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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
england_n	france_n	king_n	peace_n	17,768	5	6.6909	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A46233	An history of the constancy of nature wherein by comparing the latter age with the former, it is maintained that the world doth not decay universally in respect of it self, or the heavens, elements, mixt bodies, meteors, minerals, plants, animals, nor man in his age, stature, strength, or faculties of his minde, as relating to all arts and science / by John Jonston of Poland.; Naturae constantia. English	Jonstonus, Joannes, 1603-1675.; Rowland, John, M.D.	1657 (1657)	Wing J1016; ESTC R11015	93,469	200

Apocalyps was then powred forth To this contempt was joyned a wonderful ignorance of Tongues To understand Greek was suspected and Hebrew was almost Heresy Remigius being ignorant of those Languages in his Comment upon those words 1 Thes. 1. 8 From you sounded out the word saith that Paul spake something improperly for he should have said divulged being ignorant that S. Paul writ in Greek In a part of Germa●y as appears out of the Rescript of Pope Zacharie to Boniface Bishop of Germany One Baptized in this maner Ego baptizote in Nomine Patria Filia Spiritua Sancta King Alfred in the Pastoral Preface prefixed to St. Gregory writes that in his dayes there was noe Priest in the Southpart of Humber who understood the Sacred Office written in Latine or could interpret it And Clemangus They came not from their Studies or Schooles but from the Plough tail and baser arts almost every where to take charge of Parishes who understood little more Latine than Arabick and they could not read and it is a shame to speak it they could scarce distinguish Alpha from Bets and if they had a little learning their manners were naught forasmuch as they were bred without learning in idlenesse and followed nothing but ribaldry playes eating and drinking and vain controversies I shall here set down the example of Du Prat a Bishop and Chancellour of France wh● when he met with these words in the Letters of Henry the eighth King of England written to Francis the First King of France Mitto tibi duodecim Molossos He thought he m●●nt Mules by Molossos and afterward observing his mistake he mended the matter well taking Molossos for Muletis and so doubled his ignorance But all men will excuse themselves with that saying of Saint Gregory The words of the Heavenly Oracle must not be subject to the Rules of Donatus He that would know more herein let him read Henricus Stephanus in his Apologie on Herodotus VII Lastly it is beyond all doubt that no longer than about two hundred yeers did Greek and Hebrew begin to revive And as St. Augustine said before Pelagius arose the Fathers spake more carelesly and that may be said also of the times that preceded Luther I need not speak much of the knowledge of the Imperiall Lawes He that shall compare Baldus Bartho Jason Accursius with Cujacius Alciat Ho●toman Duarenus French men he shall see the phrase more polite in these and the method more exact and the sense of the Law more quick For Cujacius said as Thuan testifies that Govianus of all the Interpreters of Justinian his Law as many as are or were is the onely Civilian to whom the Garland must be ascribed if the question were made concerning the best Yea Pithaeus in his Epitaph made upon him calls the same Man the first and last Interpreter of the Romane Lawes from the first founders Massonius writes thus of him Jacob Cujacius dug up the Romane Lawes by the Roots and brought them to the light with so great care that others before him may seem to be ignorant of them he alone after many men seems to have sought them out more diligently and more neerly to have discovered them But if we enquire concerning the practick from the decisions and judgements that now are at Rome Naples Florence Genoa Bononia Mantua at Perussium in Italy Spires in Germany at Paris Burdeaux Gratianapolis in France we shal easily perceive to whether the Goal must be delivered We acknowledge that Physick flourished in the dayes of Hippocrates and was renewed as it were by Galen but that it is now come to the top point may be demonstrated by most firm Arguments And I. Anatomy or artificiall Dissection of bodies was scarce known to the Antients For the Aegyptians Dissected and Annoynted bodies to preserve them from corrupting The Greeks burn'd them witnesse Herodotus and Thucidides Plutarch intimates that the custome was to burn one Womans body with ten Mens as being fatter and Hippocrates speaks nothing of these things Democritus was found by him dissecting many Animals and when he asked him the reason of it he answered I dissect these Animals you see not that I hate Gods works but to search out the nature of the Gall and of Choler Amongst the Jewes the custome was either to burn Malefactours or to stone them if they were hanged they were buried the same day It was sin to touch the bodies of the dead Amongst the Romanes also bodies were burnt The place where was called Puticulae or Culina and the vessels their ashes were put into Urnae And though Cicero writes that Sylla was the first who amongst the Senators of the Cornelii would be