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he_o find_v among_o the_o roll_n in_o the_o white-town_n which_o record_n contain_v the_o head_n of_o a_o defence_n compile_v by_o the_o king_n council_n in_o order_n to_o a_o strong_a defence_n against_o the_o pope_n take_v cognizance_n in_o the_o court_n of_o rome_n concern_v the_o king_n of_o england_n superiority_n over_o scotland_n in_o the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o 2d_o of_o which_o record_n 895._o there_o be_v a_o remarkable_a article_n relate_v to_o this_o very_a letter_n now_o before_o we_o in_o these_o word_n item_n ad_fw-la finem_fw-la quod_fw-la nobiles_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la &_o procuratores_fw-la crâmunitatis_fw-la subditorum_fw-la regni_fw-la praedicti_fw-la admittantur_fw-la per_fw-la ipsum_fw-la domiâââ_n regem_fw-la ad_fw-la hujusmodi_fw-la defensiones_fw-la propenend_n prout_fw-la corum_fw-la antecessores_fw-la ab_fw-la avo_fw-la dicti_fw-la domâââ_n regis_fw-la nostri_fw-la ârant_fw-la admissi_fw-la now_o to_o what_o transaction_n of_o this_o kind_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o edw._n i._n this_o king_n grandfather_n can_v this_o passage_n
have_v already_o prove_v that_o the_o whole_a parliament_n as_o well_o the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a as_o commons_o be_v both_o before_o and_o after_o this_o time_n comprehend_v under_o these_o word_n nobilitas_fw-la angliae_fw-la and_o if_o you_o yet_o doubt_v of_o it_o i_o can_v give_v you_o a_o plain_a authority_n out_o of_o walsingham_n for_o it_o be_v in_o his_o life_n of_o edw._n ii_o anno_fw-la 1327._o where_o relate_v the_o manner_n of_o that_o king_n deposition_n he_o tell_v we_o that_o when_o the_o queen_n and_o prince_n come_v to_o london_n there_o then_o meet_v tota_n regni_fw-la nobilitas_fw-la to_o depose_v the_o king_n and_o choose_v his_o son_n in_o his_o stead_n and_o then_o there_o be_v send_v to_o the_o king_n be_v prisoner_n in_o kenelworth_n castle_n on_o behalf_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n two_o bishop_n two_o earl_n two_o abbot_n and_o of_o every_o county_n three_o knight_n and_o also_o from_o london_n and_o other_o city_n and_o great_a town_n especial_o the_o cinque_fw-fr port_n a_o certain_a number_n of_o person_n who_o inform_v he_o of_o the_o election_n of_o his_o son_n and_o that_o he_o shall_v renounce_v the_o crown_n and_o royal_a dignity_n etc._n etc._n this_o proof_n be_v so_o plain_a it_o need_v no_o comment_n as_o for_o the_o rest_n of_o your_o argument_n the_o strength_n of_o it_o chief_o consist_v in_o this_o that_o the_o tax_n there_o mention_v be_v say_v to_o be_v grant_v à _fw-la militibus_fw-la or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o you_o will_v have_v it_o of_o three_o mark_n upon_o every_o knight_n fee_n but_o in_o the_o first_o place_n i_o desire_v you_o to_o take_v notice_n that_o this_o scutage_n be_v not_o scutage_n service_n but_o a_o general_a land_n tax_n or_o manner_n of_o tax_v according_a to_o knight_n fee_n and_o which_o be_v continue_v long_o after_o hen._n iii_o reign_n as_o it_o appear_v by_o this_o passage_n in_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n glossary_a tit._n scutagium_fw-la edwardus_fw-la primus_fw-la habuit_fw-la 40_o soli_fw-la de_fw-la quolibet_fw-la ãâã_d anno_fw-la regni_fw-la 13_o dom._n 1285._o pro_fw-la expeditione_n contra_fw-la wallos_n and_o it_o be_v also_o grant_v by_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o after_o the_o 18_o of_o edw._n i._n when_o you_o and_o the_o dr._n suppose_v the_o commons_o to_o have_v then_o come_v to_o parliament_n and_o if_o so_o i_o desire_v to_o know_v why_o a_o militibus_fw-la here_o mention_v by_o this_o author_n must_v only_o signify_v tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la by_o knight_n service_n and_o not_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n since_o it_o be_v not_o here_o say_v a_o militibus_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la rege_fw-la tenuerunt_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la and_o therefore_o it_o be_v a_o force_a interpretation_n of_o the_o dr.'s_n and_o without_o any_o authority_n to_o limit_v these_o word_n militibus_fw-la &_o libere_fw-la tenentibus_fw-la &_o omnibus_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la which_o you_o omit_v with_o a_o etc._n etc._n as_o also_o the_o omnibus_fw-la hominibus_fw-la liberis_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la only_o to_o the_o arch-bishop_n bishop_n and_o other_o prelate_n of_o england_n and_o to_o the_o earl_n baron_n knight_n and_o free_a tenant_n or_o tenant_n in_o military_a or_o knight_n service_n because_o they_o be_v only_o such_o as_o pay_v scutage_n whereas_o you_o have_v already_o acknowledge_v that_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la be_v grant_v to_o all_o the_o people_n of_o england_n who_o have_v all_o a_o benefit_n by_o it_o and_o who_o pay_v towards_o the_o aid_n there_o grant_v as_o well_o as_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la but_o if_o knight_n fee_n alone_o be_v tax_v and_o that_o by_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o i_o desire_v to_o know_v by_o what_o right_a all_o tenant_n in_o petit_n serjeanty_n and_o by_o burgoge_n oâ_n sâoccage_n tenure_n who_o make_v a_o great_a body_n of_o man_n in_o this_o kingdom_n in_o those_o time_n can_v pay_v this_o scutage_n since_o they_o hold_v not_o by_o knight_n service_n but_o by_o certain_a rent_n or_o other_o service_n and_o so_o not_o appear_v in_o person_n can_v have_v no_o representative_n in_o this_o or_o any_o other_o parliament_n of_o those_o time_n but_o if_o you_o will_v tell_v i_o they_o may_v pay_v according_a to_o the_o value_n that_o knight_n fee_n be_v then_o reckon_v at_o viz._n for_o every_o 20_o l._n a_o year_n estate_n i_o desire_v to_o know_v how_o this_o can_v be_v call_v scutage_n or_o how_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o other_o lord_n from_o who_o they_o hold_v those_o land_n can_v give_v away_o their_o money_n for_o they_o and_o in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o desire_v also_o to_o know_v how_o all_o the_o city_n and_o burrough_n in_o england_n can_v be_v charge_v with_o this_o tax_n a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o be_v you_o yourself_o grant_v hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o else_o of_o bishop_n abbot_n or_o other_o mesâe_a lord_n by_o soccage_n or_o bargage_v tenure_n so_o that_o this_o tax_n if_o grant_v only_o by_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la by_o knight_n service_n can_v reach_v they_o and_o no_o other_o person_n but_o if_o by_o this_o word_n a_o militibus_fw-la may_v be_v understand_v knight_n of_o shire_n than_o the_o tax_n be_v general_a as_o well_o upon_o soccage_n tenant_n as_o those_o by_o knight_n service_n but_o for_o the_o other_o word_n you_o insist_v upon_o viz._n the_o liberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la which_o you_o translate_v tenant_n by_o military_a service_n if_o that_o have_v be_v the_o meaning_n of_o these_o word_n than_o they_o have_v be_v altogether_o in_o vain_a since_o you_o have_v already_o tell_v i_o that_o the_o ââlites_n be_v so_o call_v non_fw-la a_o militari_fw-la cingulo_fw-la sed_fw-la a_o feodo_fw-la and_o if_o it_o be_v no_o name_n of_o dignity_n then_o certain_o the_o word_n milites_fw-la will_v have_v serve_v to_o comprehend_v all_o your_o liberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la without_o any_o other_o addition_n but_o that_o these_o word_n laberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la do_v not_o here_o signify_v tenant_n by_o military_a service_n pray_v see_v sir_n henry_n spelman_n glossary_a tit._n libre_fw-la homo_fw-la &_o libre_fw-la tenens_fw-la where_o he_o there_o give_v we_o a_o more_o general_a signification_n of_o theseword_n thus_o ad_fw-la nobilesolim_n spectabant_fw-la isti_fw-la ãâã_d à _fw-la majoribus_fw-la ortos_fw-la omnino_fw-la liberis_fw-la and_o then_o end_v thus_o vide_fw-la ingenuus_n legalis_fw-la ãâã_d francus_n tenens_fw-la liberè_fw-la alius_fw-la libre_fw-la tenent_n quo_fw-la etiam_fw-la sensu_fw-la occurrit_fw-la interdum_fw-la homo_fw-la ãâã_d which_o upon_o every_o one_o of_o these_o title_n he_o make_v to_o signify_v all_o one_o use_v the_o same_o thing_n viz._n a_o ordinary_a freeholder_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v a_o very_a force_a interpretation_n of_o you_o to_o limit_v these_o word_n communitas_fw-la populi_n only_o to_o the_o community_n or_o body_n of_o the_o earl_n baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la though_o i_o confess_v you_o be_v very_o kind_a in_o one_o main_a point_n in_o únderstand_v the_o communitas_fw-la populi_n to_o mean_v the_o community_n of_o the_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la that_o be_v no_o baron_n and_o then_o do_v what_o you_o can_v these_o word_n must_v here_o signify_v mere_a commoner_n or_o commons_o unless_o you_o can_v show_v we_o a_o three_o sort_v of_o man_n who_o though_o neither_o lord_n nor_o commons_o yet_o have_v a_o place_n in_o parliament_n so_o that_o these_o gentleman_n notwithstanding_o their_o tenure_n be_v no_o more_o noble_a than_o their_o feudatory_a tenant_n or_o vavafor_n themselves_o my_o than_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n be_v at_o this_o day_n and_o then_o grant_v as_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o i_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o prove_v that_o the_o city_n and_o borough_n have_v then_o also_o their_o representative_n there_o i_o pray_v tell_v i_o whether_o or_o no_o there_o be_v not_o commons_o in_o parliament_n before_o 49_o hen._n iii_o or_o not_o which_o be_v contrary_a to_o your_o dr.'s_n assertion_n in_o divers_a place_n of_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n and_o that_o the_o word_n populus_fw-la must_v here_o signify_v the_o commons_o and_o not_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o laity_n appear_v plain_o by_o this_o place_n you_o have_v quote_v since_o it_o be_v restrain_v by_o yourself_o to_o mean_v not_o the_o whole_a community_n of_o the_o kingdom_n but_o only_o the_o community_n of_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o be_v not_o lord_n but_o that_o matt._n paris_n do_v also_o in_o another_o place_n take_v the_o word_n populus_fw-la for_o the_o commoner_n and_o not_o for_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o laity_n pray_v again_o remember_v what_o he_o say_v in_o anno_fw-la 1225._o where_o relate_v the_o manner_n how_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la come_v to_o be_v confirm_v in_o 9th_o hen._n iii_o he_o tell_v we_o rex_fw-la henricus_fw-la ad_fw-la natale_n tenuit_fw-la curiam_fw-la svam_fw-la apud_fw-la westm_n
voluntate_fw-la &_o precipto_n domini_fw-la regis_fw-la nec_fw-la non_fw-la âââdatorum_fw-la baâonium_fw-la ac_fw-la etiam_fw-la communitatis_fw-la tunc_fw-la ibidem_fw-la praesentium_fw-la m._n i_o think_v the_o dr._n have_v give_v we_o full_a satisfaction_n as_o to_o this_o record_n p._n in_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n the_o substance_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v here_o give_v you_o in_o short_a first_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o at_o the_o make_n of_o this_o force_a peace_n simon_n mountford_n and_o his_o faction_n then_o hold_v the_o king_n and_o prince_n as_o also_o richard_n earl_n of_o cornwall_n the_o king_n brother_n as_o good_a as_o prisoner_n and_o make_v they_o do_v what_o he_o please_v and_o he_o carry_v the_o king_n and_o prince_n along_o with_o he_o until_o he_o have_v take_v in_o all_o the_o strong_a place_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o when_o he_o have_v do_v than_o he_o call_v this_o parliament_n which_o can_v not_o be_v one_o in_o the_o sense_n it_o be_v now_o take_v since_o there_o be_v none_o there_o but_o the_o earl_n baron_n and_o head_n of_o the_o rebel_n which_o have_v the_o king_n and_o prince_n in_o their_o power_n and_o as_o you_o yourself_o set_v forth_o be_v the_o same_o person_n that_o seal_v it_o for_o themselves_o and_o the_o other_o baron_n and_o the_o whole_a community_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o england_n which_o community_n must_v be_v the_o community_n of_o the_o baron_n and_o great_a man_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la by_o military_a service_n and_o no_o other_o for_o how_o can_v the_o lord_n and_o baron_n sign_v any_o thing_n for_o the_o commons_o as_o at_o this_o day_n understand_v they_o do_v not_o then_o nor_o now_o do_v represent_v they_o 217._o but_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o another_o authority_n to_o make_v this_o clear_a of_o some_o year_n before_o relate_v in_o matt._n paris_n viz._n anno_fw-la dom._n 12ââ_n 42_o d_o hen._n iii_o where_o letter_n be_v say_v to_o be_v send_v a_o communitate_fw-la angliae_fw-la to_o the_o pope_n concern_v aymer_n de_fw-fr valence_n bishop_n elect_n of_o wachester_n the_o direction_n be_v thus_o sanctissimo_fw-la in_o christo_fw-la patri_fw-la etc._n etc._n communitas_fw-la comitum_fw-la procerum_fw-la magnatum_fw-la aliorumque_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la cum_fw-la subjectione_n debita_fw-la pedum_n osrâââ_n etc._n etc._n and_o to_o put_v the_o matter_n beyond_o all_o doubt_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o these_o letter_n be_v seal_v by_o six_o earl_n and_o five_o baron_n only_o vice_fw-la totius_fw-la communitatis_fw-la i_o need_v ãâã_d give_v you_o their_o name_n since_o you_o may_v find_v they_o in_o the_o author_n himself_o as_o also_o cite_v by_o the_o dr._n and_o as_o for_o h._n bigod_n the_o chief_a justice_n and_o the_o four_o person_n name_v after_o he_o they_o be_v prove_v by_o sir_n william_n dugdale_n in_o his_o baronage_n of_o england_n to_o have_v be_v the_o great_a baron_n in_o the_o kingdom_n now_o pray_v let_v i_o ask_v you_o this_o question_n do_v these_o eleven_o person_n all_o great_a earl_n and_o baron_n represent_v the_o whole_a commons_o or_o community_n of_o england_n as_o at_o this_o day_n understand_v or_o do_v they_o represent_v the_o community_n of_o the_o baron_n only_o together_o with_o the_o alios_fw-la the_o milites_fw-la which_o hold_v by_o military_a service_n of_o the_o great_a baron_n and_o the_o less_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la for_o the_o whole_a community_n here_o intend_v must_v be_v one_o of_o they_o take_v which_o you_o please_v you_o will_v lose_v the_o cause_n for_o certain_o these_o great_a ãâã_d and_o baron_n that_o seal_v this_o letter_n vice_fw-la totius_fw-la communitatis_fw-la be_v not_o choose_v nor_o send_v by_o the_o commons_o to_o this_o parliament_n or_o meeting_n nor_o be_v the_o commons_o represent_v as_o at_o this_o day_n by_o they_o as_o you_o yourself_o have_v already_o grant_v f._n i_o hope_v i_o shall_v not_o need_v to_o make_v any_o long_a reply_n to_o this_o answer_n of_o youââ_n or_o rather_o of_o your_o dr.'s_n since_o it_o be_v build_v upon_o the_o same_o false_a supposition_n with_o the_o other_o viz._n that_o the_o word_n cum_fw-la communitate_fw-la tot_fw-la â_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la must_v always_o mean_v only_o the_o community_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la which_o supposition_n if_o it_o be_v false_a in_o your_o former_a argument_n be_v also_o as_o false_a in_o this_o of_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o too_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v impertinent_a to_o repeat_v my_o answer_n to_o it_o but_o if_o this_o be_v no_o true_a parliament_n because_o simon_n mountford_n have_v then_o the_o king_n and_o prince_n in_o his_o power_n this_o will_v likewise_o serve_v to_o unparliament_n that_o of_o the_o 49_o the_o of_o this_o king_n from_o whence_o the_o gentleman_n of_o your_o opinion_n date_n the_o first_o come_v of_o the_o commons_o to_o parliament_n since_o the_o king_n and_o prince_n be_v as_o much_o in_o simon_n mountford_n power_n then_o as_o now_o and_o yet_o no_o man_n as_o i_o know_v of_o ever_o question_v the_o validity_n of_o it_o though_o i_o can_v also_o omit_v that_o you_o pass_v by_o in_o this_o letter_n the_o word_n magnatum_fw-la aliorumque_fw-la regni_fw-la under_o which_o word_n as_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v may_v very_o well_o be_v comprehend_v all_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n as_o well_o as_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n unless_o the_o word_n have_v run_v thus_o as_o they_o shall_v have_v do_v to_o have_v make_v out_o your_o assertion_n aliorumque_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la rege_fw-la tenent_n in_fw-la capite_fw-la but_o to_o come_v to_o the_o main_a point_n you_o insist_v upon_o which_o be_v how_o these_o great_a earlâ_n and_o baron_n can_v seal_v this_o form_n of_o the_o peace_n and_o these_o letter_n to_o the_o pope_n in_o the_o name_n of_o all_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n before_o i_o answer_v to_o that_o i_o pray_v give_v i_o leave_v to_o ask_v you_o one_o question_n you_o have_v 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baronibus_fw-la francigenis_n &_o anglis_fw-la or_o else_o omnibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la &_o fidelibus_fw-la suis_fw-la francis_n &_o anglis_fw-la salutem_fw-la the_o like_a charter_n also_o appear_v of_o henry_n j._n and_o the_o empress_n maud_n his_o daughter_n so_o that_o if_o francigena_n and_o francus_n signify_v a_o frenchman_n and_o anglus_fw-la and_o englishman_n and_o if_o fidelis_n do_v as_o your_o dr._n will_v have_v it_o signify_v a_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la than_o i_o think_v nothing_o be_v plain_a than_o that_o there_o be_v for_o great_a part_n of_o king_n william_n reign_n both_o earl_n baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la of_o english_a extraction_n but_o to_o come_v to_o particular_a person_n it_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o saxon_a or_o english_a name_n in_o doomsday_n book_n as_o also_o by_o several_a recital_n therein_o that_o there_o be_v divers_a english_a
