Selected quad for the lemma: england_n
Text snippets containing the quad
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Title |
Author |
Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) |
STC |
Words |
Pages |
A11870
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The duello or single combat from antiquitie deriued into this kingdome of England, with seuerall kindes, and ceremonious formes thereof from good authority described.
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Selden, John, 1584-1654.
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1610
(1610)
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STC 22171; ESTC S117105
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31,538
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62
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such_o provocation_n without_o special_a leave_n from_o the_o prince_n person_n his_o constable_n and_o martial_n or_o lord_n lieutenant_n of_o the_o province_n be_v forbid_v under_o pain_n to_o the_o offendor_n of_o be_v deprive_v from_o ever_o be_v able_a to_o make_v his_o part_n good_a by_o arm_n with_o any_o man_n as_o likewise_o from_o obtain_v any_o satisfaction_n or_o amends_n for_o whatsoever_o injury_n he_o shall_v pretend_v to_o have_v receive_v for_o our_o own_o country_n let_v this_o one_o example_n be_v observe_v sir_n nicholas_n de_fw-fr segrave_n a_o baron_n in_o edward_n the_o fir_v time_n challenge_v one_o sir_n john_n de_fw-fr crumbwell_n and_o because_o the_o king_n prohibition_n restrain_v the_o combat_n here_o in_o england_n dare_v he_o into_o france_n therein_o as_o the_o record_n mention_v subiect_v as_o much_o as_o in_o he_o lay_v the_o realm_n of_o england_n to_o the_o realm_n of_o france_n segrave_n be_v hereupon_o stay_v in_o his_o passage_n at_o dover_n commit_v to_o the_o castle_n and_o afterward_o in_o the_o kings-bench_n confess_v his_o fault_n and_o submit_v himself_o to_o the_o king_n de_fw-fr alto_fw-mi &_o basso_n where-upon_o 1._o placit_fw-la de_fw-fr term._n pasch._n 33._o ed._n 1._o thus_o speak_v the_o judgement_n &_o super_fw-la hoc_fw-la d._n r._n volens_fw-la habere_fw-la avisamentum_fw-la comitum_fw-la baronum_fw-la magnatum_fw-la &_o aliorum_fw-la de_fw-la consilio_fw-la svo_fw-la iniunxit_fw-la ijsdem_fw-la in_o homagio_fw-la &_o fidelitate_fw-la &_o ligentia_fw-la quibus_fw-la ei_fw-la tenentur_fw-la quod_fw-la ipsi_fw-la fideliter_fw-la considerent_fw-la qualis_fw-la paena_fw-la pro_fw-la tali_fw-la facto_fw-la fuerit_fw-la infligenda_fw-la qui_fw-la omnes_fw-la habito_fw-la super_fw-la hoc_fw-la consilio_fw-la dicunt_fw-la quod_fw-la huiusmodi_fw-la factum_fw-la meretur_fw-la poenam_fw-la amissionis_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la what_o they_o thus_o adjudge_v upon_o his_o desert_n be_v if_o i_o mistake_v not_o ground_v more_o on_o their_o own_o exasperate_v conceit_n than_o any_o english_a custom_n how_o this_o extraiudiciall_a combat_n be_v lawful_a or_o contrary_a i_o mean_v by_o the_o law_n of_o arm_n &_o the_o imperial_o although_o the_o divine_a law_n and_o *_o christianity_n dei_fw-la lactant._n lib._n de_fw-fr ira_fw-la dei_fw-la teach_v otherwise_o thus_o i_o read_v licitè_fw-fr proceditur_fw-la si_fw-la iniuriâ_fw-la lacessitus_fw-la in_o eiusmodi_fw-la sit_fw-la territorio_fw-la ubi_fw-la