the County of Essex the sumptuous Palace of the Dukes of Suffolk Built by Thomas Audley Chancellor of England who assumed to himself the Monastery for his own House Audre in Cambr. once call'd Athelred from St. Aetheldred to whose memory was a Temple there it is likely erected Audrey by contraction for Etheldreda that was an Abbotess of the Royal English-Saxon blood the Wife of Tombert a Prince of the Girvii and after that of Elgfrid King of Northumberland Canoniz'd after her Death From the AS Aeðel noble and Dread fear Aventon in the County of Glocester by Antoninus Avone or Abone from the River Avon by adding ton as Waterton Riverton c. Avery once a Christen-name but now a Sirname I suppose it to be a contract of the old Goth. Haveric the name of a certain King. Avice a womans Name formerly Hawis according to some corrupted from Helwis and this from Hildenvig i. e. the safeguard of Women but I had rather draw it from the Teut. Hell clear and Weisz wise q.d. one that excelled in Wisdom Aulcaster in the County of Warw. from the River Aln for which cause it is that Matth. Paris writes it Allencester AS Allenceaster i. e. a perfect City See Allingham Avon the Name of divers Rivers in Wales from the C. Br. Afon signifying simply a River Austria Teut. Destereich i. e. the Eastern Kingdom from the situation thereof Autharis a King of the Longobardi of Italy from the AS All all and Ãearran to dare i. e. one that dares undergo any dangers how great soever they are Or from the same AS All and Jupiter q. d. Ãor one that wholly devoted himself to Jupiter Axholm in the County of Lincoln AS Eaxanholm from the chiefest Town Axey formerly Axel Holm an Isle having many Rivers in it Axminster in the County of Devon from the River Ax and a Minster for which it was accounted famous B. BAdbury in the County of Dorset from the AS Baddan-byrig q. d. the Town of Hostage It was once the Court of the Vice-Saxon Kings so call'd from the AS Bad a Pledge and Byrig a City perhaps because the Vice-Saxon Kings had the Hostages of subdued Countries here in Custody Bain a River which see in the Common Names Bainard's Castle in London so call'd from William Bainard Baron of Dunmow the Builder thereof Baldread the last King of Kent Verstegan draws it from the AS Bald bold and rede counsel that is bold in Counsel Or from the same Bald and the Teut. Reden to speak or from the Teut. Bald soon and the same Rede counsel q. d. one that was quick at giving advice Baldwin a Christen-name from the Germ. Bald soon and Winnen to overcome i. e. one that winneth or overcometh quickly According to Lips 't is derived from Gewal Power and Winnen to overcome q.d. powerful to conquer Or as Camb. would have it from the AS Bald bold and Win a Victour q.d. a bold Winner or Victour Balthi a most famous People of the ancient Goths Jun. draws it from the AS Bald bold they being a bold undaunted People Bamba a King of the Spanish Vice-Goths perhaps from the Teut. Pamp a Glutton or one that pampereth his Belly too much Bamborough in the County of Northumberland from the AS Bebbanburgh and that from a Queen call'd Bebba that erected it saith Bede It was once the Court of the Kings of Northumberland Bambury in the County of Oxford from the AS Bana Man-slaughter and Byrigh a City i. e. the Town of Man-slaughter perhaps so call'd for some great Slaughter there It is also found in Somner written Banbeorgas in Kilian Beenberge Boots or Buskins from the AS Ban Belg. Been a Bone and the AS Beorgan Belg. Berghen to hide either because this Colony is somewhat like a Boot or because the making of Boots was the chief Trade of the Country Bangor in the County of Ches or rather Ban-chor or Bon-chor i. e. the Quire Ban or Bon a Town once famous for a Minster of the Britains Bangor in the County of Caern once Banchor q. Penchor i. e. a Capital Quire for it is to this day a Bishop's See. Banna in Ireland a Town upon a Promontory which in Irish sig Sacred and by Ptolemy the whole Promontory is call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Banocksbourn in Scotland i. e. the River of Banock remarkable for the Slaughter of Edward the Second King of England Barbacan an Arabick word Sig. a Spy or Watch Tower. Bardney in the County of Lincoln a Town memorable for the Tomb of St. Oswald the King not unlikely from the