be_v that_o of_o the_o free_a burrow_n or_o tything_n fribargus_fw-la wherein_o by_o the_o law_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o confessor_n the_o tythingman_n or_o head_n burrow_n be_v the_o judge_n who_o as_o that_o law_n tell_v we_o determine_v all_o suit_n and_o difference_n arise_v among_o neighbour_n of_o the_o same_o tything_n concern_v petty_a trespass_n on_o one_o another_o ground_n which_o if_o they_o can_v not_o be_v there_o determine_v may_v then_o be_v bring_v before_o the_o court_n baron_fw-fr which_o be_v incident_a to_o every_o manor_n and_o wherein_o the_o suitor_n and_o not_o the_o lord_n nor_o his_o steward_n be_v the_o judge_n 57_o and_o this_o as_o sir_n edward_n coke_n tell_v we_o be_v first_o institute_v for_o the_o ease_n of_o the_o tenant_n and_o for_o the_o end_n of_o debt_n and_o damage_n under_o potty_a shilling_n at_o home_n as_o it_o be_v at_o their_o own_o door_n and_o let_v i_o tell_v you_o by_o the_o way_n that_o sorty_fw-la shilling_n be_v theo_fw-la near_o 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freeman_n be_v dr._n b._n have_v sufficient_o teach_v we_o in_o his_o commenes_n upon_o the_o conqueror_n law_n as_o also_o in_o his_o glossary_n viz._n that_o they_o be_v tenant_n in_o military_a service_n who_o in_o those_o time_n be_v the_o only_a great_a freeman_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o quite_o different_a from_o our_o ordinary_a freeholders_n at_o this_o day_n these_o be_v the_o man_n the_o only_a legal_a man_n that_o name_v and_o choose_v jury_n and_o serve_v on_o jury_n themselves_o both_o in_o the_o county_n and_o hundred_o court_n and_o dispatch_v all_o country_n business_n under_o the_o great_a officer_n i_o do_v not_o deny_v but_o that_o there_o may_v be_v other_o lesser_a freeman_n in_o those_o time_n 30._o but_o what_o their_o quality_n be_v far_o than_o that_o their_o person_n and_o blood_n be_v free_a that_o be_v they_o be_v not_o nativi_fw-la or_o bondman_n it_o will_v give_v a_o know_a man_n trouble_v to_o discover_v it_o to_o we_o we_o find_v in_o every_o leaf_n 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tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n as_o also_o those_o aid_n they_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o king_n or_o any_o other_o lord_n they_o hold_v of_o towards_o make_v his_o elder_a son_n a_o knight_n and_o marry_v his_o elder_a daughter_n be_v in_o use_n in_o england_n before_o the_o conqueror_n come_v over_o but_o to_o observe_v your_o command_n i_o shall_v now_o proceed_v to_o show_v that_o by_o the_o conquest_n the_o english_a for_o a_o time_n lose_v all_o their_o ancient_a right_n and_o privilege_n till_o they_o again_o obtain_v they_o either_o by_o their_o mix_n with_o the_o norman_n so_o that_o all_o distinction_n between_o they_o and_o the_o english_a be_v take_v away_o or_o else_o they_o be_v restore_v by_o the_o charter_n of_o k._n henry_n the_o first_o k._n john_n and_o k._n henry_n the_o three_o i_o shall_v therefore_o divide_v the_o privilege_n of_o englishman_n into_o these_o three_o head_n first_o either_o such_o as_o concern_v their_o office_n or_o dignity_n or_o second_o such_o as_o concern_v their_o estate_n or_o last_o such_o as_o concern_v the_o trial_n for_o their_o life_n in_o every_o one_o of_o which_o if_o i_o can_v prove_v the_o english_a native_n as_o well_o of_o the_o clergy_n and_o nobility_n suffer_v confideracie_n lesses_z and_o abridgement_n of_o their_o ancient_a ãâ¦ã_z liberty_n which_o they_o former_o enjoy_v i_o think_v i_o shall_v sufficient_o prove_v the_o point_n in_o hand_n as_o to_o the_o first_o head_n ingâph_n telâs_v we_o that_o the_o english_a be_v so_o hate_v by_o the_o norman_n in_o his_o time_n oxon._n that_o how_o well_o soever_o they_o deserve_v they_o be_v drive_v from_o their_o dignity_n and_o stranger_n though_o much_o less_o fit_a of_o any_o nation_n under_o heaven_n be_v take_v in_o their_o place_n 93._o and_o malmesbury_n who_o live_v and_o write_v in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o first_o say_v that_o england_n be_v then_o become_v the_o habitation_n of_o foreigner_n and_o the_o rule_n and_o government_n of_o stranger_n and_o that_o there_o be_v at_o that_o day_n no_o englishman_n a_o earl_n bishop_n or_o abbot_n but_o that_o stranger_n devour_v the_o riches_n and_o gnaw_v the_o bowel_n of_o england_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o hope_n of_o end_v this_o misery_n so_o that_o it_o be_v plain_a they_o be_v now_o total_o deprive_v of_o all_o office_n and_o dignity_n in_o the_o common_a weal_n and_o consequent_o can_v have_v then_o no_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n the_o parliament_n of_o the_o nation_n both_o for_o the_o raise_n of_o tax_n and_o the_o make_n of_o law_n and_o though_o i_o grant_v mr._n petyt_n and_o yourself_o suppose_v you_o find_v a_o clause_n in_o the_o conqueror_n magna_fw-la charta_fw-la 36._o whereby_o you_o will_v prove_v that_o all_o the_o freeman_n of_o this_o kingdom_n shall_v hold_v their_o land_n and_o possession_n well_o and_o in_o peace_n free_a from_o all_o unjust_a exaction_n and_o taillage_n so_o as_o nothing_o be_v exact_v or_o take_v unless_o their_o free-service_n which_o of_o right_n they_o ought_v and_o be_v bind_v to_o perform_v to_o we_o and_o as_o it_o be_v appoint_v to_o they_o and_o give_v and_o grant_v to_o they_o by_o we_o as_o a_o perpetual_a right_n of_o inheritance_n by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n this_o common_a council_n will_v not_o help_v you_o for_o without_o doubt_n here_o be_v no_o englishman_n in_o it_o for_o certain_o they_o will_v not_o grant_v away_o their_o own_o land_n to_o stranger_n these_o be_v the_o saxon_a land_n which_o william_n have_v give_v in_o fee_n to_o his_o soldier_n to_o hold_v they_o under_o such_o service_n as_o he_o have_v appoint_v they_o and_o that_o by_o right_a of_o succession_n or_o inheritance_n we_o will_v now_o come_v to_o the_o second_o point_n viz._n the_o privilege_n the_o englishman_n lose_v as_o to_o their_o estate_n for_o whereas_o before_o the_o conquest_n you_o affirm_v the_o k._n can_v nor_o make_v law_n nor_o raise_v tax_n without_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n it_o be_v certain_a k._n william_n and_o his_o immediate_a successor_n do_v by_o their_o sole_a authority_n exercise_v both_o these_o prerogative_n as_o for_o his_o legislative_a power_n it_o appear_v from_o the_o word_n of_o his_o coronation_n oath_n as_o you_o yourself_o have_v repeat_v it_o out_o of_o florence_n of_o worcester_n and_o roger_n hoveden_n the_o conclusion_n of_o which_o oath_n be_v se_fw-la velle_fw-la reââam_fw-la legem_fw-la statuere_fw-la &_o tenere_fw-la rapinas_fw-la injustaque_fw-la judicia_fw-la penitus_fw-la interdicire_fw-la now_o the_o legislative_a power_n be_v then_o lodge_v in_o he_o why_o else_o do_v he_o swear_v to_o appoint_v right_a law_n for_o if_o the_o constitution_n have_v be_v settle_v as_o it_o be_v at_o present_a the_o parliament_n can_v have_v hinder_v he_o from_o make_v any_o other_o and_o that_o he_o can_v do_v so_o appear_v by_o that_o yoke_n of_o servitude_n 7._o which_o matthew_n paris_n as_o well_o as_o other_o author_n tell_v we_o k._n william_n by_o his_o own_o authority_n impose_v upon_o the_o bishopric_n and_o abbey_n in_o england_n which_o hold_v barony_n which_o they_o have_v hitherto_o enjoy_v free_a from_o all_o secular_a servitude_n he_o now_o say_v he_o put_v under_o military_a service_n sess_v all_o those_o bishopric_n and_o abbey_n according_a to_o his_o pleasure_n how_o many_o knight_n or_o soldier_n each_o of_o they_o shall_v find_v to_o the_o king_n and_o his_o successor_n and_o put_v the_o roll_n of_o this_o ecclesiastical_a service_n in_o his_o treasury_n he_o cause_v to_o fly_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n many_o ecclesiastic_n who_o oppose_v this_o wicked_a constitution_n now_o if_o he_o can_v do_v this_o upon_o so_o powerful_a a_o body_n as_o the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n be_v at_o this_o time_n he_o may_v certain_o as_o well_o raise_v what_o tax_n he_o please_v upon_o all_o the_o people_n of_o england_n and_o therefore_o henry_n of_o huntingdon_n tell_v we_o that_o k._n william_n upon_o his_o return_n out_o of_o normandy_n into_o england_n anglis_fw-la importabile_fw-la tributum_fw-la imposuit_fw-la lib._n 3._o p._n 278._o and_o that_o his_o son_n william_n rufus_n impose_v what_o tax_n he_o will_v upon_o the_o people_n without_o consent_n of_o the_o parliament_n appear_v by_o that_o passage_n of_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n which_o he_o relate_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o k._n as_o also_o in_o his_o three_o book_n de_fw-fr gestis_fw-la pontificâm_fw-la concern_v ranulâ_n who_o from_o a_o very_a mean_a clerk_n he_o make_v bishop_n of_o duâham_n and_o lord_n treasurer_n the_o rest_n i_o will_v give_v you_o in_o latin_a isle_n siquando_fw-la edictum_fw-la regium_fw-la processisset_fw-la ut_fw-la nominatum_fw-la tributum_fw-la anglia_fw-it penderet_fw-la duplum_fw-la adjiciâbat_fw-la subinde_fw-la idente_fw-la rege_fw-la ac_fw-la dicente_fw-la solum_fw-la esse_fw-la hominem_fw-la qui_fw-la sciret_fw-la sic_fw-la agitare_fw-la ingenium_fw-la nec_fw-la aliorum_fw-la curares_fw-la odium_fw-la dummodo_fw-la complaceret_fw-la dominum_fw-la so_o that_o you_o may_v here_o see_v that_o the_o king_n edict_n or_o proclamation_n do_v not_o only_o impose_v the_o tax_n at_o his_o pleasure_n but_o his_o treasurer_n can_v double_v it_o when_o he_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o it_o without_o consent_n of_o the_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n as_o we_o now_o call_v it_o and_o this_o prerogative_n be_v exercise_v by_o divers_a of_o his_o successor_n till_o the_o statute_n de_fw-fr tallagiâ_n non_fw-la concedendo_fw-la be_v make_v but_o to_o come_v to_o the_o last_o head_n concern_v the_o alteration_n of_o trial_n for_o man_n life_n and_o estate_n by_o the_o conqueror_n from_o what_o they_o be_v before_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o whereas_o before_o the_o conquest_n there_o be_v no_o other_o trial_n for_o man_n life_n but_o by_o juries_n or_o else_o by_o fire_n or_o water_n ordeal_o which_o be_v bring_v in_o by_o the_o dane_n the_o conqueror_n though_o he_o do_v not_o take_v way_n these_o yet_o also_o add_v the_o law_n then_o in_o use_n in_o normandy_n of_o try_v not_o only_o criminal_a but_o civil_a cause_n by_o duel_n or_o combat_n all_o the_o difference_n be_v that_o in_o criminal_a case_n where_o there_o be_v no_o other_o proof_n the_o accuser_n and_o accuse_v fight_v with_o their_o sword_n and_o the_o party_n vanquish_v be_v to_o lose_v his_o eye_n and_o stone_n but_o in_o civil_a cause_n they_o only_o fight_v with_o basâoons_n head_v with_o horn_n and_o buckler_n and_o he_o or_o his_o champion_n who_o be_v overcome_v lose_v the_o land_n that_o be_v contend_v for_o from_o whence_o you_o may_v take_v notice_n also_o of_o a_o great_a alteration_n in_o the_o law_n not_o only_o concern_v trial_n but_o capital_a punishment_n so_o that_o whereas_o before_o the_o conquest_n all_o crime_n even_o man_n slaughter_n itself_o be_v either_o âineable_a according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o person_n and_o the_o rate_n set_v upon_o
carry_v on_o with_o great_a vigour_n and_o though_o i_o grant_v that_o after_o divers_a change_n of_o fortune_n the_o empress_n be_v at_o last_o force_v to_o quit_v the_o kingdom_n yet_o her_o son_n duke_n henry_n do_v not_o fail_v to_o continue_v his_o claim_n to_o the_o crown_n in_o right_a of_o his_o mother_n and_o come_v over_o into_o england_n renew_v the_o war_n against_o king_n stephen_n which_o be_v at_o last_o compose_v by_o a_o agreement_n between_o they_o which_o as_o matthew_n paris_z and_o mat._n westminster_n relate_v it_o 246._o be_v thus_o that_o king_n stephen_n acknowledge_v in_o a_o assembly_n of_o bishop_n and_o other_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o duke_n henry_n have_v a_o hereditary_a right_n to_o the_o crown_n and_o the_o duke_n thereupon_o as_o kind_o grant_v that_o king_n stephen_n shall_v peaceable_o possess_v it_o during_o his_o life_n so_o that_o it_o be_v certain_a till_o this_o agreement_n even_o by_o his_o own_o acknowledgement_n he_o have_v no_o right_a to_o it_o and_o though_o i_o grant_v that_o the_o empress_n maud_n for_o some_o reason_n we_o be_v not_o able_a to_o give_v a_o true_a account_n of_o never_o take_v upon_o she_o the_o title_n of_o queen_n yet_o it_o be_v very_o certain_a that_o she_o act_v as_o such_o during_o all_o the_o time_n she_o be_v in_o england_n receive_v homage_n and_o fealty_n from_o those_o lord_n and_o other_o who_o come_v over_o to_o her_o side_n and_o also_o grant_v charter_n and_o confer_v honour_n by_o the_o title_n of_o anglorum_fw-la domina_fw-la which_o show_v she_o look_v upon_o herself_o to_o be_v the_o supreme_a governess_n of_o the_o kingdom_n though_o not_o under_o the_o title_n of_o queen_n so_o that_o i_o think_v you_o can_v find_v nothing_o in_o this_o transaction_n that_o can_v support_v your_o notion_n of_o vacancy_n f._n pray_v give_v i_o leave_v to_o answer_v what_o you_o have_v now_o say_v before_o you_o proceed_v far_o first_o i_o can_v excuse_v neither_o king_n stephen_n for_o take_v the_o crown_n nor_o the_o bishop_n and_o great_a man_n that_o set_v it_o on_o his_o head_n from_o perjury_n and_o injustice_n since_o the_o empress_n maud_n have_v be_v before_o in_o a_o common-council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n declare_v the_o lawful_a successor_n and_o that_o fealty_n have_v be_v swear_v to_o she_o as_o such_o all_o that_o i_o insist_v upon_o in_o this_o affair_n be_v this_o that_o quod_fw-la furi_fw-la non_fw-la debât_fw-la factum_fw-la valet_fw-la and_o though_o this_o ought_v not_o to_o have_v be_v do_v yet_o when_o once_o do_v do_v stand_v good_a and_o therefore_o if_o whilst_o the_o throne_n be_v vacant_a king_n stephen_n by_o the_o election_n and_o consent_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o great_a man_n of_o england_n be_v place_v therein_o he_o be_v there_o look_v upon_o as_o true_a and_o legal_a king_n as_o long_o as_o he_o live_v and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o empress_n never_o take_v upon_o she_o the_o title_n of_o queen_n of_o england_n no_o not_o when_o she_o have_v take_v king_n stephen_n prisoner_n and_o one_o will_v have_v think_v may_v have_v just_o do_v it_o as_o a_o conqueress_n but_o yet_o she_o forbear_v it_o because_o that_o title_n be_v not_o then_o to_o be_v take_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n which_o i_o can_v find_v she_o ever_o hold_v her_o party_n be_v not_o great_a enough_o to_o make_v one_o and_o though_o i_o can_v deny_v but_o that_o she_o may_v in_o some_o particular_n exercise_v some_o prerogative_n of_o royal_a power_n yet_o this_o be_v only_o upon_o a_o pretence_n of_o her_o be_v elect_v and_o style_v by_o this_o title_n of_o lady_n of_o the_o english_a in_o a_o synod_n of_o the_o clergy_n at_o winchester_n by_o the_o procurement_n of_o henry_n the_o then_o bishop_n of_o that_o see_v and_o the_o pope_n legate_n who_o be_v now_o turn_v against_o his_o brother_n king_n stephen_n for_o she_o be_v never_o general_o receive_v nor_o own_a as_o queen_n nor_o do_v she_o ever_o exercise_v those_o great_a prerogative_n of_o sovereign_a power_n viz._n call_v of_o great_a council_n make_v of_o law_n raise_v of_o tax_n or_o coin_v mony_n but_o whereas_o you_o represent_v king_n stephen_n to_o have_v be_v elect_v but_o by_o a_o very_a small_a party_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o nobleman_n of_o england_n yet_o it_o be_v very_o much_o to_o be_v doubt_v whether_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n who_o dedicate_v his_o history_n to_o robert_n earl_n of_o gloucester_n king_n stephen_n great_a enemy_n be_v no_o friend_n to_o his_o title_n be_v to_o be_v altogether_o credit_v in_o this_o matter_n for_o henry_n of_o huntingdon_n who_o live_v not_o long_o after_o tell_v we_o express_o 386._o that_o omnes_fw-la qui_fw-la sacramentum_fw-la juraverant_fw-la tam_fw-la praesules_fw-la quam_fw-la consules_a &_o principes_fw-la assensum_fw-la stephano_n praebutrunt_fw-la &_o hominium_fw-la fecerunt_fw-la and_o it_o be_v also_o as_o certain_a that_o the_o earl_n of_o gloucester_n and_o chester_n the_o two_o great_a man_n of_o england_n do_v then_o likewise_o swear_v allegiance_n to_o he_o and_o own_o his_o title_n though_o they_o afterward_o revolt_v from_o he_o again_o yet_o can_v they_o do_v nothing_o considerable_a against_o he_o till_o his_o own_o brother_n the_o bishop_n of_o winchester_n revolt_v also_o from_o he_o upon_o pretence_n that_o the_o king_n have_v violate_v the_o right_n of_o the_o church_n and_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o after_o the_o empress_n departure_n out_o of_o england_n duke_z henry_n her_o son_n come_v over_o and_o prosecute_v the_o war_n against_o king_n stephen_n yet_o can_v it_o not_o be_v in_o his_o own_o but_o his_o mother_n right_o who_o be_v then_o alive_a nor_o can_v the_o agreement_n you_o mention_v be_v make_v between_o the_o king_n and_o the_o duke_n as_o have_v then_o a_o right_a to_o the_o crown_n in_o his_o own_o person_n since_o we_o read_v of_o no_o concession_n the_o empress_n his_o mother_n have_v make_v to_o he_o of_o it_o and_o therefore_o whatever_o title_n henry_n can_v claim_v thereunto_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o king_n stephen_n it_o be_v whole_o due_a to_o this_o king_n adopt_v he_o for_o his_o son_n 282._o and_o declare_v he_o his_o successor_n upon_o condition_n that_o he_o himself_o shall_v enjoy_v the_o crown_n during_o his_o life_n which_o agreement_n be_v solemn_o confirm_v and_o ratify_v and_o that_o by_o oath_n in_o a_o full_a assembly_n of_o all_o the_o bishop_n lord_n and_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o ordericus_n vitalis_n in_o his_o annal_n p._n 989._o be_v very_o express_v in_o the_o manner_n of_o this_o great_a transaction_n in_o these_o word_n sic_fw-la tamen_fw-la in_o praesentiarum_fw-la ipse_fw-la rex_fw-la &_o caeteri_fw-la potentes_fw-la sacramento_n âirmarent_fw-la quod_fw-la dux_n post_fw-la mortem_fw-la regis_fw-la si_fw-la tempore_fw-la eum_fw-la superviveret_fw-la pacifice_fw-la &_o araque_a contâadâctione_n regnum_fw-la haberet_fw-la therefore_o as_o long_o as_o the_o empress_n maud_n live_v who_o die_v after_o her_o son_n king_n henry_n come_v to_o the_o crown_n '_o âis_n plain_a he_o can_v have_v no_o hereditary_a right_o to_o it_o notwithstanding_o what_o matthew_n paris_n and_o matthew_n westminster_z who_o live_v long_o after_o these_o transaction_n have_v say_v to_o the_o contrary_a and_o therein_o be_v to_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o author_n that_o speak_v their_o own_o sense_n rather_o than_o that_o of_o the_o writer_n of_o those_o time_n m._n i_o confess_v what_o you_o have_v urge_v in_o this_o matter_n concern_v duke_n henry_n be_v admit_v as_o heir_n of_o the_o kingdom_n during_o the_o life_n of_o his_o mother_n the_o empress_n maud_n seem_v to_o the_o purpose_n and_o there_o can_v be_v nothing_o say_v against_o it_o but_o that_o this_o be_v do_v by_o the_o concession_n of_o the_o empress_n herself_o who_o surrender_v all_o her_o pretension_n to_o her_o son_n though_o we_o have_v no_o particular_a account_n of_o it_o or_o else_o which_o be_v more_o likely_a in_o my_o opinion_n that_o the_o government_n of_o woman_n be_v then_o unknown_a in_o england_n and_o normandy_n and_o consequent_o odious_a to_o the_o english_a and_o norman_a nobility_n and_o for_o which_o reason_n chief_o they_o have_v before_o set_v this_o empress_n aside_o they_o think_v they_o do_v in_o effect_n perform_v their_o oath_n to_o she_o when_o they_o acknowledge_v her_o title_n in_o her_o son_n duke_n henry_n who_o be_v say_v by_o the_o historian_n of_o those_o time_n to_o have_v succeed_v stephen_n jure_fw-la haereditario_fw-la which_o can_v not_o at_o all_o agree_v with_o your_o notion_n of_o his_o receive_v his_o title_n from_o the_o consent_n or_o election_n of_o the_o great_a council_n but_o i_o shall_v pass_v over_o this_o and_o come_v to_o your_o next_o instance_n of_o the_o vacancy_n of_o the_o throne_n which_o you_o pretend_v