decus_fw-la et_fw-la honorem_fw-la suum_fw-la open_a iudiciali_fw-la non_fw-la possit_fw-la tueri_fw-la ut_fw-la si_fw-la copia_fw-la judicis_fw-la non_fw-la fuerit_fw-la illicitè_fw-fr si_fw-la iudicis_fw-la &_o iniuriantis_fw-la vindict_v arg._n l._n 9_o ff_n de_fw-fr manumiss_a vindict_v copiam_fw-la habere_fw-la possit_fw-la after_o diverse_a gloss_n and_o commenter_n upon_o several_a law_n of_o the_o pandect_n and_o code_n since_o honour_n be_v not_o less_o nay_o more_o than_o life_n to_o be_v respect_v my_o triumvirate_n of_o writer_n of_o this_o subject_n alciat_n and_o the_o very_a late_a bocer_n and_o 76._o alciat_n de_fw-fr sing_v cert_v cap._n 3._o bocer_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 8._o beuth._n conclus_fw-la 76._o beuther_n all_o great_a lawyer_n express_o affirm_v as_o much_o in_o constant_a conclusion_n which_o shall_v conclude_v also_o these_o tripartite_a extraiudiciall_a form_n the_o four_o for_o defence_n of_o possession_n from_o injury_n and_o rapine_n fail_v in_o sufficient_a solemnity_n for_o desert_n of_o bear_v a_o part_n in_o this_o division_n first_o author_n of_o the_o judicial_a duel_n where_o admit_v the_o church_n of_o rome_n inhibition_n against_o it_o cap._n 5._o next_o follow_v the_o judicial_a sort_n which_o be_v by_o some_o legal_a or_o ordinary_a proceed_v manage_v and_o be_v part_n of_o the_o number_n of_o the_o ancient_a trial_n which_o be_v either_o canonicae_fw-la or_o vulgares_fw-la the_o canonicae_fw-la be_v such_o as_o rely_v upon_o church-doctrine_n and_o religion_n as_o especial_o oath_n and_o receive_v the_o eucharist_n both_o which_o in_o england_n among_o the_o saxon_n be_v in_o ure_n the_o vulgares_fw-la call_v 5._o leges_fw-la canuti_n can_v 5._o exploratoriae_fw-la purgationes_fw-la or_o probae_fw-la be_v the_o ancient_a ordell_n thus_o divide_v fiery_n watery_a &_o of_o campfight_a which_o be_v the_o duello_n the_o two_o first_o omit_v as_o also_o the_o trial_n of_o witch_n by_o cast_v they_o bind_v into_o the_o water_n or_o value_v their_o weight_n never_o above_o a_o certain_a poise_n and_o such_o like_a the_o last_o only_o be_v the_o present_a subject_n in_o those_o time_n which_o the_o philologer_n call_v mythique_a there_o be_v among_o poet_n somewhat_o not_o altogether_o unlike_o this_o kind_n of_o trial_n of_o doubtful_a right_n if_o you_o will_v admit_v that_o there_o be_v any_o preheminent_a right_n among_o equal_o respect_a wooer_n he_o that_o can_v shoot_v best_a in_o ulysses_n bow_n be_v for_o delay_v by_o penelope_n herself_o judge_v as_o the_o worthy_a of_o penelope_n oenomaus_n his_o proclamation_n charidemo_n lucian_n in_o charidemo_n of_o his_o chariot-course_n to_o make_v trial_n who_o shall_v enjoy_v hippodamia_n which_o pelops_n through_o perfidious_a myrtilus_n at_o length_n win_v savour_v something_o of_o respect_n to_o bellona_n judgement_n for_o although_o in_o the_o swiftness_n of_o their_o courser_n the_o victory_n consist_v yet_o see_v bello_fw-la armantur_fw-la equi_fw-la bellumque_fw-la armenta_fw-la minantur_fw-la and_o great_a achilles_n aeneid_n virgil._n aeneid_n have_v his_o education_n under_o a_o centaur_n this_o be_v a_o part_n as_o well_o of_o mars_n his_o discipline_n as_o close_v handy_a stroke_n in_o the_o time_n historic_a when_o the_o great_a just_z at_o carthage_n in_o