Belg. Beere an Horse and the AS Ea Water i. e. a Pasture for Horses by the water side Bardulph Bartulph Bertulph Verstegan saith that it was formerly writ Beriht-Vlph i. e. help in Counsel I had rather draw it from the AS Beorht famous and Ulph help that is a brave or famous helper Barkley in the County of Glocester AS Beorcenlau a Town perhaps from the AS Beorce a Beech tree and Lan for Leag a Field by reason of the great Plenty of Beech Trees growing thereabout Barkshire from the AS Berroc a Wood so call'd because of the abundance of Box wood growing there q.d. Bare Oke in which the Natives in troublesom times met to consult about their affairs See Bare and Oak in their proper places Barrow a River in Ireland by Ptolemy call'd Brigus Barry Island in the County of Glamorgan from Baruch a devout man that was interr'd there Bartlet the Diminutive of Bartholomew Barton in Lincolnshire Spelman saith that the AS Berton signifieth a Barn and if so it may very commodiously be drawn from the AS Bere Barley and Tun a Town i. e. a Town for Barley Basing a Town and Castle in the County of Hants from the AS Basing a Coat of Mail because of the resemblance it has thereto Basingshall or Bassishaw-street in London once call'd Basingis-hawe from the AS Basing a Cloak and haÆ¿e an Hall q. d. a place for Cloth of which Cloaks and other Garments are made Basset a Sirname from the Fr. G. Basset a Dwarf The Bastile the Royal Tower in the Imperial City Paris in France from the Fr. G. Bastille i. e. a Fort or strong Hold for the excellency of it and this from Bastir to build Batavia now Holland the most famous Province of the People call'd Belgii Adr. Jun. supposeth that it is call'd so q. Batons Have that is to say Baton's Substance who was a General of the Catti now call'd the Hassi and first founded a Colony there Batersea in the County of Surrey once call'd Patryc's Ea i. e. Patrick's Isle Bath in the County of Somerset by Antoninus call'd the Waters of the Sun by AS Hat Baðan and from the great Concourse of Diseased People Acmanceaster i. e. the Sick folks Town See Ake and Chester in their proper places Battle Abby in the County of Sussex so call'd by William the Conqueror in token of a signal Victory over
to the English-Saxon and Low-Dutch Dialects of the ancient German for Spain did very little contribute thereto except that some few Words have crept in by Commerce which are only useful to such as trade thither Now lest any one more ignorant should not be perswaded of the vast Alterations and sometimes total Changes that have been made in our Language since this Isle was first discover'd let him read some of our Chronicles of England and he will be convinc'd of the necessity thereof for the Saxons did endeavour the total Destruction of the Inhabitants and did effect it saving some few that fled to the Mountains of Wales and Cornwall as is said before And then is it not reasonable to conjecture that the Language the Ancient British save what was preserv'd as before who by a Law of the Conqueror were prohibited Intercourse with the Saxons must die with the People and a new one namely the Saxon be introduced in its stead I have many things to alledge in defence of the Weakness and Inequality of this Performance as namely its being collected at divers times and in haste because of my other more necessary Business as also its being printed from a foul Copy and the like which first may have alter'd the Style and the two last let many things pass Muster which upon more mature deliberation would not But I hope the discreet Reader will pass by such Failures without carping at them as considering that no Man is infallible and as for the Ignorant and Envious I value not their Censures but with Martial In invidum count them unfit for Humane Society Qui ducis vultus non legis ista libenter Omnibus invideas invide nemo tibi I have nothing more to beg but the kind Reader 's Charity for the Faults of the Press which I hope may consist chiefly in Literals and so may be the more easily mended with a Pen and that he would not be offended at the unpleasantness of the Style but rather consider what the Subject will bear Rules whereby to know when a Word is derived from the Latin and how it may be made Latin again composed to prevent the Book 's growing to too great a Bulk 1. MOst Words