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A05297	A learned and true assertion of the original, life, actes, and death of the most noble, valiant, and renoumed Prince Arthure, King of great Brittaine Who succeeding his father Vther Pendragon, and right nobly gouerning this land sixe and twentie yeares, then dyed of a mortall wounde receyued in battell, together vvith victory ouer his enemies. As appeareth cap. 9. And was buried at Glastenbury. cap. 12. an. 543. Collected and written of late yeares in lattin, by the learned English antiquarie of worthy memory Iohn Leyland. Newly translated into English by Richard Robinson citizen of London. Anno Domini. 1582.; Assertio inclytissimi Arturii Regis Britanniae. English	Leland, John, 1506?-1552.; Robinson, Richard, citizen of London.	1582 (1582)	STC 15441; ESTC S108439	67,318	92

be deade but thou wouldest desire to see the same such and so greate is both the antiquitie and also the maiesty of the thing At length the keeper of those secretes was there requested by me to signifie vnto me if he had learned any thing ouer and besides this as touching the seale hanging thereat For amongest very many ornaments which glittering with Gold precious stones did adorne the tombe of Edwarde the Simple King of England euen this also was worthie of memorie But he coulde say nothing to these demaundes sauing onely this that hee thought the same was by y e king laid in y e place to y e perpetuall memorie of the most high and mighty prince Arthure Surely if a man might lawefully by any coniectures gather and set downe the trueth in writing I would not thinke that such a seale had benee translated from Glastenburie vppon which monastery by misfortune of fire most filthily debased the most bountifull prince bestowed such rewardes as hee for his excellent godlines might more easily giue then those mōckes might hope for K. Henrie himselfe as I haue aboue mentioned made testimony of Arthures free gift and so farre forth as he both sawe and read the same By meanes whereof also it might come to passe that the parchment beeing eaten out with little wormes and meathes by long tract of time so famous a monument of antiquitie being founde he deliuered the same to the Monasterie of first fame there to be kept safe and to be seene for euer of the nobylitie in all posterities Certes except my coniecture faileth me the expences or charge is small in deede yea none at all This yet in the meane time pleaseth me that while we intreate of Arthure and of things done by him Glastenbury is alwaies at hand and most friendly promiseth his endeuour towardes assured knowledge of things From whence in deede all y e fruite of our labour at this presēt is to be fetcht as it were from a most plentifull running fountaine Neither surely is there any thing apparant that I doe knowe of which more euidently approueth that Arthure was liuing thē the same Seale doth Which thing if God so would some persons leaning rather to their opinion selfe will and finally rashnesse then vnto any vpright reason doubt not to deny But after this we will chuse a place wherein by full whole aboundance of argumentes wee may ouerthrowe the violent rabble of slaunderers In the meane season wee must more subtilely discusse the inscription of the Seale For this hath her misteries which when they shall receiue light shall both with greater pleasure and also apter grace fill y e eares of honest readers and being filled shal wonderfully delight thē which thing is worth the trauell that in deede largely The name PATRICIVS is taken as from the maiestie of the Romans The noble men of Rome are called by that name viz. such as are come of the firste Senatours That seemeth Tacitus to signifie by these wordes In those dayes Caesar tooke into the number of Noble men euery one most auncient of the Senate or which were of noble personage Liuius makes this mētiō Romulus created 100. Senators which were called Patres or Fathers by reasō of honor done to thē also Patricij or noble mē by reason of their progeny Therefore it is euident that Arthure receiued that same notable same of his name from his parentes and Auncesters Whereupon also it appeareth that as yet the glory of Romane Maiestie translated or applyed vnto the Brittaines in their titles waxed not cold in those dayes I haue also beleeued that the name of Arthure tooke his beginning from the Romane Arthures For Iuuenall the Poet in his thirde Satyre writeth thus Cedamus Patria Viuant Arturins istie Catulus From our countrie departe let vs There Arthure liue and Catulus ALthough Brittaine was by Claudius brought into one only countrie it was yet a thing