spain_n be_v appoint_v by_o scipio_n in_o hovor_n of_o his_o father_n and_o uncle_n two_o noble_a spaniard_n corbis_n and_o orsua_n cozen-germans_a strive_v for_o the_o title_n of_o superiority_n in_o a_o city_n there_o call_v ibis_n non_fw-la 28._o liu._n ab_n ãâã_d c._n lib._n 28._o alium_fw-la deorum_fw-la say_v my_o author_n hominumuè_fw-fr quam_fw-la mars_fw-la se_fw-la iudicem_fw-la habituros_fw-la esse_fw-la professi_fw-la sunt_fw-la although_o scipio_n labour_v much_o for_o quiet_a transaction_n of_o the_o controversy_n both_o have_v enter_v the_o list_n maior_fw-la say_v livy_n usu_fw-la armorum_fw-la &_o astu_fw-la facile_fw-la stolidas_fw-la vires_fw-la minoris_fw-la superavit_fw-la but_o it_o be_v too_o arcadian-like_a to_o fetch_v hence_o or_o out_o of_o these_o time_n the_o infancy_n or_o beginning_n of_o the_o duello-triall_n by_o course_n judicial_a the_o northern_a inhabitant_n as_o fore_o be_v note_v have_v especial_o of_o old_a time_n make_v use_v of_o this_o form_n of_o search_v out_o the_o hide_a truth_n the_o russian_n hungarian_n almain_n norman_n english_a &_o other_o but_o the_o most_o common_a judgement_n of_o writer_n and_o clear_o the_o true_a derive_v the_o fountain_n thereof_o from_o the_o ancient_a lumbards_n call_v by_o reason_n of_o their_o long_a beard_n longobardi_n a_o people_n that_o out_o of_o those_o northern_a part_n of_o europe_n which_o under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o scandia_n contain_v norway_n swethland_n danemarke_n and_o other_o region_n by_o north_n high_a germany_n overran_a some_o of_o the_o chief_a country_n of_o this_o four_o part_n of_o the_o world_n and_o indeed_o at_o the_o first_o when_o they_o seek_v those_o new_a habitation_n try_v their_o title_n of_o safe_a passage_n through_o some_o part_n of_o germany_n by_o single_a fight_n betwixt_o one_o of_o 12._o paul_n warnfred_n de_fw-fr gest_n longobard_fw-mi lib._n 1._o cap._n 12._o their_o own_o camp_n and_o as_o paul_n warnfr_v report_n another_o of_o their_o enemy_n they_o be_v a_o nation_n like_a enough_o to_o be_v father_n of_o such_o a_o child_n germanorum_n tacit._n the_o morib_n germanorum_n which_o be_v alone_o testify_v in_o that_o of_o tacitus_n write_v of_o the_o largeness_n of_o some_o of_o their_o neighbour_n state_n contra_fw-la longobardos_n paucitas_fw-la nobilitat_fw-la so_o neat_a lipsius_n read_v it_o quod_fw-la plurimis_fw-la ac_fw-la valentissimis_fw-la nationibus_fw-la cincti_fw-la non_fw-la per_fw-la obsequium_fw-la sed_fw-la praeliis_fw-la &_o periclitando_fw-la tuti_fw-la sunt_fw-la nay_o the_o same_o author_n have_v in_o express_a term_n that_o which_o direct_o taste_v of_o this_o try_v monomachy_n among_o some_o of_o the_o adjoin_v people_n of_o that_o climate_n eius_fw-la gentis_fw-la say_v he_o ibid._n tacitus_n ibid._n cum_fw-la qua_fw-la bellum_fw-la est_fw-la captiwm_fw-la quoquo_fw-la modo_fw-la interceptum_fw-la cum_fw-la electo_fw-la popularium_fw-la suorum_fw-la patriis_fw-la quenque_fw-la armis_fw-la committunt_fw-la victoria_fw-la huius_fw-la vel_fw-la illius_fw-la pro_fw-la praeiudicio_fw-la accipitur_fw-la but_o for_o the_o matter-selfe_n without_o 2._o carol._n sigon_n hist._n de_fw-fr regno_fw-la italiae_fw-la lib._n 2._o long_a circumstance_n longobardorum_fw-la so_o say_v my_o italian_a historiographer_n antiqua_fw-la est_fw-la consuetudo_fw-la ut_fw-la crimina_fw-la vel_fw-la maxima_fw-la singulari_fw-la praelio_fw-la purgarentur_fw-la quae_fw-la post_n à _fw-la per_fw-la leges_fw-la translata_fw-la per_fw-la multa_fw-la tempora_fw-la obseruata_fw-la est_fw-la in_o so_o much_o that_o by_o special_a constitution_n of_o fronto_n alias_o frotho_n king_n of_o the_o dane_n