in English ending in nee or cy are derived from the Latin ending in tia as Temperantia Clementia Temperance Clemency c. 2. Words ending in ion in English are made Latin by casting away n as Question Quaestio Religion Religio c. 3. Words ending in ty are made Latin by changing ty into tas as Liberty Libertas Charity Charitas c. 4. Words ending in ude are derived from the Latin by changing o into e as Fortitude Fortitudo Gratitude Gratitudo c. 5. Words ending in d denoting the order or manner of a thing the said Words being Adjectives are made Latin by adding us as Rigid Putrid Rigidus Putridus c. 6. Words having t n or r in the end between two Vowels are made Latin by changing the last Vowel into us being Adjectives as Mute Obscene Obscure Mutus Obscoenus Obscurus 7. Most Words ending in nt are made Latin by changing nt into ns as Latent Latens Vigilant Vigilans c. 8. Many English Words ending in al by adding is are made Latin Adjectives as Liberal Liberalis Substantial Substantialis c. Letters or Syllables used in this Book for a Language understood thus 1 A. or Arab. Signifies Arabick 2 AS or Anglo-Sax Anglo-Saxonick or English-Saxon 3 B. or Belg. Belgick or Low-Dutch 4 C. Br. or Cambro-Brit Cambro-Britain or Welsh 5 C. or Chald. Chaldaick 6 Dan. Rec. Modern Danish 7 Fr. G. Modern French. 8 Fr. Th. Ancient High-Dutch 9 Germ. German or High-Dutch 10 Gr. Greek 11 Heb. Hebrew 12 Hib. Hibernick or Irish 13 Hisp Spanish 14 I. or Ital. Italian 15 L. or Lat. Latin. 16 Scoto-Hib High-land Scotch 17 Syr. Syriack 18 T. or Teut. Teutonick or High-Dutch 19 Turc Turcick or Turkish The SAXON Alphabet Sax. in Eng. A a A a B b B b C c C c D d D d E e E e F f F f G g G g H h H h I i I i K k K k L l L l M m M m N n N n O o O o P p P p cÆ¿  Q q R r R r S s S s T t T t V u V u W Æ¿ W w X x X x Y y Y y Z z Z z â— Th. ð þ th and Ae Ae Ae ae THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE English Tongue A A is a Vowel that is often superfluous in the beginning of words as in Arise abide abate c. Abaisance which we falsly write Obeisance as if it came from the French Obeisance when really it comes from Abbaisser which signifies to depress or make an humble inclination of the body as we do when we do Abaisance Abandon from the French Abandonner or the Ital. Abandonare if it may not better and likelier be drawn from the Anglo-saxonick Abannan that is publickly to dis-inherit Or which is most likely from our own word Bann or the Belgick Bannen that is to lie under a Curse the A Otiosa or superfluous being added Abase from the Fr. Abbaisser the Ital. Abbassare or the Span. Abaxar to lessen to keep under Abash from the Fr. Esbahir to affrighten which comes from the Lat. Expaveo lâ—â—t be not likelier from the Spanish Abaxar to keep under because Inferiours are usually abash'd when suddainly accosted by Superiors Abate from the Fr. Abbattre abatre the Ital. Abattere or the Spanish Abatir which in one sence signifie to beat down in another to substract as in Arithmetick The reverend Dr. Honywood derives it from the Privative A and the Belgick Baete which signifies Profit or Interest because by diminishing a thing it becomes less profitable Let the Curious judge which is best to follow Abbot Anglo-saxonick Abbud abbod and abbad Belg. Abd abt Teutonick Abt Fr. Abbe Ital. Abbate Spanish Abad Lat. Abbas It may seem to be deduced from the Heb. Ab or Syr. Abba Father which an Abbot properly is But to be sure we have it by a small corruption from the English-Saxon Abbod which signifies the same Abbridge from the Fr. Abbreger and that from the Lat. Abbreviare to curtail or make shorter Abet which I think may not incommodiously come from the Lat. Praep. Ad to and bet which in composition signifies to stand by one or bet on ones side and therefore should seem to be right spell'd Abbet If it may not be deduced from a priv and the Belg. Barten to profit Abide from the AS Abidan Bidan Belg. Beyden Ital. Badare to subsist stay or tarry which may all of them perhaps come from the AS Byan to inhabit or dwell The word metaphorically signifies to endure or suffer any hardship Above from the AS Bufan Belg. Boven and the superfluous particle a and both again from the AS Ufan About from the AS Abutan which is compounded of ab from and
