Selected quad for the lemma: england_n

Word A Word B Word C Word D Occurrence Frequency Band MI MI Band Prominent
england_n earl_n king_n scot_n 7,701 5 9.6259 5 true
View all documents for the selected quad

Text snippets containing the quad

ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A64308 An introduction to the history of England by Sir William Temple, Baronet. Temple, William, Sir, 1628-1699. 1695 (1695) Wing T638; ESTC R14678 83,602 334

There are 10 snippets containing the selected quad. | View original text

king_n of_o france_n lose_v the_o flower_n of_o his_o army_n the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o noble_n and_o hardly_o escape_v himself_o in_o person_n but_o that_o little_a avail_v this_o unfortunate_a prince_n who_o be_v so_o sensible_a of_o the_o loss_n and_o as_o he_o think_v dishonour_v receive_v by_o so_o unequal_a a_o match_n that_o he_o have_v not_o the_o heart_n to_o survive_v it_o long_o but_o die_v of_o grief_n and_o thereby_o give_v a_o end_n to_o this_o war_n and_o leave_v duke_n william_n a_o calm_a and_o peaceable_a reign_n till_o he_o disturb_v his_o own_o and_o his_o neighbour_n quiet_v by_o new_a and_o great_a adventure_n but_o to_o discover_v their_o cause_n and_o judge_v better_o of_o the_o event_n we_o must_v have_v recourse_n to_o the_o accident_n of_o the_o former_a reign_n both_o in_o england_n and_o normandy_n and_o the_o great_a commerce_n and_o intelligence_n that_o be_v thereby_o grow_v for_o many_o year_n past_a between_o these_o two_o court_n and_o nation_n edward_n for_o his_o piety_n surname_v the_o confessor_n the_o last_o king_n of_o the_o saxon_a race_n in_o england_n have_v by_o the_o persecution_n of_o his_o enemy_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o hardecnute_a the_o dane_n be_v force_v to_o leave_n england_n and_o seek_v shelter_n in_o normandy_n where_o he_o be_v kind_o receive_v noble_o entertain_v by_o the_o duke_n live_v long_o there_o with_o many_o english_a who_o adhere_v to_o his_o right_n follow_v his_o fortune_n and_o share_v in_o the_o cause_n and_o relief_n of_o his_o banishment_n some_o find_v employment_n other_o alliance_n all_o favour_n and_o kind_a reception_n in_o normandy_n these_o mutual_a good_a office_n produce_v so_o much_o kindness_n between_o the_o giver_n and_o receiver_n that_o it_o be_v by_o some_o writer_n report_v king_n edward_n during_o his_o residence_n in_o the_o norman_a court_n promise_v duke_n robert_n that_o in_o case_n he_o recover_v the_o kingdom_n of_o england_n and_o die_v without_o issue_n he_o will_v leave_v he_o the_o crown_n the_o first_o happen_v and_o edward_n restore_v by_o the_o power_n of_o earl_n godwin_n or_o rather_o the_o general_a discontent_n of_o the_o english_a against_o the_o danish_a race_n and_o government_n it_o be_v certain_a king_n edward_n after_o his_o restoration_n or_o rather_o first_o accession_n to_o the_o crown_n ever_o appear_v more_o favourable_a and_o partial_a to_o the_o norman_n than_o be_v well_o resent_v by_o his_o english_a subject_n in_o general_a but_o earl_n godwin_n and_o his_o son_n harold_n be_v so_o offend_v that_o they_o make_v it_o the_o cause_n or_o pretence_n of_o a_o dangerous_a insurrection_n and_o be_v force_v upon_o the_o ill_a success_n thereof_o to_o leave_v the_o kingdom_n and_o fly_v into_o flanders_n though_o after_o restore_v and_o receive_v by_o the_o king_n rather_o by_o force_n than_o any_o free_a and_o willing_a consent_n duke_n william_n after_o the_o end_n of_o his_o war_n with_o france_n have_v turn_v his_o thought_n to_o the_o common_a art_n and_o entertainment_n of_o peace_n regulate_v the_o abuse_n of_o his_o state_n and_o the_o disorder_n introduce_v by_o a_o long_a course_n of_o war_n and_o violence_n adorn_v his_o palace_n and_o house_n of_o pleasure_n build_v church_n and_o abbey_n and_o endow_v they_o with_o great_a bounty_n and_o piety_n after_o which_o he_o make_v a_o journey_n into_o england_n where_o he_o be_v receive_v and_o entertain_v by_o king_n edward_n with_o the_o same_o kindness_n himself_o have_v find_v in_o the_o norman_a court_n for_o which_o like_o a_o good_a prince_n he_o be_v much_o please_v to_o make_v this_o return_n of_o gratitude_n as_o well_o as_o justice_n in_o this_o visit_n it_o be_v say_v by_o some_o author_n that_o the_o duke_n gain_v so_o far_o upon_o the_o esteem_n and_o kindness_n of_o the_o king_n that_o he_o then_o renew_v to_o the_o son_n in_o england_n the_o promise_n he_o have_v former_o make_v the_o father_n in_o normandy_n of_o leave_v he_o the_o crown_n by_o testament_n in_o case_n he_o die_v without_o issue_n some_o time_n after_o the_o duke_n return_n harold_n son_n to_o earl_n godwin_n and_o heir_n of_o his_o great_a possession_n and_o dependence_n in_o england_n be_v force_v by_o a_o storm_n as_o he_o at_o least_o pretend_a upon_o the_o coast_n of_o normandy_n and_o to_o refresh_v himself_o after_o the_o toil_n and_o danger_n of_o his_o sea_n voyage_n go_v first_o to_o the_o norman_a court_n and_o after_o some_o stay_n there_o to_o that_o of_o france_n and_o be_v in_o both_o entertain_v like_o a_o person_n know_v to_o be_v of_o so_o great_a consideration_n and_o power_n in_o england_n but_o his_o last_o visit_n at_o paris_n be_v think_v design_v only_o to_o cover_v the_o true_a intention_n of_o his_o first_o in_o normandy_n where_o he_o engage_v to_o assist_v that_o duke_n with_o all_o his_o friend_n and_o force_n in_o his_o claim_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n upon_o king_n edward_n death_n which_o happen_v not_o long_o after_o william_n claim_v the_o crown_n by_o virtue_n of_o a_o testament_n from_o that_o king_n and_o of_o a_o engagement_n from_o harold_n but_o he_o on_o the_o contrary_a deny_v any_o such_o testament_n from_o the_o decease_a prince_n allege_v a_o appointment_n make_v by_o he_o at_o his_o death_n for_o harold_n to_o succeed_v he_o disow_v any_o promise_n make_v in_o favour_n of_o the_o duke_n and_o make_v the_o best_a use_n of_o the_o credit_n and_o authority_n gain_v by_o his_o father_n and_o himself_o in_o a_o crazy_a and_o disease_a state_n during_o the_o soft_a reign_n of_o a_o weak_a though_o pious_a king_n harold_n set_v up_o bodily_a for_o himself_o without_o any_o respect_n of_o right_n beyond_o the_o people_n submission_n interpret_v for_o their_o consent_n and_o be_v elect_v king_n by_o those_o noble_n and_o commons_o of_o his_o friend_n or_o indifferent_a person_n who_o assemble_v at_o his_o coronation_n leave_v to_o edgar_n atheling_n a_o undoubted_a but_o yet_o unregarded_a right_n of_o succession_n and_o to_o william_n a_o dispute_v plea_n from_o the_o allege_a testament_n of_o the_o decease_a king_n the_o duke_n fond_a of_o those_o ambitious_a hope_n he_o have_v frame_v early_o and_o nourish_v long_o and_o spight_v at_o the_o perfidious_a deal_n of_o harold_n towards_o he_o and_o his_o insolence_n towards_o the_o english_a nation_n in_o seize_v the_o crown_n and_o government_n against_o all_o justice_n or_o so_o much_o as_o pretence_n of_o right_n which_o be_v common_o make_v use_n of_o to_o cover_v the_o most_o lawless_a action_n assemble_v his_o estate_n of_o normandy_n expose_v to_o they_o his_o claim_n to_o england_n the_o wrong_n do_v he_o by_o harold_n his_o resolution_n of_o prosecute_a both_o with_o his_o utmost_a power_n the_o glory_n as_o well_o as_o justice_n of_o the_o enterprise_n the_o hope_n of_o success_n from_o his_o own_o right_n and_o the_o hatred_n in_o england_n of_o the_o usurper_n as_o well_o as_o the_o friend_n and_o intelligence_n he_o have_v in_o that_o kingdom_n the_o greatness_n of_o spoil_n and_o possession_n by_o the_o conquest_n of_o his_o enemy_n and_o the_o share_v he_o intend_v his_o friend_n and_o follower_n according_a to_o each_o man_n merit_n and_o contribution_n towards_o the_o advancement_n of_o his_o design_n though_o the_o generality_n of_o the_o norman_n in_o this_o assembly_n be_v not_o at_o first_o very_o much_o move_v by_o these_o discourse_n as_o either_o doubt_v the_o right_a or_o success_n of_o so_o hazardous_a a_o adventure_n yet_o they_o can_v not_o discourage_v what_o they_o be_v unwilling_a to_o promote_v since_o they_o find_v the_o prince_n have_v it_o so_o much_o at_o heart_n who_o prevail_v with_o several_a of_o the_o great_a bishop_n and_o noble_n of_o normandy_n to_o make_v he_o a_o voluntary_a offer_n of_o what_o money_n man_n and_o ship_n they_o will_v each_o of_o they_o furnish_v towards_o this_o enterprise_n as_o well_o as_o of_o their_o own_o personal_a attendance_n upon_o he_o in_o so_o noble_a and_o just_a a_o design_n this_o free_a and_o magnanimous_a offer_n of_o the_o great_a among_o they_o in_o some_o degree_n spirit_v not_o only_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o assembly_n but_o have_v much_o influence_n upon_o the_o people_n in_o general_n who_o grow_v confident_a of_o the_o success_n from_o the_o greatness_n and_o boldness_n of_o the_o undertaker_n so_o as_o they_o fall_v into_o emulation_n who_o shall_v engage_v soon_o and_o contribute_v further_a upon_o this_o occasion_n the_o duke_n assist_v to_o his_o expectation_n by_o his_o subject_n begin_v to_o practise_v upon_o the_o hope_n and_o ambition_n of_o his_o neighbour_n who_o weary_a of_o the_o long_a quiet_a they_o have_v live_v in_o at_o home_n since_o the_o part_n they_o have_v take_v in_o the_o french_a and_o norman_a war_n begin_v to_o grow_v fond_a of_o some_o new_a action_n and_o to_o look_v
which_o leave_v all_o safe_a and_o quiet_a in_o the_o southern_a part_n and_o main_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n whilst_o he_o march_v with_o his_o army_n against_o his_o enemy_n in_o the_o north_n nor_o be_v the_o safety_n of_o a_o prince_n so_o firm_a and_o well_o establish_v upon_o any_o other_o bottom_n as_o the_o general_a safety_n and_o thereby_o satisfaction_n of_o the_o common_a people_n which_o make_v the_o bulk_n and_o strength_n of_o all_o great_a kingdom_n whenever_o they_o conspire_v and_o unite_v in_o any_o common_a passion_n or_o interest_n for_o the_o noble_n without_o they_o be_v but_o like_o a_o army_n of_o officer_n without_o soldier_n and_o make_v only_o a_o vain_a show_n or_o weak_a noise_n unless_o raise_v and_o increase_v by_o the_o voice_n of_o the_o people_n which_o for_o this_o reason_n be_v in_o a_o common_a latin_a proverb_n call_v the_o voice_n of_o god_n no_o prince_n ever_o make_v great_a or_o happy_a experience_n of_o this_o truth_n than_o william_n the_o conqueror_n both_o in_o the_o event_n of_o the_o last_o and_o formidable_a danger_n which_o he_o so_o easy_o surmount_v and_o in_o the_o whole_a course_n of_o his_o subsequent_a reign_n which_o be_v infest_a by_o many_o new_a trouble_n either_o in_o england_n or_o in_o normandy_n that_o will_v have_v prove_v fatal_a to_o he_o if_o he_o have_v be_v distract_v by_o the_o common_a discontent_n or_o insurection_n of_o his_o english_a subject_n for_o his_o present_a calm_a be_v not_o of_o long_a continuance_n the_o cloud_n soon_o gather_v again_o and_o threaten_v another_o storm_n and_o from_o the_o same_o wind_n by_o which_o the_o last_o have_v be_v raise_v malcolm_z king_n of_o scotland_n still_o persist_v in_o the_o envy_n and_o fear_v of_o his_o neighbour_a power_n and_o greatness_n still_o esteem_v it_o