all_o 10._o saxo_n grammatic_a hist._n daniae_n ib._n 5._o &_o 10._o controversy_n take_v this_o for_o their_o touchstone_n until_o such_o time_n as_o king_n poppo_n a_o christian_n think_v wrong_v vulcan_n to_o be_v a_o better_a judge_n than_o wroung_a mars_n by_o new_a iuduction_n of_o the_o fiery_a ordell_n make_v thereof_o abrogation_n after_o the_o gothique_a 2_o martin_n del_fw-it rio_n dâsq_n magi._n lib._n 4._o q._n 4._o sec._n 2_o eruption_n into_o the_o empire_n and_o the_o lumbards_n power_n and_o custom_n enlarge_v the_o rest_n not_o without_o the_o allowance_n of_o one_o of_o the_o pope_n johns_n of_o germany_n france_n and_o spain_n not_o in_o criminal_a only_o but_o also_o in_o civil_a cause_n have_v admittance_n of_o it_o bar_v bodin_n de_fw-fr repub_fw-la lib_n 4._o cap._n 7._o ex_fw-la lâgibus_fw-la âââgo_fw-la bar_v and_o howsoever_o rhotaris_n a_o lombard_n king_n once_o prohibit_v it_o yet_o he_o be_v constrain_v afterward_o to_o restore_v it_o but_o for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o church_n of_o rome_n have_v impugn_a it_o with_o her_o authority_n pope_n nicholas_n the_o first_o forbid_v the_o emperor_n lothar_n to_o try_v his_o wife_n suspect_v chastity_n by_o the_o appoint_a 2._o caus._n 2._o quest_n 5_o c._n 22._o monomachiam_fw-la &_o decret_a tiâ_n de_fw-mi vulgari_fw-la purgatione_fw-la council_n trident_n sess_v 9_o can_n 19_o ps_n 2._o combat_n of_o two_o elect_a dhampion_n cum_fw-la hoc_fw-la so_o he_o write_v &_o hâiusmodi_fw-la sectantes_fw-la deum_fw-la solum_fw-la modò_fw-la tentare_fw-la videantur_fw-la so_o do_v celestine_n the_o three_o and_o other_o bishop_n of_o that_o sea_n last_o of_o all_o thus_o thunder_v the_o council_n of_o trent_n imperator_fw-la reges_fw-la deuce_n principes_fw-la marchiones_fw-la comites_fw-la &_o quocunque_fw-la alio_fw-la nomine_fw-la domini_fw-la temporales_fw-la qui_fw-la locum_fw-la ad_fw-la monomachiam_fw-la in_o terris_fw-la suis_fw-la inter_fw-la christianos_n concesserint_fw-la eo_fw-la ipso_fw-la sint_fw-la excommunicati_fw-la ac_fw-la iurisdictione_n &_o dominio_fw-la civitatis_fw-la castri_fw-la aut_fw-la loci_fw-la in_o quo_fw-la vel_fw-la apud_fw-la quem_fw-la duellum_fw-la fieri_fw-la permise_n rint_fw-la quod_fw-la ab_fw-la eclesia_fw-la obtinent_fw-la privati_fw-la intelligantur_fw-la &_o si_fw-la feudalia_fw-la sint_fw-la directis_fw-la dominis_n statim_fw-la acquirantur_fw-la qui_fw-la verò_fw-la pugnam_fw-la commisserint_fw-la &_o qui_fw-la eorum_fw-la patrini_fw-la vo_z cantur_fw-la excommunicationis_fw-la &_o omnium_fw-la bonorum_fw-la svorum_fw-la proscriptionis_fw-la &_o perpetuae_fw-la infamiae_fw-la paenam_fw-la incurrant_fw-la &_o ut_fw-la homicidae_fw-la iuxta_fw-la sacros_fw-la canon_n puniri_fw-la debent_fw-la &_o si_fw-mi in_o ipso_fw-la conflictu_fw-la decesserint_fw-la perpetuó_n careant_fw-la ecclesiasticâ_fw-la sepulturâ_fw-la illi_fw-la etiam_fw-la qui_fw-la consilium_fw-la in_o causa_fw-la duelli_fw-la tam_fw-la in_o