperial_a crown_n above_o 240_o year_n successive_o i_o hope_v it_o do_v not_o follow_v therefore_o that_o the_o empire_n be_v not_o elective_a it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o in_o denmark_n after_o the_o death_n of_o christopher_n the_o crown_n be_v transfer_v to_o the_o house_n of_o oldenburg_n who_o hold_v it_o on_o no_o other_o ground_n but_o by_o that_o of_o election_n and_o about_o 160_o year_n ago_o be_v not_o king_n christiern_n ii_o out_v of_o his_o estate_n and_o frederick_n advance_v unto_o it_o but_o dr._n heylin_n elude_v that_o by_o say_v that_o such_o thing_n have_v happen_v in_o estate_n that_o be_v clear_o hereditary_a and_o aught_o to_o make_v no_o precedent_n and_o that_o act_n of_o violence_n and_o force_n be_v only_o justify_v by_o the_o false_a topick_n of_o success_n when_o all_o be_v do_v it_o be_v undeniable_a that_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n be_v former_o elective_a if_o we_o consider_v that_o it_o be_v make_v in_o due_a form_n hereditary_a no_o long_o ago_o than_o the_o year_n 1660_o in_o the_o person_n of_o king_n frederick_n which_o happen_v thus_o soon_o after_o the_o treaty_n conclude_v that_o very_a year_n betwixt_o his_o majesty_n and_o the_o now_o king_n of_o sweden_n the_o clergy_n and_o commonalty_n have_v be_v always_o jealous_a of_o the_o great_a power_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o more_o particular_o during_o the_o war_n with_o sweden_n they_o therefore_o be_v now_o arm_v especial_o the_o people_n and_o consequent_o capable_a of_o all_o thing_n secret_o combine_v together_o as_o well_o out_o of_o hate_n to_o the_o noble_n as_o out_o of_o gratitude_n to_o the_o king_n for_o his_o fortitude_n in_o preserve_v of_o they_o to_o make_v he_o hereditary_a monarch_n of_o their_o crown_n their_o declare_a reason_n be_v that_o be_v his_o majesty_n have_v undergo_v in_o his_o war_n with_o sweden_n all_o imaginable_a danger_n and_o that_o he_o have_v with_o admirable_a constancy_n and_o magnanimmity_n demonstrate_v his_o affection_n and_o willingness_n in_o conservation_n of_o his_o people_n and_o kingdom_n they_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o so_o great_a benefit_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v let_v pass_v without_o the_o demonstration_n and_o some_o extraordinary_a mark_n of_o their_o gratitude_n which_o can_v not_o be_v better_o express_v than_o by_o present_v the_o crown_n to_o his_o majesty_n line_n by_o succession_n wherein_o they_o be_v the_o more_o encourage_v by_o the_o example_n of_o a_o neighbour_a kingdom_n meaning_n that_o of_o sweden_n where_o the_o same_o thing_n have_v be_v do_v with_o good_a success_n and_o notable_a advantage_n to_o the_o people_n this_o resolution_n be_v take_v these_o two_o state_n appoint_a deputy_n to_o inform_v the_o senator_n of_o their_o design_n and_o desire_v they_o to_o communicate_v it_o to_o the_o noble_n who_o they_o acknowledge_v to_o be_v the_o first_o and_o most_o conspicuous_a part_n of_o the_o whole_a they_o far_o wish_v they_o to_o cooperate_v in_o persuade_v they_o to_o a_o compliance_n in_o this_o point_n that_o they_o may_v all_o joint_o agree_v in_o so_o reasonable_a and_o plausible_a a_o undertake_n after_o great_a deliberation_n they_o be_v answer_v that_o the_o proposition_n be_v not_o so_o new_a but_o that_o several_a discourse_n have_v be_v have_v about_o it_o heretofore_o and_o that_o very_o important_a reason_n have_v be_v produce_v pro_n and_o con_fw-la in_o the_o matter_n but_o that_o the_o nobility_n can_v not_o forbear_v complain_v of_o the_o informality_n use_v herein_o namely_o that_o a_o business_n of_o so_o great_a weight_n shall_v not_o only_o come_v abroad_o so_o secret_o and_o without_o the_o least_o communication_n but_o also_o positive_o be_v