his_o own_o interest_n to_o join_v with_o those_o of_o edgar_n and_o his_o dependent_n in_o england_n and_o thereby_o weaken_v the_o force_n or_o disturb_v the_o quiet_a of_o the_o norman_a government_n in_o england_n before_o it_o shall_v by_o the_o favour_n of_o time_n and_o calm_a season_n take_v too_o deep_a root_n to_o be_v afterward_o shake_v he_o raise_v a_o great_a army_n than_o before_o with_o which_o he_o threaten_v again_o to_o invade_v england_n and_o lead_v they_o himself_o though_o still_o in_o favour_n only_o of_o edgar_n title_n and_o advancement_n to_o the_o crown_n he_o enter_v into_o new_a practice_n with_o several_a of_o the_o english_a nobles_n who_o have_v follow_v he_o though_o unfortunate_o in_o the_o last_o expedition_n and_o be_v resolve_v to_o repair_v their_o former_a loss_n by_o venture_v great_a rather_o than_o give_v over_o the_o game_n nor_o can_v the_o hope_n of_o the_o discontent_a english_a ever_o die_v while_o the_o root_n be_v alive_a and_o they_o be_v foment_v by_o the_o malice_n and_o encourage_v by_o the_o force_n of_o so_o powerful_a a_o neighbour_n join_v with_o so_o just_a pretension_n as_o those_o of_o edgar_n be_v general_o esteem_v when_o the_o preparation_n in_o scotland_n and_o intelligence_n in_o england_n be_v ripe_a for_o execution_n the_o earl_n edwin_n make_v his_o escape_n and_o flee_v towards_o the_o north_n but_o be_v by_o the_o way_n murder_v by_o some_o of_o his_o own_o retinue_n the_o earl_n morchar_n and_o hereward_n who_o be_v already_o upon_o the_o wing_n for_o the_o same_o flight_n discourage_v by_o this_o misadventure_n dare_v not_o pursue_v it_o but_o yet_o already_o engage_v too_o far_o to_o make_v a_o retreat_n they_o make_v way_n to_o possess_v themselves_o of_o the_o isle_n of_o ely_n fortify_v there_o the_o best_a they_o can_v and_o hope_v the_o scotch_a invasion_n will_v divert_v the_o king_n force_n from_o attempt_v they_o before_o winter_n and_o that_o the_o season_n and_o situation_n together_o will_v there_o cover_v they_o for_o some_o time_n on_o the_o contrary_a the_o scotch_a king_n be_v discourage_v from_o begin_v his_o march_n by_o the_o news_n of_o these_o disaster_n among_o his_o confederate_n in_o england_n and_o choose_v rather_o to_o send_v the_o bishop_n of_o durham_n and_o earl_n syward_a out_o of_o scotland_n to_o relieve_v and_o animate_v those_o lord_n retire_v to_o the_o isle_n of_o ely_n than_o to_o enter_v england_n without_o hope_n of_o their_o make_v some_o diversion_n but_o the_o king_n who_o never_o fear_v or_o slight_v any_o danger_n and_o know_v they_o be_v like_o disease_n to_o be_v take_v in_o time_n march_v immediate_o with_o his_o force_n to_o the_o isle_n of_o ely_n beset_v it_o upon_o one_o side_n with_o a_o great_a number_n of_o flat_a bottom_n boat_n and_o on_o another_o make_v a_o bridge_n of_o two_o mile_n long_o with_o incredible_a diligence_n and_o labour_n and_o with_o such_o speed_n as_o both_o surprise_v and_o terrify_v his_o enemy_n within_o so_o as_o despair_v of_o further_a resistance_n they_o all_o submit_v to_o the_o king_n mercy_n except_o hereward_n who_o with_o some_o few_o follower_n escape_v through_o the_o fen_n and_o through_o many_o danger_n arrive_v safe_a in_o scotland_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o lord_n be_v send_v prisoner_n to_o several_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n where_o some_o remain_v during_o the_o king_n life_n and_o other_o die_v be-before_a he_o with_o who_o they_o can_v not_o be_v content_a to_o live_v the_o king_n after_o this_o small_a adventure_n so_o happy_o achieve_v and_o the_o present_a peace_n of_o his_o kingdom_n restore_v yet_o consider_v the_o root_n of_o all_o his_o danger_n be_v in_o scotland_n and_o unwilling_a to_o take_v up_o present_a quiet_n and_o safety_n at_o too_o great_a a_o interest_n of_o danger_n to_o come_v resolve_v to_o march_v into_o scotland_n with_o a_o powerful_a army_n and_o endeavour_v to_o secure_v himself_o on_o that_o side_n either_o by_o a_o peace_n or_o victory_n he_o first_o send_v roger_n a_o norman_a than_o gospatrick_n earl_n of_o northumberland_n with_o part_n of_o his_o force_n into_o the_o north_n to_o oppose_v the_o scotch_a army_n that_o be_v already_o enter_v those_o province_n with_o great_a spoil_n and_o ravages_n of_o the_o country_n and_o to_o keep_v they_o at_o a_o bay_n till_o the_o king_n come_v up_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o army_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n he_o assemble_v his_o force_n at_o york_n with_o the_o best_a choice_n of_o man_n and_o officer_n and_o such_o number_n as_o he_o judge_v necessary_a for_o such_o a_o expedition_n compose_v of_o english_a and_o norman_n who_o emulation_n he_o encourage_v with_o promise_n of_o reward_n and_o hope_n of_o establish_v their_o common_a safety_n by_o the_o success_n of_o this_o enterprise_n from_o york_n to_o durham_n he_o meet_v with_o many_o hardship_n and_o difficulty_n from_o the_o want_v of_o his_o army_n in_o a_o country_n which_o have_v be_v so_o late_o waste_v by_o the_o scotch_a force_n and_o his_o own_o and_o with_o which_o he_o be_v then_o content_v to_o prevent_v another_o invasion_n but_o have_v surmount_v all_o by_o his_o own_o care_n and_o the_o patience_n of_o his_o man_n from_o the_o example_n of_o their_o leader_n he_o march_v near_o the_o border_n without_o any_o opposition_n though_o common_a fame_n have_v make_v he_o expect_v the_o scotch_a will_v give_v he_o battle_n in_o england_n and_o not_o the_o trouble_v of_o so_o long_a a_o march._n but_o malcolm_n their_o king_n now_o destitute_a of_o hope_n or_o assistance_n from_o any_o foreign_a confederate_n or_o any_o insurrection_n in_o england_n after_o the_o late_a disaster_n of_o the_o discontent_a lord_n begin_v to_o cool_v the_o heat_n of_o his_o blood_n and_o instead_o of_o further_a invade_v england_n change_v his_o counsel_n and_o resolve_v only_o upon_o a_o defensive_a war._n at_o the_o news_n of_o king_n william_n entrance_n into_o the_o northern_a province_n he_o quit_v northumberland_n and_o with_o good_a order_n retreat_v back_o to_o the_o border_n and_o there_o encamp_v his_o army_n to_o the_o best_a advantage_n without_o make_v any_o further_a incursion_n into_o the_o english_a territory_n either_o to_o secure_v his_o provision_n or_o not_o to_o provoke_v his_o enemy_n and_o render_v all_o term_n of_o reconcilement_n desperate_a or_o not_o to_o endanger_v his_o retreat_n in_o case_n of_o any_o disaster_n the_o king_n of_o england_n approach_v the_o border_n and_o thereby_o the_o scotch_a army_n think_v fit_a likewise_o to_o encamp_v his_o own_o both_o to_o refresh_v his_o soldier_n harass_v by_o so_o long_a and_o difficult_a a_o march_n as_o also_o to_o discover_v the_o force_n of_o the_o enemy_n observe_v their_o countenance_n their_o order_n and_o their_o motion_n and_o thereby_o judge_v of_o their_o design_n and_o direct_v his_o own_o to_o the_o best_a advantage_n so_o that_o for_o some_o day_n the_o two_o army_n stand_v at_o a_o bay_n seem_v both_o prepare_v for_o a_o fierce_a encounter_n and_o yet_o both_o content_a to_o delay_v it_o
reign_n nor_o tempt_v to_o impose_v any_o tax_n upon_o his_o subject_n or_o other_o duty_n than_o what_o be_v common_a and_o know_v and_o pay_v without_o pressure_n or_o discontent_n among_o the_o commonalty_n of_o the_o realm_n so_o as_o after_o all_o these_o institution_n he_o pass_v several_a year_n in_o great_a tranquillity_n at_o home_n as_o well_o as_o honour_n from_o all_o his_o neighbour_n prince_n about_o the_o thirteen_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o go_v into_o normandy_n leave_v his_o brother_n odon_n bishop_n of_o bayeux_n and_o create_v earl_n of_o kent_n his_o vicegerent_n in_o england_n and_o little_o apprehend_v any_o storm_n after_o so_o long_a a_o fit_a of_o fair_a weather_n or_o that_o he_o have_v leave_v any_o ill_a blood_n behind_o he_o that_o be_v like_a to_o gather_v to_o a_o head_n with_o such_o a_o inflammation_n and_o so_o dangerous_a symptom_n as_o soon_o after_o appear_v but_o no_o condition_n of_o human_a life_n be_v ever_o perfect_o secure_a nor_o any_o force_n of_o greatness_n or_o of_o prudence_n beyond_o the_o reach_n of_o envy_n and_o the_o blow_v of_o fortune_n prince_n as_o well_o as_o private_a man_n be_v often_o in_o most_o danger_n at_o those_o time_n and_o in_o those_o part_n they_o think_v themselves_o the_o safe_a as_o strong_a tower_n be_v sometime_o take_v on_o those_o side_n that_o be_v think_v impregnable_a and_o so_o leave_v undefended_a or_o little_a regard_v this_o conquer_a king_n esteem_v himself_o now_o at_o ease_n for_o the_o remainder_n of_o his_o life_n and_o not_o only_o safe_a in_o his_o own_o strength_n but_o the_o satisfaction_n of_o his_o subject_n the_o english_a he_o have_v please_v in_o general_a by_o the_o preservation_n of_o their_o ancient_a law_n the_o brave_a and_o warm_a blood_n of_o their_o noble_n be_v draw_v in_o the_o battle_n of_o hastings_n or_o the_o war_n with_o scotland_n their_o power_n be_v weaken_v by_o so_o many_o confiscation_n and_o the_o retreat_n of_o many_o more_o into_o scotland_n and_o ireland_n the_o norman_n be_v strong_a and_o numerous_a in_o england_n and_o be_v his_o own_o by_o birth_n and_o by_o interest_n the_o balance_n of_o these_o two_o party_n seem_v the_o safety_n of_o the_o whole_a and_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v imagine_v that_o both_o shall_v combine_v in_o any_o danger_n to_o the_o crown_n beside_o there_o be_v leave_v no_o pretention_n of_o any_o better_a right_n or_o title_n than_o his_o own_o since_o edgar_n have_v lay_v down_o his_o not_o only_o in_o show_n but_o with_o firm_a resolution_n never_o to_o resume_v they_o but_o many_o of_o the_o english_a nobles_n still_o hate_v the_o name_n of_o a_o conquest_n resent_v the_o change_n of_o form_n and_o language_n in_o their_o law_n the_o introduction_n of_o any_o new_a custom_n but_o especial_o the_o rigour_n of_o the_o forest_n law_n which_o they_o know_v to_o be_v arbitrary_a and_o esteem_v not_o only_o a_o restraint_n of_o their_o innocent_a liberty_n but_o a_o indignity_n in_o particular_a to_o themselves_o some_o of_o the_o chief_a norman_a lord_n who_o have_v obtain_v great_a possession_n by_o the_o king_n bounty_n and_o the_o confiscation_n of_o the_o english_a be_v now_o invest_v in_o their_o land_n and_o their_o title_n begin_v to_o grow_v fond_a of_o their_o law_n as_o the_o safe_a tenure_n and_o though_o they_o have_v gain_v their_o great_a estate_n by_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o king_n yet_o they_o be_v not_o willing_a to_o hold_v they_o at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o so_o join_v with_o the_o english_a noble_n in_o the_o complaint_n of_o too_o great_a power_n exercise_v by_o the_o king_n and_o the_o jealousy_n of_o great_a yet_o design_v to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o ancient_a constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o diminution_n of_o the_o authority_n or_o dependence_n of_o the_o noble_n some_o of_o both_o nation_n and_o equal_o ambitious_a spirit_n who_o have_v be_v most_o favour_v and_o advance_v by_o the_o king_n yet_o value_v their_o own_o merit_n too_o high_a or_o their_o reward_n too_o