most familier amongst y e noble men of Brittaine partly to take vnto thē y e names of the Romans to giue them most often vnto their children by this persuation as I veryly beleeue not foolish so moued that herehence they would procure honour vnto them theirs gaine thēselues fauour of the Romans Lucius whome the Brittaines sirnamed the great Constantine and he also the great Aurelius Ambrosius Arthure vnto these not inferior doe mightely ratifie this mine opiniō The same thing also is performed in y e attribution of names vnto noble women For example such were Claudia Ruffina a woman sincerelie learned as Martiall the Poet witnesseth Helena the most holy matron and Vrsula that Cynosura or glittering Starre so called And where as the inscription of y e Seale by a certaine circumstance of words calleth him Emperor of Brittaine Fraūce Germany finally of Dēmarcke This also cōmeth to passe through y e custome of the Romans their dilligēce y t together with their triūphes the titles also of natiōs conquered might accrewe or encrease vnto the cōqueror For a token hereof the Bowes were vsed in triumphes at Rome and the Coynes of Caesar with their figures were with like care stamped But the name of the Emperor as by Auncientie after the testimony of Caesar Cicero and Liuius apparant pertained vnto the gouernors of y ● legions wherupon Arthure is called Emperor by dest seruant of all vnderstood before the comming of his gracious Lord and with a full appoynted Hoast not without counsell and helpe of Pictes Scottes West Saxones most boldly meetes him returning home The Coast of Kent ratled with all manner noyse of weapons and now the Captaines stood orderly before their ensignes the troupe of Cheualliers also conquerours of the world w t chearefull assaulte tossed their weapons parte of them drew out their si●●e slashing blades and part shaked their shiuering sp●ares with strong handes They had all one voyce The battells were warrelike fightes Arthure most ●●eund with this prompt alacritie and stoute courages of his Souldiours as the miracle both of all manhood and also of ripe wisdome by experience made such a like Oration vnto them by lifting vp his eyes from the earth vnto heauen and with cherefulnesse of countenance together with a certaine maiestie mixed saying on this manner Yee Cheualiers the most noble lightes of martiall prowesse and you the other multitude of most approued valiancie do see whither our fortune and associate of so great victories hath brought vs as what we haue with most strong hand gotten abroade wee may not onely keepe vpright but also get vs more greater booties with some straunge and large increase the which thing that it may at this instant be brought to passe and more easely such occasion is now offered vs as all good happes could not in deede if they would more plentifully nor more prosperously offer themselues to fauour vs frendly Let vs

64. vers 3. 4. 76. vers 3. 91. vers 5. 127. vers 4. 5. Finally in his 147. Psal. vers 6. Praying to God for deliuerance from his enemies and for their destruction He saith shoot thine arrowes and consume them So yet that He neither trusted in bowe nor sworde but in the power of God Hee affirmeth it Psalme 44. vers 6. And to conclude that he had rather liue in a godly peace thē to warre against the wicked he saith in the 119. Psal. vers 15. As at a marke he will ayme to walke in the wayes of the Lord. Of this minde was not King ●osias who though leading a godly life at home in Iuda yet going vniustly to fight against Nichao King of Egipt was rather friendly dehorted by him frō his purpose then otherwise saying Leaue off to worke agaynst the Lord which is with mee least he do ●tay thee which admonition Iosias not regarding as spoken from God tasted in deed of Gods iust iudgment for being shot thorow with arrowes he was woūded to the death incontinently I could at large here call to minde the commendation of this peaceable practise of shooting which once I as a rawe scholler reade ouer in Toxophilus and at times by tasked lessons interpreted in latine here and there but for breuitie I refer your honours and worshipes vnto the Histories there of the Ethiopian king and Cambyses king of Persia. Of Sesostris and his archers Of the Messagetanes which neuer went without their bowe and quiuer neyther in peace nor in warres Of Policrates and his one thowsand archers Of the Scithians whose whole substance and riches of a man being a yoake of Oxen and a plow a Nagge and his dogge his bowe and his quiuer were inuincible against Darius and other Monarckes To be short the Grecians Persians Athenians and the Romanes whose shooting in