it_o be_v observable_a beside_o that_o in_o imitation_n of_o the_o pict_n wall_n in_o england_n there_o be_v within_o few_o mile_n south_n of_o sleswick_n a_o long_a trench_n and_o wall_n from_o the_o one_o sea_n to_o the_o other_o so_o broad_a that_o a_o chariot_n or_o two_o horseman_n a_o breast_n may_v ride_v upon_o it_o the_o same_o be_v first_o build_v by_o gotricus_n or_o godfrey_n king_n of_o denmark_n in_o the_o time_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a either_o to_o stop_v the_o current_n of_o his_o victory_n or_o to_o hinder_v the_o daily_a incursion_n of_o the_o saxon_n the_o tract_n thereof_o still_o very_o easy_a to_o be_v see_v be_v call_v danewark_n to_o this_o day_n south_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o sleswick_n lie_v that_o of_o holstein_n a_o woody_a country_n call_v holstein_n from_o the_o dutch_a word_n holt_n which_o signify_v a_o wood_n or_o forest_n the_o river_n eyder_n divide_v it_o northward_o from_o sleswick_n westward_o it_o be_v bound_v partly_o with_o the_o elb_n and_o eastward_o with_o the_o baltic_a the_o river_n elb_n one_o of_o the_o five_o great_a river_n of_o germany_n divide_v it_o from_o the_o dukedom_n of_o bremen_n and_o further_a southward_o it_o be_v bound_v with_o the_o dukedom_n of_o saxen_a lawemburg_n this_o country_n be_v divide_v into_o four_o principal_a part_n viz._n dithmarsen_n northwestward_a holstein_n proper_o so_o call_v stormaren_n southward_o and_o wageren_n north-castward_a first_o holstein_n special_o so_o call_v together_o with_o stormaren_n be_v make_v a_o earldom_n by_o the_o emperor_n lotharius_n anno_fw-la 1134._o in_o the_o person_n of_o adolph_n earl_n of_o schomburg_n who_o have_v deserve_v well_o of_o he_o in_o his_o war_n and_o when_o christiern_n earl_n of_o oldenburg_n be_v call_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n anno_fw-la 1448_o he_o have_v get_v dithmarsen_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n the_o three_o prevail_v so_o far_o as_o to_o have_v the_o whole_a estate_n erect_v into_o a_o dukedom_n to_o be_v hold_v by_o he_o and_o his_o successor_n of_o the_o sacred_a empire_n the_o famous_a hanse-town_n of_o hamburg_n and_o lubeck_n that_o on_o the_o elb_n and_o this_o on_o the_o trave_n both_o on_o the_o border_n of_o holstein_n and_o germany_n be_v reckon_v as_o town_n of_o holstein_n though_o neither_o of_o they_o subject_n to_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n nor_o to_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n hamburg_n be_v of_o that_o part_n of_o holstein_n which_o be_v call_v stormaren_n about_o sixteen_o german_a mile_n from_o bremen_n in_o germany_n six_o east_n of_o staden_n and_o eight_o west_n of_o lubeck_n it_o be_v build_v at_o the_o influx_n of_o the_o alster_n into_o the_o elb_n in_o a_o large_a plain_n with_o fat_a and_o rich_a pasture_n round_o about_o it_o the_o ship_n come_v up_o to_o it_o a_o great_a way_n with_o the_o tide_n this_o be_v a_o ancient_a city_n great_a populous_a beautiful_a and_o rich_a and_o a_o place_n of_o vast_a trade_n there_o be_v the_o old_a and_o new_a town_n both_o surround_v with_o good_a wall_n and_o well_o fortify_v the_o building_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v of_o brick_n the_o street_n somewhat_o narrow_a but_o the_o public_a structure_n very_o fair_a especial_o the_o council-house_n adorn_v with_o the_o statue_n of_o the_o nine_o worthy_n carve_v with_o very_o great_a art_n then_o the_o exchange_n or_o meeting-place_n for_o merchant_n and_o among_o the_o church_n s_o nicolas_n and_o s._n catharines_n church_n this_o last_o have_v a_o marble_n chair_n with_o figure_n of_o alabaster_n and_o ornament_n of_o gold_n most_o delicate_o wrought_v it_o be_v observe_v say_v heylin_n that_o there_o be_v in_o this_o town_n at_o one_o time_n 177_o brewer_n when_o there_o be_v but_o forty_o baker_n one_o lawyer_n and_o one_o physician_n the_o reason_n of_o which_o disproportion_n be_v that_o a_o cup_n of_o nimis_fw-la be_v their_o usual_a physic_n that_o bread_n be_v count_v a_o hinder_v and_o so_o not_o to_o be_v use_v but_o in_o case_n of_o necessity_n and_o that_o their_o difference_n be_v soon_o end_v over_o a_o can_v than_o by_o course_n of_o law_n this_o former_o be_v the_o staple_n town_n for_o english_a cloth_n from_o whence_o on_o some_o discontent_n it_o be_v remove_v to_o stade_n and_o at_o last_o to_o holland_n ancient_o hamburg_n be_v a_o archbishop_n see_v found_v by_o charles_n the_o great_a but_o transfer_v to_o bremen_n anno_fw-la 850_o with_o the_o consent_n of_o lewis_n the_o then_o emperor_n moreri_fw-la say_v that_o hamburg_n be_v sometime_o subject_a to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n that_o afterward_o the_o hamburger_n be_v under_o particular_a lord_n of_o their_o own_o and_o at_o last_o come_v to_o be_v under_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n