to_o have_v be_v upon_o the_o death_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o ii_o now_o your_o only_a argument_n to_o prove_v this_o be_v that_o king_n richard_n though_o his_o elder_a son_n alive_a be_v only_o call_v duke_n of_o normandy_n and_o never_o king_n of_o england_n till_o after_o his_o coronation_n but_o whoever_o will_v but_o consider_v the_o circumstance_n of_o this_o matter_n will_v find_v that_o he_o be_v indeed_o own_a for_o king_n of_o england_n before_o his_o pretend_a election_n or_o coronation_n for_o before_o his_o come_n into_o england_n to_o be_v crown_v rocer_n hoveden_n tell_v we_o 373._o that_o every_o freeman_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n by_o the_o command_n of_o his_o mother_n queen_n elinor_n swear_v quod_fw-la fideni_fw-la portabit_fw-la regi_fw-la angliae_fw-la richardo_n regis_fw-la hen._n filio_fw-la which_o plain_o show_v that_o he_o be_v then_o by_o common_a intendment_n look_v upon_o as_o king_n before_o his_o coronation_n and_o though_o i_o confess_v that_o this_o very_a author_n also_o relate_v that_o all_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v assemble_v at_o london_n by_o who_o council_n and_o assent_v the_o say_a duke_n be_v consecrate_a and_o crown_v king_n of_o england_n and_o though_o ralph_n de_fw-fr diceto_n then_o dean_n of_o st._n pawles_n who_o in_o the_o vacancy_n of_o that_o church_n then_o supply_v the_o office_n of_o the_o bishop_n at_o king_n richard_n coronation_n have_v this_o passage_n 647._o comes_fw-la itaque_fw-la pictavorum_n richardus_fw-la hereditario_fw-la jure_fw-la praemovendus_fw-la in_o regem_fw-la post_fw-la tam_fw-la cleri_fw-la quam_fw-la populi_fw-la solemnem_fw-la &_o debitam_fw-la electionem_fw-la involutas_fw-la est_fw-la triplici_fw-la sacramento_n etc._n etc._n now_o what_o can_v this_o solemn_a and_o due_a election_n here_o signify_v or_o what_o can_v it_o mean_v far_o than_o that_o richard_n be_v king_n by_o hereditary_a right_n be_v so_o own_v and_o recognize_v by_o the_o clergy_n and_o 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that_o consilium_fw-la and_o assensus_fw-la which_o be_v the_o word_n of_o hoveden_n and_o the_o word_n solemnis_fw-la &_o debita_fw-la electio_fw-la ever_o signify_v a_o own_n or_o recognition_n of_o a_o hereditary_a right_n i_o confess_v the_o only_a colour_n you_o have_v for_o your_o interpretation_n of_o those_o word_n in_o hoveden_n which_o you_o have_v now_o cite_v of_o queen_n elianor_n make_v every_o freeman_n of_o the_o kingdom_n swear_v fealty_n to_o richard_n king_n of_o england_n as_o to_o their_o liege_n lord_n from_o whence_o you_o will_v infer_v that_o by_o common_a intendment_n of_o law_n he_o be_v look_v upon_o king_n of_o england_n before_o he_o be_v crown_v and_o consequent_o there_o can_v be_v no_o vacancy_n of_o the_o throne_n now_o admit_v that_o he_o be_v common_o call_v king_n before_o he_o be_v crown_v or_o that_o the_o queen_n his_o mother_n will_v make_v the_o people_n swear_v to_o he_o as_o such_o yet_o that_o can_v not_o make_v he_o so_o since_o the_o 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be_v a_o man_n and_o better_o acquaint_v with_o england_n and_o have_v the_o interest_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n and_o most_o of_o the_o great_a man_n be_v of_o his_o party_n and_o yet_o for_o all_o that_o hoveden_n who_o be_v alive_a at_o this_o time_n speak_v not_o a_o word_n of_o his_o be_v elect_v but_o only_o that_o upon_o his_o come_n into_o england_n he_o be_v receive_v by_o the_o nobility_n and_o crown_v by_o hubert_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n so_o that_o there_o be_v not_o one_o word_n there_o of_o any_o election_n by_o but_o only_o a_o submission_n from_o the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a to_o king_n john_n and_o a_o recognition_n that_o he_o be_v their_o king_n nor_o indeed_o can_v he_o need_v it_o if_o it_o be_v true_a what_o the_o same_o author_n tell_v we_o that_o when_o king_n richard_n despared_a of_o life_n 449._o he_o devise_v to_o john_n his_o brother_n the_o kingdom_n of_o england_n and_o all_o his_o other_o land_n and_o cause_v all_o 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wendover_n from_o who_o he_o take_v most_o of_o his_o history_n but_o that_o this_o doctrine_n of_o the_o archbishop_n concern_v the_o election_n of_o our_o king_n if_o mean_v according_a to_o the_o modern_a understanding_n of_o it_o be_v then_o new_a gervase_n a_o monk_n of_o canterbury_n in_o the_o year_n 1122._o who_o also_o speak_v of_o the_o coronation_n of_o henry_n the_o first_o say_z it_o be_v manifest_a and_o know_v almost_o to_o all_o man_n that_o the_o king_n be_v of_o england_n be_v only_o oblige_v and_o bind_v to_o god_n for_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o to_o the_o church_n of_o canterbury_n for_o their_o coronation_n 30._o manifestum_fw-la est_fw-la autem_fw-la &_o omnibus_fw-la fire_n notum_fw-la reges_fw-la angliae_fw-la soli_fw-la deo_fw-la obligari_fw-la &_o teneri_fw-la ex_fw-la ipsius_fw-la regni_fw-la adeptione_n &_o ecclesiae_fw-la cantuariensi_fw-la ex_fw-la coronatione_fw-la but_o that_o king_n john_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o usurper_n be_v very_o certain_a since_o beside_o some_o of_o the_o honest_a english_a nobility_n that_o take_v duke_n arthur_n part_n the_o king_n of_o france_n do_v also_o make_v war_n upon_o king_n john_n upon_o his_o nephew_n account_n because_o he_o look_v upon_o he_o as_o true_a heir_n to_o the_o crown_n and_o therefore_o when_o k._n john_n have_v private_o make_v away_o his_o say_a nephew_n in_o prison_n the_o k._n of_o france_n summon_v he_o as_o duke_n of_o normandy_n and_o peer_n of_o france_n to_o answer_v for_o the_o murder_n in_o a_o assembly_n of_o the_o peer_n of_o france_n at_o paris_n where_o for_o his_o refuse_v to_o appear_v he_o be_v condemn_v to_o death_n and_o his_o dukedom_n of_o normandy_n declare_v forfeit_v to_o the_o king_n of_o france_n f._n i_o confess_v you_o have_v say_v as_o much_o as_o can_v be_v to_o prove_v that_o king_n john_n have_v no_o hereditary_a right_n to_o the_o crown_n nor_o be_v so_o solemn_o elect_v to_o it_o as_o matthew_n paris_n relate_v but_o yet_o for_o all_o this_o i_o think_v i_o may_v very_o just_o oppose_v all_o that_o you_o have_v now_o say_v upon_o this_o head_n for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n it_o be_v then_o very_o much_o dispute_v as_o it_o have_v be_v also_o since_o that_o time_n if_o a_o elder_a brother_n die_v and_o leave_v a_o son_n a_o mânor_n whether_o his_o young_a brother_n or_o the_o son_n shall_v succeed_v for_o though_o the_o people_n of_o anjou_n and_o those_o of_o guienne_n own_a duke_n arthur_n for_o their_o prince_n yet_o the_o state_n of_o normandy_n be_v of_o another_o mind_n and_o as_o well_o by_o virtue_n of_o king_n richard_n testament_n he_o be_v immediate_o after_o his_o death_n invest_v with_o that_o dukedom_n nor_o be_v he_o then_o at_o all_o oppose_v in_o it_o by_o the_o king_n of_o france_n though_o supreme_a lord_n of_o the_o fee_n and_o as_o for_o england_n beside_o his_o brother_n testament_n whereby_o he_o leave_v he_o heir_n of_o all_o his_o territory_n it_o be_v also_o then_o general_o 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it_o shall_v be_v void_a at_o that_o time_n for_o every_o one_o who_o shall_v make_v a_o charter_n of_o pardon_n aught_o to_o be_v king_n in_o deed_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o make_v thereof_o m._n pray_v sir_n give_v i_o leave_v to_o reply_v to_o what_o you_o have_v now_o say_v against_o my_o first_o two_o argument_n before_o you_o go_v on_o to_o answer_v the_o rest_n for_o i_o confess_v the_o authority_n you_o bring_v seem_v so_o express_v against_o i_o that_o if_o i_o can_v take_v they_o off_o there_o will_v be_v no_o further_o need_v for_o your_o answer_v the_o rest_n i_o will_v not_o therefore_o deny_v but_o that_o all_o public_a act_n and_o proceed_n at_o law_n which_o be_v for_o the_o public_a good_a and_o safety_n of_o the_o
the_o sole_a will_n of_o the_o first_o prince_n in_o which_o the_o people_n have_v no_o hand_n for_o in_o the_o most_o ancient_a monarchy_n 71._o there_o be_v a_o time_n when_o the_o people_n of_o all_o country_n be_v govern_v by_o the_o sole_a will_n of_o their_o prince_n which_o by_o degree_n come_v to_o be_v so_o well_o know_v in_o several_a instance_n that_o inferior_a magistrate_n need_v not_o resort_v to_o they_o in_o those_o case_n and_o the_o people_n be_v for_o a_o considerable_a time_n accustom_v to_o such_o usage_n they_o grow_v easy_a and_o familiar_a to_o they_o and_o so_o be_v retain_v though_o the_o memory_n of_o those_o prince_n who_o first_o introduce_v they_o be_v lose_v and_o after_o king_n find_v it_o better_a to_o continue_v what_o be_v so_o receive_v than_o to_o run_v the_o hazard_n and_o trouble_v of_o change_v they_o be_v for_o their_o own_o ease_n and_o the_o good_a of_o their_o subject_n content_v they_o shall_v be_v still_o from_o age_n to_o age_n so_o continue_v which_o custom_n may_v hold_v as_o well_o in_o law_n about_o succession_n as_o other_o thing_n and_o therefore_o we_o find_v that_o even_o in_o those_o monarchy_n where_o the_o people_n have_v nothing_o to_o do_v in_o make_v law_n woman_n be_v exclude_v which_o can_v proceed_v at_o first_o from_o nothing_o else_o but_o the_o declare_a will_n or_o law_n of_o the_o first_o monarch_n so_o likewise_o the_o original_a of_o the_o salic_a law_n be_v whole_o ascribe_v to_o pharamont_n the_o first_o french_a king_n and_o mariana_n who_o you_o late_o cite_v tell_v we_o that_o alphonso_n king_n of_o arragon_n make_v a_o law_n that_o where_o heir_n male_a be_v want_v the_o son_n of_o a_o daughter_n shall_v be_v prefer_v before_o the_o aunt_n which_o law_n be_v whole_o attribute_v to_o the_o king_n for_o he_o add_v present_o after_o sic_fw-la saepe_fw-la ad_fw-la regum_fw-la arbitrium_fw-la jura_fw-la regnandi_fw-la commutantur_fw-la f._n grant_v all_o this_o true_a that_o you_o have_v say_v you_o can_v but_o confess_v that_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o nature_n have_v establish_v nothing_o in_o this_o matter_n or_o else_o it_o can_v not_o be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o king_n to_o make_v or_o alter_v law_n concern_v the_o succession_n as_o your_o last_o quotation_n intimate_v they_o may_v yet_o even_o in_o the_o most_o absolute_a monarchy_n the_o law_n about_o the_o succession_n of_o the_o crown_n must_v whole_o depend_v upon_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o people_n who_o be_v to_o see_v they_o observe_v or_o else_o every_o monarch_n may_v alter_v these_o law_n of_o succession_n at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o the_o great_a turk_n or_o king_n of_o france_n now_o the_o assembly_n of_o estate_n be_v lose_v may_v leave_v the_o crown_n to_o a_o daughter_n if_o either_o of_o they_o please_v and_o disinherit_v the_o next_o heir_n male._n but_o as_o for_o the_o original_a of_o this_o âalique_fw-mi law_n in_o france_n you_o will_v find_v yourself_o much_o mistake_v if_o you_o suppose_v that_o that_o law_n be_v make_v by_o the_o sole_a authority_n of_o pharamont_n 1._o for_o the_o ancient_a french_a history_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o body_n of_o salic_a law_n which_o be_v now_o extant_a be_v make_v by_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o the_o whole_a nation_n of_o the_o franc_n who_o commit_v the_o draw_v of_o they_o up_o to_o three_o judge_n or_o commissioner_n and_o which_o law_n pharamont_n do_v only_o confirm_v and_o any_o one_o that_o will_v but_o consult_v those_o history_n may_v see_v that_o king_n be_v so_o far_o from_o have_v the_o sole_a legislative_a power_n in_o their_o own_o hand_n that_o they_o be_v frequent_o elect_v by_o the_o estate_n nor_o be_v it_o true_a that_o you_o suppose_v from_o mariana_n that_o the_o king_n of_o arragon_n have_v power_n alone_o to_o make_v law_n it_o appear_v quite_o contrary_a from_o the_o constitution_n of_o that_o kingdom_n where_o the_o king_n can_v do_v nothing_o of_o this_o kind_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o estate_n and_o be_v not_o admit_v to_o the_o crown_n without_o take_v a_o oath_n to_o the_o chief_a justice_n in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o people_n that_o he_o will_v observe_v the_o law_n and_o constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n otherwise_o that_o they_o will_v not_o be_v oblige_v to_o obey_v he_o but_o at_o once_o to_o let_v you_o see_v that_o about_o the_o succession_n of_o the_o son_n or_o descendant_n by_o daughter_n the_o case_n be_v much_o more_o nice_a and_o intricate_a and_o that_o when_o such_o case_n happen_v in_o limit_a monarchy_n where_o there_o be_v a_o assembly_n of_o estate_n 55._o they_o be_v the_o sole_a judge_n of_o such_o difference_n may_v appear_v by_o two_o famous_a example_n in_o modern_a history_n the_o first_o be_v in_o scotland_n about_o four_o hundred_o year_n ago_o l._n when_o after_o the_o death_n of_o king_n alexander_n iii_n who_o die_v without_o issue_n when_o two_o or_o three_o several_a competitor_n claim_v a_o right_n to_o the_o crown_n as_o descend_v from_o several_a daughter_n of_o david_n earl_n of_o huntingdon_n great_a uncle_n to_o the_o last_o king_n the_o chief_z of_o which_o be_v john_n bayliol_n and_o robert_n bâuââ_n the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n not_o be_v able_a to_o decide_v it_o they_o agree_v to_o refer_v it_o to_o edward_n i._o king_n of_o england_n who_o adjudge_v the_o crown_n to_o bayliol_n yet_o do_v not_o this_o put_v a_o end_n to_o this_o great_a controversy_n for_o not_o long_o after_o bayliol_n be_v depose_v bruce_n revive_v his_o title_n and_o the_o state_n of_o scotland_n declare_v he_o king_n who_o posterity_n enjoy_v it_o at_o this_o day_n a_o like_a case_n happen_v in_o the_o last_o age_n in_o portugal_n after_o the_o death_n of_o henry_n surname_v the_o cardinal_n without_o issue_n when_o no_o less_o than_o four_o eminent_a competitor_n put_v in_o their_o claim_n some_o claim_n from_o the_o daughter_n of_o don_n durate_n young_a brother_n to_o the_o last_o king_n henry_n but_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n and_o other_o prince_n as_o son_n to_o the_o sister_n of_o the_o say_a king_n henry_n die_v without_o issue_n hisp._n leave_v ten_o governor_n over_o the_o kingdom_n to_o decide_v together_o with_o the_o estate_n the_o difference_n about_o the_o succession_n who_o quarrel_v among_o themselves_o as_o also_o with_o the_o estate_n before_o it_o be_v decide_v philip_n the_o second_o king_n of_o spain_n raise_v a_o army_n and_o soon_o conquer_v portugal_n and_o yet_o we_o have_v see_v in_o his_o grand_a son_n time_n that_o the_o estate_n of_o portugal_n declare_v this_o title_n void_a and_o the_o crown_n be_v settle_v in_o the_o posterity_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o braganza_n who_o still_o enjoy_v it_o and_o how_o much_o even_a king_n themselves_o have_v attribute_v to_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o estate_n in_o this_o matter_n 59_o appear_v by_o the_o league_n make_v between_o philip_n the_o long_a king_n of_o france_n and_o david_n king_n of_o scot_n long._n wherein_o this_o condition_n be_v express_v that_o if_o there_o shall_v happen_v any_o difference_n about_o the_o succession_n in_o either_o of_o these_o realm_n he_o of_o the_o two_o king_n which_o remain_v alive_a shall_v not_o suffer_v any_o to_o place_n himself_o on_o the_o throne_n but_o he_o who_o shall_v have_v the_o judgement_n of_o the_o estate_n on_o his_o side_n and_o then_o he_o shall_v with_o all_o his_o power_n oppose_v he_o who_o will_v after_o this_o contest_v the_o crown_n to_o conclude_v i_o can_v see_v any_o mean_n how_o if_o such_o difference_n as_o these_o have_v arisen_a in_o the_o first_o generation_n after_o adam_n i_o say_v how_o they_o can_v ever_o have_v be_v decide_v without_o a_o civil_a war_n or_o else_o leave_v the_o judgement_n thereof_o to_o the_o head_n or_o father_n of_o family_n that_o be_v then_o in_o be_v which_o how_o much_o it_o will_v have_v differ_v from_o the_o judgement_n or_o declaration_n of_o the_o state_n of_o a_o kingdom_n at_o this_o day_n i_o leave_v it_o to_o yourself_o to_o judge_v m._n i_o shall_v not_o trouble_v myself_o to_o determine_v how_o far_o prince_n may_v tie_v up_o their_o own_o hand_n in_o this_o matter_n of_o the_o succession_n and_o leave_v it_o to_o the_o state_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o limit_v or_o determine_v of_o it_o but_o from_o the_o beginning_n it_o be_v not_o so_o and_o therefore_o give_v i_o leave_v to_o trace_v this_o paternal_a government_n a_o little_a far_o 7._o for_o though_o i_o grant_v that_o when_o jacob_n and_o his_o twelve_o son_n go_v into_o egypt_n together_o with_o their_o family_n they_o exercise_v a_o supreme_a patriarchal_a jurisdiction_n which_o be_v intermit_v because_o they_o be_v in_o subjection_n to_o a_o strong_a prince_n yet_o after_o the_o return_n of_o these_o israelite_n out_o of_o bondage_n god_n from_o a_o special_a