low_a think_v they_o have_v nothing_o because_o they_o have_v not_o all_o they_o pretend_v esteem_v the_o king_n favour_n or_o bounty_n to_o any_o other_o as_o injury_n to_o themselves_o and_o be_v as_o unsatisfied_a with_o what_o they_o have_v gain_v as_o other_o with_o what_o they_o have_v lose_v these_o disposition_n float_v at_o first_o in_o the_o mind_n of_o several_a great_a noble_n both_o english_a and_o norman_a and_o inflame_v by_o such_o of_o the_o ecclesiastic_n who_o have_v credit_n in_o the_o great_a family_n of_o both_o nation_n grow_v at_o length_n to_o downright_a conspiracy_n of_o dispossess_v the_o king_n of_o his_o crown_n and_o introduce_v the_o dane_n who_o be_v ally_v to_o many_o great_a lord_n in_o england_n and_o be_v esteem_v by_o the_o norman_n of_o the_o same_o race_n with_o their_o ancestor_n the_o chief_a of_o this_o conspiracy_n be_v the_o earl_n of_o norfolk_n and_o suffolk_n of_o great_a power_n among_o the_o english_a nobility_n fitz-aub_a a_o norman_a of_o near_a kindred_n to_o the_o king_n and_o who_o have_v assist_v he_o with_o forty_o ship_n upon_o his_o english_a expedition_n and_o be_v recompense_v with_o mighty_a possession_n in_o england_n and_o create_v earl_n of_o hereford_n the_o earl_n waltheof_n who_o have_v be_v pardon_v his_o revolt_n upon_o the_o scotch_a invasion_n marry_v to_o the_o king_n niece_n and_o ever_o since_o intimate_o trust_v as_o well_o as_o favour_v by_o the_o king_n these_o enter_v secret_o into_o intelligence_n with_o swain_n king_n of_o denmark_n and_o with_o harold_n son_n who_o be_v still_o refuge_v in_o ireland_n the_o first_o engage_v to_o invade_v the_o northern_a part_n with_o a_o navy_n of_o three_o hundred_o sail_n the_o last_o by_o the_o assistance_n of_o drone_n king_n of_o ireland_n to_o attempt_v the_o western_a coast_n with_o sixty_o ship_n and_o the_o discontent_a lord_n to_o make_v a_o strong_a insurrection_n in_o some_o of_o the_o northern_a province_n upon_o approach_n of_o the_o danish_a fleet_n which_o be_v concert_v to_o be_v soon_o after_o the_o king_n intend_a journey_n into_o normandy_n these_o measure_n be_v lay_v with_o such_o caution_n and_o pursue_v with_o such_o secrecy_n that_o all_o be_v ready_a to_o be_v execute_v before_o the_o king_n in_o normandy_n or_o his_o minister_n in_o england_n have_v either_o notice_n or_o suspicion_n of_o any_o such_o danger_n or_o design_n fitz-aub_a have_v ask_v the_o king_n leave_v some_o month_n before_o his_o norman_a journey_n to_o marry_v his_o sister_n to_o the_o earl_n of_o norfolk_n and_o pretend_v some_o small_a discontent_n at_o his_o refusal_n not_o long_o after_o his_o departure_n he_o declare_v the_o marriage_n and_o the_o day_n appoint_v to_o consummate_v it_o in_o norfolk_n with_o great_a solemnity_n and_o the_o recourse_n of_o the_o near_a relation_n and_o most_o intimate_a friend_n on_o both_o side_n among_o who_o be_v the_o earl_n waltheof_n and_o eustace_n earl_n of_o bologne_n who_o come_v over_o on_o purpose_n to_o assist_v at_o the_o consultation_n here_o design_v at_o this_o meeting_n all_o be_v agree_v in_o what_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n under_o what_o leader_n the_o several_a insurrection_n shall_v be_v make_v upon_o what_o pretence_n and_o the_o time_n appoint_v to_o be_v when_o the_o danish_a fleet_n shall_v appear_v upon_o the_o coast._n but_o some_o delay_n intervening_a which_o be_v fatal_a to_o all_o conspiracy_n that_o be_v trust_v into_o many_o hand_n this_o be_v discover_v some_o day_n before_o the_o dane_n arrive_v but_o by_o who_o of_o the_o accomplice_n be_v leave_v uncertain_a though_o some_o write_v that_o it_o be_v by_o earl_n waltheof_n upon_o the_o conscience_n of_o so_o great_a a_o ingratitude_n to_o the_o king_n after_o the_o full_a and_o particular_a discovery_n of_o the_o whole_a plot_n and_o all_o the_o chief_a conspirator_n odon_n the_o vicegerent_n with_o the_o assistance_n and_o advice_n of_o the_o king_n council_n immediate_o dispatch_v away_o several_a party_n of_o the_o king_n be_v best_a troop_n into_o the_o several_a part_n where_o the_o insurrection_n be_v intend_v to_o begin_v seize_v upon_o many_o of_o the_o conspirator_n before_o other_o have_v notice_n of_o the_o discovery_n break_v the_o rest_n before_o they_o can_v draw_v to_o a_o head_n take_v earl_n waltheof_n and_o fitz-aub_a prisoner_n who_o be_v behead_v upon_o this_o occasion_n and_o many_o other_o imprison_v whether_o this_o execution_n be_v by_o the_o king_n command_n out_o of_o normandy_n or_o by_o the_o rigour_n of_o his_o brother_n odon_n and_o upon_o pretence_n of_o necessity_n in_o so_o dangerous_a a_o conjuncture_n be_v not_o record_v but_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o these_o two_o be_v the_o only_a noble_n that_o be_v execute_v in_o england_n during_o the_o reign_n of_o william_n the_o conqueror_n notwithstanding_o so_o many_o revolt_v
it_o the_o name_n of_o jerne_n and_o this_o name_n be_v communicate_v to_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o race_n who_o conquer_v and_o possess_v the_o north_n of_o ireland_n which_o from_o they_o be_v style_v by_o the_o saxon_n iren-land_n and_o by_o abbreviation_n ireland_n and_o the_o original_a name_n seem_v to_o have_v belong_v rather_o to_o those_o part_n of_o scotland_n than_o ireland_n since_o it_o be_v give_v we_o by_o the_o ancient_a latin_a verse_n that_o mention_n it_o with_o the_o epithet_n of_o glacialis_fw-la jerne_n which_o agree_v little_a with_o the_o climate_n of_o ireland_n that_o these_o fierce_a invader_n be_v scythian_n or_o scythe_n which_o be_v their_o vulgar_a termination_n be_v probable_o conjecture_v if_o not_o ascertain_v not_o only_o from_o their_o name_n but_o from_o the_o seat_n of_o that_o continent_n which_o be_v near_a to_o the_o north_n of_o scotland_n this_o be_v norway_n and_o be_v the_o utmost_a western_a province_n of_o that_o vast_a northern_a region_n which_o extend_v from_o thence_o to_o the_o far_a bound_n of_o tartary_n upon_o the_o eastern_a ocean_n and_o be_v by_o the_o ancient_n comprehend_v in_o that_o general_a appellation_n of_o scythia_n as_o well_o as_o divide_v into_o several_a other_o barbarous_a name_n and_o country_n beside_o it_o be_v both_o usual_a and_o rational_a that_o such_o great_a transmigration_n of_o people_n shall_v be_v make_v from_o a_o worse_o to_o a_o better_a climate_n or_o soil_n rather_o than_o to_o a_o worse_o which_o make_v this_o probable_a to_o have_v proceed_v from_o norway_n than_o from_o low_a and_o more_o fertile_a part_n of_o germany_n and_o the_o island_n which_o be_v the_o near_a part_n of_o land_n to_o that_o continent_n of_o norway_n retain_v still_o the_o name_n of_o schetland_n as_o the_o first_o point_n which_o be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v touch_v by_o the_o scot_n or_o scythe_n in_o this_o navigation_n another_o argument_n may_v be_v draw_v from_o several_a custom_n still_o remain_v among_o the_o old_a northern_a irish_a which_o be_v record_v to_o have_v be_v ancient_o among_o some_o of_o the_o scythian_a nation_n remove_v their_o house_n or_o create_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o according_a to_o the_o season_n burn_v of_o their_o corn_n instead_o of_o beat_v or_o tread_v in_o other_o country_n eat_v blood_n they_o draw_v from_o live_a cattle_n feed_v general_o upon_o milk_n and_o use_v little_o other_o husbandry_n beside_o the_o pasture_n and_o breed_n of_o cattle_n to_o this_o be_v add_v that_o the_o mantle_n or_o plad_a seem_v to_o have_v be_v the_o garment_n in_o use_n among_o the_o western_a scythian_n as_o they_o continue_v still_o among_o the_o northern_a irish_a and_o the_o highland_n scot_n for_o their_o language_n it_o must_v be_v confess_v there_o be_v not_o leave_v the_o least_o trace_v by_o which_o we_o may_v seek_v out_o the_o original_a of_o this_o nation_n for_o it_o be_v neither_o know_v nor_o record_v to_o have_v be_v use_v any_o where_o else_o in_o the_o world_n beside_o ireland_n the_o highland_n of_o scotland_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o man_n and_o must_v be_v allow_v to_o be_v a_o original_a language_n without_o any_o affinity_n to_o the_o old_a british_a or_o any_o other_o upon_o the_o continent_n and_o perhaps_o with_o less_o mixture_n than_o any_o other_o of_o those_o original_a language_n yet_o remain_v in_o any_o part_n of_o europe_n the_o conjecture_n raise_v of_o its_o have_v come_v from_o spain_n because_o some_o spanish_a word_n be_v observe_v in_o it_o appear_v too_o light_a to_o be_v regard_v when_o those_o very_a word_n be_v of_o the_o modern_a spanish_a which_o be_v a_o language_n not_o above_o seven_o or_o eight_o hundred_o year_n old_a and_o compound_v chief_o out_o of_o old_a roman_a and_o gothick_n with_o a_o late_a intrusion_n of_o the_o saracen_n among_o they_o and_o yet_o i_o know_v no_o better_a ground_n than_o this_o for_o the_o other_o tradition_n of_o ireland_n have_v be_v ancient_o plant_v from_o spain_n and_o esteem_v the_o few_o spanish_a word_n to_o have_v be_v introduce_v only_o by_o traffic_n of_o the_o south-west_n part_n of_o ireland_n to_o spain_n it_o seem_v probable_a that_o from_o what_o part_n soever_o of_o the_o continent_n this_o nation_n sail_v upon_o this_o adventure_n they_o be_v drive_v away_o by_o the_o force_n or_o fear_v of_o some_o other_o invader_n and_o in_o so_o great_a number_n that_o the_o native_n remain_v neither_o preserve_v any_o where_o their_o name_n or_o language_n but_o be_v either_o destroy_v by_o the_o conqueror_n or_o blend_v into_o the_o mass_n of_o the_o new_a nation_n who_o seat_v themselves_o in_o their_o country_n as_o we_o find_v the_o old_a british_a to_o have_v be_v in_o england_n by_o the_o conquest_n and_o inundation_n of_o the_o saxon_n the_o time_n of_o this_o expedition_n be_v yet_o less_o in_o view_n nor_o do_v buchanan_n or_o any_o other_o author_n that_o i_o know_v of_o pretend_v to_o tell_v or_o so_o much_o as_o conjecture_v further_o than_o upon_o a_o supposition_n of_o the_o scot_n come_v first_o out_n of_o ireland_n without_o allege_v any_o authority_n for_o that_o neither_o i_o know_v no_o way_n of_o make_v any_o guess_n at_o a_o matter_n so_o obscure_a without_o recourse_n to_o the_o runick_a learning_n and_o story_n by_o which_o we_o find_v that_o the_o asiatic_a scythian_n under_o the_o name_n of_o getes_n or_o goth_n and_o the_o conduct_n of_o odin_n their_o captain_n their_o lawgiver_n at_o first_o and_o afterward_o one_o of_o their_o god_n be_v esteem_v to_o have_v begin_v their_o expedition_n into_o the_o northwest_n part_n of_o europe_n about_o the_o time_n that_o the_o roman_a arm_n begin_v first_o to_o make_v a_o great_a noise_n and_o give_v great_a fear_n in_o asia_n which_o be_v in_o the_o reign_v of_o antiochus_n first_o and_o then_o of_o mithridates_n how_o long_o the_o arm_n of_o odin_n and_o his_o successor_n be_v employ_v in_o the_o conquest_n and_o settlement_n of_o that_o vast_a kingdom_n which_o contain_v all_o the_o tract_n of_o country_n surround_v the_o baltic_a sea_n be_v not_o agree_v upon_o in_o these_o runick_a story_n but_o it_o be_v necessary_a norway_n must_v have_v be_v the_o last_o they_o possess_v in_o their_o western_a progress_n and_o i_o be_o apt_a to_o think_v the_o scythe_n may_v have_v be_v