peace and warres was worthie of praise and fame Neyther here ought I nor will I omit with silence the deserued fame of our Ancestors in fauouringe this exercise in this our litle England long ago●e liuing and of latter time though breefly referring your honours worshippes vnto the histories at large as of Brute and his Troianes the first Brittaines before and after the ariuall of Iulius Caesar Claudius Vespasian Emperoures and they Romanes after them the Saxons vntill the time of Vortiger the vsurping murtherer who Gods prouidence so working for them and his iudgement vpon him by the two Brethern and valiant Brittaines Aurelius sirnamed Ambrose Vther Pendragon being burned in his Castell in Wales was occasion of the Brittaines more happier estate afterwardes But here yet by the way Right honourable and worshipfull as I applaude in this their well doing so it had beene a thing of Brittaine most worthelie to be wished for that Prince him selfe lesse opprobrius of all mē more praise worthie and most pretiouse in the sight of God if the serpent Tyrus had wanted here his vennime vncurable though his flesh proued medicinable against all other poysons as saith Cardanus in his booke of Comfort I meane if Vther Pendragon had wanted that serpentine poyson of adulterie Nigromancie murther things odible to God and good men when that most incomperable King Arthure of great Brittaine for his princely prowesse valiant vertues and triumphant victories yet prooued more Royally renoumed throughoute all the worlde in his time and to his posteritie The Hebrwes with greate and not vndeserued titles extolled their Iudas Maccabeus Homer the glory of all Greeke Poets left Hector and Achilles most commendable vnto the worlde Neyther by lesse diligence did the Grecians adorne with praise Alexander the most mightie conquerour And the Romanes aduanced the noble actes of their Caesar to the Skyes not enough The Burgonians profoundly praised Godfrey of Bulloyn for his noble valiancy as the scourge of the Sarazens in his dayes And as euery one of those are commended with due desert so in like māner there were neuer Brittaines wanting of excellent learning and exquisite knowledge to leaue with carefull diligence and credible commendation the progenie life prowesse prosperitie and triumphant victories of our said auncient Arthure worthely published vnto the worlde And as Alexander would haue none to purtract him but Apelles nor any but Lysippus to engraue him in bras●e nor any but Pyrgotiles to worke him in pretiouse stone So where in not three but many Artizans as learned Gildas William of Malmsbury Nennius Diuionenses Graius Iosephus Geoffrey of Munmuth Siluester Giraldus c. performed their worthie workmanshippes in our Arthure Maur to vse the Brittaine phrase euen one English Leyland for his learned laboure laudable hath perfectly polished him in all poyntes Chusing a cheefe most perspicuouse a valiant most victoriouse a couragiouse and most conquerouse a religiouse and most redoubted Royall soueraigne King Henry the eight as sole supreme Patron and protector thereof against the cankered currish kinde of caueling carpers Bycause his elder brother being named Arthure he him selfe a most christian King for all heroicall vertues commendable the rather seemed to fauour and further the aduancement of the fame of his most renoumed auncestor this same our ancient Arthure and the knightly traine of his rounde table Hereupon by patent of his princely prerogatiue ordayned graunted and confirmed hee vnto this honorable Citie of London free electiō of a Chieftaine and of Citizens representing the memory of that magnificent King Arthure and the Knightes of the same order which should for the mayntenance of shooting onely meete together once a yeare with solemne and friendly celebration therof So much in his noble minde preuayled all prouident care of princely prowesse valiancie cheualrie and actiuitie that he not onely herein imitated the examplers of godly K. Dauid for his Israelites as before and of that noble Emperour Leo in ouerthrowing idolatrie and exalting archerie maugre the mallice of that Romane Antichrist and all his members but also inuincibly maintayned the praiseworthie practize of this shooting in peace wars by the examples of his princly progenitors As after t●e conquest of K. Henry II. alîas Beauclerck so sirnamed the first furtherer of K. Arthures benificencie valiāt Edward sirnamed long first vizitor of the saide Kinges tombe valiant and victorius Edward III IIII. bountious and liberall Richard II. good and gratiouse Henry the V. wise po●itique iust temperate and graue King Henry the V●I his father Neither hath this ceased in the branch that flourished in the bole but by the milde religiouse and gratiouse King Edwarde the VI. and now last of all by the Phenix of feminine sex our most redoubted Hester and gratiouse soueraigne Ladie Queene Elizabeth laudably lasteth in force and effect whose highnesse so many yeares humbling not exalting her selfe the more by reason of her power wholy setteth her subiectes in peace preferring the same Now therefore Right honourable and worshipfull as duetie bindeth euery degree to further the