ordinationes_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la fuit_fw-la mensura_fw-la domini_fw-la regis_fw-la composita_fw-la but_o far_a to_o convince_v you_o that_o in_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o lord_n chancellor_n and_o those_o learned_a judge_n who_o frame_v the_o writ_n that_o be_v issue_v out_o upon_o any_o of_o these_o ancient_a statute_n you_o will_v find_v that_o they_o who_o live_v in_o those_o very_a time_n believe_v that_o those_o statute_n be_v make_v not_o by_o the_o k._n alone_o but_o by_o he_o and_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n which_o writ_n as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o register_n of_o writ_n run_v thus_o rex_fw-la vicecom_v etc._n etc._n salut_n si_fw-mi a._n fecerit_fw-la etc._n etc._n tunc_fw-la summonias_fw-la etc._n etc._n b._n quod_fw-la sit_fw-la coram_fw-la justiciarijs_fw-la statuto_fw-la etc._n etc._n ostensuris_fw-la quare_fw-la cum_fw-la de_fw-la communi_fw-la concilio_n regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la angliae_fw-la provisum_fw-la sit_fw-la etc._n etc._n as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o writ_n grant_v upon_o the_o statute_n of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la marlbridg_n merton_n gloucester_n etc._n etc._n which_o have_v all_o of_o they_o this_o or_o the_o like_a recital_n cum_fw-la de_fw-la statuto_fw-la or_o juxia_fw-la formam_fw-la statuti_fw-la de_fw-la communi_fw-la concilio_n regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la ang._n inde_fw-la provisi_fw-la the_o like_a instance_n i_o can_v give_v you_o upon_o the_o statute_n of_o marlbridge_n and_o divers_a other_o old_a statute_n in_o which_o the_o king_n by_o the_o statute_n itself_o seem_v only_o to_o have_v enact_v it_o and_o yet_o you_o may_v see_v that_o our_o sage_n of_o the_o law_n be_v very_o well_o convince_v that_o those_o statute_n be_v make_v not_o by_o the_o king_n alone_o but_o by_o the_o whole_a common_a council_n of_o england_n so_o that_o there_o be_v no_o avoid_v the_o conclusion_n that_o the_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n have_v then_o a_o great_a share_n in_o the_o 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and_o establish_v and_o though_o you_o will_v fain_o draw_v some_o mighty_a consequence_n from_o those_o phrase_n in_o the_o statute_n of_o edw._n 3d._n and_o many_o of_o his_o successor_n by_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o at_o the_o request_n of_o the_o commons_o as_o if_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o latter_a be_v not_o as_o necessary_a as_o the_o former_a yet_o indeed_o it_o be_v a_o mere_a difference_n in_o form_n and_o proceed_v only_o from_o hence_o that_o that_o estate_n which_o find_v itself_o grieve_v always_o petition_v the_o king_n for_o redress_v and_o which_o amount_v to_o as_o much_o as_o a_o consent_n for_o you_o shall_v always_o find_v that_o the_o petition_v part_n still_o refer_v to_o that_o body_n which_o be_v then_o oppress_v without_o give_v any_o other_o assent_n for_o certain_o their_o request_v to_o have_v a_o act_n make_v do_v necessary_o express_v their_o consent_n and_o to_o prove_v what_o i_o have_v now_o say_v by_o example_n pray_v see_v the_o 8_o of_o hen._n 6._o c._n 1._o where_o it_o be_v recite_v in_o the_o preamble_n that_o our_o sovereign_a lord_n the_o king_n will_v gracious_o to_o provide_v for_o the_o security_n and_o quiet_a of_o the_o say_a prelate_n and_o clergy_n at_o the_o supplication_n of_o the_o say_a prelate_n etc._n etc._n and_o of_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o great_a man_n and_o commons_o aforesaid_a have_v ordain_v and_o establishse_v where_o you_o may_v see_v that_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o prelate_n be_v not_o here_o at_o all_o mention_v because_o it_o be_v needless_a as_o be_v make_v at_o their_o request_n and_o if_o pray_v and_o request_v shall_v destroy_v the_o legislative_a power_n i_o doubt_v whether_o edw._n 3d._n do_v not_o give_v away_o he_o when_o in_o his_o 14_o year_n in_o a_o statute_n concern_v the_o subsidy_n of_o wool_n the_o preamble_n run_v thus_o nevertheless_o the_o king_n pray_v the_o earl_n baron_n and_o all_o the_o commonalty_n for_o the_o great_a business_n which_o he_o have_v in_o hand_n etc._n etc._n that_o they_o will_v grant_v he_o some_o aid_n upon_o wool_n leather_n etc._n etc._n where_o upon_o deliberation_n be_v bad_a the_o say_a prelate_n baron_n and_o commons_o of_o the_o kingdom_n have_v grant_v he_o 40_o shilling_n to_o be_v take_v on_o every_o sack_n of_o wool_n but_o to_o return_v to_o the_o matter_n to_o let_v you_o see_v that_o not_o only_o the_o commons_o but_o also_o the_o lord_n have_v be_v oftentimes_o petitioner_n as_o well_o as_o the_o commons_o pray_v see_v these_o authority_n the_o 1_o be_v the_o statute_n of_o provisor_n 27_o edw._n 3d._n run_v thus_o our_o sovereign_a lord_n the_o king_n with_o the_o assent_n and_o prayer_n of_o the_o great_a man_n and_o the_o commons_o of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n have_v ordain_v etc._n etc._n and_o in_o the_o four_o of_o ed._n four_o i_o e._n it_o be_v recite_v thus_o the_o king_n by_o the_o assent_n advice_n request_v and_o authority_n of_o his_o lord_n spiritual_a temporal_a and_o commons_o etc._n etc._n have_v ordain_v and_o establish_v in_o the_o preamble_n of_o the_o statute_n of_o 1._o edw._n 6._o c._n 4._o it_o be_v thus_o wherefore_o the_o king_n our_o sovereign_a lord_n mind_v and_o entire_o desire_v at_o the_o humble_a petition_n and_o suit_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o in_o this_o present_a parliament_n assemble_v do_v declare_v ordain_v and_o enact_v by_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a and_o the_o commons_o in_o this_o present_a parliament_n assemble_v and_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o same_o and_o that_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o commons_o be_v always_o necessary_a to_o the_o make_n of_o law_n not_o as_o bare_a petitioner_n but_o as_o assenter_n too_o as_o well_o as_o the_o lord_n appear_v by_o this_o protestation_n or_o declaration_n of_o the_o commons_o 46._o to_o edw._n 3d._n which_o be_v still_o to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o parliament_n roll_v of_o 51._o of_o that_o king_n which_o i_o shall_v read_v to_o you_o in_o 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point_n namely_o that_o the_o king_n his_o nobility_n and_o commons_o do_v ordain_v and_o enact_v the_o same_o and_o which_o be_v more_o if_o you_o shall_v find_v any_o act_n of_o parliament_n seem_v to_o pass_n under_o the_o name_n and_o authority_n of_o the_o king_n only_o as_o there_o be_v some_o that_o have_v that_o show_v indeed_o yet_o you_o must_v not_o by_o and_o by_o judge_n that_o it_o be_v establish_v without_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o other_o estate_n as_o for_o the_o rest_n of_o your_o insinuation_n rather_o than_o argument_n against_o the_o antiquity_n of_o those_o expression_n be_v it_o enact_v by_o authority_n of_o parliament_n or_o be_v it_o enact_v by_o the_o king_n lord_n and_o commons_o which_o bear_v so_o hard_o upon_o you_o to_o prove_v that_o these_o last_o have_v a_o share_n in_o the_o legislative_a that_o they_o be_v introduce_v in_o the_o reign_v of_o henry_n vi_o and_o vii_o two_o usurper_n and_o but_o in_o the_o nonage_n of_o the_o former_a i_o think_v i_o 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that_o because_o the_o emperor_n theodosius_n as_o likewise_o divers_a of_o his_o predecessor_n do_v nominate_v bishop_n to_o see_v therefore_o they_o do_v likewise_o receive_v from_o they_o all_o the_o authority_n they_o have_v of_o appear_v and_o act_v in_o general_a council_n which_o i_o be_o sure_a you_o be_v too_o good_a a_o church_n of_o england_n man_n to_o affirm_v m._n i_o must_v confess_v i_o never_o do_v so_o close_o examine_v the_o ancient_a form_n of_o confer_v of_o bishopric_n before_o the_o conquest_n as_o i_o find_v you_o have_v do_v and_o i_o will_v better_o examine_v your_o authority_n and_o if_o i_o find_v this_o custom_n to_o have_v be_v constant_a and_o uniform_a i_o shall_v come_v over_o to_o your_o opinion_n though_o i_o doubt_v it_o will_v not_o prove_v to_o have_v be_v so_o general_a as_o you_o will_v make_v it_o since_o by_o the_o authority_n you_o have_v now_o bring_v out_o of_o mat._n paris_n it_o appear_v that_o it_o be_v the_o king_n who_o give_v leave_v to_o this_o election_n of_o bishop_n wulstan_n in_o the_o great_a council_n which_o i_o be_o not_o yet_o convince_v do_v then_o take_v upon_o they_o to_o meddle_v in_o ecclesiastical_a matter_n without_o the_o king_n consent_n but_o since_o you_o have_v speak_v enough_o concern_v the_o right_n and_o antiquity_n of_o the_o bishop_n sit_v in_o our_o great_a council_n it_o be_v time_n you_o now_o speak_v of_o the_o right_n of_o the_o peer_n or_o temporal_a lord_n which_o certain_o can_v have_v no_o place_n there_o but_o from_o the_o favour_n and_o concession_n of_o our_o king_n so_o that_o whether_o we_o consider_v those_o lord_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n as_o ruler_n of_o county_n call_v in_o old_a english_a earl_n or_o alderman_n in_o latin_a deuce_n or_o comites_fw-la or_o else_o as_o judge_n or_o counsellor_n call_v in_o old_a saxon_a wites_z or_o wiseman_n in_o latin_a sapientes_fw-la or_o last_o as_o thanes_z in_o latin_a ministri_fw-la who_o be_v either_o military_a tenant_n or_o 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not_o as_o thanes_z or_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o great_a lordship_n or_o estate_n in_o land_n but_o if_o they_o sit_v there_o as_o earl_n or_o aldermân_o yet_o may_v they_o not_o be_v the_o only_a person_n that_o sit_v in_o those_o council_n by_o that_o title_n for_o there_o be_v beside_o these_o aldermen_z of_o city_n and_o burrough_n who_o be_v elect_v by_o those_o place_n and_o who_o it_o be_v very_o likely_a appear_v for_o they_o as_o their_o representative_n in_o those_o council_n until_o by_o succession_n of_o time_n those_o town_n begin_v to_o send_v two_o burgess_n in_o their_o stead_n some_o footstep_n of_o which_o still_o remain_v in_o london_n where_o the_o alderman_n of_o every_o ward_n be_v first_o propose_v to_o be_v elect_v parliament_n man_n before_o any_o other_o and_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o these_o alderman_n in_o the_o most_o ancient_a city_n as_o london_n york_n lincoln_n &_o â_o be_v not_o elect_v by_o any_o grant_n or_o charter_n from_o the_o crown_n but_o 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the_o free_a man_n of_o the_o county_n or_o hundred_o be_v the_o judge_n of_o all_o matter_n of_o fact_n so_o that_o though_o the_o king_n may_v appoint_v these_o prince_n or_o governor_n of_o province_n or_o county_n yet_o do_v it_o no_o more_o follow_v that_o they_o owe_v their_o be_v and_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n whole_o to_o his_o will_n than_o as_o i_o say_v before_o suppose_v that_o the_o king_n have_v ancient_o the_o nomination_n of_o all_o the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n in_o england_n that_o therefore_o they_o must_v also_o owe_v their_o place_n in_o our_o great_a council_n or_o synod_n whole_o to_o they_o since_o the_o king_n perform_v both_o of_o they_o as_o a_o public_a trust_v commit_v to_o he_o by_o the_o common_a weal_n in_o the_o one_o case_n as_o much_o as_o in_o the_o other_o but_o indeed_o i_o think_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o member_n of_o this_o assembly_n beside_o alderman_n and_o burgess_n for_o city_n and_o town_n consist_v of_o those_o thanes_z who_o name_n be_v often_o find_v in_o the_o subscription_n of_o the_o ancient_a charter_n of_o our_o saxon_a king_n after_o the_o principes_fw-la deuce_n and_o comâââs_n and_o that_o though_o many_o of_o they_o may_v be_v the_o king_n feudal_n thanes_z or_o ãâã_d grand_a serjeanty_n or_o knight_n service_n in_o chief_a as_o mr._n sâlden_n tell_v we_o in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n 515._o yet_o that_o author_n no_o where_o exclude_v the_o ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d or_o ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d i._o e._n middle_a or_o less_o thanes_z from_o have_v voice_n in_o those_o assembly_n who_o be_v afterward_o style_v vavissour_n or_o lord_n of_o township_n afterward_o call_v maunor_n with_o court_n annex_v to_o they_o under_o the_o name_n of_o sac_n &_o soc_n which_o be_v the_o same_o with_o our_o court_n ãâã_d and_o courtbaron_n especial_o if_o you_o please_v far_o to_o consider_v what_o a_o vast_a nâmber_n of_o alâdariâ_n or_o free_a tenant_n there_o be_v then_o who_o hold_v their_o land_n discharge_v of_o all_o service_n but_o the_o common_a burden_n and_o tax_n of_o the_o nation_n none_o but_o the_o land_n of_o the_o king_n thanes_z be_v hold_v by_o military_a service_n before_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o norman_n so_o that_o whoever_o will_v but_o consider_v the_o nature_n of_o our_o saxon_a council_n will_v find_v that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o person_n that_o appear_v there_o do_v not_o owe_v their_o ãâã_d to_o their_o be_v the_o king_n minister_n or_o officer_n as_o you_o suppose_v but_o to_o their_o hold_v such_o land_n and_o possâssions_n as_o capacitate_v they_o and_o give_v they_o a_o right_a to_o have_v place_n in_o those_o great_a council_n and_o that_o this_o be_v ãâã_d we_o need_v go_v no_o further_o than_o the_o law_n of_o king_n athelââan_n where_o you_o will_v find_v gâmility_n itself_o annex_v to_o a_o estate_n in_o land_n 54._o for_o if_o you_o will_v but_o be_v please_v to_o consult_v king_n athelston_n law_n you_o will_v there_o 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the_o alderman_n or_o burgess_n of_o town_n represent_v those_o which_o we_o now_o call_v the_o commons_o and_o suppose_v that_o then_o there_o be_v no_o knight_n of_o shire_n yet_o these_o be_v then_o the_o only_a proprietor_n of_o any_o considerable_a estate_n of_o land_n in_o the_o nation_n may_v very_o well_o represent_v all_o their_o vassal_n or_o vnder-tenent_n as_o tenant_n for_o year_n and_o at_o will_n be_v at_o this_o day_n by_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n though_o they_o have_v no_o vote_n at_o their_o election_n to_o conclude_v though_o i_o grant_v that_o the_o king_n be_v of_o england_n be_v the_o fountain_n of_o that_o honour_n which_o we_o call_v peerage_n yet_o it_o be_v only_o in_o pursuance_n of_o that_o ancient_a constitution_n which_o their_o ancestor_n bring_v out_o of_o old_a saxony_n and_o normandy_n along_o with_o they_o as_o the_o firm_a defence_n of_o kingly_a power_n against_o the_o insolency_n and_o encroachment_n of_o the_o common_a or_o mean_a sort_n of_o 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there_o be_v no_o knight_n of_o shire_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n i_o can_v see_v how_o those_o we_o call_v the_o vulgar_a or_o commons_o of_o england_n have_v then_o any_o representative_n in_o the_o great_a council_n since_o those_o thanes_z or_o lord_n of_o manor_n who_o you_o suppose_v to_o have_v represent_v their_o tenant_n or_o vassal_n be_v never_o choose_v by_o they_o and_o consequent_o can_v not_o proper_o be_v their_o representative_n but_o i_o think_v it_o will_v be_v easy_a enough_o to_o prove_v that_o none_o of_o your_o inferior_a or_o middle_a thanes_z but_o only_o the_o chief_a or_o superior_a have_v place_n in_o those_o assembly_n so_o that_o these_o feudal_n thanes_z or_o such_o as_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o chief_a by_o military_a service_n be_v of_o the_o same_o kind_a with_o they_o that_o be_v after_o the_o norman_a time_n honorary_a or_o parliamentary_a baron_n and_o their_o thainland_n alone_o be_v the_o honorary_a thainland_n and_o such_o as_o be_v afterward_o parliamentary_a barony_n nor_o can_v i_o find_v any_o footstep_n in_o our_o ancient_a english_a history_n of_o city_n and_o burough_n send_v any_o representatives_n to_o those_o great_a council_n so_o that_o admit_v i_o shall_v own_o at_o present_a that_o the_o bishop_n and_o some_o great_a abbot_n have_v from_o the_o first_o settle_v of_o christianity_n in_o this_o island_n a_o indisputable_a place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n and_o likewise_o that_o the_o earl_n alderman_n or_o great_a nobility_n have_v also_o vote_n in_o those_o assembly_n and_o that_o the_o chief_z thanes_z or_o less_o noble_n have_v also_o their_o place_n there_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o tenure_n of_o their_o estate_n yet_o certain_o the_o house_n of_o commons_o be_v of_o a_o much_o late_a date_n and_o owe_v its_o being_n either_o to_o the_o grace_n and_o favour_n of_o our_o king_n of_o the_o norman_a race_n or_o else_o to_o those_o that_o have_v usurp_v their_o power_n and_o this_o i_o think_v dr._n brady_n have_v very_o well_o prove_v against_o mr._n petyt_n and_o i_o think_v i_o can_v convince_v you_o also_o of_o the_o truth_n of_o it_o by_o he_o as_o well_o as_o other_o argument_n be_v it_o not_o now_o too_o late_o to_o enter_v upon_o so_o long_a a_o subject_a f._n therefore_o pray_v let_v we_o defer_v any_o further_a discourse_n of_o this_o question_n till_o the_o next_o time_n we_o meet_v wherein_o i_o hope_v i_o may_v show_v you_o that_o if_o you_o owe_v that_o opinion_n to_o the_o doctor_n argument_n he_o have_v lead_v you_o into_o a_o very_a gross_a mistake_n and_o i_o shall_v only_o at_o present_a take_v my_o leave_n of_o you_o and_o bid_v you_o good_a night_n m._n i_o wish_v you_o the_o like_a advertisement_n a_o brief_a discourse_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n according_a to_o the_o principle_n and_o method_n lay_v down_o in_o the_o reverend_n dr._n cumberland_n now_o lord_n bishop_n of_o peterborough_n latin_a treatise_n on_o that_o subject_a as_o also_o his_o confutation_n of_o mr._n hobb_n principle_n put_v into_o another_o method_n with_o the_o right_n reverend_a author_n approbation_n finis_fw-la bibliotheca_fw-la politica_fw-la or_o a_o discourse_n by_o way_n of_o dialogue_n whether_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n represent_v by_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n in_o parliament_n be_v one_o of_o the_o three_o estate_n in_o parliament_n before_o the_o 49th_o of_o henry_n iii_o or_o 18_o of_o edw._n i._n collect_v out_o of_o the_o most_o approve_a author_n both_o ancient_a and_o modern_a dialogue_n the_o six_o london_n print_v for_o r._n baldwin_n in_o warwick-lane_n near_o the_o oxford-arm_n where_o also_o may_v be_v have_v the_o first_o second_o third_z four_o and_o five_o dialogue_n 1693._o author_n make_v use_v of_o and_o how_o denote_v 1._o mr._n pettit_n ancient_n right_o of_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n asserted_n p.r.c._n 2._o dr._n brady_n answer_n thereunto_o edit_fw-la in_o folio_n b._n a._n p._n 3._o the_o say_v doctor_n be_v glossary_a at_o the_o end_n of_o it_o b._n g._n 4._o anamadversion_n upon_o treatise_n janii_n anglorum_fw-la force_n novo_fw-la b._n a._n i._n 5._o the_o author_n of_o janus_n etc._n etc._n his_o confutation_n of_o the_o say_a doctor_n entitle_v janus_n anglorum_fw-la ab_fw-la antique_a i._n a._n a._n 6._o dr._n brady_n preface_n to_o his_o history_n b._n p._n h._n 7._o dr._n iohnston_n excellency_n of_o monarchical_a government_n i._o e._n m._n g._n the_o preface_n to_o the_o reader_n have_v in_o my_o last_o discourse_n treat_v of_o the_o legislative_a power_n of_o this_o kingdom_n as_o also_o the_o ancient_a constitution_n of_o our_o english_a government_n by_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n the_o former_a of_o which_o question_n i_o shall_v scarce_o have_v dwell_v so_o long_o upon_o have_v i_o then_o know_v of_o a_o learned_a treatise_n now_o ãâã_d to_o be_v publish_v on_o that_o subject_a i_o be_o at_o last_o arrive_v at_o the_o hard_a and_o most_o important_a though_o perhaps_o in_o the_o judgement_n of_o some_o the_o dry_a and_o most_o unpleasant_a part_n of_o my_o task_n viz._n who_o be_v ancient_o the_o constituent_a part_n or_o order_n of_o man_n who_o make_v up_o thâse_a assembly_n that_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n prior_n earl_n and_o chief_z thanes_z or_o baron_n be_v principal_a member_n be_v grant_v by_o all_o party_n but_o whether_o there_o be_v from_o the_o very_a original_a of_o these_o great_a council_n nay_o till_o long_o after_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o norman_n any_o representative_n for_o the_o commons_o as_o we_o now_o call_v they_o in_o distinction_n from_o the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a be_v a_o doubt_n which_o as_o it_o be_v for_o aught_o i_o can_v find_v first_o raise_v by_o a_o italian_a virgil._n who_o write_v the_o history_n of_o england_n in_o the_o last_o age_n so_o have_v it_o be_v continue_v by_o some_o antiquary_n of_o our_o present_a age_n though_o the_o first_o that_o ever_o appear_v to_o prove_v the_o contrary_a be_v a_o treatise_n publish_v by_o james_n howel_n in_o the_o cottoni_fw-la posthuma_n under_o the_o name_n of_o sir_n robert_n cotton_n about_o 1654._o but_o whether_o it_o be_v he_o or_o no_o i_o know_v not_o only_o it_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v so_o by_o mr._n pryn_n in_o his_o preface_n to_o the_o collection_n of_o record_n which_o he_o publish_v under_o the_o name_n of_o the_o same_o author_n in_o 1657._o and_o after_o he_o this_o notion_n of_o the_o bishop_n lord_n and_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v the_o sole_a representative_a for_o the_o whole_a nation_n in_o those_o council_n be_v next_o print_v in_o the_o second_o part_n of_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n glossary_a tit._n parliamentum_fw-la where_o king_n john_n charter_n be_v make_v use_n of_o at_o the_o main_a argument_n to_o prove_v that_o assertion_n the_o next_o who_o appear_v in_o prânt_n on_o