drive_v by_o they_o to_o seek_v near_a seat_n in_o our_o island_n and_o that_o it_o be_v probable_a to_o have_v be_v some_o time_n of_o the_o first_o century_n whenever_o it_o be_v it_o seem_v more_o agree_v that_o after_o the_o first_o entrance_n of_o the_o scot_n into_o caledonia_n they_o subdue_v much_o of_o the_o country_n mingle_v with_o the_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o native_a pict_n continue_v long_o to_o infest_v the_o frontier_n part_v of_o the_o roman_a colony_n in_o britain_n with_o great_a fierceness_n and_o many_o various_a event_n and_o will_v possible_o have_v make_v much_o great_a noise_n and_o impression_n upon_o the_o roman_n if_o their_o great_a number_n have_v not_o be_v draw_v another_o way_n by_o so_o great_a a_o drain_n as_o that_o of_o ireland_n which_o they_o total_o conquer_v and_o long_o possess_v this_o be_v the_o best_a account_n i_o have_v be_v ever_o able_a to_o give_v myself_o of_o these_o ancient_a time_n and_o event_n in_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o our_o island_n be_v a_o matter_n that_o have_v employ_v so_o many_o unskilful_a pen_n in_o so_o much_o idle_a trash_n and_o worthless_a stuff_n as_o they_o have_v leave_v upon_o it_o but_o all_o involve_a in_o such_o groundless_a tradition_n and_o vanity_n of_o fable_n so_o obscure_v by_o the_o length_n of_o time_n and_o darkness_n of_o unlearned_a age_n or_o cover_v over_o with_o such_o gross_a forgery_n make_v at_o pleasure_n by_o their_o first_o inventor_n that_o i_o know_v few_o ancient_a author_n upon_o this_o subject_n worth_a the_o pain_n of_o perusal_n and_o of_o divide_v or_o refine_n so_o little_a gold_n out_o of_o so_o much_o course_n oar_n or_o from_o so_o much_o dross_n and_o i_o have_v the_o rather_o make_v this_o excursion_n because_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o nothing_o in_o story_n more_o obscure_a and_o often_o observe_v with_o wonder_n that_o we_o shall_v know_v less_o of_o ireland_n than_o of_o any_o other_o country_n in_o europe_n for_o beside_o its_o have_v be_v ancient_o plant_v by_o the_o scot_n and_o take_v their_o name_n and_o then_o after_o several_a century_n be_v subdue_v and_o much_o of_o it_o plant_v by_o the_o dane_n we_o know_v nothing_o certain_a of_o the_o affair_n or_o revolution_n of_o that_o island_n till_o the_o english_a begin_v their_o conquest_n there_o under_o the_o ensign_n of_o henry_n the_o second_o for_o the_o danish_a establishment_n there_o we_o neither_o know_v the_o time_n nor_o the_o manner_n they_o either_o begin_v or_o end_v though_o
or_o agreement_n of_o time_n or_o action_n by_o the_o few_o and_o mean_a author_n of_o those_o barbarous_a and_o illiterate_a age_n and_o perhaps_o the_o rough_a course_n of_o those_o lawless_a time_n and_o action_n will_v have_v be_v too_o ignoble_a a_o subject_n for_o a_o good_a historian_n about_o the_o year_n 8_o o._n after_o many_o various_a event_n and_o revolution_n between_o the_o several_a race_n of_o the_o heptarchy_n ecbert_n descend_v from_o the_o west-saxon_a king_n have_v inherit_v most_o of_o the_o succession_n from_o the_o prowess_n and_o exploit_n of_o his_o ancestor_n and_o acquire_v other_o by_o his_o own_o become_v the_o first_o sole_a king_n or_o monarch_n of_o england_n as_o it_o now_o be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o principality_n of_o wales_n possess_v by_o the_o old_a britain_n and_o from_o that_o part_n of_o the_o island_n to_o the_o north_n of_o tweed_n possess_v by_o the_o pict_n and_o scot_n and_o by_o the_o saxon_n style_v by_o one_o common_a name_n of_o scotland_n this_o famous_a adventure_n of_o the_o saxon_n in_o england_n be_v achieve_v by_o the_o force_n and_o confluence_n of_o such_o multitude_n from_o the_o coast_n of_o germany_n which_o lie_v between_o the_o belgic_a and_o baltic_a shore_n that_o some_o part_n of_o their_o native_a country_n be_v leave_v almost_o dispeople_v to_o fill_v again_o by_o new_a swarm_n from_o the_o great_a northern_a hive_n and_o the_o number_n of_o saxon_n and_o angles_n jute_n and_o other_o nation_n that_o come_v over_o be_v not_o only_o sufficient_a to_o conquer_v and_o waste_v this_o whole_a province_n but_o even_o to_o plant_v and_o people_n it_o soon_o again_o with_o numerous_a and_o new_a inhabitant_n so_o as_o by_o they_o succeed_v in_o this_o island_n not_o only_o a_o change_n of_o government_n as_o by_o the_o roman_a arm_n but_o a_o change_n of_o the_o very_a people_n or_o nation_n that_o inhabit_v or_o possess_v the_o land_n of_o this_o whole_a province_n this_o induce_v a_o change_n likewise_o of_o name_n of_o language_n of_o custom_n of_o law_n of_o arm_n of_o discipline_n of_o possession_n of_o title_n of_o religion_n and_o even_o of_o the_o whole_a face_n of_o nature_n through_o this_o whole_a kingdom_n so_o as_o we_o may_v just_o date_n the_o original_a of_o all_o these_o among_o we_o as_o well_o as_o our_o nation_n itself_o from_o these_o our_o saxon_a ancestor_n britain_n which_o be_v before_o a_o roman_a province_n be_v now_o grow_v a_o saxon_a kingdom_n and_o instead_o of_o its_o former_a name_n be_v call_v england_n the_o language_n which_o be_v either_o latin_a or_o british_a be_v now_o grow_v whole_o saxon_n or_o english_a the_o land_n that_o be_v before_o divide_v into_o roman_a colony_n or_o government_n be_v so_o now_o into_o shire_n with_o name_n give_v to_o they_o by_o the_o saxon_n as_o they_o first_o possess_v or_o afterward_o think_v fit_a to_o distinguish_v they_o the_o habit_n in_o peace_n and_o arm_n in_o war_n the_o title_n of_o officer_n in_o both_o as_o well_o as_o of_o great_a counsellor_n to_o their_o king_n or_o great_a proprietor_n of_o land_n come_v to_o be_v all_o according_a to_o the_o saxon_a form_n and_o usage_n the_o law_n of_o this_o country_n which_o before_o be_v roman_a change_v now_o into_o old_a saxon_a custom_n or_o constitution_n their_o prince_n or_o leader_n of_o their_o several_a nation_n become_v koning_n or_o king_n of_o the_o territory_n they_o have_v subdue_v they_o reserve_v part_n of_o the_o land_n to_o themselves_o for_o their_o revenue_n and_o share_v the_o rest_n among_o their_o chief_a commander_n by_o great_a division_n and_o among_o their_o soldier_n by_o small_a share_n the_o first_o who_o have_v the_o great_a division_n be_v call_v earl_n or_o baron_n those_o of_o the_o small_a be_v knight_n and_o the_o small_a of_o all_o be_v freeman_n who_o possess_v some_o proportion_n of_o free_a land_n and_o be_v thereby_o distinguish_v from_o the_o villain_n that_o hold_v nothing_o but_o at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o landlord_n in_o this_o universal_a transformation_n religion_n itself_o have_v a_o share_n like_o all_o the_o rest_n and_o receive_v new_a form_n and_o order_n with_o the_o new_a inhabitant_n whilst_o all_o that_o be_v roman_n or_o british_a expire_v together_o in_o this_o country_n the_o britain_n begin_n early_o to_o receive_v the_o christian_a faith_n and_o as_o be_v report_v from_o some_o of_o the_o disciple_n themselves_o and_o this_o be_v so_o propagate_v among_o they_o that_o when_o the_o roman_n leave_v the_o province_n they_o be_v general_o christian_n and_o have_v their_o priest_n and_o bishop_n from_o the_o ancient_a and_o apostolic_a institution_n the_o saxon_n be_v a_o sort_n of_o idolatrous_a pagan_n that_o worship_v several_a god_n peculiar_a to_o themselves_o among_o who_o woden_n thor_n and_o from_fw-mi be_v the_o chief_a which_o leave_v their_o memory_n still_o preserve_v by_o the_o common_a name_n of_o three_o day_n in_o the_o week_n this_o religious_a worship_n they_o introduce_v with_o they_o and_o continue_v long_o in_o england_n till_o they_o subdue_v the_o britain_n reduce_v it_o under_o their_o heptarchy_n of_o saxon_n king_n persecute_v the_o british_a christian_n and_o drive_v they_o with_o their_o religion_n into_o wales_n where_o they_o continue_v under_o their_o primitive_a priest_n and_o bishop_n who_o with_o their_o monk_n be_v all_o under_o the_o surintendance_n of_o one_o archpriest_n or_o bishop_n of_o carleon_n or_o chester_n the_o bind_v of_o the_o british_a principality_n about_o the_o year_n 600._o or_o soon_o after_o pope_n boniface_n send_v austin_n the_o monk_n to_o preach_v the_o gospel_n in_o england_n to_o the_o heathen_a saxon_n who_o land_v at_o dover_n be_v receive_v with_o humanity_n by_o ethelbert_n king_n of_o the_o south_n saxon_n and_o be_v admit_v with_o four_o or_o five_o of_o his_o companion_n as_o well-meaning_a man_n to_o teach_v and_o explain_v the_o doctrine_n and_o mystery_n of_o christianity_n among_o these_o ignorant_a and_o barbarous_a people_n they_o so_o well_o succeed_v that_o they_o convert_v at_o first_o great_a number_n of_o the_o common_a sort_n and_o at_o length_n the_o king_n himself_o who_o example_n give_v easy_a way_n for_o introduce_v the_o christian_a faith_n into_o his_o whole_a kingdom_n which_o from_o thence_o spread_v into_o all_o the_o country_n subject_n to_o the_o saxon_a heptarchy_n thus_o religion_n come_v to_o be_v establish_v in_o england_n under_o the_o rite_n and_o form_n and_o authority_n of_o the_o roman_a church_n by_o which_o austin_n be_v institute_v chief_a bishop_n in_o england_n and_o seat_v by_o the_o saxon_a king_n at_o canterbury_n but_o his_o jurisdiction_n though_o admit_v in_o all_o the_o saxon_a territory_n be_v not_o receive_v by_o the_o british_a priest_n or_o people_n in_o wales_n though_o endeavour_v by_o many_o mission_n from_o austin_n and_o his_o successor_n and_o even_o by_o war_n and_o persecution_n of_o the_o saxon_n upon_o the_o old_a british_a christian_n at_o the_o instigation_n of_o the_o new_a romish_a priest_n in_o one_o of_o which_o near_o carleon_n twelve_o hundred_o of_o the_o poor_a british_a monk_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v slaughter_v while_o they_o be_v apart_o in_o the_o field_n at_o their_o prayer_n for_o the_o success_n of_o the_o british_a army_n with_o this_o account_n of_o a_o new_a face_n and_o state_n of_o person_n and_o of_o thing_n both_o natural_a civil_a and_o religious_a establish_v in_o england_n i_o return_v to_o the_o period_n i_o leave_v of_o the_o saxon_a heptarchy_n which_o be_v extinguish_v by_o long_a and_o various_a revolution_n among_o themselves_o make_v way_n for_o the_o reign_n of_o ecbert_n the_o first_o sole_a king_n or_o monarch_n of_o england_n about_o the_o year_n 830._o it_o may_v have_v be_v reasonable_o expect_v that_o a_o wise_a and_o fortunate_a prince_n at_o the_o head_n of_o so_o great_a a_o dominion_n and_o so_o brave_a and_o numerous_a a_o people_n as_o the_o english_a after_o the_o expulsion_n of_o the_o pict_n and_o scot_n out_o of_o his_o country_n into_o the_o rough_a northern_a part_n and_o of_o the_o britain_n into_o the_o northwest_n corner_n of_o the_o island_n shall_v not_o only_o have_v enjoy_v the_o fruit_n of_o peace_n and_o quiet_n but_o leave_v much_o felicity_n as_o well_o as_o greatness_n to_o many_o succeed_a generation_n both_o of_o prince_n and_o people_n yet_o such_o be_v the_o instability_n of_o human_a affair_n and_o the_o weakness_n of_o their_o best_a conjecture_n that_o ecbert_n be_v hardly_o warm_a in_o his_o unite_a throne_n when_o both_o he_o and_o his_o subject_n begin_v to_o be_v alarm_v and_o perplex_v at_o the_o approach_n of_o new_a and_o unknown_a enemy_n and_o this_o island_n expose_v to_o new_a invasion_n about_o this_o time_n a_o mighty_a swarm_n of_o the_o old_a northern_a hive_n who_o have_v possess_v the_o seat_n about_o the_o baltic_a