vnto sound argumentes and relation of auncient writers proueth that Arthures Tombe was in times past eyther erected betwene the two Pyrameds or in a place not far distant from them Of Giraldus we wil say more in the Tombe of Arthure found In the meane time I wil herevnto annex the discription of the Pyrameds artificially purtrayed out by the very pencilles of the same Gulielmus as it were in a plaine table to the eyes of the beholders And where as that no doubte is vnknowne vnto all men I would willingly publish it if I could possibly expresse the truth what those Pyrameds do meane which being erected in a litle space from the olde Church do after a sorte include the Churchyarde of those religiouse persons Undoubtedly the more statelyer larger and nearer Pyramed vnto the Church hath fyue storyes height or flooers boorded is in height 26. foote This although it foreshewed some decay by reason of y e too much oldnesse yet hath it a few apparant spectacles of Antiquitie which may be plainely reade although they can not fully be vnderstode For in the vpper story or floore boorde is made an image in likenesse of a Bishoppe In the second is an Image expressing a Kingly state and letters Her Sex Bliswerh In the third neuerthelesse are names Wem Creste Bantomp Winewegn In the fourth Hate Wulfredi Franflede In the fifte and which is the lowest an image and this writing Logwor Weslielas Bregdene Swellwes Huyrgendes berne But the other Pyramed hath 18. foote height and foure storyes or flooers boorded wherein these wordes are reade Hedde Episcopus Bregorred Beorwalde What these may signifie I do not rashly define but I gather by suspition that within or about the same place are laide in hollow stones the bones of them whose names are reade on the outside Surele Logwor for certaine is affirmed to be the person by reason of whose name Logweres Beorh was so called which is now called Montacute Beorwalde neuerthelesse was Abbot after Hemgiselus These saith Meildunensis vnto whom the learned ought to referre these Pyrameds as from him by all meanes borowed and most famously set forth Now y e lady Guenhera offereth her selfe to be ioyned w t A●hure her Husband CAP. XIIII What manner Person Guenhera was I Haue easely beleeued that Guenhera was descended out of the progeny of the Dukes of Cornwale both leaninge vnto other argumentes and also for this cause specially that the History of Brittaine makes mention y t she was brought vp in y e Pallas of Cadorus ●uke of Cornwale also from hence taken vnto wi●e by Arthure The coniecture is and that not altogether vncertaine this name of Guenhera soundeth in the Brittish language the same that Bella Dona doth in the Italian in frēch Belle Dame no doubt the name was giuen for some fame as Guenllean that is White or fayre Leonora or of coniecture Helena so as y e worde White may signifie faire beautifull or amiable ●ut as it is sufficiently apparant y e she was beautifull so it is a thing doubted whether she was chaste yea or no. Truly so far as I can with honestie I would spare the impayred honor and fame of noble womē But yet the truth of y e historie pluckes me by the eare willeth not onely but commandeth me to declare what the Ancients haue deemed of her To wrestle or contend with so greate authoritie were in deede vnto me a controuersie and that greate The historie of Brittaine affirmeth that she had not onely carnall knowledge of Mordred the Pict but also that she was ioyned to him in mariage O mischiefe O lewd life O filthy dayes The writer of the historie of Gildas is in deede an Auncient Author but in mine exemplar that same Anonymus declareth these things of Guenhera the adultresse Arthure in despite of M●lua the ruler beseeged the fenny countries neare vnto Glesconia which noble man had defiled Guenhera being stolne away and caried thether This testimonie as touching a Queene though hee say she was stolne away is scarce honourable Women of such beauty are now and then stolne away by their owne good will Howsoeuer it was most assured is this that she liued no long time after the Death of her Husband and the Adulterer