with_o the_o advice_n and_o assistance_n of_o their_o wite_n or_o wiseman_n simple_o without_o mention_v any_o particular_a order_n of_o man_n whatsoever_o and_o when_o any_o rank_a or_o degree_n of_o man_n be_v particular_o mention_v they_o be_v only_o the_o same_o before_o rehearse_v both_o ecclesiastic_n and_o laic_n 2._o i_o note_v that_o it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o that_o in_o every_o one_o of_o these_o wittena_n gâmotes_n micel_v synod_n micel_v gemote_n or_o great_a council_n where_o the_o law_n be_v say_v to_o be_v make_v only_o by_o the_o king_n with_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o wites_z or_o sapientes_fw-la without_o particularise_v any_o degree_n of_o person_n the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n for_o the_o spiritual_a nobility_n and_o the_o eorl_n or_o alderman_n and_o thanes_z for_o the_o temporal_a be_v present_a at_o the_o make_n of_o they_o as_o also_o the_o judge_n if_o there_o be_v any_o of_o the_o high_a class_n other_o than_o bishop_n aldermen_z and_o gereve_n or_o praepositi_fw-la 3._o i_o note_v that_o it_o follow_v from_o thence_o that_o these_o all_o joint_o be_v the_o sapientes_fw-la where_o there_o be_v only_o wites_z or_o sapientes_fw-la in_o general_n name_v without_o recite_v any_o particular_a order_n or_o degree_n of_o men._n now_o if_o you_o can_v show_v i_o from_o as_o good_a authority_n as_o i_o have_v here_o produce_v that_o any_o of_o the_o commons_o sit_v in_o these_o great_a council_n at_o least_o to_o represent_v the_o body_n of_o the_o commons_o among_o the_o saxon_n i_o will_v grant_v that_o during_o the_o saxon_a government_n the_o freeman_n or_o commons_o of_o england_n as_o now_o call_v and_o distinguish_v from_o the_o great_a lord_n be_v a_o essential_a constituent_a part_n of_o the_o common_a council_n of_o those_o time_n f._n to_o return_v you_o as_o short_a a_o answer_n as_o i_o can_v to_o those_o authority_n you_o now_o cite_v i_o must_v in_o the_o first_o place_n premise_v that_o though_o i_o grant_v all_o nobility_n among_o the_o ancient_a german_n saxon_n and_o frank_n who_o be_v but_o so_o many_o stirps_fw-la or_o branch_n of_o the_o gothic_a nation_n be_v at_o first_o whole_o military_a yet_o it_o be_v a_o very_a great_a mistake_n and_o savour_v of_o the_o prejudices_fw-la of_o the_o age_n and_o country_n we_o live_v in_o to_o imagine_v that_o ancient_o there_o be_v the_o same_o distinction_n between_o peer_n or_o nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n who_o we_o now_o call_v commoner_n as_o there_o be_v now_o for_o if_o we_o go_v but_o over_o into_o france_n or_o germany_n we_o shall_v find_v no_o difference_n there_o between_o the_o great_a and_o the_o less_o nobility_n and_o a_o gentleman_n be_v as_o noble_a as_o a_o dâke_n or_o a_o marquis_n and_o if_o we_o pass_v far_o into_o denmark_n and_o norway_n from_o whence_o most_o of_o the_o danish_a law_n be_v suppose_v to_o come_v it_o be_v certain_a that_o but_o few_o year_n ago_o there_o be_v no_o such_o title_n among_o they_o as_o earl_n or_o baron_n every_o lord_n of_o a_o town_n or_o district_n be_v that_o which_o they_o call_v a_o adelman_n or_o nobleman_n and_o so_o i_o suppose_v it_o ancient_o be_v among_o the_o english_a saxon_n the_o word_n athel_n or_o adel_n comprehend_v to_o speak_v in_o our_o present_a dialect_n all_o degree_n as_o well_o nobleman_n as_o gentleman_n and_o for_o this_o i_o can_v give_v you_o the_o authority_n of_o a_o ancient_a author_n viz._n paulus_n warnefridus_n de_fw-fr gestis_fw-la longobardorum_fw-la 21._o who_o speak_v of_o these_o adelman_n or_o adeling_n tell_v we_o sic_fw-la and_o eos_fw-la quidam_fw-la nobiles_fw-la prosapia_fw-la vocabantur_fw-la so_o likewise_o sir_n h._n spelman_n in_o his_o glossary_n tit._n adelingi_n tit._n p._n 9_o 10._o write_v thus_o anglorum_fw-la legibus_fw-la dici_fw-la pro_fw-la nobilibus_fw-la in_o genere_fw-la quod_fw-la nec_fw-la dum_fw-la apud_fw-la germanos_fw-la antiquatum_fw-la est_fw-la qui_fw-la omnes_fw-la nobiles_fw-la aedelman_n vocant_fw-la a_o saxonico_n aedel_n pro_fw-la nobili_fw-la and_o mr._n selden_n in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n make_v the_o word_n aethelum_n to_o signify_v all_o one_o 708._o either_o gentleman_n or_o nobleman_n beside_o adam_n of_o bremen_n and_o 4._o nitardus_fw-la likewise_o both_o ancient_a historian_n divide_v the_o saxon_a nation_n into_o three_o different_a degree_n or_o order_n viz_o into_o atheling_n i._n e._n noble_n friling_n i._n e._n freemen_n and_o lazzos_n i._n e._n villain_n bours_z or_o bondman_n beside_o which_o nobleman_n or_o gentleman_n there_o be_v likewise_o another_o sort_n of_o man_n who_o though_o of_o a_o inferior_a rank_n yet_o as_o freeman_n and_o have_v a_o considerable_a share_n of_o the_o riches_n and_o strength_n of_o the_o nation_n in_o their_o hand_n have_v likewise_o a_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n as_o well_o as_o the_o former_a and_o these_o be_v the_o alderman_n or_o other_o magistrate_n of_o city_n and_o burrough_n and_o in_o this_o they_o resemble_v the_o german_a diet_n who_o constituent_a member_n be_v according_a to_o gonterus_fw-la a_o ancient_a german_a poet_n praelati_fw-la proceres_fw-la missisque_fw-la potentibus_fw-la urbes_fw-la but_o since_o this_o be_v a_o dispute_n about_o the_o signification_n of_o word_n in_o what_o sense_n they_o be_v use_v in_o that_o age_n we_o be_v now_o treat_v of_o it_o will_v not_o be_v inconvenient_a to_o examine_v from_o the_o most_o learned_a glossarist_n the_o ancient_a signification_n of_o those_o word_n which_o be_v in_o dispute_n between_o we_o and_o therefore_o since_o we_o be_v agree_v about_o the_o meaning_n of_o all_o other_o word_n except_o these_o viz._n alderman_n thanes_z wites_z magnates_n optimates_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la preceres_fw-la or_o primate_fw-la let_v we_o examine_v each_o of_o their_o ancient_a signification_n to_o begin_v then_o with_o the_o word_n ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d man_n alderman_n which_o word_n be_v of_o a_o very_a general_a signification_n for_o sir_n hen._n spelman_n in_o his_o glossary_n tit._n alderman_n tell_v we_o that_o there_o be_v aldermannus_n regis_n comitatus_fw-la civitatis_fw-la burgi_n etc._n etc._n de_fw-fr quorum_fw-la potestate_fw-la non_fw-la facile_fw-la est_fw-la definire_fw-la alderman_n mr._n lambard_n render_v the_o word_n ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d man_n in_o latin_a senator_n i._n e._n one_o that_o have_v place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n and_o so_o do_v mr._n somner_n in_o his_o saxon_a dictionary_n from_o whence_o you_o may_v learn_v that_o this_o word_n be_v of_o a_o large_a signification_n and_o may_v comprehend_v such_o as_o in_o latter_a time_n be_v call_v commons_o alderman_n to_o distinguish_v they_o from_o the_o lord_n or_o high_a nobility_n and_o can_v not_o exclude_v they_o verstegan_n render_v this_o word_n thus_o ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d so_o write_v in_o our_o ancient_a language_n 326._o be_v proper_o a_o elder_a or_o senior_n yet_o a_o ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d man_n which_o we_o call_v now_o a_o alderman_n be_v such_o in_o effect_n among_o our_o ancestor_n as_o be_v the_o tribunus_n plebis_fw-la with_o the_o roman_n that_o be_v one_o that_o have_v chief_a jurisdiction_n among_o the_o commons_o as_o be_v a_o maintainer_n of_o their_o liberty_n and_o if_o so_o such_o person_n must_v certain_o have_v have_v a_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n as_o commoner_n and_o therefore_o must_v from_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o thing_n signify_v something_o more_o in_o those_o time_n than_o a_o earl_n or_o great_a officer_n of_o the_o king_n only_o so_o likewise_o that_o the_o word_n thane_n comprehend_v more_o than_o the_o king_n great_a feudal_n or_o military_a tenant_n may_v appear_v by_o these_o interpretation_n of_o it_o which_o our_o antiquary_n have_v give_v we_o the_o industrious_a mr._n somner_n in_o his_o glossary_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o x._o scriptores_fw-la as_o also_o mr._n selden_n in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n 267._o do_v both_o agree_v in_o the_o difference_n i_o now_o make_v between_o the_o great_a and_o the_o less_o thanes_z the_o former_a be_v call_v ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d thani_fw-la regii_fw-la 69._o the_o other_o call_v ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d ãâã_d mediocres_fw-la vel_fw-la inferiores_fw-la thani_fw-la middle_n or_o less_o thanes_z who_o be_v maneriorum_fw-la domini_fw-la nobiles_fw-la miâââes_fw-la vavasores_fw-la &_o nonnunquam_fw-la liberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la with_o who_o sir_n h._n spelman_n in_o his_o glossary_n agree_v thanorum_fw-la duo_fw-la erant_fw-la genera_fw-la majores_fw-la quos_fw-la thainâs_fw-la regis_fw-la appellabant_fw-la nos_fw-la barones_n regis_fw-la &_o thaini_fw-la simpliciter_fw-la seu_fw-la thaini_fw-la minores_fw-la quâ_n iidem_fw-la erant_fw-la qui_fw-la barones_n minores_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la maneriorum_fw-la domini_fw-la nobiles_fw-la minores_fw-la &_o nonnunquam_fw-la liberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la nuncupantur_fw-la so_o likewise_o mr._n lambard_n in_o his_o glossary_n 223._o thus_o thani_fw-la autem_fw-la appellatione_fw-la viri_fw-la interdum_fw-la nobiles_fw-la interdum_fw-la liberae_fw-la conditionis_fw-la homines_fw-la interdum_fw-la magistratus_fw-la
dispute_v the_o matter_n far_o with_o you_o concern_v the_o word_n populus_fw-la since_o i_o shall_v refer_v speak_v more_o about_o it_o till_o i_o come_v to_o the_o time_n after_o the_o conquest_n and_o therefore_o to_o return_v to_o the_o matter_n in_o hand_n have_v you_o but_o read_v a_o little_a far_o in_o the_o same_o leaf_n in_o the_o author_n you_o have_v cite_v you_o may_v have_v find_v who_o they_o be_v who_o king_n edward_n the_o elder_a call_v to_o this_o council_n the_o word_n be_v these_o edwardus_fw-la rex_fw-la synodum_fw-la praedictam_fw-la nobilium_fw-la anglorum_fw-la congregavit_fw-la cui_fw-la presidebat_fw-la plegmundus_n 7._o here_o your_o own_o author_n tell_v we_o in_o few_o word_n the_o meaning_n of_o a_o long_a title_n of_o this_o synod_n now_o mention_v viz._n that_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n fideles_fw-la proceres_fw-la &_o populus_fw-la be_v all_o nobiles_fw-la nobleman_n that_o be_v the_o ecclesiastic_n and_o lay_v or_o the_o bishop_n and_o lay-nobility_n as_o i_o shall_v make_v more_o evident_a hereafter_o and_o not_o the_o vulgus_fw-la commons_o or_o ordinary_a sort_n of_o people_n and_o to_o this_o effect_n malmsbury_n and_o the_o manuscript_n in_o the_o bodleian_n library_n cite_v by_o sir_n william_n dugdale_n and_o mr._n somner_n from_o the_o treasury_n of_o the_o record_n and_o evidence_n of_o the_o church_n of_o canterbury_n cite_v by_o sir_n h._n spelman_n do_v all_o report_n of_o this_o very_a council_n that_o edwardus_fw-la rex_fw-la congregavit_fw-la synodum_fw-la senatorum_fw-la gentis_fw-la angloâââ_n cui_fw-la prasidebat_fw-la plegmundus_n etc._n etc._n that_o king_n edward_n convene_v a_o synod_n of_o the_o senator_n in_o the_o saxon_a alderman_n of_o the_o english_a nation_n that_o be_v such_o as_o be_v usual_o call_v to_o such_o council_n which_o be_v only_o the_o noble_n and_o great_a man_n for_o aught_o yet_o appear_v from_o this_o instance_n but_o what_o if_o after_o all_o there_o be_v never_o any_o such_o synod_n call_v and_o consequent_o no_o such_o title_n to_o it_o for_o it_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v assemble_v by_o reason_n of_o a_o chide_a letter_n from_o pope_n formosus_fw-la now_o this_o formosus_fw-la die_v anno_fw-la 895._o that_o be_v ten_o year_n before_o this_o council_n be_v suppose_v to_o be_v call_v f._n i_o see_v this_o authority_n gall_v you_o therefore_o i_o do_v not_o blame_v you_o to_o do_v what_o you_o can_v to_o be_v rid_v of_o it_o but_o i_o shall_v not_o give_v it_o up_o for_o all_o that_o for_o that_o this_o word_n populorum_fw-la then_o signify_v all_o the_o lay-person_n who_o be_v actual_o nobleman_n that_o be_v of_o the_o great_a nobility_n i_o think_v be_v a_o great_a mistake_n for_o to_o what_o purpose_n be_v all_o these_o different_a word_n here_o heap_v together_o since_o the_o word_n proceres_fw-la have_v donâ_n as_o well_o alone_o in_o your_o sense_n and_o at_o once_o comprehend_v all_o those_o lordâ_n or_o nobleman_n that_o you_o will_v only_o have_v to_o be_v there_o but_o the_o word_n nobiles_fw-la do_v not_o in_o those_o time_n neither_o do_v at_o this_o day_n in_o any_o other_o country_n but_o england_n signify_v none_o but_o great_a lord_n baron_n or_o peer_n since_o in_o germany_n and_o france_n and_o other_o country_n every_o private_a gentleman_n be_v nobilis_fw-la and_o i_o think_v the_o middle_a or_o less_o thanes_z may_v then_o as_o well_o be_v call_v nobiles_fw-la as_o the_o great_a one_o and_o the_o alderman_n or_o other_o magistrate_n of_o great_a city_n and_o town_n may_v also_o very_o well_o be_v style_v nobiles_fw-la ratione_fw-la officii_fw-la for_o the_o time_n they_o act_v in_o that_o employment_n and_o may_v also_o deserve_v the_o name_n of_o senator_n as_o well_o as_o the_o great_a alderman_n or_o earl_n and_o if_o there_o be_v no_o other_o lay-man_n but_o your_o great_a sort_n of_o alderman_n than_o what_o become_v of_o your_o chief_n or_o king_n thanes_z which_o you_o yourself_o grant_v be_v constant_a member_n of_o those_o council_n nor_o indeed_o do_v the_o word_n senator_n only_o signify_v such_o who_o be_v nobleman_n by_o birth_n since_o among_o the_o roman_n there_o be_v senator_n of_o the_o plebeian_n as_o well_o as_o patrician_n order_n as_o any_o man_n who_o have_v but_o read_v lucius_n florus_n may_v quick_o see_v but_o as_o for_o your_o exception_n that_o there_o be_v no_o such_o council_n because_o pope_n formosus_fw-la be_v say_v to_o have_v die_v ten_o year_n before_o this_o council_n be_v call_v it_o be_v a_o bold_a assertion_n to_o annihilate_v a_o whole_a council_n because_o of_o the_o mistake_n of_o the_o date_n or_o time_n of_o its_o meeting_n or_o perhaps_o in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o pope_n or_o king_n then_o reign_v especial_o when_o it_o be_v assemble_v upon_o so_o remarkable_a a_o occasion_n as_o the_o erect_n of_o these_o new_a bishopric_n which_o all_o our_o historian_n ascribe_v to_o this_o council_n but_o i_o shall_v now_o proceed_v to_o another_o authority_n and_o that_o be_v to_o the_o great_a or_o common_a council_n hold_v at_o winchester_n anno_fw-la 853._o where_o you_o will_v find_v in_o sir_n h._n spelman_n council_n 350._o as_o also_o in_o ingulphus_n history_n that_o after_o the_o bishop_n earl_n and_o other_o great_a man_n or_o thanes_z who_o subscribe_v to_o the_o law_n of_o tithe_n grant_v by_o way_n of_o charter_n there_o mention_v wherein_o these_o follow_a party_n be_v mention_v aliorumque_fw-la fidelium_fw-la infinita_fw-la multitudo_fw-la qui_fw-la omnes_fw-la regium_fw-la chirographum_fw-la laudaverunt_fw-la dignitates_fw-la verò_fw-la sua_fw-la nomina_fw-la subscripserunt_fw-la and_o the_o learned_a commentator_n upon_o king_n alfred_n life_n publish_v in_o latin_a at_o oxford_n be_v so_o well_o satisfy_v that_o the_o commons_o be_v mean_v by_o this_o expression_n that_o he_o have_v this_o remarkable_a observation_n upon_o this_o king_n be_v grant_v of_o these_o tithe_n bis_z videtur_fw-la rex_fw-la decimas_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la concessisse_fw-la primum_fw-la anno_fw-la 844_o &_o 2_o vero_fw-la 855._o vel_fw-la ut_fw-la alii_fw-la 854_o è_fw-la tota_fw-la region_fw-la &_o cum_fw-la assensu_fw-la omnium_fw-la nobilium_fw-la &_o totius_fw-la populi_n where_o this_o author_n right_o suppose_v that_o the_o word_n at_o the_o conclusion_n of_o this_o council_n do_v comprehend_v the_o consent_n of_o the_o people_n or_o commons_o as_o well_o as_o of_o the_o lord_n or_o nobleman_n or_o else_o this_o recite_v of_o this_o word_n populus_fw-la as_o distinct_a from_o the_o nobiles_fw-la have_v be_v altogether_o in_o vain_a so_o that_o though_o i_o do_v not_o affirm_v that_o the_o mere_a vulgar_a or_o plebeian_n sort_n of_o people_n do_v appear_v personal_o in_o the_o great_a council_n of_o those_o time_n any_o more_o than_o they_o do_v now_o yet_o they_o be_v there_o by_o their_o representative_n viz._n either_o by_o knight_n of_o shire_n as_o now_o or_o else_o the_o chief_a thanes_z or_o freeholder_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o also_o by_o the_o alderman_n or_o chief_a burgess_n of_o great_a city_n and_o town_n who_o i_o suppose_v do_v then_o represent_v those_o politic_a body_n since_o all_o man_n can_v not_o appear_v there_o in_o person_n but_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o another_o authority_n out_o of_o the_o same_o author_n viz._n archbishop_n parker_n british_n antiquity_n 87._o where_o when_o he_o relate_v the_o call_n of_o the_o council_n of_o calne_n for_o the_o turn_n of_o marry_a priest_n out_o of_o monastery_n and_o cathedral_n church_n and_o put_v monk_n into_o their_o place_n he_o tell_v we_o a_o remarkable_a accident_n that_o then_o happen_v viz._n the_o fall_v down_o of_o the_o room_n where_o the_o council_n be_v assemble_v so_o that_o there_o fall_v together_o all_o of_o a_o sudden_a pray_v take_v the_o word_n themselves_o out_o of_o the_o author_n there_o cite_v praesules_fw-la proceres_fw-la equites_fw-la nobiles_fw-la pariter_fw-la &_o ignobiles_fw-la corruerunt_fw-la so_o that_o you_o see_v here_o be_v other_o sort_n of_o man_n present_a in_o this_o council_n beside_o the_o prasules_a i._n e._n bishop_n and_o abbot_n and_o the_o proceres_fw-la i._n e._n the_o earl_n and_o chief_a thanes_z viz._n the_o knight_n or_o inferior_a thanes_z noblemen_z or_o gentleman_n as_o also_o ignobiles_fw-la those_o that_o be_v not_o noble_a by_o birth_n such_o as_o be_v the_o representative_n of_o city_n and_o burrough_n and_o of_o this_o opinion_n the_o archbishop_n himself_o seem_v to_o be_v for_o at_o the_o end_n of_o this_o relation_n he_o make_v this_o remark_n sed_fw-la nec_fw-la huius_fw-la domus_fw-la in_o quâ_n ãâã_d ordinum_fw-la tam_fw-la conspicui_fw-la clarique_fw-la viri_fw-la consulto_fw-la convenerunt_fw-la tam_fw-la repentina_fw-la ruiâââpe_fw-la diabolica_fw-la career_n potuit_fw-la where_o by_o omnium_fw-la ordinum_fw-la he_o must_v certain_o mean_v the_o three_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o the_o same_o sense_n as_o the_o word_n ordines_fw-la be_v use_v by_o camden_n and_o other_o latin_a writer_n who_o call_v our_o parliament_n conventus_fw-la ordinum_fw-la that_o