burnt with fire Yet Ovid writes of Remus The limbs must burn he did annoint And Numa who was addicted to the Sect of Pythagoras forbad men to burn his body Tully himself saith that the Lawes of the twelve Tables forbad to bury a dead body in the City or to burn it And these were given in the 300. V. C. yeer Lastly Vignerius shewes out of the eighth Book of Livie that the body of the Son of Manlius the Consull was burned in the fields and that was done in the yeer V. C. CCCC XII Before Syllas death CCLXX. It was not lawfull for them to behold the Entralls of man This custome began to be antiquated after the Antonini Macrobius saith it began to fail in his dayes Yet fifty yeers after the bodies of Pertinax and Severus were burnt as Dion and Herodian testifie Then lived Galen who as some write did dissect many Apes and Monkeys no bodies of Men unlesse perhaps he did One. Whilst Laurentius writes that he did that often he saith onely it is probable that he did so As for the Primitive Church Tertullian calls Herophilus a Butcher rather then a Physitian who hated man that he might know him And Augustine Though the diligence of some Physitians be cruelty yet those men call'd Anatomists do butcher the bodies of the dead Boniface threatens those with Excommunication who should take out mens bowels Which is not onely saith he made very odious in the sight of the Majesty of God but ought also as being obvious to the eyes of men to be exceedingly abhorred Therefore in our and our predecessours dayes that Science began to be adorned and it was adorned by Vesalius who was the restorer of it Valerius Sylvius Fallopius Columbus Riolanus Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapedente Remmelinus Spigelius Casserius and others II. The knowledge of Plants though it were first known to Theophrastus after that to Pliny and most of all to Dioscorides yet in the Age newly past this also is brought to greater perfection And this is not onely apparent by the peregrinations of Ravilius L●on●ardus Fuchsius Clusius and Americus by the Discovery of the New World and by Navigations into both the Indies which amongst the rest have brought

four most excellent Sudorificks unto us Guaicum China Sassaphras and Sarsaparillia but also by the writings of Mathiolus Thurnheuserus Lobelius Clusius Carrechterus and Bauhinus who was fourty yeers composing his Table of Plants To these I adde the most Famous Man Adolphus Vorstius the Botanist at Leiden University in Holland who was my Tutour whose Skill I often wondred at and that not without amazement III. To this Chymistrie may be joyned which though it were somwhat known to the Antients For Sennertus writes it is probable that Tubal Cai● was the first founder of it and that it flourished in Egypt and chiefly in Arabia as Geber Avicenna Rhasit c. do witnesse Yet in these later Ages it was most adorned by Lullius Rogerius Basilius Valentinus but above all by Paracelsus and his followers Suchtenus Dornesus Thurnhes●erus Severinus and Crollius and also by those Chymicall Physitians Andernacus Quercetanus Sennertus D●odate and is brought now to this height From whence divers Medicaments have sprung Tinctures Spirits Extracts Salts Magistrals Praecipitates Glasses Reguli Flowrs Milks Sugars Gills c. And though it must be confest that some of them are dangerous to give yet this must not be denied that it is onely when an unskilfull Physitian useth them and they are prepared by an unskilfull Chymist Otherwise Extracts and Tinctures are stronger than Syrups Decoctions or Infusions For when the profitable parts are parted from the unprofitable strange grosse and earthy parts or as Schegkius saith as it were from their excrements and reffuse as one may say it cannot by any reason be denied but they must be more effectuall pleasing and durable To this belong Magnetick cures transplanting of Diseases Cures of such as are lame c. Of these the Antients speak very little but Paracelsus Crollius Bargravius Taliacotius Petraeus and others have spoke abundantly Wherefore Quercetanus seems to have said well If Hippocrates Aristotle or Galen himself were now alive he would be amused to see this art augmented and adorned with so many Ornaments enriched with so many new Inventions and confirmed with so many wonderfull operations Part. III. Nothing is wanting in speculative Philosophy WHat we said of the three Faculties we can boldly affirm of Philosophie But Philosophie being either speculative or practicall and that we speak of in this part comprehends under it Metaphysicks Physickes and Mathematickes We must demonstrate this of each of them in particular As for Metaphysicks after Averroes both the old Scholiasts and Thomas Scotus and the modern Spanish Philosophers Sanchiez Suarez Fonseca Masius c. have adorned it And amongst other Nations very many are found as Shieblerus Timplerus Cornelius and Jacobus Marnii Scharfi●s Lippius Jacchaeus Capsius c. Who partly have included it in an exact method and in part have illustrated it with most exquisite precepts in part have adorned it with most large Disputations If Keckerman had finished his that he began there could be nothing wanting as many suppose that were needfull to the perfection of a complete work directed to its