peaceable_o inhabit_v come_v to_o incorporate_v and_o make_v a_o part_n of_o the_o english_a nation_n without_o any_o distinction_n edward_n the_o confessor_n reign_v long_o reduce_v the_o law_n of_o edward_n alfred_n and_o edgar_n reign_n into_o more_o form_n and_o order_n and_o govern_v by_o they_o his_o war_n be_v successful_a both_o in_o scotland_n and_o wales_n though_o manage_v by_o his_o leader_n and_o without_o his_o presence_n but_o be_v a_o prince_n of_o a_o soft_a and_o easy_a nature_n he_o give_v way_n to_o the_o grow_a power_n and_o arrogance_n of_o earl_n godwin_n and_o his_o son_n who_o have_v be_v the_o chief_a instrument_n of_o advance_v he_o to_o the_o throne_n upon_o the_o condition_n of_o marry_v earl_n godwin_n daughter_n after_o he_o be_v settle_v in_o the_o kingdom_n either_o upon_o gratitude_n and_o inclination_n to_o the_o people_n and_o custom_n of_o a_o country_n where_o he_o have_v live_v long_o and_o be_v well_o receive_v when_o he_o be_v banish_v from_o his_o own_o he_o invite_v many_o of_o his_o norman_a friend_n into_o england_n employ_v they_o in_o his_o great_a office_n either_o of_o church_n or_o state_n and_o upon_o some_o quarrel_n between_o they_o and_o the_o english_a express_v too_o much_o partiality_n to_o the_o norman_n this_o give_v godwin_n and_o his_o son_n harold_n occasion_n or_o pretence_n of_o raise_v and_o head_v great_a discontent_n of_o the_o english_a against_o the_o norman_a favourite_n and_o at_o last_o insurrection_n against_o the_o king_n who_o soft_a in_o his_o nature_n devout_a in_o his_o temper_n and_o now_o decline_v in_o his_o age_n endeavour_v rather_o to_o appease_v these_o trouble_n by_o article_n than_o by_o arm_n and_o thereby_o leave_v harold_n too_o powerful_a for_o a_o subject_a and_o aspire_v to_o the_o crown_n edward_n have_v no_o child_n and_o though_o he_o seem_v desirous_a to_o leave_v the_o crown_n to_o his_o nephew_n yet_o distrust_v his_o weakness_n to_o defend_v it_o against_o so_o powerful_a a_o rival_n it_o do_v not_o appear_v or_o be_v not_o agree_v among_o author_n whether_o he_o make_v any_o disposition_n of_o it_o at_o his_o death_n or_o no_o or_o whether_o any_o such_o at_o least_o as_o be_v afterward_o pretend_v harald_n allege_v that_o he_o be_v appoint_v by_o edward_n the_o confessor_n to_o succeed_v he_o be_v believe_v by_o some_o and_o allow_v by_o more_o who_o follow_v his_o power_n rather_o than_o his_o right_n and_o be_v immediate_o after_o the_o king_n death_n elect_v or_o admit_v to_o the_o crown_n his_o first_o trouble_n be_v from_o his_o own_o brother_n who_o be_v the_o elder_a have_v obtain_v assistance_n from_o norway_n to_o set_v up_o a_o title_n or_o pretence_n to_o the_o kingdom_n though_o he_o can_v have_v no_o other_o but_o that_o his_o brother_n have_v usurp_v it_o harald_n have_v march_v into_o the_o north_n overthrow_v his_o brother_n and_o his_o army_n of_o stranger_n or_o discontent_n with_o great_a slaughter_n at_o stamford_n be_v sudden_o recall_v by_o a_o more_o dangerous_a and_o fatal_a storm_n from_o the_o south_n for_o william_n duke_n of_o normandy_n surname_v the_o conqueror_n be_v land_v at_o hastings_n with_o a_o mighty_a army_n of_o stout_a norman_a soldier_n to_o pursue_v a_o right_n he_o pretend_v to_o the_o succession_n of_o the_o crown_n after_o the_o death_n of_o edward_n what_o this_o be_v be_v but_o obscure_o prove_v or_o defend_v but_o the_o pretext_n be_v that_o edward_n have_v by_o testament_n leave_v he_o successor_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o that_o harald_n while_o he_o be_v last_o in_o normandy_n have_v likewise_o assure_v he_o of_o his_o assistance_n to_o advance_v he_o to_o the_o kingdom_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o the_o king_n and_o the_o duke_n therefore_o send_v to_o put_v he_o in_o mind_n of_o that_o engagement_n but_o harald_n be_v in_o possession_n and_o admit_v neither_o of_o these_o claim_n resolve_v to_o defend_v well_o what_o he_o have_v get_v ill_o since_o the_o apparent_a right_n be_v in_o edgar_n atheling_n descend_v from_o the_o true_a saxon_a race_n and_o from_o a_o brother_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n to_o decide_v these_o dispute_n between_o the_o two_o powerful_a pretender_n while_o the_o just_a right_n lay_v unregarded_a for_o want_v of_o force_n to_o support_v it_o a_o fierce_a and_o bloody_a battle_n be_v fight_v near_o hastings_n which_o continue_v for_o a_o whole_a day_n with_o great_a bravery_n and_o slaughter_n on_o both_o side_n but_o end_v with_o the_o death_n of_o harald_n most_o of_o the_o brave_a captain_n and_o above_o sixty_o thousand_o soldier_n of_o the_o english_a nation_n who_o resolve_v to_o defend_v a_o domestic_a usurper_n against_o a_o foreign_a invader_n and_o by_o the_o loss_n of_o their_o life_n make_v easy_a way_n for_o the_o undisputed_a succession_n of_o william_n the_o conqueror_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n about_o the_o year_n 1066._o or_o as_o some_o account_n 1068._o this_o norman_a prince_n be_v natural_a son_n of_o robert_n the_o six_o duke_n of_o normandy_n by_o arlette_n a_o very_a beautiful_a virgin_n of_o falaize_n with_o who_o he_o fall_v in_o love_n as_o she_o stand_v gaze_v at_o her_o door_n whilst_o he_o pass_v through_o that_o town_n so_o that_o he_o be_v the_o issue_n of_o a_o sudden_a and_o strong_a inclination_n like_o a_o noble_a plant_n raise_v in_o a_o hot_a bed_n which_o give_v it_o such_o force_n and_o vigour_n as_o make_v it_o prosper_v and_o grow_v to_o so_o great_a a_o height_n nor_o be_v it_o unlikely_a that_o the_o ancient_a hero_n derive_v themselves_o from_o some_o god_n to_o cover_v the_o misfortune_n or_o folly_n the_o rape_n or_o love_n of_o some_o fair_a maiden_n or_o else_o the_o passion_n of_o some_o frail_a wife_n who_o love_v a_o gallant_a better_o than_o a_o husband_n and_o the_o force_n of_o such_o encounter_n may_v have_v part_n in_o the_o constitution_n of_o a_o young_a hero_n and_o give_v a_o natural_a vigour_n spirit_n and_o lustre_n to_o the_o child_n from_o the_o flame_n wherein_o they_o be_v conceive_v it_o be_v certain_a this_o young_a conqueror_n owe_v his_o greatness_n to_o his_o birth_n and_o his_o fortune_n to_o his_o personal_a merit_n from_o the_o strength_n of_o his_o temper_n and_o vigour_n of_o his_o mind_n for_o he_o have_v a_o body_n of_o iron_n as_o well_o as_o a_o heart_n of_o steel_n yet_o his_o intellectual_n be_v at_o least_o equal_a to_o his_o other_o natural_a advantage_n and_o he_o appear_v as_o wise_a in_o his_o politic_a institution_n as_o he_o be_v bold_a in_o his_o enterprise_n or_o brave_a and_o fortunate_a in_o the_o atchieument_n of_o his_o great_a adventure_n his_o father_n robert_n grow_v old_a fall_v into_o a_o fit_a of_o devotion_n frequent_a enough_o in_o that_o age_n which_o make_v he_o resolve_v upon_o a_o visit_n to_o the_o holy_a sepulchre_n his_o noble_n use_v all_o argument_n they_o can_v to_o dissuade_v he_o but_o chief_o from_o the_o want_n of_o lawful_a issue_n and_o the_o competition_n like_v to_o arise_v upon_o his_o death_n between_o several_a great_a pretender_n which_o may_v prove_v dangerous_a to_o his_o country_n and_o perhaps_o fatal_a to_o the_o norman_a state_n but_o he_o persist_v in_o the_o design_n of_o his_o journey_n and_o tell_v they_o he_o have_v a_o young_a son_n that_o he_o believe_v certain_o to_o be_v his_o own_o and_o of_o who_o person_n and_o disposition_n he_o have_v great_a hope_n and_o therefore_o resolve_v to_o leave_v he_o his_o successor_n in_o the_o duchy_n recommend_v he_o to_o their_o care_n and_o loyalty_n and_o appoint_v the_o king_n of_o france_n to_o be_v his_o guardian_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o britain_n his_o governor_n who_o be_v one_o of_o the_o fair_a pretender_n to_o the_o succession_n of_o that_o duchy_n after_o the_o fail_v of_o robert_n line_n a_o unusual_a strain_n or_o testimony_n of_o the_o good_a faith_n and_o mean_v of_o that_o age_n where_o honour_n be_v so_o much_o more_o in_o request_n than_o interest_n that_o such_o a_o prince_n can_v trust_v a_o son_n of_o reproach_v birth_n and_o dispute_v right_o to_o a_o powerful_a neighbour_n the_o likely_a to_o invade_v he_o and_o to_o a_o pretender_n that_o stand_v the_o fair_a to_o contest_v his_o title_n the_o prince_n be_v not_o above_o nine_o or_o ten_o year_n old_a when_o duke_n robert_n cause_v his_o noble_n and_o chief_a norman_a subject_n to_o swear_v fealty_n to_o he_o and_o afterward_o carry_v he_o to_o do_v homage_n to_o henry_n the_o first_o king_n of_o france_n for_o the_o duchy_n of_o normandy_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o former_a duke_n since_o their_o first_o accord_n with_o that_o crown_n after_o their_o conquest_n and_o establishment_n in_o that_o part_n of_o france_n which_o be_v before_o call_v neustry_n and_o take_v the_o name_n of_o normandy_n from_o those_o fierce_a invader_n these_o come_n
be_v over_o that_o the_o king_n have_v pass_v some_o month_n here_o in_o the_o care_n and_o for_o the_o settlement_n of_o his_o new_a dominion_n in_o england_n make_v a_o journey_n to_o visit_v his_o old_a in_o normandy_n about_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o summer_n have_v be_v crown_v at_o westminster_n on_o christmas-day_n whether_o this_o be_v undertake_v upon_o any_o necessity_n of_o his_o affair_n on_o that_o side_n or_o to_o settle_v they_o so_o as_o not_o to_o interrupt_v he_o here_o where_o he_o intend_v to_o reside_v be_v not_o know_v or_o whether_o he_o take_v a_o pleasure_n and_o a_o pride_n to_o show_v both_o his_o subject_n and_o his_o neighbour_n prince_n how_o secure_a he_o esteem_v himself_o in_o his_o new_a acquire_v dominion_n but_o it_o look_v like_o a_o strain_n of_o his_o usual_a boldness_n and_o fearless_a temper_n and_o succeed_v well_o like_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o counsel_n and_o resolution_n yet_o be_v not_o this_o journey_n undertake_v without_o prudence_n and_o caution_n in_o the_o choice_n of_o those_o hand_n with_o who_o he_o leave_v the_o government_n in_o his_o absence_n and_o of_o those_o person_n he_o engage_v to_o accompany_v he_o in_o the_o voyage_n he_o commit_v the_o rule_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o his_o brother_n odon_n bishop_n of_o bayeux_n and_o to_o fitz_n aubar_n his_o near_a kinsman_n who_o he_o have_v late_o make_v earl_n of_o hereford_n he_o take_v with_o he_o into_o normandy_n stigand_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n who_o though_o a_o great_a instrument_n in_o his_o easy_a and_o peaceable_a admission_n to_o the_o crown_n yet_o have_v be_v discontent_v at_o his_o coronation_n which_o have_v be_v perfome_v by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o york_n upon_o pretence_n of_o some_o fault_n or_o question_n about_o the_o other_o investiture_n with_o he_o he_o take_v several_a other_o bishop_n the_o earl_n edwin_n and_o morchar_n two_o person_n of_o great_a power_n and_o dependence_n with_o many_o other_o english_a nobleman_n of_o who_o faith_n or_o