lord_n or_o peer_n of_o parliament_n and_o that_o the_o rest_n be_v the_o lesser_a or_o low_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la sometime_o style_v barones_n minores_fw-la be_v for_o some_o time_n before_o this_o summon_v by_o general_a writ_n direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n or_o bailiff_n as_o appear_v by_o king_n john_n magna_fw-la charta_fw-la 18._o now_o whether_o these_o man_n be_v ever_o real_o peer_n or_o not_o i_o have_v reason_n to_o doubt_v since_o i_o do_v not_o find_v but_o it_o be_v they_o alone_a who_o for_o some_o year_n after_o the_o conquest_n serve_v upon_o jury_n in_o county_n court_n and_o dispatch_v all_o the_o public_a business_n of_o the_o country_n which_o be_v then_o as_o at_o this_o day_n a_o drudgery_n beneath_o the_o peer_n to_o perform_v and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v not_o insist_v upon_o it_o but_o thus_o much_o i_o think_v be_v certain_a that_o they_o be_v a_o sort_n of_o person_n much_o above_o any_o other_o layman_n of_o the_o kingdom_n since_o they_o hold_v their_o estate_n immediate_o from_o the_o king_n and_o be_v so_o considerable_a as_o that_o by_o the_o constitution_n of_o clarendon_n they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v excommunicate_v without_o the_o king_n leave_n and_o so_o be_v then_o in_o some_o sort_n of_o the_o same_o order_n ratione_fw-la tenurae_fw-la with_o the_o great_a baron_n or_o peer_n be_v common_o style_v barones_n and_o make_v up_o but_o one_o estate_n or_o order_n of_o layman_n in_o parliament_n and_o from_o thence_o i_o suppose_v proceed_v that_o common_a error_n of_o sir_n ed._n coke_n that_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o do_v ancient_o sit_v together_o and_o make_v but_o one_o house_n now_o if_o you_o have_v any_o thing_n to_o object_n against_o this_o notion_n pray_v let_v i_o hear_v it_o f._n i_o think_v you_o and_o i_o be_v come_v pretty_a near_o a_o issue_n in_o this_o question_n for_o you_o confess_v that_o these_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o who_o you_o comprise_v under_o the_o word_n barones_n be_v not_o true_o and_o proper_o baron_n and_o so_o far_o you_o be_v in_o the_o right_n but_o yet_o you_o will_v have_v they_o to_o be_v somewhat_o more_o than_o mere_a commoner_n as_o if_o there_o have_v be_v some_o degree_n or_o order_n of_o man_n in_o england_n in_o those_o time_n who_o be_v neither_o lord_n nor_o commons_o but_o a_o amphibious_a race_n between_o both_o but_o to_o prove_v that_o they_o be_v indeed_o no_o more_o than_o commoner_n and_o not_o lord_n nor_o peeâs_n at_o all_o nor_o equal_a with_o they_o we_o need_v go_v no_o far_o than_o their_o way_n of_o trial_n in_o case_n of_o treason_n or_o felony_n which_o be_v by_o mere_a commoner_n who_o be_v not_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o well_o as_o those_o that_o be_v so_o that_o a_o person_n who_o be_v no_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o may_v serve_v upon_o a_o jury_n of_o life_n and_o death_n upon_o they_o and_o as_o well_o as_o the_o dr._n in_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n as_o you_o assert_v that_o they_o only_o serve_v in_o the_o country_n upon_o all_o jury_n and_o that_o before_o the_o time_n of_o king_n john_n so_o after_o all_o this_o noise_n of_o none_o but_o lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la appear_v for_o the_o whole_a commons_o of_o england_n we_o find_v by_o your_o own_o show_v that_o three_o part_n in_o four_o of_o the_o lay_v member_n of_o that_o council_n be_v as_o mere_a commoner_n as_o our_o knight_n of_o shire_n and_o baron_n of_o the_o five_o port_n at_o this_o day_n nor_o can_v i_o see_v any_o reason_n why_o these_o latter_a may_v not_o be_v as_o well_o comprehend_v under_o the_o word_n barones_n as_o the_o former_a who_o be_v mere_a commoner_n likewise_o if_o we_o consider_v that_o it_o be_v neither_o nobility_n nor_o birth_n nor_o the_o king_n writ_n of_o summons_n but_o only_o the_o mere_a tenure_n of_o their_o land_n that_o give_v they_o a_o particular_a right_n to_o a_o place_n in_o that_o assembly_n in_o those_o age_n or_o if_o a_o mere_a citizen_n can_v get_v money_n enough_o to_o purchase_v such_o a_o estate_n in_o capite_fw-la he_o be_v as_o good_a a_o member_n of_o parllament_n as_o the_o best_a of_o they_o all_o so_o that_o the_o question_n than_o amount_v to_o no_o more_o than_o this_o whether_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n be_v then_o represent_v by_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o by_o knight_n of_o shire_n and_o other_o as_o they_o be_v now_o but_o since_o you_o will_v have_v none_o commoner_n but_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la to_o have_v have_v place_n therein_o pray_v tell_v i_o whether_o you_o allow_v that_o privilege_n to_o all_o who_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la or_o not_o m._n yes_o i_o allow_v it_o to_o all_o who_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la by_o knight_n service_n and_o who_o also_o enjoy_v a_o whole_a knight_n fee_n or_o so_o much_o as_o be_v sufficient_a to_o render_v they_o able_a to_o sustain_v the_o dignity_n of_o that_o place_n not_o but_o that_o the_o king_n have_v also_o a_o prerogative_n of_o summon_v or_o omit_v who_o of_o they_o he_o please_v to_o his_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n till_o the_o less_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la think_v it_o a_o wrong_n to_o they_o it_o be_v provide_v by_o king_n john_n charter_n that_o all_o of_o they_o shall_v be_v summon_v by_o one_o general_n write_v of_o summons_n direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n but_o i_o exclude_v from_o this_o council_n all_o tenant_n by_o petit_n serjeanty_n who_o tho_o it_o be_v true_a hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la yet_o be_v it_o not_o by_o knight_n service_n so_o likewise_o i_o exclude_v all_o city_n and_o town_n though_o the_o citizen_n or_o burgess_n of_o divers_a of_o they_o hold_v their_o land_n and_o tenement_n by_o that_o tenure_n since_o be_v neither_o noble_a by_o blood_n nor_o have_v estate_n sufficient_a to_o maintain_v the_o port_n of_o a_o gentleman_n or_o knight_n they_o have_v no_o right_a to_o appear_v there_o in_o person_n among_o the_o other_o tenant_n who_o be_v owner_n of_o one_o or_o more_o knight_n fe_n yet_o do_v i_o not_o affirm_v that_o the_o commons_o be_v not_o after_o some_o sort_n represent_v in_o parliament_n by_o their_o superior_a lord_n deim_fw-ge though_o not_o as_o commoner_n since_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o other_o baron_n do_v then_o make_v law_n and_o give_v tax_n not_o only_o for_o themselves_o but_o their_o feudatory_a tenant_n also_o though_o of_o never_o so_o great_a estate_n and_o tenure_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v then_o look_v upon_o as_o the_o only_a true_a freehold_a of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o tenant_n by_o it_o as_o the_o only_a true_a freeholder_n f._n i_o shall_v show_v you_o by_o and_o by_o the_o falsity_n of_o this_o notion_n but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n pray_v tell_v i_o when_o a_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n be_v call_v who_o represent_v those_o person_n who_o you_o say_v do_v not_o appear_v there_o and_o make_v general_a law_n and_o grant_v general_n tax_n for_o themselves_o and_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n when_o there_o be_v occasion_n for_o i_o see_v you_o shut_v out_o the_o great_a part_n even_o of_o these_o your_o true_a freeholder_n from_o this_o assembly_n m._n as_o for_o the_o tenant_n in_o petit_n serjeanty_n i_o at_o present_a conceive_v though_o i_o be_o not_o sure_a of_o it_o that_o many_o of_o they_o may_v hold_v land_n and_o perhaps_o divers_a knight_n fee_n by_o grand_a serjeanty_n or_o knight_n service_n also_o since_o those_o estate_n which_o be_v give_v by_o the_o conqueror_n to_o his_o servant_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o he_o by_o such_o and_o such_o petit_fw-fr service_n may_v in_o process_n of_o time_n fall_v by_o purchase_n or_o descent_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o such_o great_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o have_v sufficient_a estate_n to_o maintain_v that_o dignity_n and_o as_o for_o the_o rest_n they_o may_v for_o aught_o as_o i_o know_v before_o the_o statute_n de_fw-fr tallagio_n non_fw-la concedendo_fw-la have_v be_v tax_v by_o the_o king_n writ_n according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o knight_n fee_n or_o part_n of_o knight_n fee_n which_o they_o then_o hold_v and_o according_a to_o the_o rate_n of_o the_o sum_v impose_v in_o parliament_n either_o by_o way_n of_o aid_n upon_o every_o knight_n fee_n or_o else_o by_o way_n of_o subsidy_n by_o so_o much_o a_o yard_n or_o plough_v land_n throughout_o all_o england_n which_o have_v be_v the_o only_a way_n of_o tax_v ever_o since_o that_o of_o knight_n fee_n have_v be_v disuse_v f._n then_o i_o find_v after_o all_o you_o have_v say_v that_o scarce_o half_a your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v any_o vote_n in_o prrliament_n either_o by_o themselves_o or_o their_o representative_n and_o so_o have_v law_n make_v for_o they_o and_o be_v tax_v at_o the_o king_n will_n be_v as_o
soccage_n must_v needs_o have_v be_v so_o numerous_a that_o what_o room_n nay_o what_o field_n or_o place_n be_v able_a to_o contain_v so_o great_a a_o multitude_n or_o how_o can_v any_o business_n have_v be_v transact_v therein_o without_o the_o great_a confusion_n imaginable_a f._n so_o than_o you_o yourself_o must_v also_o grant_v that_o when_o all_o your_o great_a and_o less_o baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la appear_v in_o person_n parliament_n be_v much_o more_o numerous_a than_o they_o be_v now_o since_o according_a to_o the_o dr.'s_n catalogue_n out_o of_o dooms-day-book_n in_o his_o appendix_n to_o the_o english_a history_n vol._n 1_o of_o all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o serjeanty_n that_o hold_v all_o the_o land_n in_o every_o county_n of_o king_n william_n they_o do_v beside_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n earl_n and_o baron_n altogether_o amount_v to_o about_o 700._o and_o these_o in_o the_o 49th_o of_o hen._n iii_o by_o forfeiture_n and_o new_a conveyance_n from_o the_o crown_n or_o by_o those_o other_o way_n you_o have_v now_o mention_v may_v be_v multiply_v into_o twice_o as_o many_o more_o and_o those_o also_o of_o sufficient_a estate_n to_o maintain_v the_o port_n of_o a_o member_n of_o parliament_n or_o knight_n since_o 15_o pound_n a_o year_n be_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n john_n and_o henry_n iii_o reckon_v as_o a_o knight_n fee_n and_o he_o that_o have_v it_o be_v liable_a to_o be_v knight_v and_o if_o so_o i_o pray_v according_a to_o your_o own_o hypothesis_n how_o can_v so_o great_a a_o assembly_n be_v manage_v as_o of_o about_o 3000_o or_o 4000_o person_n without_o strange_a confusion_n and_o disorder_n but_o upon_o our_o principle_n there_o will_v follow_v no_o more_o absurdity_n or_o inconvenience_n than_o in_o you_o for_o either_o these_o baron_n of_o county_n burgess_n and_o inhabitant_n of_o town_n and_o city_n be_v always_o represent_v by_o knight_n and_o citizen_n as_o they_o be_v now_o or_o else_o these_o baron_n of_o county_n appear_v for_o themselves_o be_v lord_n of_o manor_n or_o freeholder_n of_o good_a estate_n who_o be_v not_o so_o numerous_a or_o inconsiderable_a as_o you_o imagine_v the_o freehold_a land_n in_o england_n be_v in_o those_o day_n but_o in_o a_o few_o hand_n in_o comparison_n to_o what_o they_o be_v now_o and_o for_o this_o opinion_n i_o have_v sir_n h._n spelman_n of_o my_o side_n who_o in_o the_o place_n already_o quote_v under_o barones_n cââitatus_fw-la express_o tell_v we_o hoc_fw-la nomine_fw-la contineri_fw-la videtur_fw-la antiquis_fw-la paginis_fw-la omnis_fw-la ãâã_d âeodalium_fw-la specier_fw-la in_fw-la uno_fw-la quovis_fw-la comitara_fw-mi degentium_fw-la proceres_fw-la nempè_fw-la &_o ãâã_d domini_fw-la nèc_fw-la non_fw-la liberè_fw-la quique_fw-la tenentes_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la fundorum_fw-la proprietarii_fw-la anglicè_fw-la freeholder_n ut_fw-la superiùâ_n dictum_fw-la est_fw-la normidum_fw-la autem_fw-la est_fw-la hoc_fw-la liberè_fw-la tenentes_fw-la nec_fw-la tam_fw-la âiles_fw-la ãâã_d fuisse_fw-la nèc_fw-la tam_fw-la vulgares_fw-la ut_fw-la hodiè_fw-la deprehonduntur_fw-la na_o villa_n &_o dominia_fw-la in_o ãâã_d hareditates_fw-la non_fw-la dum_fw-la distrahebant_fw-la nobiles_fw-la sed_fw-la ut_fw-la vidimus_fw-la in_o hibernia_n penes_fw-la se_fw-la retinentes_fw-la agros_fw-la per_fw-la precarios_fw-la excolebant_fw-la &_o adscriptitio_n so_o that_o you_o see_v sir_n h._n spelman_n then_o believe_v that_o the_o manor_n and_o great_a freehold_n in_o england_n be_v not_o then_o parcele_v out_o into_o so_o many_o small_a share_n as_o you_o imagine_v and_o that_o such_o inferior_a baron_n whether_o they_o hold_v in_o caâââe_n or_o not_o arch._n be_v also_o call_v proceres_fw-la see_v the_o law_n of_o henry_n i._n chap._n 25._o the_o title_n whereof_o be_v de_fw-fr privilegits_n procerum_fw-la angliae_fw-la the_o law_n run_v thus_o si_fw-mi exurgat_fw-la placitum_fw-la inter_fw-la homines_fw-la allcusus_fw-la baronum_fw-la foenam_fw-la habentium_fw-la tractâtur_fw-la placitum_fw-la in_o curia_fw-la domini_fw-la svi_fw-la now_o that_o this_o socha_n be_v no_o more_o than_o soc._n in_o old_a saxon_a see_v spel._n gloss._n tit._n soc._n i._n e._n secta_fw-la de_fw-la hominibus_fw-la in_o curia_fw-la domini_fw-la secundum_fw-la consuetudinem_fw-la so_o likewise_o in_o titulo_fw-la socha_n vel_fw-la dicitur_fw-la soc._n a_o saxon_a socâ_n i._o e_fw-la libertas_fw-la franchesia_n &_o vide_fw-la manerium_fw-la qd_n dicitur_fw-la etiam_fw-la soca_fw-la dictum_fw-la est_fw-la from_o all_o which_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o these_o lord_n of_o manor_n here_o call_v proceres_fw-la &_o barones_n have_v court_n baron_n which_o take_v their_o name_n from_o their_o lord_n though_o feudatory_a tenant_n or_o vavaâours_n but_o grant_v that_o about_o the_o end_n of_o king_n john_n or_o beginning_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o hen._n iii_o suppose_v that_o these_o lord_n of_o manor_n and_o great_a freeholder_n whether_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o other_o may_v amount_v in_o all_o to_o 5_o on_o 6000_o person_n i_o do_v not_o see_v why_o such_o a_o assembly_n may_v not_o be_v as_o orderly_a and_o well_o manage_v as_o one_o of_o 1000_o or_o 4000_o suppose_v your_o great_a baron_n and_o less_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la to_o have_v than_o make_v about_o that_o number_n especial_o if_o we_o consider_v that_o most_o business_n or_o act_n of_o any_o consequence_n and_o for_o which_o parliament_n be_v call_v may_v be_v prepare_v and_o draw_v up_o by_o the_o king_n and_o his_o council_n before_o they_o meet_v so_o that_o take_v it_o which_o way_n you_o will_v few_o inconvenience_n and_o improbability_n attend_v my_o hypothesis_n than_o you_o m._n that_o the_o earl_n and_o great_a baron_n both_o spiritual_a and_o temporal_a together_o with_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la then_o make_v the_o body_n of_o the_o baronage_n of_o england_n i_o have_v very_o good_a authority_n on_o my_o side_n but_o that_o any_o feudatory_a baron_n or_o tenant_n of_o a_o lesser_a degree_n ever_o have_v any_o place_n or_o vote_n in_o those_o assembly_n i_o think_v you_o can_v give_v i_o no_o sufficient_a authority_n for_o it_o it_o be_v true_a mr._n p._n in_o his_o treatise_n of_o the_o right_n of_o the_o commons_o assert_v 110._o give_v we_o two_o modern_a quotation_n the_o one_o out_o of_o mr._n cââden's_n britannia_n the_o other_o out_o of_o mr._n selden_n to_o prove_v it_o as_o for_o the_o former_a it_o be_v in_o the_o introduction_n to_o the_o britannia_n first_o publish_v in_o quarto_n the_o word_n be_v these_o verum_fw-la baro_n ex_fw-la illis_fw-la non_fw-la imbus_fw-la videatur_fw-la qua_fw-la tempus_fw-la paulatim_fw-la moliara_fw-it &_o molliora_fw-la reddidit_fw-la nam_fw-la longo_fw-la post_fw-la tempore_fw-la non_fw-la milites_fw-la sed_fw-la qui_fw-la liberi_fw-la erant_fw-la domini_fw-la 16._o &_o thani_fw-la saxombus_fw-la dicebantur_fw-la barones_n vocari_fw-la caperunt_fw-la nec_fw-la dum_fw-la magni_fw-la honoris_fw-la erat_fw-la paulo_fw-la autem_fw-la postea_fw-la mean_v after_o the_o norman_n entrance_n eo_fw-la honoris_fw-la pervenit_fw-la ut_fw-la nomine_fw-la baronagii_fw-la angliae_fw-la omnes_fw-la qââdammodo_fw-la regni_fw-la ordines_fw-la continerentur_fw-la but_o he_o do_v not_o tell_v we_o that_o this_o learned_a author_n in_o his_o last_o edition_n of_o this_o work_n in_o folio_n be_v sensible_a of_o his_o mistake_n have_v add_v the_o word_n superiores_fw-la before_o ordines_fw-la whereby_o it_o be_v plain_a he_o now_o restrain_v it_o only_o to_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n as_o they_o be_v now_o understand_v mr._n p'_v other_o quotation_n be_v out_o of_o mr._n selden_n note_n upon_o rancorous_a 168._o where_o comment_v on_o the_o word_n barones_n he_o say_v vocabulum_fw-la nempe_fw-la alio_fw-la notione_fw-la usurpari_fw-la quam_fw-la vulgo_fw-la neque_fw-la eos_fw-la duntaxat_fw-la ut_fw-la hodie_fw-la significare_fw-la quibus_fw-la peculiaris_fw-la ordinum_fw-la comitiis_fw-la locus_fw-la est_fw-la but_o then_o conceal_v this_o that_o follow_v which_o make_v direct_o against_o he_o sed_fw-la universos_fw-la qui_fw-la regiae_n munificentiae_fw-la ad_fw-la formulam_fw-la juris_fw-la nostre_fw-fr clientelaris_fw-la quod_fw-la nullius_fw-la villae_fw-la regiae_n glebam_fw-la sed_fw-la ipsum_fw-la tantum_fw-la modo_fw-la regem_fw-la spectat_fw-la tenure_n en_fw-fr chief_n phrasi_fw-la forensi_fw-la dicimus_fw-la sive_fw-la tenura_n in_fw-la capite_fw-la lati_fw-la fundiâ_fw-la pessidebant_fw-la whereby_o you_o may_v see_v that_o he_o express_o restrain_v this_o word_n barones_n to_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o though_o your_o author_n take_v no_o notice_n of_o it_o nor_o indeed_o in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n do_v mr._n selden_n give_v we_o any_o other_o description_n of_o a_o baron_n v._n i_o mean_v such_o who_o have_v a_o vote_n in_o parliament_n but_o such_o in_o the_o sense_n that_o be_v take_v in_o henry_n i._o his_o charter_n as_o it_o be_v recite_v in_o matt._n paris_n siquis_fw-la baronum_fw-la meorum_fw-la comitum_fw-la vel_fw-la aliorm_n qui_fw-fr de_fw-fr i_o tenent_fw-la mortuus_fw-la fuerit_fw-la i._n e._n one_o who_o be_v either_o one_o of_o the_o earl_n or_o great_a baron_n or_o otherwise_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la f._n mr._n p._n be_v not_o at_o all_o to_o be_v blame_v as_o you_o make_v he_o