jure_fw-la quam_fw-la facto_fw-la dederint_fw-la aut_fw-la alia_fw-la quacunque_fw-la ratione_fw-la ad_fw-la id_fw-la quenquam_fw-la suaserint_fw-la nec_fw-la non_fw-la spectatores_fw-la excommunicationis_fw-la ac_fw-la perpetuo_fw-la maledictionis_fw-la vinculo_fw-la teneantur_fw-la non_fw-la obstante_fw-la quocunque_fw-la privilegio_fw-la seu_fw-la prava_fw-la consuetudine_fw-la etiam_fw-la immemorabili_fw-la to_o those_o which_o be_v the_o observant_a son_n of_o the_o roman_a church_n this_o and_o the_o other_o decree_n extend_v their_o inhibition_n but_o the_o english_a custom_n never_o permit_v themselves_o to_o be_v subject_v to_o such_o clergy-canon_n always_o under_o parliament_n correction_n retain_v as_o whatsoev_a 7._o v._o smith_n lib_n 2_o the_o ââp_n anglorum_fw-la cap._n 7._o they_o have_v by_o long_a use_n or_o allowance_n approve_v so_o this_o of_o the_o duel_n which_o how_o it_o first_o come_v into_o this_o kingdom_n stand_v next_o to_o be_v inquire_v whence_o england_n receive_v it_o if_o from_o the_o norman_n chap._n 6._o i_o think_v it_o not_o easy_a to_o prove_v this_o custom_n in_o england_n before_o the_o norman_a conquest_n yet_o it_o appear_v y_fw-mi â_o the_o ancient_a german_n who_o be_v the_o father_n of_o the_o english_a make_v some_o use_n of_o it_o and_o verstegan_n in_o his_o 300._o verstegan_n pag._n 64._o &_o 300._o chapter_n of_o the_o old_a manner_n of_o live_v of_o the_o saxon_n out_o of_o good_a authority_n number_n his_o kamp-fight_a whence_o come_v our_o english_a name_n of_o kemp_n and_o campion_n for_o a_o combat-fighter_n among_o the_o four_o ordell_n which_o then_o purge_v or_o condemn_v as_o mute_a judge_n ad_fw-la de_fw-la hereunto_o the_o judgement_n of_o normandy_n guilford_n le_fw-fr roville_n alenconiensis_fw-la in_o praefat_fw-la â_fw-la le_fw-fr grand_a cust._n du_fw-fr normandy_n william_n roville_n d'_fw-fr alenson_n in_o his_o preface_n to_o the_o old_a grand_a custumier_fw-fr du_fw-fr normandy_n make_v the_o norman_a custom_n among_o which_o the_o duel_n be_v one_o to_o owe_v their_o original_n to_o england_n rather_o than_o the_o english_a to_o normandy_n his_o word_n because_o they_o trââscrâbunâur_fw-la atqui_fw-la lector_n adeas_fw-la fi_fw-la de_fw-la his_fw-la consulas_fw-la rogerum_fw-la de_fw-fr hoveden_n in_o 2._o part_n annalâum_o fol._n 346._o &_o seq_fw-la g._n insuper_fw-la camdenun_n &_o lambardum_fw-la in_o explic_fw-la verb._n &_o novissi_fw-la nê_fw-la quae_fw-la sunt_fw-la ab_fw-la honoratissimo_fw-la &_o j._n c._n tissimo_fw-la v._o d._n ed._n coke_n eq._n aurato_fw-la &_o privatorum_fw-la iudiciorum_fw-la praetor_n summo_fw-la ad_fw-la terâium_fw-la lebrun_v responsorum_fw-la edita_fw-la &_o maxim_n quae_fw-la ab_fw-la iâsde_v e_fw-la âeruâsio_fw-la tilburiensi_fw-la trââscrâbunâur_fw-la touch_v the_o generality_n of_o our_o common_a law_n shall_v not_o be_v leave_v without_o a_o room_n here_o at_o huiusce_fw-la normannicae_fw-la consuetudinis_fw-la speak_v of_o the_o whole_a custumary_n latorem_fw-la sive_fw-la âatorem_fw-la s._n edwardum_fw-la angliae_fw-la regem_fw-la testatur_fw-la vulgaris_fw-la illa_fw-la cronica_n quae_fw-la cronica_n cronicorum_fw-la intitulatur_fw-la ubi_fw-la de_fw-fr gulielmo_n bastardo_n normannorum_fw-la deuce_n alius_fw-la anglorum_fw-la rege_fw-la loquor_fw-la dicens_fw-la quod_fw-la