the Dan. Koppen Merchants and Haffn an Haven q. d. the Merchants Haven Copland in Cumberland a Tract of Land from the C. Br. Kopa sharp top'd Mountains for which it is conspicuous or from the AS Cop Teut. Kopff an head and Land which see Corbet a Sirname it was formerly according to Camden a Christen-name being a dim of the Fr. G. Corbeau a Crow i. e. a little Crow Coriton a Village in Devonshire perhaps from the great income they have by Coriander which in the AS Gr. is call'd Corion Town which see Or from one Corius that founded it Cornwal a County in the Sax. called Cornƿealh from the Lat. Cornu an Horn because in this part England is extended in the form of an Horn and Wealh which name the Saxons gave to all Strangers and especially to the Britans see Wales Cornwallis a Sirname q. d. come of Cornwall which see Corobridge in Northumberland by Hoveden called Corobrige by Henr. Hunt. Cure from its old Original by adding the termination bridge Cotswold a place in Gloc. so called from the abundance of Sheep-Cotes there from the AS Cote a Sheep-Cote and Wold a place that hath not so much as a tree in it Cove Nom. Gent. from the AS Cofe Cofa a Cave Coventry in Warw. a famous City and Bishop's See either from a Convent or Monastery or from Coven a small River Covert Nom. Gent. from the Fr. G. Couverte a Shelter see to Cover Coway Stakes in Surr. a place so call'd from the Stakes which the Britains set up upon the adverse Shore against Caesar where he passed over the Thames in the Ford but Coway evidently cometh of Cow and Way q.d. a passage for Cows Cowbridge in Glam so call'd for the frequent passing of Cows that way q. d. the Cows Bridge by the Brit. Pont Van. Cranburn in Dors i. e. the River or Bourn of Cranes see Crane and Bourn Craven in the County of York from the C. Br. Craeg a Rock or Stone and Pen an Head for it is a stony place Cray a River perhaps from the Fr. G. Craye Chalk from the Chalky Channel it runneth through Creccelade a little Town in Wilts by Marianus Creccanford by some Grekelade from a School which the Greek Philosophers instituted there which was afterward removed to Oxford Somnerus supposeth this to be a meer Fable and as I think not without cause For he supposeth that the Town was formerly call'd Crecca-gelade from the AS Crecca a Brook and Ladian to empty for thereabout some Brooks disembogue themselves into the Thames Crediton or Kirton in Cornw. either from the AS Craettun q. d. the Cart Town or from the AS Crede the Apostles Creed because perhaps in this Town the first Bishop's See was founded among the Saxons and from thence the Christian and Apostolick Faith was propagated through the whole Kingdom of the South-Saxons or which is yet more probable q. Credian-tun from the River Creden that runs close by it It is a Town over and above the honour of a Bishop's See famous for the Birth of St. Boniface or Winifred the Apostle of Germany Crebequer in Kent from the Fr. G. Crevecoeur It. Crepa Cuore from the Lat. Cor the Heart and the Verb Crepare to burst Creyford in Kent AS Creccanford from the River Crey and Ford. This Crey gave Names to the little Villages St. Mary-Crey Paul's Crey Votes-Crey North-Crey it is a place memorable for an overthrow given the Britains by Hengist a Saxon. Cripplegate a Gate of the City of London from an Hospital of Cripples which was once erected there Crockhern in Som. in the AS Cruccerne and that from a Fountain in the same Language Cruce a Cross also a Cruse and Herne a Cottage Croft a Sirname from the AS Croft a little Close Croon from the C. Br. Croen a Skin this Fr. Jun. and Davis derive from the Gr. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Skin Crowland formerly Croyland in Linc. famous for an Abbey and Fowling perhaps so called from the multitude of Crows see Crow Fuller supposeth it so call'd quasi terra cruda raw Land. Crowch or rather Croychback so was Edmund Brother to K. Edward the First call'd not as one would presently imagine from his hunch-back but from the Fr. G. Croise signed with a Cross because when he was bound for the Holy Land he wore a Cross on his Back for a Badge of his sacred Warfare Crutchet Friars Fr. G. Freres Croisez i. e. Friars signed with the Bross and had a famous Convent in London the the name whereof the place retaineth to this day Cumberland q. d. the Country of the Cumbri Britains who remain'd here