But whether through any disease of the bodie or with vnfayned sorrowe she dyed which I doe sooner beleeue it appeareth not playnely Writers make mention that the beeing mooued with repentance did put vpō her a holy Veyle at Ambrosia and that there she dyed and was also there buried vntill both the dilligence and also Godlinesse of Sir Lancelot the most courteous and most inuincible knight had translated the bones and ashes afterwardes vnto Aualonia Heere aryseth a doubt against the suspition of this Adulterie Whether so notable a Louer or friend of Arthure and the same a reuerencer of his royaltie had cōmitted such a fact that hee woulde burie the Adultresse in the most Religiouse place so neare her husbāds graue in the earth The history of the cloister at Glastēbury which was dilligētly collected fully sheweth that Guenhera was buried in the religious place neare her husbandes Tombe and that her bones and ashes were found the same time that her husbandes were Siluester Giraldus Menenēsis cōfirmeth this in his booke De Institutione Principis speaking of Arthure in the●e wordes For hee had two wiues whereof in deede the last was buryed with him and her bones founde at one time with her husbandes bones so yet separated that the two parts of the graue towardes the head namely which should containe the bones of her husband had beene ascribed vnto him But the third part at the feete cōtained the bones of a woman vpwardes Where as also a yeallow locke of a womās haire with the former integrity coulour was foūd which as a certaine Moncke desirously caught vp in his hand lifted it vp it altogether streightway perished into dust or pouder The same Giraldus recyteth such like matters in his booke intituled Speculo Ecclesiastico Hee doubtlesse might well with some authority speake concerning this geare for so much as euen then he beeing established in the fauour of K. Kichard coeur de Lion king of England came the very same time that the Sepulchre was found at Glastenbury and as an eye witnes by cōduction of Henry de Soliaco nephew vnto K. Henry by Adela and cosen germaine of K. Richard beeing the president of Glastenburie but afterwardes Bishop of Winchester learned full and whole all thinges which vnto Arthure appertained Yet notwithstanding if it were lawfull for me heere to speake all thinges which I thinke I would surely affirme that those thinges are of farre better credite which are delyuered vs of Arthures buryall then of Guenheras And yet woulde I not doe any iniurie vnto the Authorytie of Auncyent wryters that euen

of greate Alder trees which by a certaine nature are growing cōmodious for the ground there Moreouer agayne I thinke the inhabitants of Aualonia were not so ignorāt of natural things y ● they should beleeue y ● Oake would continue longer in somwhat a moyst ground then the watery Alder tree which is growing in the grounde They which haue writtē of Trees willingly attribute somwhat moist groūds to be apt both for Alder Elme trees to be brought forth in thē There also remaineth another doubt which if I any thing rightly iudge shall rather seeme a plaine errour then any doubt at all Gyraldus confirmeth that Arthures Tombe was founde betwene two Pyrameds in the religious place at Aualonia In which opinion as it were so confirmed with testimonie of ancient writers euen I also remaine But I am so farre frō beleeuing any thing to be engrauē in thē which thing Arthures tombe as Giraldus declareth y ● verie same should shew expresse or make famous that in deede vnto me may appeare nothing lesse like to be true If there had beene any such thing I pray you who more truly or more playnly should haue manifested y ● same thē Gulielmus Meildunēsis vnto whom alone all posteritie ought to refer both their portractures inscriptions But hee in deede speaketh not so much as one worde of Arthure whome elswhere he diligently extolleth Doubtlesse it is a coniecture probable that Giraldus was vtterly ignorāt what inscriptions those Pyrameds contayned seeing he saith the letters were worne out by antiquitie or oldnes of time But I let passe Giraldus a mā truly otherwise learned a great greedy deuourer of anciēt knowledge as I am prouoked by another care not vnprofitable for the purpose Namely that I should not onely by the testimonie of two whom I haue aboue named but also by a full number of writers confirme establish and persuade as it were ratified Arthures Tombe founde Also to the end that that thing may more commodiously be done I thinke there are causes agreeable why I may more profoundly repeate all and singuler testimonies of famous men within a certaine conuenient and euydent scope