affection_n he_o be_v the_o least_o confident_a and_o beside_o these_o he_o take_v with_o he_o a_o great_a and_o much_o more_o considerable_a hostage_n for_o the_o quiet_a of_o england_n though_o under_o colour_n of_o honour_v he_o or_o be_v honour_v by_o his_o company_n this_o be_v edgar_n surname_v atheling_n nephew_n to_o edward_n the_o confessor_n and_o design_v by_o he_o for_o successor_n as_o be_v divulge_v among_o those_o of_o his_o subject_n that_o neither_o favour_v the_o right_n or_o pretension_n of_o harold_n or_o the_o norman_a duke_n he_o have_v many_o disadvantage_n to_o balance_n and_o weigh_v down_o his_o right_n which_o be_v undisputed_a as_o his_o foreign_a birth_n and_o breed_n which_o be_v in_o hungary_n during_o his_o father_n exile_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o hardy-cnute_a the_o persecution_n and_o hatred_n of_o his_o grandmother_n emma_n a_o woman_n celebrate_v in_o her_o time_n for_o the_o suspicion_n and_o clear_n of_o her_o chastity_n by_o the_o saxon_a trial_n of_o fire_n ordeal_o but_o who_o have_v marry_v hardy-cnute_a after_o the_o death_n of_o her_o first_o husband_n have_v ever_o after_o more_o inclination_n to_o the_o danish_a than_o the_o saxon_a race_n bedsy_n edgar_n though_o of_o so_o good_a and_o virtuous_a disposition_n as_o make_v he_o be_v style_v england_n darling_n yet_o they_o be_v such_o as_o seem_v to_o become_v a_o excellent_a private_a person_n rather_o than_o a_o prince_n or_o at_o least_o to_o have_v adorn_v a_o easy_a and_o peaceful_a possession_n of_o a_o crown_n rather_o than_o to_o force_v his_o way_n to_o a_o legal_a right_n through_o the_o difficulty_n and_o opposition_n of_o two_o powerful_a pretender_n however_o a_o undisputed_a right_n which_o they_o say_v never_o die_v have_v leave_v he_o so_o many_o friend_n in_o the_o kingdom_n that_o the_o king_n think_v it_o not_o safe_a to_o leave_v he_o behind_o upon_o his_o go_v into_o normandy_n nor_o wise_a to_o tempt_v either_o he_o or_o his_o new_a english_a subject_n with_o such_o a_o opportunity_n of_o raise_v any_o commotion_n upon_o so_o fair_a a_o pretence_n beside_o these_o caution_n he_o take_v with_o he_o most_o of_o his_o french_a adventurer_n into_o normandy_n find_v they_o be_v not_o very_o agreeable_a here_o either_o to_o the_o english_a or_o to_o the_o norman_n and_o pretend_v he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o clear_v his_o account_n with_o all_o that_o assist_v he_o out_o of_o the_o revenue_n or_o forfeiture_n here_o and_o that_o he_o will_v find_v out_o way_n of_o satisfy_v they_o either_o in_o normandy_n or_o by_o his_o credit_n and_o recommendation_n to_o other_o prince_n where_o his_o own_o bounty_n or_o ability_n can_v not_o reach_v during_o his_o stay_n in_o normandy_n which_o be_v no_o less_o than_o the_o whole_a summer_n his_o new_a government_n in_o england_n continue_v quiet_a and_o peaceable_a though_o one_o erick_n call_v the_o forester_n endeavour_v to_o disturb_v it_o by_o call_v in_o some_o loose_a force_n of_o the_o welsh_a his_o neighbour_n into_o herefordshire_n but_o he_o be_v soon_o suppress_v and_o they_o easy_o force_v back_o into_o their_o own_o mountain_n by_o the_o vigilance_n of_o the_o governor_n and_o the_o vigour_n of_o those_o force_n he_o have_v leave_v here_o dispose_v with_o such_o order_n into_o the_o several_a country_n as_o to_o give_v way_n or_o time_n to_o no_o grow_a danger_n that_o shall_v arise_v in_o any_o one_o corner_n or_o from_o any_o single_a discontent_n while_o the_o general_a humour_n of_o the_o people_n be_v calm_a and_o either_o satisfy_v with_o the_o change_n or_o at_o a_o gaze_v how_o this_o new_a world_n be_v like_a to_o end_v so_o that_o the_o king_n after_o have_v settle_v his_o affair_n in_o normandy_n to_o his_o mind_n return_v before_o winter_n to_o enjoy_v the_o fruit_n of_o so_o many_o danger_n and_o toil_n as_o his_o life_n have_v be_v engage_v in_o resolve_v to_o spend_v the_o remainder_n of_o it_o in_o england_n as_o the_o noble_a scene_n and_o great_a dominion_n and_o to_o cultivate_v with_o care_n a_o acquisition_n he_o have_v gain_v himself_o with_o much_o hazard_n and_o pain_n and_o with_o great_a glory_n the_o king_n at_o his_o return_n into_o england_n find_v his_o new_a dominion_n have_v continue_v calm_a and_o peaceable_a under_o the_o authority_n of_o his_o brother_n and_o council_n have_v reason_n to_o believe_v it_o will_v be_v easy_o preserve_v so_o under_o his_o own_o for_o as_o the_o absence_n of_o a_o ill_a prince_n seldom_o fail_v of_o raise_v disquiet_n and_o commotion_n among_o the_o people_n in_o a_o government_n which_o be_v obey_v only_o from_o fear_n so_o nothing_o contribute_v more_o to_o the_o satisfaction_n and_o obedience_n of_o subject_n than_o the_o presence_n of_o a_o good_a king_n and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o all_o distant_a province_n govern_v by_o commission_n or_o subordinate_a authority_n be_v so_o subject_a to_o frequent_v sedition_n and_o revolt_v how_o lawful_o soever_o they_o be_v inherit_v or_o how_o well_o soever_o they_o be_v establish_v after_o any_o new_a conquest_n or_o acquisition_n the_o force_n and_o influence_n of_o authority_n grow_v still_o weak_a by_o the_o change_n of_o hand_n and_o distance_n of_o place_n this_o dispose_v the_o new_a king_n to_o the_o resolution_n he_o take_v at_o this_o time_n of_o make_v england_n the_o seat_n of_o his_o person_n as_o well_o as_o empire_n and_o govern_v normandy_n by_o his_o lieutenant_n thereby_o force_v the_o common_a affection_n of_o birth_n or_o education_n and_o custom_n to_o yield_v and_o comply_v with_o reason_n of_o state_n and_o prefer_v a_o foreign_a to_o his_o natural_a soil_n though_o perhaps_o seat_v in_o a_o better_a climate_n and_o at_o that_o time_n more_o adorn_v and_o civilise_a by_o the_o commerce_n of_o france_n and_o other_o country_n upon_o the_o continent_n with_o this_o resolution_n and_o in_o this_o security_n he_o apply_v himself_o at_o his_o return_n to_o the_o art_n of_o peace_n and_o the_o order_n of_o his_o state_n wherein_o he_o as_o well_o excel_v as_o in_o those_o of_o war_n and_o be_v frame_v not_o only_o for_o a_o great_a prince_n but_o for_o a_o good_a to_o which_o he_o be_v incline_v by_o the_o bounty_n and_o clemency_n of_o his_o natural_a disposition_n by_o the_o strength_n and_o soundness_n of_o his_o judgement_n and_o by_o the_o experience_n of_o his_o age_n his_o first_o care_n be_v to_o provide_v for_o the_o due_a administration_n and_o execution_n of_o law_n and_o justice_n throughout_o his_o realm_n and_o the_o next_o be_v to_o introduce_v order_n into_o the_o common_a course_n of_o his_o revenue_n and_o manage_v it_o with_o so_o great_a proportion_n of_o his_o expense_n to_o his_o receipt_n as_o may_v neither_o leave_v the_o crown_n in_o necessity_n nor_o the_o subject_n in_o fear_n of_o new_a or_o lawless_a exaction_n and_o oppression_n
english_a noble_n reside_v in_o scotland_n and_o intelligence_n with_o other_o discontent_v in_o england_n marry_v the_o lady_n margaret_n elder_a sister_n of_o edgar_n and_o thereby_o become_v new_o engage_v in_o the_o interest_n and_o family_n of_o this_o noble_a but_o unfortunate_a prince_n the_o fame_n of_o this_o adventure_n be_v no_o soon_o divulge_v in_o england_n than_o it_o raise_v a_o great_a though_o different_a motion_n in_o the_o mind_n of_o all_o man_n there_o who_o be_v either_o well_o or_o ill_o affect_v to_o the_o new_a king_n fill_v one_o party_n with_o new_a hope_n '_o and_o the_o other_o with_o new_a fear_n and_o reasonable_o enough_o in_o both_o from_o all_o common_a appearance_n many_o person_n of_o great_a note_n and_o authority_n in_o england_n repair_v immediate_o upon_o it_o into_o scotland_n some_o by_o easy_a passage_n out_o of_o the_o northern_a county_n and_o other_o out_o of_o the_o remote_a part_n of_o the_o realm_n by_o more_o difficult_a escape_n either_o by_o sea_n or_o land_n among_o these_o be_v the_o earl_n edwin_n morchar_n hereward_n seward_n gospatrick_n man_n of_o great_a estate_n and_o power_n as_o be_v believe_v in_o england_n with_o many_o other_o noble_n and_o gentleman_n but_o that_o which_o seem_v yet_o of_o great_a influence_n and_o authority_n be_v the_o repair_n of_o stigand_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n and_o alred_n of_o york_n with_o divers_z other_z bishop_n and_o prelate_n who_o have_v be_v the_o chief_a instrument_n in_o make_v way_n for_o the_o easy_a accession_n of_o duke_n william_n to_o the_o crown_n and_o for_o the_o general_a submission_n of_o the_o english_a to_o his_o reign_n be_v presume_v now_o likely_a to_o prove_v of_o as_o great_a moment_n and_o importance_n for_o the_o restoration_n and_o support_v of_o a_o just_a english_a title_n in_o edgar_n as_o they_o have_v be_v for_o the_o admission_n and_o establishment_n of_o one_o dispute_v and_o foreign_a of_o the_o norman_a duke_n beside_o the_o clergy_n be_v account_v the_o wise_a and_o learned_a man_n of_o that_o age_n be_v esteem_v most_o likely_a to_o judge_v best_a of_o the_o right_n and_o best_a to_o foresee_v the_o event_n in_o dispute_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o unlikely_a to_o embark_v themselves_o in_o a_o bottom_n unsound_a upon_o either_o the_o regard_v of_o justice_n or_o success_n edgar_z exalt_v with_o such_o a_o concourse_n of_o noble_n out_o of_o england_n and_o the_o hope_n they_o give_v he_o of_o a_o great_a from_o the_o people_n there_o when_o he_o shall_v appear_v among_o they_o resolve_v to_o lay_v claim_n to_o that_o crown_n and_o with_o strong_a argument_n than_o those_o of_o a_o bare_a title_n or_o right_n of_o succession_n how_o just_a soever_o for_o the_o scotch_a king_n have_v now_o assist_v he_o with_o a_o great_a army_n be_v induce_v to_o engage_v open_o in_o his_o quarrel_n not_o only_o by_o the_o charm_n of_o his_o wife_n or_o compassion_n of_o her_o brother_n hard_a fortune_n but_o by_o reason_n of_o state_n as_o well_o as_o of_o justice_n and_o affection_n he_o fear_v the_o dangerous_a neighbourhood_n of_o so_o powerful_a aspire_a and_o fortunate_a a_o prince_n and_o apprehend_v his_o ambition_n will_v not_o cease_v with_o the_o conquest_n of_o england_n but_o extend_v it_o to_o that_o of_o scotland_n too_o and_o reduce_v the_o whole_a island_n of_o britain_n under_o one_o dominion_n for_o which_o it_o seem_v by_o nature_n to_o have_v be_v frame_v he_o think_v it_o both_o wise_a and_o necessary_a to_o give_v some_o stop_n to_o this_o grow_a power_n before_o it_o become_v too_o well_o settle_v at_o home_n and_o thereby_o prepare_v for_o new_a enterprise_n abroad_o and_o that_o it_o be_v better_a carry_v a_o war_n into_o england_n than_o expect_v it_o in_o scotland_n he_o be_v glad_a of_o so_o fair_a a_o occasion_n to_o justify_v his_o quarrel_n and_o by_o advance_v the_o fortune_n of_o edgar_n to_o secure_v his_o own_o he_o have_v take_v measure_n with_o swain_n king_n of_o denmark_n to_o enter_v the_o humber_n with_o a_o powerful_a navy_n whilst_o he_o with_o his_o army_n enter_v the_o northern_a province_n by_o land_n and_o with_o the_o son_n of_o harold_n at_o the_o same_o time_n to_o invade_v the_o west_n by_o the_o assistance_n of_o force_n to_o be_v furnish_v by_o drone_n king_n of_o ireland_n to_o who_o they_o have_v flee_v upon_o the_o