a long time after all England was Conquered Cunebert a King of the Italian Longobardi either from the Teut. Kuhn adventurous and the AS Beorht brave or as Kilian has't q.d. Kuniwerd from the Belg. Kuin stout Werd famous Cunegild or Conegild a a Womans name from the Teut. Konig a King and the old word Hild for Hold a Friend Cunigund a Womans name from the AS Cyning Teut. Koning Belg. Koningh a King and the Teut. Gunnen to favour i. e. she that is in favour with the King. Cunimund a King of the Gepidae from the Teut. Kuhn valiant and Mund a Mouth q. d. an high spoken man or from the same Kuhn and the AS Mundan to protect or pacify i. e. an able Protectour or Peace-maker St. Cuthberd Arch-Bishop of Canterbury not as some think q.d. Cut-Beard but from the AS Cuð known and Beorht famous Or according to Versteg from the said Cuð and the old Engl. Beright of a settled mind but the former is most likely Cuthred a Christen-name from the AS Cuð known and Rade Rede Teut. Raht Belg. Raed Counsel Cuthwin a Christen-name from the AS Cuð known and Win a Conquerour Winnan to win i. e. one that behaves himself so as to win the love of all men See Win. Cuts Nom. Gent. the Dim of Cuthbert which see a-above Cynehelm Verstegan supposeth it to be contracted from the AS Cyning a King and Helm an Helmet It might also be derived of Cene strenuous and Helm an Helmet secondarily a Protectour D. DAbscot a National name as Cambden saith first D'Amprecourt and from thence Dabridge-court q.d. of a Town in France formerly call'd Amprecour Dacres a National name Fuller supposeth that it is taken from Acra a City of Syria at the besieging and assaulting whereof one of this Country fought most courageously q. d. Fr. G. D'Acres or from Dacor a little River after the name of which a Castle in Cumb. was call'd Dagalaiphus in the time of the Emperor Valentinian the First he was elected Consul with Gratianus the Emperor's Son Anno U. C. 1118. from the Teut. Dagen Daggers or Swords and Lieven AS Lufian to love q. d. one that delighted in his Sword i. e. to be ingaged in War or Duels Dagobert King of the Franco-Galli either from the Teut. Dagen a Sword and the AS Beorht
Teut. Halber half and Statt a City because in all likelihood not above the one half of the Ground is built upon that was laid out for the compass thereof Haledon in Northumb. in the AS Heafenfield the place where King Oswald by a Divine help got the Victory over Caedwalla the Britain drawn from the AS Halig holy and Dun an Hill or the Termination ton AS tun a Town Heafenfield from the AS Heofon Hefen Heaven and Field q. d. the Heavenly Field whereunto Aid was sent from above Halifax in Yorkshire heretofore called Horton q. d. Halifeax Holy hair from the Sacred hair of a certain Virgin whom a Clerk because she would not prostitute her Body to him beheaded She was afterwards Canonized for a Saint It might be called Horton from the Lat. Hortus a Garden or rather q. Hors-Town because good Horses were bred there Halyston in Northumb. q. d. Holy Stone where St. Paul the first Apostle of the North of England baptized many Thousands of Men and Women See Holy and Stone in the Com. Names Hamburg a most famous Mart-Town and Port in Germany Adr. Jun. draws it from the Gambrivii an Ancient People of Germany that came and dwelt here q. d. the Borough of the Gambrivii See Borough in the Com. Names Hampton in Middl. formerly by Leland call'd Avona q. d. Avontown now Avon in the old Br. is taken in the general for a Water or River Hankin a Contract and Corrup of Randal by adding thereto the Dim Term. Kin q. d. little Randal see Randal Or as the famous Th. H. telleth us q. d. the Son of Hanna Hanson a Sirname from Han the Diminutive of Randal and Son that is to say the Son of Randal V. Hankin Hantshire in the AS Hantescire so call'd from the River Anton See Southampton Harborough formerly Haverburgh in Leicest from the Teut. Haber Belg. Haver Oats and the AS Burg a Town or Borough from the great plenty of Oats which the place affordeth Harbottle in Northumberland from the AS Here an Army and Botle Botl an an House it being formerly a Place where Souldiers kept their Quarters 'T is also a Christen-Name Harden in Flintsh heretofore Hawarden Castle a contraction of Haward or Howard and the AS Den a Den Valley or Forest See Howard beneath