cum_fw-la praedictus_fw-la s._n edwardus_fw-la ex_fw-la se_fw-la liberos_fw-la haeredes_fw-la nullos_fw-la haberet_fw-la guilielmum_fw-la regni_fw-la heredem_fw-la instituit_fw-la qui_fw-la devicto_fw-la &_o mortuo_fw-la haroldo_fw-it regni_fw-la usurpatore_fw-la hac_fw-la conditione_n regno_fw-la liberè_fw-la potitus_fw-la est_fw-la ut_fw-la scilicet_fw-la leges_fw-la prius_fw-la a_o praefato_fw-la edwardo_n latas_fw-la seruaret_fw-la qui_fw-la quidem_fw-la edwardus_fw-la leges_fw-la etiam_fw-la normannis_fw-la dederat_fw-la etiam_fw-la cum_fw-la normannia_n diu_fw-la fuisset_fw-la enutritus_fw-la but_o all_o this_o persuade_v not_o such_o antiquity_n of_o the_o english_a duel_n the_o old_a saxon_a law_n of_o alfred_n edward_n athelstane_n edmund_n edgar_z or_o other_o of_o those_o time_n be_v silent_a of_o any_o such_o matter_n nor_o as_o i_o remember_v have_v the_o monkish_a story_n of_o that_o age_n any_o authority_n for_o proof_n of_o it_o only_o in_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n relation_n be_v make_v of_o a_o combat_n fight_v and_o a_o champion_n slay_v upon_o proof_n of_o 12._o malmesbur_n de_fw-fr gest_n reg_fw-la li_z 2_o cap_z 12._o the_o by-insimulation-wronged_n chastity_n of_o gunhilda_n daughter_n to_o hardknot_n and_o wife_n to_o henry_n the_o three_o of_o germany_n but_o this_o be_v out_o of_o the_o english_a territory_n wherefore_o although_o the_o one_o part_n be_v english_a nothing_o to_o our_o purpose_n be_v hence_o gather_v 125._o leg._n guil._n coq_fw-la apud_fw-la lamb._n fol._n 125._o but_o in_o the_o law_n of_o william_n the_o first_o it_o be_v decree_v that_o if_o a_o frenchman_n appeal_v a_o englishman_n of_o perjury_n murder_n theft_n mans-slaughter_n or_o robbery_n anglus_fw-la se_fw-la defendat_fw-la per_fw-la quod_fw-la melius_fw-la voluerit_fw-la aut_fw-la iudicio_fw-la ferri_fw-la verb._n ferri_fw-la ferri_n nimirum_fw-la igniti_fw-la cvius_fw-la formam_fw-la explicatissime_fw-la babe_n in_o antiq._n eccles._n brit._n &_o in_o lamb._n expli_v verb._n aut_fw-la duello_n it_o rest_v therefore_o that_o we_o admit_v that_o the_o norman_n alias_o north_n man_v be_v by_o their_o first_o offspring_n from_o the_o norwegian_a coast_n where_o this_o custom_n as_o before_o be_v show_v have_v his_o breed_n be_v the_o first_o author_n of_o it_o in_o this_o their_o conquer_a kingdom_n the_o division_n of_o the_o duel_n judicial_a as_o of_o judgement_n the_o form_n out_o of_o the_o common_a law_n till_o the_o list_n intre_v with_o authority_n and_o example_n of_o the_o criminal_a duel_n chap._n 7._o general_o it_o be_v thus_o from_o the_o ancients_n bring_v into_o england_n what_o follow_v of_o it_o also_o shall_v be_v within_o england_n chief_o confine_v as_o cecinna_n cicer_n in_o orat_fw-la pro_fw-la cecinna_n the_o division_n of_o judgement_n be_v bipartite_a consist_v either_o in_o punishment_n of_o misdeed_n commit_v against_o the_o body_n of_o the_o state_n or_o determination_n of_o controversy_n touch_v only_o particular_a person_n which_o in_o few_o word_n be_v express_v by_o public_a and_o private_a criminal_a and_o civil_a so_o if_o the_o trial_n may_v be_v denominate_v from_o the_o judgement_n the_o same_o distinction_n may_v be_v admit_v in_o the_o duel_n to_o be_v either_o criminal_a or_o civil_a criminal_a be_v wage_v for_o purgation_n of_o