norman_a victory_n he_o presume_v upon_o great_a insurrection_n among_o the_o english_a in_o favour_n of_o edgar_n and_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o noble_n his_o associate_n who_o have_v represent_v the_o common_a discontent_n in_o england_n to_o be_v as_o great_a as_o their_o own_o these_o hope_n be_v not_o ill_o ground_v nor_o the_o design_n ill_o lay_v for_o the_o danish_a fleet_n be_v ready_a to_o sail_v and_o the_o son_n of_o harold_n with_o their_o irish_a force_n land_v and_o raise_v a_o commotion_n in_o the_o west_n at_o the_o same_o time_n that_o edgar_n with_o those_o out_o of_o scotland_n invade_v the_o north_n where_o he_o find_v at_o first_o no_o opposition_n but_o instead_o of_o enemy_n meet_v with_o many_o friend_n prepare_v to_o receive_v he_o and_o increase_v his_o strength_n he_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o northumberland_n cumberland_n and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o durham_n by_o the_o defeat_n of_o robert_n count_n of_o mortain_n who_o be_v there_o slay_v with_o seven_o hundred_o norman_n from_o thence_o he_o march_v without_o resistance_n as_o far_o as_o york_n which_o be_v defend_v by_o a_o strong_a garrison_n of_o norman_a soldier_n he_o besiege_v this_o city_n the_o capital_a and_o defence_n of_o all_o the_o northern_a county_n and_o assault_v it_o with_o that_o fury_n that_o he_o carry_v the_o town_n by_o storm_n where_o all_o the_o norman_n be_v put_v to_o the_o sword_n by_o the_o rage_n and_o revenge_n of_o the_o english_a noble_n in_o his_o army_n many_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o assault_n and_o the_o rest_n after_o they_o be_v enter_v and_o find_v no_o more_o resistance_n after_o this_o success_n edgar_n remain_v some_o time_n at_o york_n to_o refresh_v his_o army_n after_o so_o long_a a_o march_n and_o so_o warm_a a_o action_n which_o have_v cost_v he_o the_o live_v of_o many_o brave_a man_n and_o the_o wound_n of_o many_o more_o beside_o he_o expect_v here_o to_o see_v his_o army_n soon_o increase_v by_o the_o repair_n of_o many_o friend_n and_o discontent_n out_o of_o the_o southern_a province_n of_o england_n and_o by_o the_o arrival_n of_o the_o danish_a fleet_n in_o the_o humber_n according_a to_o the_o concert_n before_o agree_v and_o for_o which_o he_o know_v all_o have_v be_v prepare_v king_n william_n thus_o surround_v with_o danger_n from_o the_o west_n and_o north_n and_o with_o jealousy_n of_o his_o new_a subject_n of_o who_o affection_n he_o have_v yet_o make_v no_o trial_n further_o than_o some_o few_o year_n submission_n to_o his_o government_n be_v yet_o undaunted_a at_o the_o news_n of_o all_o these_o attempt_n nor_o any_o way_n distract_v by_o such_o various_a either_o danger_n or_o fear_n he_o apply_v himself_o to_o those_o which_o be_v near_a by_o send_v the_o force_n he_o have_v ready_a immediate_o into_o the_o west_n under_o experience_a commander_n and_o prepare_v a_o great_a army_n both_o of_o english_a and_o norman_n to_o march_v himself_o into_o the_o north_n after_o the_o commotion_n in_o the_o west_n shall_v be_v appease_v this_o happen_v to_o be_v easy_a and_o soon_o than_o he_o expect_v for_o the_o attempt_n of_o harold_n son_n with_o their_o irish_a force_n prove_v weak_a and_o faint_a though_o successful_a in_o the_o first_o encounter_n wherein_o ednoth_n a_o brave_a commander_n on_o the_o king_n side_n be_v slay_v with_o several_a of_o his_o follower_n but_o the_o son_n of_o harold_n be_v defeat_v in_o a_o second_o engagement_n and_o fail_v of_o any_o considerable_a recourse_n or_o insurrection_n of_o the_o english_a there_o upon_o which_o they_o have_v ground_v their_o chief_a hope_n much_o disappoint_v and_o thereby_o discourage_v be_v easy_o break_v by_o the_o brave_a norman_a troop_n and_o force_v to_o return_v with_o the_o remainder_n of_o their_o irish_a force_n into_o ireland_n king_n william_n upon_o the_o happy_a end_n of_o this_o adventure_n after_o the_o best_a order_n take_v for_o the_o security_n of_o the_o southern_a part_n in_o his_o absence_n march_v at_o the_o head_n of_o a_o brave_a army_n in_o the_o north_n engage_v the_o force_n of_o edgar_n in_o a_o set_a battle_n and_o by_o the_o valour_n of_o his_o troop_n the_o discipline_n and_o order_n of_o his_o army_n and_o his_o own_o excellent_a conduct_n defeat_v entire_o the_o unite_a strength_n of_o his_o enemy_n siege_a and_o take_v again_o the_o city_n of_o york_n defend_v by_o waltheof_n son_n to_o the_o earl_n syward_a a_o young_a gentleman_n of_o great_a valour_n and_o
introduce_v new_a term_n new_a form_n of_o plead_v and_o of_o process_n new_a name_n of_o office_n and_o of_o court_n and_o with_o they_o all_o the_o litigious_a custom_n and_o subtlety_n of_o the_o norman_a plea_n and_o conveyance_n who_o be_v a_o witty_a but_o contentious_a people_n instead_o of_o the_o old_a english_a simplicity_n in_o their_o common_a suit_n plea_n or_o conveyance_n which_o be_v plain_a brief_a without_o perplexity_n make_v with_o good_a meaning_n keep_v with_o good_a faith_n and_o so_o follow_v by_o little_a contention_n and_o that_o determine_v by_o speedy_a justice_n and_o decision_n of_o monthly_a court_n in_o every_o county_n among_o the_o saxon_n it_o be_v usual_a to_o grant_v land_n and_o house_n by_o bare_a word_n and_o with_o the_o delivery_n of_o some_o trivial_a gift_n as_o a_o horn_n a_o sword_n a_o arrow_n a_o helmet_n and_o yet_o the_o simple_a honesty_n of_o those_o time_n and_o people_n leave_v such_o grant_n little_a subject_n to_o any_o dispute_n or_o contention_n but_o the_o conqueror_n reduce_v all_o grant_n to_o write_v to_o signature_n and_o to_o witness_n which_o bring_v in_o cavil_n and_o action_n ground_v upon_o punctilious_a error_n in_o write_v mistake_v in_o expression_n which_o in_o much_o writing_n must_v sometime_o happen_v either_o by_o have_v weakness_n or_o perhaps_o by_o fraud_n of_o conveyancer_n and_o with_o design_n to_o leave_v matter_n of_o contention_n by_o which_o they_o subsist_v as_o physician_n by_o disease_n notwithstanding_o all_o these_o art_n of_o the_o prince_n and_o industry_n of_o his_o minister_n to_o introduce_v the_o norman_a language_n in_o england_n yet_o all_o be_v frustrate_v by_o the_o overbalance_n of_o number_n in_o the_o nation_n in_o proportion_n to_o the_o stranger_n and_o assist_v by_o a_o general_a avertion_n in_o the_o english_a to_o change_v their_o language_n which_o they_o think_v will_v be_v succeed_v by_o that_o of_o their_o law_n and_o liberty_n so_o that_o in_o this_o very_a reign_n instead_o of_o the_o english_a speak_v norman_n the_o norman_n begin_v general_o by_o force_n of_o intermarriage_n ordinary_a commerce_n and_o conversation_n to_o use_v the_o english_a tongue_n which_o have_v ever_o since_o continue_v and_o compose_v the_o main_a body_n of_o our_o language_n though_o change_v like_o other_o by_o mixture_n of_o many_o new_a word_n and_o phrase_n not_o only_o introduce_v by_o this_o great_a revolution_n but_o by_o the_o use_v and_o accident_n of_o each_o succeed_a age._n it_o seem_v very_o remarkable_a and_o very_o different_a what_o happen_v in_o scotland_n about_o this_o time_n and_o upon_o this_o subject_a for_o upon_o the_o great_a recourse_n of_o english_a noble_n and_o gentleman_n into_o scotland_n seek_v refuge_n from_o the_o first_o danger_n and_o and_o terror_n of_o the_o norman_a conquest_n and_o afterward_o of_o many_o more_o who_o flee_v there_o in_o pursuit_n of_o edgar_n pretension_n and_o join_v with_o the_o scot_n in_o two_o invasion_n of_o england_n but_o chief_o upon_o malcolm_n fond_a affection_n of_o his_o english_a wife_n sister_n to_o prince_n edgar_n his_o learning_n and_o common_o use_v or_o favour_v her_o language_n the_o usual_a compliance_n and_o conformity_n of_o courtier_n to_o the_o custom_n of_o their_o prince_n and_o the_o general_a humour_n of_o kindness_n in_o the_o scot_n at_o that_o time_n to_o the_o person_n or_o right_n of_o edgar_n and_o to_o all_o his_o adherent_n that_o lose_v their_o own_o country_n to_o follow_v his_o fortune_n the_o english_a language_n grow_v in_o this_o king_n reign_n to_o be_v general_o speak_v not_o only_o in_o the_o court_n of_o scotland_n but_o in_o several_a county_n thereunto_o adjacent_a and_o among_o most_o of_o the_o noble_n in_o remote_a province_n and_o so_o it_o have_v ever_o since_o remain_v as_o have_v many_o english_a family_n in_o those_o part_n habituate_v and_o with_o time_n naturalize_v among_o they_o and_o the_o ancient_a barbarous_a scotch_a tongue_n have_v be_v leave_v current_n only_o in_o the_o more_o northern_a or_o northwest_o and_o mountainous_a part_n of_o that_o kingdom_n and_o in_o the_o island_n that_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v first_o and_o most_o entire_o possess_v by_o the_o scythe_n or_o scot_n who_o so_o long_o ago_o invade_v and_o conquer_v the_o northern_a part_n of_o britain_n and_o ireland_n the_o contrary_a of_o this_o unusual_a change_n in_o language_n appear_v to_o have_v succeed_v in_o england_n since_o in_o a_o little_a time_n nothing_o remain_v of_o the_o norman_a language_n in_o common_a use_n beside_o the_o translation_n of_o our_o common_a law_n which_o though_o deduce_v from_o the_o ancient_a saxon_a stream_n yet_o the_o sound_n and_o form_n and_o practice_n come_v to_o be_v norman_a like_o river_n which_o still_o run_v from_o their_o original_a source_n but_o yet_o often_o change_v their_o taste_n from_o the_o soil_n through_o which_o they_o take_v their_o course_n and_o sometime_o from_o accident_n of_o great_a inundation_n which_o for_o the_o present_a change_n they_o but_o leave_v they_o to_o return_v to_o their_o natural_a stream_n a_o singular_a and_o instructive_a example_n how_o strange_a a_o difference_n there_o be_v in_o the_o compliance_n of_o a_o nation_n with_o the_o humour_n of_o a_o prince_n they_o love_v or_o of_o one_o they_o fear_v beside_o these_o change_n in_o the_o language_n of_o our_o law_n and_o the_o form_n of_o plea_n which_o be_v general_o disaffect_v by_o the_o english_a subject_n this_o norman_a king_n either_o upon_o pretence_n of_o justice_n and_o piety_n or_o else_o of_o necessity_n and_o safety_n abolish_v several_a ancient_a saxon_a institution_n and_o make_v several_a new_a which_o how_o reasonable_a or_o how_o useful_a soever_o yet_o breed_v ill_a blood_n among_o the_o noble_n and_o clergy_n of_o england_n though_o the_o people_n content_v themselves_o with_o the_o continuance_n of_o their_o ancient_a law_n and_o think_v all_o they_o do_v or_o suffer_v for_o the_o king_n service_n well_o reward_v while_o they_o may_v preserve_v what_o they_o call_v the_o law_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n and_o the_o king_n be_v so_o wise_a as_o often_o to_o renew_v his_o oath_n to_o maintain_v they_o for_o the_o general_a satisfaction_n of_o the_o people_n for_o the_o rest_n he_o take_v all_o jurisdiction_n and_o judgement_n in_o civil_a cause_n whole_o out_o of_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o bishop_n where_o it_o have_v be_v place_v in_o the_o whole_a saxon_a succession_n after_o their_o conversion_n to_o christianity_n and_o restrain_v the_o clergy_n to_o the_o exercise_n and_o administration_n of_o their_o ecclesiastical_a power_n he_o endeavour_v