in_o these_o two_o quotation_n since_o in_o that_o out_o of_o camden_n you_o can_v deny_v but_o he_o have_v true_o quote_v that_o author_n as_o it_o be_v in_o his_o first_o edition_n and_o if_o he_o afterwares_o alter_v it_o it_o may_v very_o well_o be_v question_v whether_o he_o do_v not_o add_v the_o word_n superiores_fw-la rather_o out_o of_o fear_n of_o displease_v the_o great_a nobility_n who_o that_o quotation_n have_v before_o shockt_v than_o out_o of_o any_o sense_n of_o his_o be_v in_o the_o wrong_n as_o it_o appear_v by_o the_o word_n immediate_o follow_v when_o he_o tell_v we_o out_o of_o a_o nameless_a manuscript_n author_n that_o henry_n iii_o out_o of_o so_o great_a a_o multitude_n of_o baron_n which_o be_v seditious_a and_o turbulent_a call_v the_o best_a and_o chief_a of_o they_o only_o by_o writ_n to_o parliament_n by_o which_o it_o plain_o appear_v that_o he_o suppose_v all_o those_o less_o baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la though_o no_o lord_n as_o now_o understand_v who_o be_v thus_o exclude_v to_o have_v be_v only_o nominal_a and_o not_o real_a baron_n and_o if_o so_o commoners_z or_o else_o he_o must_v extend_v the_o peerage_n of_o england_n to_o at_o least_o three_o or_o four_o thousand_o person_n for_o so_o many_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la may_v very_o well_o be_v at_o that_o time_n the_o same_o i_o may_v likewise_o say_v as_o to_o the_o quotation_n out_o of_o mr._n selden_n for_o by_o the_o word_n quibus_fw-la peculiaris_fw-la in_o ordinum_fw-la comitiis_fw-la locus_fw-la est_fw-la it_o be_v plain_a he_o suppose_v that_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o those_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v but_o mere_a commoner_n yet_o he_o no_o where_o affirm_v that_o none_o but_o these_o appear_v in_o parliament_n for_o all_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n for_o he_o very_o well_o know_v the_o unreasonableness_n of_o that_o supposition_n since_o beside_o these_o baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la 8._o bracton_n in_o his_o first_o book_n tell_v we_o of_o divers_a other_o order_n of_o man_n of_o great_a dignity_n and_o power_n in_o this_o kingdom_n about_o the_o time_n when_o you_o suppose_v this_o marvellous_a alteration_n to_o have_v happen_v his_o word_n be_v these_o et_fw-la sub_fw-la iis_fw-la viz._n regibus_fw-la deuce_n comites_fw-la barones_n magnates_n sive_fw-la vavassores_fw-la &_o milites_fw-la &_o etiam_fw-la liberi_fw-la &_o villani_n &_o deversa_fw-la potestates_fw-la sub_fw-la rege_fw-la constitutae_fw-la and_o a_o little_a far_o sunt_fw-la &_o alti_fw-la potentes_fw-la sub_fw-la rege_fw-la qui_fw-la dicuntur_fw-la barones_n hoc_fw-la est_fw-la robur_n belli_fw-la sunt_fw-la &_o alii_fw-la qui_fw-la dicuntur_fw-la vavassores_fw-la viri_fw-la ãâã_d dignitatis_fw-la from_o which_o word_n i_o desire_v you_o to_o observe_v that_o he_o here_o make_v the_o magnates_n and_o the_o vavassores_fw-la or_o feudatory_a tenant_n to_o be_v all_o one_o and_o also_o rank_n they_o before_o the_o milites_fw-la now_o whether_o these_o vavassores_fw-la and_o milites_fw-la who_o do_v not_o all_o hold_n of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v man_n of_o so_o great_a dignity_n and_o power_n as_o these_o who_o he_o here_o reckon_v immediate_o after_o the_o earl_n and_o great_a baron_n shall_v have_v no_o vote_n in_o parliament_n neither_o by_o themselves_o nor_o their_o representative_n be_v altogether_o improbable_a and_o agreeable_a to_o this_o of_o bracton_n du_n fresne_n in_o his_o lexicon_n tit._n vavasor_n tell_v we_o 1262._o that_o vavassorum_fw-la duo_fw-la erant_fw-la ordines_fw-la sub_fw-la majorum_fw-la apellatione_fw-la implectuntur_fw-la qui_fw-la barones_n apellantur_fw-la sub_fw-la ânorum_fw-la vero_fw-la quos_fw-la vulgò_fw-la vavassores_fw-la dicunt_fw-la ut_fw-la leges_fw-la henrici_fw-la i._n reg._n ang._n thaine_n minores_fw-la respectu_fw-la thainorum_fw-la majorum_fw-la qui_fw-la baronibus_fw-la aequiparantur_fw-la but_o that_o these_o lesser_a thanes_z or_o vavassor_n be_v also_o style_v barones_n sir_n h._n spelman_n tell_v we_o express_o in_o his_o glossary_n tit._n baro_n 70._o etiam_fw-la barones_n comitum_fw-la procer_fw-la umque_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la barones_n subalterni_fw-la &_o baronum_n barones_n sâpissime_fw-la leguntur_fw-la and_o of_o this_o he_o give_v we_o many_o example_n and_o particular_o of_o the_o chief_a tenant_n of_o the_o abbey_n of_o ramsey_n above_o mention_v so_o likewise_o the_o same_o author_n a_o leaf_n or_o two_o far_a speak_v of_o the_o barones_n of_o london_n mention_v in_o the_o charter_n of_o king_n henry_n i._o understand_v they_o pro_fw-la civibus_fw-la praestantioribus_fw-la qui_fw-la socnas_fw-la svas_fw-la &_o consuetudines_fw-la i._n e._n curias_n habuerunt_fw-la &_o privilegia_fw-la eorum_fw-la instar_fw-la qui_fw-la in_o comitatu_fw-la barones_n comitatus_fw-la dicuntur_fw-la etc._n etc._n nor_o do_v this_o title_n of_o barones_n extend_v to_o london_n alone_o but_o he_o also_o immediate_o tell_v we_o in_o the_o same_o place_n sic_fw-la barones_n de_fw-la ebaraco_n de_fw-fr cestria_n de_fw-la warwico_fw-la de_fw-mi so_o feversham_n &_o plurium_fw-la villaram_fw-la regiis_fw-la privilegiis_fw-la insignium_fw-la cum_fw-la in_o anglia_fw-it tum_fw-la in_fw-it gallia_n etc._n etc._n and_o that_o baron_n of_o county_n be_v no_o more_o than_o lord_n of_o manor_n i_o have_v just_a now_o prove_v for_o socna_n mean_v no_o more_o than_o a_o court_n baron_fw-fr or_o court_n of_o a_o manor_n so_o that_o here_o arise_v a_o plain_a distinction_n between_o the_o barones_n regis_fw-la the_o king_n be_v great_a baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o these_o lesser_a baron_n we_o now_o be_v here_o speak_v of_o call_v medmesse_n thegnes_fw-la and_o burgh_n thegnes_fw-la by_o the_o saxon_n till_o they_o ãâã_d on_o the_o word_n parliamentum_fw-la to_o signify_v the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n who_o though_o no_o peer_n yet_o be_v barones_n regni_fw-la baron_n or_o nobleman_n of_o the_o kingdom_n according_a to_o the_o general_a acceptation_n of_o the_o word_n nobiles_fw-la in_o that_o age_n and_o be_v such_o make_v up_o the_o body_n of_o the_o baronage_n call_v by_o matt._n paris_n and_o other_o author_n baronagium_n or_o communitas_fw-la baronagit_fw-la totius_fw-la angliae_fw-la m._n i_o see_v you_o do_v all_o you_o can_v from_o the_o equivocal_a use_n of_o the_o word_n barones_n to_o crowd_n in_o new_a and_o unknown_a man_n into_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n viz._n your_o baron_n of_o county_n city_n and_o town_n who_o since_o you_o dare_v not_o affirm_v there_o be_v then_o any_o knight_n of_o shire_n you_o suppose_v to_o have_v serve_v instead_o of_o they_o and_o these_o you_o will_v have_v to_o be_v not_o barones_n regis_fw-la but_o regni_n or_o terrae_fw-la 161._o forsooth_o i._n e._n of_o the_o land_n or_o kingdom_n whereas_o we_o never_o have_v any_o true_a barones_n hold_v by_o mean_a tenor_n here_o in_o england_n this_o if_o you_o deny_v you_o must_v deny_v all_o history_n and_o all_o our_o ancient_a law_n and_o law-book_n too_o and_o if_o you_o grant_v it_o you_o must_v confess_v that_o every_o baron_n be_v a_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o by_o your_o own_o concession_n he_o must_v then_o be_v the_o king_n baron_n or_o baro_n regis_fw-la i_o grant_v indeed_o there_o be_v nominal_a or_o titular_a baron_n such_o as_o you_o mention_v many_o in_o those_o time_n such_o as_o be_v tenant_n to_o great_a lord_n bishop_n or_o abbot_n of_o who_o we_o find_v frequent_a mention_n in_o our_o ancient_a history_n record_n and_o charter_n but_o these_o be_v not_o the_o man_n who_o have_v ever_o any_o place_n in_o our_o great_a council_n and_o i_o desire_v you_o will_v prove_v to_o i_o that_o ever_o they_o appear_v there_o before_o the_o time_n i_o assign_v and_o i_o will_v also_o have_v you_o inform_v yourself_o of_o the_o gentleman_n of_o who_o you_o borrow_v this_o notion_n if_o they_o can_v prove_v that_o there_o be_v any_o such_o kind_n of_o tenure_n as_o tenura_n de_fw-fr terra_fw-la or_o de_fw-fr regno_fw-la or_o whether_o there_o be_v ever_o any_o man_n that_o hold_v a_o estate_n de_fw-fr regno_fw-la whether_o forfeiture_n or_o escheat_n be_v to_o the_o kingdom_n and_o whether_o fealty_n be_v swear_v or_o homage_n do_v to_o the_o kingdom_n or_o whether_o a_o earl_n be_v invest_v or_o gird_v with_o the_o sword_n of_o the_o county_n by_o the_o kingdom_n or_o whether_o the_o ancient_a ceremony_n use_v at_o the_o creation_n of_o earl_n and_o baron_n be_v do_v by_o the_o kingdom_n thus_o all_o the_o baron_n of_o england_n hold_v of_o the_o king_n and_o thus_o all_o these_o thing_n be_v perform_v and_o do_v to_o our_o ancient_a king_n and_o by_o they_o which_o be_v most_o manifest_a note_n of_o the_o king_n be_v immediate_a jurisdiction_n over_o the_o baron_n and_o that_o they_o be_v his_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o by_o consequence_n his_o baron_n only_o which_o you_o can_v deny_v and_o of_o which_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la the_o earl_n and_o great_a baron_n always_o create_v by_o investiture_n of_o robe_n or_o other_o ceremony_n be_v summon_v by_o particular_a write_n
and_o the_o other_o less_o baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la ever_o since_o the_o 17_o of_o king_n john_n be_v summon_v by_o one_o common_a writ_n direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n of_o the_o county_n since_o which_o time_n if_o not_o some_o time_n before_o i_o grant_v these_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v not_o look_v upon_o as_o baron_n or_o peer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n proper_o so_o call_v yet_o do_v their_o vote_n in_o parliament_n still_o conclude_v and_o charge_v their_o tenant_n in_o the_o make_n and_o impose_v of_o tax_n or_o law_n which_o they_o alone_o together_o with_o the_o bishop_n and_o great_a baron_n still_o perform_v until_o the_o time_n i_o assign_v f._n i_o see_v you_o be_v in_o a_o wood_n and_o do_v not_o know_v well_o under_o what_o class_n to_o rank_v your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la for_o if_o they_o be_v at_o first_o all_o lord_n or_o peer_n how_o can_v they_o serve_v upon_o jury_n in_o hundred_o or_o county_z court_n if_o they_o be_v mere_a commoner_n than_o there_o be_v commons_o in_o parliament_n before_o the_o 49th_o of_o henry_n iii_o and_o why_o may_v not_o other_o as_o considerable_a commoner_n have_v place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n as_o well_o as_o they_o whether_o they_o be_v the_o king_n baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o not_o but_o in_o answer_n to_o this_o you_o tell_v i_o that_o we_o never_o have_v any_o baron_n hold_v by_o mean_a tenure_n here_o in_o england_n this_o be_v plain_o equivocal_a for_o if_o you_o mean_v it_o of_o barony_n in_o capite_fw-la it_o be_v true_a if_o of_o other_o barony_n it_o be_v false_a by_o your_o own_o confession_n and_o sir_n h._n spâlman_n tell_v we_o in_o the_o title_n last_o quote_v that_o the_o baron_n of_o burford_n plead_v to_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n per_fw-la baroniam_fw-la and_o yet_o he_o be_v never_o any_o baron_n of_o the_o kingdom_n now_o i_o desire_v you_o to_o show_v i_o if_o he_o and_o such_o like_a baron_n as_o himself_o have_v no_o place_n in_o parliament_n who_o it_o be_v represent_v they_o there_o and_o therefore_o in_o answer_n to_o your_o dilemma_n i_o grant_v that_o every_o baron_n by_o tenure_n be_v a_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la but_o every_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v not_o a_o baron_n and_o this_o i_o think_v be_v so_o plain_a that_o you_o yourself_o can_v deny_v it_o but_o in_o answer_n to_o your_o next_o question_n i_o can_v answer_v it_o without_o ask_v the_o gentleman_n from_o who_o you_o suppose_v i_o borrow_v the_o notion_n that_o there_o may_v be_v other_o baron_n or_o lord_n of_o manor_n who_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o estate_n may_v have_v place_n in_o parliament_n suppose_v knight_n of_o shire_n be_v not_o introduce_v till_o after_o henry_n the_o ii_o or_o king_n john_n time_n when_o such_o freeholder_n become_v too_o numerous_a all_o to_o appear_v in_o person_n and_o yet_o these_o may_v not_o be_v baron_n by_o tenure_n and_o therefore_o all_o your_o question_n conclude_v nothing_o for_o you_o suppose_v that_o which_o be_v still_o to_o be_v prove_v that_o because_o all_o the_o baron_n of_o england_n proper_o so_o call_v hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o be_v consequent_o his_o baron_n that_o therefore_o none_o but_o baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v any_o place_n in_o our_o great_a council_n which_o be_v the_o thing_n you_o only_o suppose_v and_o i_o as_o positive_o deny_v m._n well_o sir_n since_o you_o put_v it_o to_o that_o issue_n i_o hope_v i_o shall_v full_o convince_v you_o that_o none_o but_o the_o person_n i_o have_v mention_v be_v the_o constituent_a member_n of_o the_o common_a council_n or_o parliament_n before_o 49th_o hen._n iii_o or_o 18_o edw._n i_o and_o who_o do_v give_v assent_v to_o all_o law_n that_o be_v make_v and_o all_o tax_n that_o be_v to_o be_v impose_v on_o themselves_o and_o their_o under-tenant_n who_o be_v then_o conclude_v by_o the_o act_n of_o their_o superior_a lord_n but_o not_o to_o wrangle_v with_o you_o any_o long_o about_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n barones_n 116._o i_o grant_v there_o be_v nominal_a or_o titular_a baron_n very_o many_o such_o as_o i_o have_v mention_v nay_o that_o there_o be_v several_a other_o great_a subject_n who_o have_v tenant_n that_o hold_v 5_o 6_o 7_o 8_o ãâã_d nay_o more_o knight_n fee_n under_o they_o and_o who_o have_v the_o name_n and_o title_n of_o baron_n but_o what_o be_v this_o to_o the_o purpose_n i_o desire_v you_o will_v prove_v to_o i_o by_o any_o direct_a proof_n that_o these_o sort_n of_o man_n have_v any_o voice_n either_o by_o themselves_o or_o their_o representative_n in_o our_o great_a council_n till_o after_o the_o time_n we_o allow_v they_o and_o this_o beside_o the_o proof_n i_o have_v already_o bring_v i_o think_v be_v sufficient_a since_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o the_o barones_n regni_fw-la or_o terra_n and_o the_o milites_fw-la and_o homines_fw-la svi_fw-la be_v all_o one_o and_o the_o same_o person_n that_o be_v they_o be_v the_o king_n be_v great_a baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o alone_o constitute_v the_o baronage_n or_o university_n of_o the_o baronage_n of_o england_n or_o of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o our_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n and_o for_o the_o far_a proof_n of_o this_o i_o need_v go_v no_o far_o than_o those_o very_a argument_n your_o own_o author_n 111._o mr._n p._n have_v make_v use_n of_o in_o his_o right_n of_o the_o commons_o assert_v wherein_o he_o will_v prove_v from_o certain_a letter_n that_o be_v send_v from_o the_o baronage_n or_o university_n of_o the_o baronage_n of_o england_n to_o the_o pope_n against_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n exaction_n here_o in_o england_n and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v not_o bring_v only_a fragment_n phrase_n or_o single_a word_n out_o of_o the_o record_n or_o history_n which_o seem_v to_o countenance_v my_o opinion_n contrary_a to_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o those_o record_n and_o the_o sense_n of_o the_o historian_n as_o some_o of_o your_o man_n do_v but_o shall_v give_v you_o the_o quotation_n out_o of_o those_o author_n whole_a and_o entire_a and_o shall_v make_v such_o reasonable_a deduction_n from_o they_o as_o i_o think_v you_o will_v have_v no_o reason_n to_o deny_v to_o be_v fair_o raise_v from_o the_o word_n themselves_o and_o also_o as_o matt._n paris_n relate_v in_o the_o 29_o hen._n iii_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n send_v letter_n to_o the_o pope_n 658._o then_o at_o the_o council_n of_o lion_n to_o complain_v of_o the_o pope_n exaction_n which_o letter_n be_v say_v by_o this_o author_n to_o be_v direct_v a_o magnatibus_fw-la &_o universitate_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la and_o though_o it_o be_v also_o true_a that_o in_o the_o same_o year_n there_o be_v other_o letter_n send_v thither_o from_o the_o same_o party_n to_o the_o cardinal_n there_o assemble_v which_o be_v recite_v by_o the_o old_a manuscript_n to_o have_v send_v messenger_n to_o the_o cardinal_n and_o the_o old_a manuscript_n in_o the_o cottonian_a library_n that_o they_o send_v to_o the_o cardinal_n assemble_v at_o the_o council_n of_o lion_n â_z a_o baronibus_fw-la militibus_fw-la &_o universis_fw-la baronagii_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la per_fw-la procuratores_fw-la ãâã_d rogeram_fw-la bigod_n comitem_fw-la norff._n willielmum_fw-la de_fw-la cantelupo_n johannem_fw-la silium_fw-la galfriâââ_n radulphum_fw-la filium_fw-la nicholas_n philippum_fw-la basset_n barones_n procuratores_fw-la baronagii_fw-la angâââ_n tunc_fw-la temporis_fw-la innocentio_n papa_n quarto_fw-la celebrante_fw-la concilium_fw-la ibi_fw-la generale_fw-mi anno_fw-la gratia_n 1245._o and_o the_o letter_n be_v thus_o direct_v venerabilibus_fw-la in_o christo_fw-la fratribus_fw-la uniââsis_fw-la &_o singulis_n dei_fw-la gratia_n salutem_fw-la barones_n milites_fw-la &_o universitas_fw-la baronagii_fw-la regis_fw-la angliae_fw-la and_o that_o matt._n of_o westminster_n do_v likewise_o agree_v in_o this_o relation_n only_o style_v the_o person_n last_o name_v milites_fw-la who_o matt._n paris_n call_v viri_fw-la nobiles_fw-la &_o discreti_fw-la but_o this_o will_v make_v no_o difference_n as_o i_o shall_v show_v you_o by_o and_o by_o and_o to_o these_o matt._n of_o westminster_n add_v mr._n william_n powic_n clark_n who_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v their_o secretary_n but_o notwithstanding_o it_o will_v appear_v that_o all_o these_o person_n so_o send_v name_v barones_n &_o milites_fw-la &_o universitas_fw-la baronagii_fw-la 103.104_o do_v not_o represent_v the_o commons_o of_o england_n at_o all_o but_o only_o the_o great_a earl_n baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la for_o first_o it_o appear_v from_o sir_n w._n dugdale_n baronage_n of_o england_n they_o that_o every_o one_o of_o the_o person_n here_o name_v be_v either_o a_o earl_n baron_n or_o great_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o nââ_n common_a person_n as_o your_o author_n will_v have_v they_o and_o though_o it_o true_a the_o cottonian_a manuscript_n