but_o heylin_n have_v tell_v we_o that_o this_o city_n be_v repair_v by_o charles_n the_o great_a and_o wall_v by_o the_o emperor_n henry_n the_o four_o say_v further_a that_o it_o be_v account_v since_o that_o time_n a_o imperial_a city_n and_o make_v one_o of_o the_o hanse_n upon_o the_o first_o incorporate_n of_o those_o to_n which_o notwithstanding_o upon_o a_o controversy_n arise_v about_o that_o time_n betwixt_o the_o earl_n of_o holstein_n and_o the_o people_n of_o hamburg_n this_o town_n be_v adjudge_v to_o belong_v to_o the_o earl_n of_o holstein_n and_o that_o determination_n ratify_v by_o charles_n the_o four_o anno_fw-la 1374._o in_o pursuance_n whereof_o the_o hamburger_n take_v the_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n to_o christiern_n earl_n of_o oldenburg_n the_o first_o king_n of_o denmark_n of_o that_o house_n as_o earl_n of_o holstein_n acknowledge_v he_o and_o his_o successor_n for_o their_o lawful_a lord_n but_o since_o that_o time_n they_o have_v slip_v their_o neck_n out_o of_o the_o collar_n and_o have_v take_v upon_o themselves_o to_o live_v as_o a_o free_a state_n they_o only_o pay_v some_o small_a duty_n to_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n as_o duke_n of_o holstein_n and_o that_o rather_o by_o way_n of_o a_o toll_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o gluckstad_n that_o lie_v betwixt_o hamburg_n and_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n elb_n than_o on_o any_o other_o account_n however_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n seem_v to_o have_v a_o just_a claim_n to_o hamburg_n and_o he_o never_o draw_v near_o it_o with_o any_o force_n but_o the_o hamburgher_n jealous_a of_o their_o liberty_n and_o perhaps_o conscious_a of_o their_o gild_n put_v themselves_o into_o a_o posture_n of_o defence_n in_o order_n to_o which_o beside_o their_o constant_a garrison_n and_o the_o promise_a assistance_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o hanse-town_n upon_o all_o occasion_n they_o can_v raise_v about_o fifteen_o thousand_o citizen_n in_o arm_n to_o stand_v for_o their_o liberty_n lubeck_n the_o chief_a of_o all_o the_o hanse_fw-mi town_n be_v at_o first_o but_o a_o goodly_a borough_n which_o adolphus_n earl_n of_o holstein_n build_v anno_fw-la 1143._o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n iii_o but_o it_o be_v so_o well_o privilege_v by_o the_o say_a earl_n and_o his_o next_o successor_n that_o in_o a_o short_a time_n it_o bid_v defiance_n to_o its_o founder_n and_o be_v make_v a_o dukedom_n of_o itself_o by_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n i._o it_o be_v unite_v to_o the_o empire_n but_o after_o his_o death_n they_o choose_v themselves_o another_o duke_n who_o have_v govern_v they_o five_o year_n be_v subdue_v by_o the_o dane_n and_o the_o city_n make_v subject_a to_o that_o kingdom_n in_o which_o condition_n they_o remain_v till_o deliver_v by_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n two_o by_o who_o be_v enfranchise_v again_o it_o become_v imperial_a and_o be_v afterward_o list_v among_o the_o hanse_n to_n anno_fw-la 1500._o john_n king_n of_o denmark_n attempt_v to_o reduce_v this_o city_n under_o his_o obedience_n which_o war_n break_v out_o again_o in_o the_o year_n 1509_o and_o then_o the_o swede_n espouse_v the_o lubecker_n quarrel_n anno_fw-la 1547_o in_o charles_n the_o fifth_n time_n they_o send_v their_o deputy_n to_o the_o emperor_n to_o get_v a_o continuation_n of_o their_o privilege_n for_o which_o they_o present_v his_o imperial_a majesty_n with_o 100000_o crown_n anno_fw-la 1562._o they_o engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o eric_n king_n of_o sweden_n which_o war_n continue_v till_o the_o year_n 1570._o ever_o since_o this_o city_n have_v be_v in_o a_o flourish_a condition_n and_o though_o it_o have_v be_v burn_v down_o several_a time_n particular_o in_o the_o year_n 1238_o yet_o it_o raise_v itself_o always_o out_o of_o its_o ash_n it_o be_v build_v upon_o all_o the_o side_n of_o a_o rise_a hill_n on_o the_o top_n whereof_o stand_v the_o church_n of_o st._n mary_n whence_o be_v a_o descent_n to_o all_o the_o gate_n of_o the_o city_n afford_v to_o the_o eye_n a_o most_o please_a prospect_n the_o building_n be_v very_o beautiful_a and_o all_o of_o brick_n the_o street_n straight_o and_o even_o