to_o abolish_v two_o ancient_a form_n of_o trial_n use_v among_o the_o saxon_n with_o great_a reverence_n even_o during_o their_o christian_a worship_n though_o they_o be_v but_o remainder_n of_o their_o old_a pagan_a superstition_n but_o so_o root_v in_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o people_n as_o not_o to_o be_v dispossess_v by_o new_a reason_n or_o religion_n these_o be_v the_o trial_n ordeal_o and_o of_o camp-fight_a the_o first_o be_v either_o by_o fire_n or_o by_o water_n and_o use_v only_o in_o criminal_a case_n where_o the_o accusation_n be_v strong_a the_o suspicion_n great_a but_o no_o proof_n evident_a in_o that_o of_o fire_n the_o person_n accuse_v be_v bring_v into_o a_o open_a place_n upon_o even_a ground_n several_a ploughshare_n heat_v red_a hot_a be_v lay_v before_o they_o at_o unequal_a distance_n over_o which_o they_o be_v to_o walk_v blindfold_a and_o if_o they_o escape_v any_o harm_n be_v adjudge_v innocent_a if_o their_o foot_n be_v burn_v by_o tread_v upon_o the_o hot_a iron_n they_o be_v condemn_v as_o guilty_a in_o the_o other_o of_o water_n the_o accuse_a be_v throw_v into_o the_o water_n if_o they_o sink_v immediate_o they_o be_v esteem_v innocent_a and_o guilty_a if_o they_o swim_v either_o because_o it_o seem_v against_o the_o nature_n of_o heavy_a body_n or_o that_o the_o clear_a element_n will_v not_o receive_v they_o but_o reject_v they_o as_o pollute_v person_n the_o first_o trial_n be_v for_o those_o of_o better_a condition_n and_o the_o other_o for_o those_o of_o inferior_a and_o both_o be_v chief_o use_v upon_o accusation_n of_o unchastity_n of_o poison_v or_o of_o sorcery_n these_o trial_n though_o ground_v upon_o no_o reason_n yet_o be_v think_v approve_v by_o long_a experience_n and_o the_o rather_o i_o suppose_v because_o any_o snccee_a proof_n of_o innocence_n be_v as_o difficult_a to_o find_v as_o any_o precedent_a evidence_n of_o gild_n and_o they_o be_v common_o call_v the_o judgement_n of_o god_n and_o perform_v with_o solemn_a orison_n and_o other_o ceremony_n that_o amuse_v or_o rather_o enchant_v the_o ignorant_a people_n into_o a_o opinion_n of_o their_o be_v sacred_a as_o well_o as_o just_a the_o trial_n of_o camp-fight_a be_v perform_v by_o single_a combat_n in_o list_n appoint_v for_o that_o purpose_n
have_v never_o lose_v but_o one_o which_o be_v fitz-aub_a he_o be_v a_o prince_n deep_a in_o his_o design_n bold_a in_o his_o enterprise_n firm_a in_o his_o prosecution_n excel_v in_o the_o order_n and_o discipline_n of_o his_o army_n and_o choice_n in_o his_o officer_n both_o of_o his_o army_n and_o his_o state_n but_o admirable_a in_o expedition_n and_o dispatch_v of_o civil_a as_o well_o as_o military_a affair_n never_o defer_v till_o to_o morrow_n what_o shall_v be_v do_v to_o day_n above_o all_o he_o be_v careful_a and_o prudent_a in_o the_o management_n of_o his_o treasure_n and_o find_v a_o temper_n between_o the_o bounty_n of_o his_o own_o nature_n and_o the_o necessity_n of_o his_o affair_n proportion_v always_o the_o expense_n of_o his_o gift_n his_o building_n his_o erterprise_n to_o the_o treasure_n he_o be_v master_n of_o for_o defray_v they_o design_v nothing_o out_o of_o his_o compass_n and_o thereby_o compass_v all_o he_o seem_v to_o design_n he_o be_v religious_a in_o frequent_v divine_a service_n give_v much_o alm_n build_v abbey_n and_o endow_v they_o send_v present_n of_o cross_n of_o gold_n rich_a vesture_n and_o plate_n to_o many_o other_o church_n and_o much_o treasure_n to_o rome_n he_o be_v a_o great_a lover_n of_o learning_n and_o though_o he_o despise_v the_o loose_a ignorant_a saxon_a clergy_n he_o find_v in_o england_n yet_o he_o take_v care_n and_o pleasure_n to_o fill_v ecclesiastical_a dignity_n here_o with_o person_n of_o great_a worth_n and_o learning_n from_o abroad_o as_o lanfranc_n durand_n anselm_n with_o many_o more_o he_o be_v a_o lover_n of_o virtue_n in_o other_o and_o hater_n of_o vice_n for_o be_v natural_o very_o kind_a to_o his_o half_a brother_n odon_n bishop_n of_o bayeux_n have_v make_v he_o earl_n of_o kent_n give_v he_o great_a revenue_n entrust_v he_o in_o his_o absence_n with_o the_o government_n of_o the_o realm_n yet_o find_v he_o a_o man_n of_o incurable_a ambition_n avarice_n cruelty_n oppression_n and_o profaneness_n he_o at_o length_n whole_o disgrace_v he_o and_o keep_v he_o in_o prison_n during_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o reign_n which_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v a_o just_a punishment_n of_o his_o crime_n and_o sacrifice_n to_o the_o english_a he_o have_v cruel_o oppress_v in_o the_o king_n absence_n rather_o than_o a_o greediness_n of_o his_o treasure_n as_o some_o envious_a writer_n will_v make_v it_o appear_v yet_o by_o the_o consent_n of_o they_o all_o and_o the_o most_o partial_a or_o malicious_a to_o his_o memory_n as_o well_o as_o other_o he_o be_v agree_v to_o have_v be_v a_o prince_n of_o great_a strength_n wisdom_n courage_n clemency_n magnificence_n wit_n courtesy_n charity_n temperance_n and_o piety_n this_o short_a character_n and_o by_o all_o agree_v be_v enough_o to_o vindicate_v the_o memory_n of_o this_o noble_a prince_n and_o famous_a conqueror_n from_o the_o aspersion_n or_o detraction_n of_o several_a malicious_a or_o partial_a author_n who_o have_v more_o unfaithful_o represent_v his_o reign_n than_o any_o other_o period_n of_o our_o english_a history_n have_v take_v a_o full_a view_n of_o this_o king_n in_o his_o action_n and_o his_o person_n it_o remain_v only_o that_o we_o consider_v the_o consequence_n that_o both_o of_o they_o have_v upon_o the_o condition_n of_o this_o kingdom_n which_o will_v be_v best_a discover_v by_o the_o survey_n of_o what_o it_o lose_v what_o it_o preserve_v and_o what_o it_o gain_v by_o this_o famous_a conquest_n england_n thereby_o must_v be_v confess_v to_o have_v lose_v first_o very_o great_a number_n of_o brave_a english_a man_n who_o fall_v in_o the_o battle_n of_o hastings_n and_o in_o two_o war_n afterward_o by_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o noble_n and_o invasion_n of_o the_o scot_n in_o favor_n of_o edgar_n atheling_n likewise_o many_o noble_n and_o gentleman_n who_o disdain_v all_o subjection_n to_o a_o foreign_a and_o conquer_a power_n retire_v into_o scotland_n ireland_n denmark_n and_o after_o the_o extinction_n of_o their_o hope_n by_o the_o suppression_n of_o all_o endeavour_n in_o favour_n of_o edgar_n right_n never_o return_v but_o leave_v their_o family_n habituate_v in_o those_o country_n choose_v if_o they_o must_v live_v under_o a_o foreign_a dominion_n to_o do_v it_o rather_o abroad_o than_o at_o home_n in_o the_o next_o place_n england_n lose_v the_o true_a line_n of_o their_o ancient_a saxon_a king_n who_o be_v a_o race_n of_o just_a good_a and_o pious_a prince_n govern_v by_o such_o know_a law_n and_o with_o such_o moderation_n and_o be_v so_o belove_v of_o their_o people_n as_o make_v it_o observe_v by_o writer_n that_o no_o popular_a insurrection_n ever_o happen_v in_o any_o of_o the_o saxon_a reign_n last_o england_n by_o the_o conquest_n lose_v in_o a_o great_a measure_n the_o old_a plainness_n and_o simplicity_n of_o the_o saxon_a time_n and_o custom_n of_o life_n who_o be_v general_o a_o people_n of_o good_a mean_v plain_o deal_v contend_v with_o their_o own_o little_o covet_v or_o imitate_v their_o neighbour_n and_o live_v frugal_o upon_o the_o product_n of_o their_o own_o fruitful_a soil_n for_o the_o profusion_n of_o meat_n at_o our_o english_a table_n come_v in_o with_o the_o dane_n and_o the_o luxury_n of_o they_o be_v introduce_v first_o by_o the_o norman_n and_o after_o increase_v by_o the_o more_o frequent_a use_n of_o wine_n upon_o the_o accession_n of_o guienne_n to_o this_o crown_n what_o we_o preserve_v be_v remarkable_a in_o three_o particular_n not_o usual_a upon_o great_a conquest_n for_o first_o we_o preserve_v our_o name_n which_o be_v lose_v by_o the_o saxon_a invasion_n but_o that_o of_o england_n then_o succeed_v the_o other_o of_o britain_n have_v ever_o since_o continue_v next_o we_o preserve_v our_o language_n or_o the_o old_a english_a tongue_n which_o have_v make_v the_o body_n and_o substance_n of_o what_o still_o remain_v though_o much_o enlarge_v and_o polish_a since_o those_o time_n by_o the_o transplant_n many_o word_n out_o of_o foreign_a language_n especial_o latin_n and_o french_a in_o the_o last_o place_n we_o preserve_v our_o form_n of_o government_n our_o law_n and_o institution_n which_o have_v be_v so_o much_o celebrate_v by_o ancient_a writer_n and_o have_v be_v so_o obstinate_o defend_v by_o our_o ancestor_n and_o be_v by_o chancellor_n fortescue_n who_o write_v in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o six_o aver_v to_o have_v be_v preserve_v through_o the_o five_o several_a government_n in_o this_o island_n of_o norman_n dane_n saxon_n roman_n and_o britain_n and_o so_o to_o have_v continue_v for_o a_o long_a course_n of_o time_n than_o those_o of_o rome_n or_o venice_n or_o any_o other_o nation_n know_v in_o story_n but_o this_o i_o doubt_n be_v not_o so_o easy_o prove_v as_o affirm_v though_o it_o may_v be_v with_o more_o certainty_n of_o the_o three_o first_o which_o be_v sufficient_a to_o illustrate_v the_o antiquity_n of_o our_o constitution_n without_o recourse_n to_o strain_a or_o uncertain_a allegation_n for_o what_o we_o gain_v by_o our_o loss_n in_o this_o conquest_n though_o it_o seem_v a_o contradiction_n yet_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v in_o many_o more_o particular_n than_o the_o other_o two_o first_o england_n grow_v much_o great_a both_o in_o dominion_n and_o power_n abroad_o and_o also_o in_o dignity_n and_o state_n at_o home_n by_o the_o accession_n of_o so_o much_o territory_n upon_o the_o continent_n for_o though_o the_o norman_n by_o the_o conquest_n gain_v much_o of_o the_o english_a land_n and_o riches_n yet_o england_n gain_v normandy_n which_o by_o it_o become_v a_o province_n to_o this_o crown_n next_o it_o gain_v great_a strength_n by_o the_o great_a number_n of_o norman_n and_o french_a that_o come_v over_o with_o the_o conqueror_n and_o after_o his_o establishment_n here_o and_o incorporate_v with_o the_o english_a nation_n join_v with_o they_o in_o the_o same_o language_n law_n and_o interest_n then_o we_o gain_v much_o by_o the_o great_a increase_n of_o our_o naval_a power_n and_o multitude_n of_o ship_n wherein_o normandy_n then_o abound_v by_o the_o advantage_n of_o more_o and_o better_a havens_n than_o in_o late_a age_n this_o with_o the_o perpetual_a intercourse_n between_o england_n and_o normandy_n and_o other_o part_n of_o the_o continent_n give_v we_o a_o mighty_a increase_n of_o trade_n and_o commerce_n and_o thereby_o of_o treasure_n to_o the_o crown_n and_o kingdom_n which_o appear_v first_o in_o so_o great_a a_o mass_n as_o be_v leave_v by_o the_o conqueror_n to_o prince_n henry_n his_o young_a son_n england_n by_o the_o conquest_n gain_v likewise_o a_o natural_a right_n to_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o narrow_a sea_n which_o have_v be_v before_o acquire_v only_o by_o the_o great_a naval_a power_n of_o edgar_n and_o other_o saxon_a king_n but_o the_o dominion_n of_o narrow_a sea_n seem_v natural_o to_o belong_v like_o that_o of_o