proper end And I think that no man will deny but that Sagittarius hath been a great help on his Canals A speciall part which others call Pneumatica is so illustrated and corrected out of the Scriptures that it may well be written on the Altars of former ages To the unknown God The Doctrine of Angels which many of the Antient Divines thought to be Corporeall is admirably described It is most certain that no writing of the Antients can be compared to that of Delrius de Disquisitionibus Magicis of Peucerus and Julius Caesar Bullinger de Divinatione Naturall Philosophie is far more excellent now than formerly it was For I. In Aristotle innumerable speculations concerning Matter the World Heaven and other things are false We have them now corrected by Aslachus Danaeus Campanella Verulam Bartholinus Nollius Buthardus and many others I know not whether Drebbellius hath not exceeded the Antients in his Book of the Elements III. Naturall History before Pliny his age began again to spring up at length in his dayes it increased Yet because the new world was not then open nor so great search made all could not be discovered by Pliny that since that time hitherto is very exactly known by Aldrovandus Gesner Agricola the Anatomists and others Boetius most accurately searched out the nature of Stones The wonder of the Loadstone were searched by Gilbertus and Cabaus and Gesner found out more cleerly the nature of Coralls III. No man will gainsay that the chiefest of operations is that whereunto the knowledge of things naturall must be directed He is the legitimate son of Naturall Philosophy who knowes how to produce new Metals can multiply and increase Windes can make artificiall Baths of Vitrial B●imstone Allum Can let fall Artificiall Snow Rain Hail Frosts c. Can produce new Plants and Animals But the practick part of Philosophy was till now in the greatest darknesse at last in our age the way to it was opened by famous Vernlam Vicount of S. Albanes Chancellour of England in his New Organum his Sylva Silvarum his Historie of Life and Death and of Windes And those that have afforded any thing notable therein were either of the age newly past or of our times Histories are full that Paracelsus Kelleyus Setonus did Transmute Metals into Gold Johannes Hunniades a Hungarian the chief of all the Chymists in England our friend did Enliven a Mettal that run He shewed the same Art concerning whom Roger Bacon speaks thus It is more easie to make Gold than it is to destroy it Which Angelus de Sola thought to be impossible reason of the fixednesse of the Mercury of Gold the maturity and the so straight Conjunction of it with the other substances of the same body that it can never go back I think but a few are ignorant what a Polonian Physitian did for the r●renewing of plants again See more in Rhodologia Rosenbergeri Lastly this Winter an English man is reported to have found out a new and easie way to make Salt of Sea-Water As for the Mathematicks there is no doubt but our Ancestors came short of us in knowledge of Geography For I. Strabo oftimes refutes Erastosthenes Hipparchus Polybius and Posidonius so doth Ptolomy Marinus Tyrius yet they also are imperfect being compared with Mercator Merula Ortelius Maginus Cluverius and Carpenter II. In the time of Pope Clement the sixth as Robert Avesburiensts testifies when Lodowick of Spain was chosen to be King of the Fortunate Islands and raised an army in Italy and France the English that were at Rome then with the Leger Embassadour departed supposing him to be Elected Prince of England as being one of the Fortunate Islands III. One Ephorus an accurate Greek writer supposed Spain which he called Iberia to be some mighty City Also the beginning of Nilus was formerly unknown But now adayes they are discovered The originals of

Tertullian saith that upon one Necklace 10000 Sestertii were strung and that her tender neck wore upon it whole Groves and Islands Julius Cesar bought one Pearle for 60000 Sestertil that was bought for Servilia Brutus his Mother And if you respect the Multitude I see saith Seneca Pearls not in every ear one for now their ears are used to carry burdens they are coupled together and others are placed over them Womens madnesse cannot subdue their husbands sufficiently unlesse they hang two or three Patrimonies at their ears on both sides If you seek for the place Tertullian saith They wear them upon their feet also and that not only on the Latchets of their Pantofles but all over their Startups For it is not now sufficient to wear Pearles unlesse they may tread upon them and walk upon them as they go Lastly if we regard their Looking-Glasses one cost sometimes more than the dowry of the Antients was that was publikely paid for the daughters of the poorer Emperours Nor was that dowry sufficient for Free-mens daughters to buy them a Glasse which the people of Rome gave to Scipio his daughter And that was 11000 pieces of Money And further the glasses of Servants cost somtimes 10 somtimes 20000 pieces of mony Not to make profit by as Nicias the richest of the Graecians was wont to do but only to keep company with when they went abroad And thus much for the Luxury of the Romans which C L. Meursius and the Noble Kobicrzycus have sufficiently