of matter In which behalfe Claudius a frēchman to the end the reader may vnderstand that the credible report of Arthures Tombe found hapned euen vnto straungers vpright and perfect shall be a greate witnesse in matter aboundant Anno 1217. The bodie of Arthure that Noble king of Brittaine which had lyen buried 600. and moe yeeres was found in the Church of S. Mary at Glastenbury Heere in computation of the yeeres either by the Authors negligence or as more sincerelie the Interpreter saith by the negligence of the booke writer did there creepe in a faule error For Henry the Secōd of that name king of England dyed about the yeere after Christes byrth a thousand one hundreth and nyntie and the Tombe was founde in the first yeare of the raigne of King Richard the 1. his sonne The Cronicles of Persor Abbey doe make relation of these thinges Anno Domini 1191. the Tombe of Arthure Kinge of Brittaine was found at Glastenbury the leaden crosse vpon his brest declaring that his name was there written Iohannes Fiberius who is also commonly called Beuer writeth these thinges most briefly and by way of running it ouer Anno Domini 1191. were founde at Glastenbury the bones of Arthure Matthew Paris Moncke of the Monastery of S. Albane at the racing and seege of that most auncient Cittie Verolamium nere vnto S. Albones in the Countie of Hartford thus mentioneth of the Tombe The bones of the most famouse King Arthure were founde at Glastenbury laide vp in a certaine most auncient Tombe there about the which stoode erected two most auncient Pirameds wherein the letters were engrauen but by reason of the too much rudnesse and deformitie they could not be reade And they were found by this occasion For as they digged there to bury a certaine Moncke which with a vehement desire in his life time had before wished for this place as to be therein buried they founde a certaine close Tombe vpon the which was put a leade crosse wherein was engrauen HIC IACET INCLITVS BRITONVM REX ARTVRIVS IN INSVLA AVALONIAE SEPVLTVS But that place beinge rounde about encompassed with Marish groundes was in times past called the Isle of Aualon for truth that is the Ile of Aples Like as by Good right I fauour verie much the authoritie of this Matthew so I am sory that a fewe wordes chaunced redounding to this declaration in the inscription Certes that which he mentioneth of the Moncke I neuer hearde of before neyther doth he so farre forth perswade mee of the truth Ranulphus Higeden of Chester also maketh mention of King Arthure his Tombe I omit to mention other Authours and that with employed diligence because I would not seeme to affectate the number of witnesses in a matter so manifestly knowne and credited CAP. XVI The Translation of King Arthures bones I Remember that in my Epistle dedicatory I haue spoken of Arthures Lyneamentes three times translated Whereof which was the first because it appeareth not euident enough by the greater Church at Glastenbury from whence they write these were first of all conueyed I will somewhat more manifestly and more lightsomely notify I learned of the Monckes at Glastenbury most diligent reseruers no doubte of the Antiquitie pertayning to their Cloyster that Arthures Lyneamentes were translated into the greate Church which worke was greatly augmented by the liberallitie of Henry Plantagenet from the religiouse place but not laide in that place at that time where they now be There is a porch towardes the South parte and a Chappell from whence they go into the Treasury In this place men affirmed that Arthures bones remayned for a certaine season after that againe that they were translated into the midle Iles of the Queare By which interchaunge of time a newe stately and magnificent Tombe out of blacke Marble such as we see the Lydian or tutch stone was both heawne and cut out at that time together framed by vnaccustomed workmanshippe and witty deuise concerning which and also the translation thereof to write at this present it were vndoubtedly a needlesse thinge seeing that in the chapter before going touching Arthures Tombe founde all those matters appeare together in their order Therefore let our history apply it selfe vnto the third translation which was made in y ● dayes of Edward sirnamed Longshanke K. of England not only the cheefest patrone of Arthures praise but also y e louer great reuerencer of his fame when as all y e Lyneamentes of them remayning in the most stately Tombe where they tooke their rest together before sauing the shinne bones of the King and of the Queene which he commaunded to be kept abroade it was no doubte a spectacle of Antiquitie very acceptable vnto