Harduicus Hardewic and Hardwick a Tyrant of Italy either from the Belg. Hard Teut. Hart hard and the Teut. and AS Weg Belg. Wech a way or from the same Hard and the AS Wic a Fort that is to say an hard rough way or a Fort hard to be won Harewich in Essex an Haven remarkable for a War between the English and Danes drawn from the AS Here an Army and Wic a Bay or a fenced place Harfager Harald Harfager a Dane King of England from the AS Haer-faeger fair haired Harhold a Danish Christen-Name either from the AS Here an Army and Hold an Emperour or Hold faithful or from our Eng. word to Hold q.d. the main Pillar of the Army or from the same Here and Wold which comes from the AS Wealdan to rule or the old Teut. Aid a Servant See Herauld in the Com. Names Harlem a fair City in Holland not unlikely from the Belg. Haer an hair and Leme the Chaff or off-scowring of Flax this City being much noted for the Manufacture of fine Linen and good napp'd Cloth. Hartle-pool in the Bishoprick of Durham by Beda Heorta q. d. the Isle of Harts from the AS Heort an Hart and Pool Harvy a Sirname formerly as Camden saith a Christen-name possibly from the AS Here an Army and Wic a Fort. Hastings in Suffex Camden surmiseth that it is so call'd from one Hasting a Dane a great Robber that either built or seiz'd or fortified this Town Somnerus writes it in the AS Haesting and Haestingaceasten and he draws it from the AS Haeste heat because of the bubbling or boiling of the Sea in that place Hatfield in Essex it is call'd King 's Hatfield from the King's Country-House Hatfield Bradoak from a broad Oak perhaps in general from the AS Hat hot and field from the hot sandy soil of the Ground Hatto a Christen-name Kilian draws it from the old Teut. Atte Father Haverford west a famous and large Haven in Pembr from the Brit. and old Gal. Aber a Port a Ford hard by and its situation to the West See Haven in the Common Names Havering in Essex from aver as before and a Ring which a Pilgrim here gave to Edward the Confessour as if it had been sent from St. John the Baptist Hawgh or Howgh a Sirname yet in use in the North of England which Camden expoundeth a little Meadow lying in a Valley Hawis a Womans Name It is sometimes written Avice formerly Helwisa perhaps from the Teut. Hell famous and our word Wise or from the old Name Hildevig or wig which implyeth Ladies Defence as saith Camden or more probably from the Teut. Helde or Heldinne a Lady and the AS Wic a Fort or the AS Hilde love and the same Wic It may be the same with Heddewig Hedvig which according to Kilian signifieth a Father's refuge from the old Teut. Hede Atte a Father and the Belg. Wiick a place of Refuge Heddewig a Womans Name see Hawis Heile the ancient English-Saxons Aesculapius or God of Physick from the Teut. Heyl AS Hael Haelo Health St. Helens head in Ireland from St. Helen the Mother of Constantine the Great that had a Temple here Helmsted from the AS Helm an Helmet and Sted a Place or from the same Helm secondarily a safeguard and the same Sted q. d. a Fort a place of refuge Helvald or Helwald an Eng. Saxon an Apostle and Martyr of the Frisii either from the AS Hael health and Wealdan to rule or from Hel Helle hell and the same Wealdan to rule because through the Preaching of the Gospel and casting out Devils by Miracles he triumph'd over the Gates of Hell. Hengist a famous Captain the first English-Saxon that laid wast Britain from the AS Hengest Teut. Hengst Dan. Hest an Horse perhaps so called because he had the figure of an Horse upon his Standard or because his Brother's Name was Horsa Hengston Hill in Cornw. in the AS Hengesdoun the Downes or Banks of Hengist a Saxon-General a Place formerly famous for Stannaries or Mines of Tinn Heningham formerly Hedningham or Hengham in the County of Essex perhaps from one Hedning the Builder of it Henry Camden draws it from the Lat. Honore honour and I suppose it is the same with Honoric the Name of a King of the Vandals of Africk Verstegan draws it from the Teut. Han for Haven to have and the AS Rice rich Kilian writes it Heynrick q. d. Heymrick rich at home See Home and Rich in the Com. Names I might also not obscurely draw the Name Honoric from the Teut. Hohn modesty Rich. See Hunerick Henshaw a Village in Chesh that gave the Sirname to the Family of that worthy Gentleman Sir