described As much might be spoken of their Pride Boasting Flattery Ingratitude For they called the City Rome a Goddesse and they placed their Emperours amongst the Gods and they expelled those that deserved excellently well of the Common-wealth Camillus and Scipio The five Cornelii are so many noted Examples of an unthankfull Countrey But because Authors are full of examples of these vices and our age wants not the like to oppose against them I passe them over Point IX The Justice Fortitude and Prudence of the Romanes was nothing MAny suppose that the Romanes went before other nations for their Justice Prudence and Valour but they are deceived For if we regard these joyntly all vertues are linked together by a certain band so that he that hath one cannot want the rest But we have already shewed the many vices of the Romanes and if we take them severally neither of them can truly be attributed to the Romanes Not Justice For how should they abstain from blood who adored bloody Gods as Mars and B●llona How shall they spare their own Parents that adore Jupiter that expelled his Father or their own children who worship Saturn that devoured his own How shall they keep chastity that adore a naked and an adulterous Goddesse and one that was a prostitute almost amongst the Gods How should they abstain from rapine and deceit who were acquainted with Mercury his theeving qualities who taught them It was no Deceit to deceive any man but it was Wit How should they refrain lust who adored Jupiter Hercules Bacchus Apollo and the rest whose Whoredoms and Adulteries and Villanies towards Males and Females are not only known to Schollers but are also acted upon the Stages and are sung up and down that all men may be well acquainted with them Can there be any just men amongst these things Who though they should be naturally good yet their Gods would teach them injustice For to please that God you adore you must use those things you know that he is pleased with and so it falls out that their Gods frame the mindes of those that adore them to be as they are themselves For the most religious worship is to imitate As for their Prudence I dare say openly with the most Generous Gentleman Andreas de Rey. If the Counsels of the Romans as they are in part described by Livy and partly by Dion and other very grave writers should be compared with those which since a hundred yeers have been invented and undertaken in Spain Italy and Venice in part since it was a Common-wealth France Germany England Poland whether they concerned peace or war and are noted by Commineus Guicciardine Sleiden and also by some new writers of the French History M●taranus and others in some parts we must confesse that this age for readinesse and Acutenesse of Invention and exact dexterity of judgement doth not onely equall but exceed Antiquity And indeed I cannot conceive how they were wise men who destroyed the Common Wealth of their choisest men in sword playes upon the Stage that powred forth vast treasures upon things of no valew and exercised all manner of cruelty both upon their own people and strangers As for their Valour As it is not the punishment that makes a Martyr So not fighting but the cause makes a valiant man If Justice be set aside Kingdoms are nothing but great Thefts Wherefore Pirats being asked by Alexander By what law they did it they answered By the same that he did And the Poet calls him Earths fatall mischief for that he did strike Like unto Thunder all the world alike Unluckie to the Nations The same may be applied to the Romanes For to passe over Mithridates and Galgacus Enemies to the Romans of whom he speaks in his Epistle to Arsaces The Romanes wage war with all but they are more fierce against those where they hope to get the greatest booties when they have conquered them And Galgacus saith to his confederates These Plunderers of the World when they have plundered all they can on land they Rove the S●as if their Enemy be rich they are covetous if he be poor they are ambitious for neither East nor West can satisfie them The war they first made against the Carthagenians was by reason of the Mamertini it is certain almost that it was unjust Nor can a heap of cutthroats win the name of a civill Society by their good successe though they make a Covenant The same was don afterwards in Sardinia when the Carthagenians had been compelled to pay 1200 Talents Moreover if if we be not called the lesse valiant because we manfully endure troubles and sharp miseries our Martyrs may be preferred before the Romans For to let men passe children and maids have silently conquered their Tormentors and the fire it self could not make them grone And Eusebius speaks of Dorotheus Of all those that ever were amongst the Greeks or Barbarians famous for the greatnesse of their Mindes and that are renowned in the mouths of Men none can be compared with the divine and notable Martyrs of our age Dorotheus and his fellowes that were servants to the Emperours If they object their defending of their Countrey we shall presently answer them with the examples of the men of Callis under Philip Valesius and with the examples of the Dutch and others who devoted themselves for their Countreys good Again if we shall recollect the Acts of the