and_o matt._n of_o westminster_n call_v some_o of_o they_o milites_fw-la yet_o this_o make_v nothing_o against_o our_o opinion_n for_o as_o i_o prove_v before_o the_o great_a milites_fw-la be_v often_o style_v baron_n and_o the_o baron_n milites_fw-la nor_o be_v this_o earl_n and_o the_o four_o baron_n here_o mention_v choose_a or_o send_v by_o the_o baronage_n of_o the_o kingdom_n assemble_v in_o parliament_n to_o represent_v they_o at_o the_o council_n of_o lion_n but_o be_v only_o pitch_v upon_o by_o a_o body_n of_o military_a man_n or_o baron_n at_o a_o tornament_n intend_v to_o have_v be_v hold_v at_o dunstable_n which_o be_v forbid_v by_o the_o king_n and_o these_o take_v upon_o they_o to_o warn_v mr._n martin_n the_o pope_n clerk_n out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o account_n matt._n paris_n give_v we_o of_o this_o business_n in_o the_o paragraph_n immediate_o follow_v so_o that_o the_o history_n of_o the_o thing_n make_v it_o plain_a who_o be_v the_o universitas_fw-la regni_fw-la to_o wit_n the_o baron_n or_o the_o universitas_fw-la armatorum_fw-la who_o be_v meet_v to_o hold_v the_o tournament_n and_o these_o the_o king_n there_o call_v his_o baron_n and_o after_o this_o in_o the_o 30_o of_o hen._n iii_o when_o the_o pope_n do_v not_o give_v satisfaction_n to_o their_o grievance_n the_o king_n call_v as_o this_o author_n tell_v we_o ãâã_d parliamentum_fw-la generalissimum_fw-la 696._o totius_fw-la regni_fw-la anglicani_n totalem_fw-la nobilitatem_fw-la londini_fw-la viz._n prelatorum_fw-la tam_fw-la abbatum_fw-la &_o priorum_fw-la quam_fw-la epiâcoporum_fw-la comitum_fw-la quoque_fw-la &_o baronium_n ut_fw-la de_fw-la statu_fw-la regni_fw-la jam_fw-la ãâã_d efficatiter_fw-la prout_fw-la exegit_fw-la urgens_fw-la necessitas_fw-la contrectarent_fw-la 106._o in_o this_o very_a parliament_n the_o king_n confer_v with_o the_o bishop_n by_o themselves_o and_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n by_o themselves_o about_o this_o business_n of_o the_o pope_n not_o keep_v his_o promise_n and_o certain_o if_o there_o have_v be_v then_o any_o commons_o in_o this_o parliament_n he_o will_v have_v also_o confer_v with_o they_o about_o the_o same_o matter_n the_o result_n of_o all_o these_o conference_n be_v that_o yet_o for_o the_o reverence_n due_a to_o the_o apostolic_a see_v they_o shall_v again_o supplicate_v the_o pope_n by_o letter_n to_o remove_v their_o intolerable_a grievance_n and_o insupportable_a yoke_n and_o this_o they_o do_v in_o separate_a conference_n the_o bishop_n write_v by_o themselves_o the_o abbot_n and_o prior_n by_o themselves_o and_o the_o earl_n baron_n etc._n etc._n by_o themselves_o to_o the_o pope_n and_o if_o there_o have_v be_v any_o commons_o as_o at_o this_o day_n they_o most_o certain_o will_v likewise_o have_v write_v to_o the_o pope_n as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o constituent_a part_n of_o this_o parliament_n do_v f._n i_o hope_v i_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o answer_v what_o you_o have_v now_o say_v in_o the_o first_o place_n though_o i_o shall_v grant_v that_o these_o commissioner_n send_v by_o the_o baronage_n of_o england_n be_v all_o of_o they_o baron_n and_o no_o commoner_n among_o they_o do_v it_o therefore_o follow_v that_o the_o person_n that_o send_v they_o must_v have_v be_v all_o lord_n too_o for_o if_o those_o commissioner_n be_v all_o peer_n who_o represent_v your_o barones_n minores_fw-la or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o as_o you_o yourself_o have_v grant_v be_v no_o lord_n at_o all_o and_o why_o may_v not_o those_o lord_n as_o well_o represent_v all_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n as_o they_o do_v these_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la so_o that_o it_o seem_v plain_a to_o i_o that_o these_o word_n universitas_fw-la baronagii_fw-la angliae_fw-la must_v needs_o then_o comprehend_v somewhat_o more_o than_o your_o baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o since_o the_o word_n barones_n &_o milites_fw-la alone_a and_o sufficient_o express_v all_o 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the_o nobiles_fw-la portuum_fw-la maris_fw-la habitatores_fw-la do_v the_o baron_n of_o the_o cinqââ_fw-fr port_n
which_o by_o the_o way_n be_v here_o call_v noble_a though_o mere_a commoner_n and_o to_o obviate_v your_o objection_n that_o the_o word_n clerus_fw-la after_o barones_n may_v refer_v to_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o prior_n that_o can_v not_o be_v for_o they_o at_o the_o same_o time_n have_v already_o write_v letter_n apart_o to_o the_o pope_n concern_v this_o matter_n as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o same_o author_n immediate_o before_o and_o therefore_o nothing_o seem_v plain_a to_o i_o than_o that_o by_o these_o word_n clerus_fw-la &_o populus_fw-la universus_fw-la must_v be_v mean_v the_o inferior_a clergy_n and_o commons_o appear_v by_o their_o representative_n in_o this_o parliament_n and_o that_o so_o become_v generalissimum_fw-la parliamentum_fw-la as_o this_o historian_n call_v it_o m._n pray_v give_v i_o leave_v now_o to_o reply_v in_o the_o first_o place_n i_o must_v tell_v you_o that_o the_o instance_n you_o have_v bring_v out_o of_o matt._n westm_n to_o prove_v that_o 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106._o to_o this_o effect_n that_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o after_o the_o barones_n &_o proceres_fw-la there_o be_v divers_a other_o party_n mention_v yet_o be_v this_o troop_n of_o word_n put_v together_o in_o this_o letter_n to_o no_o other_o purpose_n than_o to_o make_v a_o impression_n upon_o the_o pope_n and_o make_v he_o sensible_a what_o a_o general_a dislike_n the_o nation_n have_v of_o his_o exaction_n and_o encroachment_n and_o to_o induce_v he_o to_o a_o compliance_n with_o their_o desire_n the_o multitude_n or_o commons_o not_o be_v any-way_n party_n or_o privy_a to_o the_o write_n of_o the_o letter_n for_o the_o clamour_n of_o the_o people_n be_v a_o great_a argument_n use_v in_o all_o these_o letter_n to_o affect_v the_o pope_n how_o ungrateful_a his_o imposition_n be_v to_o the_o nation_n but_o in_o this_o of_o the_o temporal_a baron_n more_o especial_o who_o address_v themselves_o to_o the_o pope_n by_o petition_n enforce_v it_o by_o the_o clamour_n of_o the_o people_n against_o those_o injury_n and_o oppression_n upon_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n it_o be_v to_o no_o purpose_n to_o repeat_v all_o that_o follow_v only_o observe_v this_o clause_n alioquin_fw-la necesse_fw-la est_fw-la ut_fw-la veniant_fw-la scandala_fw-la clamoro_fw-la populi_fw-la tam_fw-la dominum_fw-la regem_fw-la quam_fw-la nos_fw-la intolerabiliter_fw-la impellente_fw-la and_o the_o king_n likewise_o in_o his_o letter_n to_o the_o pope_n and_o cardinal_n aggravate_v the_o matter_n by_o the_o like_a argument_n as_o appear_v by_o this_o clause_n in_o his_o letter_n to_o they_o verum_fw-la clamorem_fw-la incomperabilem_fw-la magnatum_fw-la angliae_fw-la tam_fw-la cleri_fw-la quam_fw-la populi_n non_fw-la possumus_fw-la obaudire_fw-la from_o this_o general_a clamour_n of_o the_o people_n and_o not_o from_o their_o be_v party_n it_o be_v that_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o letter_n from_o the_o baronage_n or_o the_o university_n of_o england_n be_v stuff_v with_o so_o many_o word_n and_o phrase_n to_o awaken_v his_o holiness_n and_o invite_v he_o to_o redress_v their_o grievance_n f._n in_o return_n to_o what_o you_o have_v say_v i_o must_v tell_v you_o that_o i_o be_o not_o convince_v that_o in_o the_o parliament_n mention_v by_o mat._n westm_n that_o the_o demand_v for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o the_o charter_n be_v make_v by_o the_o lord_n only_o since_o it_o be_v not_o likely_a that_o the_o commons_o who_o be_v there_o style_v divites_fw-la plebis_fw-la and_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v grieve_v by_o their_o infringement_n shall_v not_o have_v be_v party_n to_o the_o complaint_n for_o their_o redress_n especial_o since_o we_o find_v that_o in_o all_o succeed_a parliament_n the_o commons_o be_v mention_v as_o most_o eager_a for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o these_o charter_n but_o as_o for_o the_o most_o material_a part_n of_o your_o answer_n to_o my_o authority_n from_o the_o parliament_n letter_n to_o the_o pope_n i_o know_v the_o dr._n endeavour_v all_o he_o can_v to_o avoid_v the_o force_n of_o this_o objection_n by_o make_v the_o parliament_n top_n upon_o his_o holiness_n mere_a empty_a word_n instead_o of_o matter_n that_o be_v according_a to_o the_o dr.'s_n own_o phrase_n they_o only_o lay_v a_o airy_a ambuscade_n to_o entrap_v he_o but_o whether_o the_o old_a gentleman_n be_v thus_o like_a to_o be_v catch_v i_o give_v you_o leave_v to_o judge_v for_o certain_o both_o he_o and_o his_o consistory_n of_o cardinal_n know_v as_o well_o as_o the_o parliament_n itself_o what_o be_v the_o constituent_a part_n thereof_o and_o they_o can_v quick_o have_v answer_v they_o that_o they_o put_v a_o mere_a shame_n upon_o his_o holiness_n in_o mention_v the_o noble_a inhabitant_n of_o the_o sea_n port_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o people_n both_o clergy_n and_o laity_n in_o their_o letter_n whereas_o they_o have_v nothing_o at_o all_o to_o do_v with_o the_o matter_n nor_o have_v show_v any_o dislike_n of_o his_o holiness_n proceed_n for_o if_o 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magnate_v tam_fw-la clerâ_n quam_fw-la populi_n i._n e._n as_o well_o of_o the_o clergy_n as_o of_o the_o laity_n as_o the_o dr._n render_v it_o so_o that_o these_o word_n clamorem_fw-la magnatum_fw-la must_v signify_v here_o the_o clamour_n of_o the_o whole_a people_n in_o parliament_n or_o else_o they_o signify_v nothing_o at_o all_o and_o i_o may_v as_o well_o say_v that_o the_o clerus_fw-la and_o populus_fw-la never_o appear_v in_o parliament_n at_o all_o but_o that_o these_o be_v also_o mere_a empty_a word_n to_o frighten_v the_o pope_n but_o what_o say_v you_o to_o the_o next_o precedent_n mr._n p._n produce_v to_o prove_v that_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o together_o have_v write_v letter_n to_o the_o pope_n 115._o when_o he_o attempt_v to_o invade_v the_o right_n of_o the_o crown_n or_o kingdom_n viz._n the_o letter_n from_o the_o parliament_n at_o lincoln_n to_o the_o pope_n in_o the_o 29_o of_o king_n edw._n i._n 1301._o wherein_o they_o assert_v the_o king_n superiority_n over_o the_o kingdom_n of_o scotland_n and_o desire_v that_o his_o holiness_n will_v desist_v from_o meddle_v far_o with_o it_o which_o letter_n though_o subscribe_v by_o above_o a_o hundred_o earl_n and_o baron_n as_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n of_o that_o age_n yet_o it_o be_v say_v express_o in_o the_o conclusion_n in_o cujus_fw-la rei_fw-la testimonium_fw-la sigilla_fw-la tam_fw-la pro_fw-la nobis_fw-la quam_fw-la pro_fw-la tota_fw-la communitate_fw-la praedicti_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la praesentibus_fw-la suât_z opâpensa_fw-la m._n though_o this_o authority_n be_v after_o the_o time_n we_o acknowledge_v the_o commons_o to_o have_v be_v summon_v to_o parliament_n and_o therefore_o i_o need_v not_o speak_v particular_o to_o it_o yet_o though_o i_o grant_v your_o argument_n have_v some_o weight_n in_o it_o since_o it_o here_o seem_v that_o the_o lord_n do_v sign_n this_o letter_n for_o the_o commons_o as_o well_o as_o themselves_o i_o shall_v endeavour_n to_o
refer_v but_o to_o this_o very_a letter_n which_o be_v assent_v as_o well_o per_fw-la procuratores_fw-la communitatis_fw-la regni_fw-la as_o by_o your_o baron_n here_o call_v nobiles_fw-la regni_fw-la and_o this_o application_n thereof_o be_v give_v by_o mr_n pryn_n himself_o when_o he_o make_v use_v of_o these_o record_n but_o to_o let_v you_o see_v far_o that_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o for_o all_o this_o author_n opinion_n to_o the_o contrary_a 119._o may_v join_v in_o a_o letter_n ro_o the_o pope_n i_o shall_v show_v you_o by_o that_o which_o be_v write_v in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o whole_a parliament_n to_o the_o pope_n in_o the_o 17_o the_o of_o edw._n iii_o about_o the_o provision_n of_o benefice_n which_o then_o grow_v so_o exorbitant_a that_o walsingham_n tell_v we_o in_o his_o history_n quod_fw-la rex_fw-la &_o tota_fw-la nobilitas_fw-la regni_fw-la pati_fw-la noluit_fw-la etc._n etc._n which_o phrase_n the_o letter_n itself_o will_v best_o explain_v 161._o the_o beginning_n and_o conclusion_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o in_o english_a as_o you_o may_v find_v it_o in_o mr._n fox_n book_n of_o martyr_n to_o the_o most_o holy_a father_n in_o god_n lord_n clement_n by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n of_o the_o holy_a church_n of_o rome_n 501._o and_o of_o the_o universal_a church_n chief_a and_o high-bishop_n his_o humble_a and_o devout_a child_n the_o prince_n duke_n earls_z baron_n knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n and_o all_o the_o communality_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n assemble_v at_o a_o parliament_n hold_v at_o westminster_n the_o 15_o the_o day_n of_o may_n last_o pass_v etc._n etc._n in_o witness_v whereof_o we_o have_v hereunto_o set_v our_o ãâã_d give_v in_o the_o full_a parliament_n at_o westminst_n on_o the_o 18_o day_n of_o may_n anno_fw-la drâ_n 1343._o and_o it_o still_o appear_v by_o the_o parliament_n roll_v of_o this_o year_n viz._n 17_o edw._n iii_o n._n 59_o that_o the_o commons_o petition_v the_o king_n that_o the_o lord_n may_v stay_v at_o the_o parliament_n till_o they_o have_v perfect_v and_o seal_v this_o letter_n and_o that_o there_o be_v such_o a_o letter_n then_o write_v by_o the_o parliament_n 3._o appear_v by_o the_o king_n letter_n to_o the_o pope_n about_o the_o same_o matter_n still_o among_o the_o tower_n record_n in_o which_o he_o imitate_v his_o grandfather_n edw._n i._n and_o great_a grandfather_n hen._n iii_o who_o also_o seâ_n letter_n to_o the_o pope_n on_o such_o like_a occasion_n but_o in_o those_o to_o excuse_v the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n from_o be_v the_o author_n of_o those_o complain_v he_o have_v this_o passage_n that_o since_o it_o be_v the_o judgement_n tam_fw-la procerum_fw-la &_o nobilium_fw-la quaâ_n communitatis_fw-la regni_fw-la in_o ultimo_fw-la parliamento_fw-la contra_fw-la provisorum_fw-la exercitum_fw-la to_o conclude_v i_o think_v nothing_o be_v plain_a than_o that_o under_o the_o universitas_fw-la regââ_n in_o the_o first_o letter_n to_o the_o pope_n 29_o hen._n iii_o and_o under_o the_o communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la mention_v in_o the_o letter_n of_o the_o 29_o edw._n i._o be_v mean_v the_o same_o estate_n or_o order_n of_o man_n as_o be_v more_o particular_o recite_v in_o this_o present_a letter_n viz._n the_o ãâã_d lord_n and_o commons_o in_o parliament_n assemble_v m._n i_o must_v free_o tell_v you_o i_o be_o not_o yet_o satisfy_v with_o the_o sense_n you_o now_o put_v âpon_o these_o word_n universitas_fw-la and_o communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la before_o the_o commons_o be_v summon_v to_o parliament_n for_o you_o yourself_o must_v grant_v that_o as_o the_o word_n universitas_fw-la regni_fw-la take_v in_o the_o whole_a representative_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n so_o likewise_o the_o word_n communitas_fw-la signify_v no_o more_o than_o the_o same_o whole_a body_n or_o community_n thereof_o therefore_o if_o i_o prove_v to_o you_o that_o in_o those_o time_n this_o universâây_n or_o community_n consist_v only_o of_o the_o earl_n baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la that_o word_n communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la ought_v never_o to_o be_v interpret_v by_o the_o english_a word_n commonalty_n or_o commons_o of_o england_n till_o after_o the_o time_n that_o i_o allow_v the_o commons_o be_v admit_v to_o make_v a_o constituent_a part_n of_o the_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n nor_o always_o then_o neither_o and_o mr._n p._n in_o his_o book_n which_o we_o have_v so_o often_o cite_v have_v do_v very_o unfair_o to_o make_v the_o universitas_fw-la and_o communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la to_o comprehend_v the_o commons_o of_o england_n before_o they_o everappear_v in_o parliament_n at_o all_o and_o so_o have_v he_o likewise_o abuse_v the_o word_n populus_fw-la as_o i_o have_v already_o observe_v to_o signify_v the_o commons_o when_o indeed_o there_o be_v no_o more_o thereby_o mean_v than_o the_o whole_a assembly_n of_o the_o laity_n which_o at_o that_o time_n consist_v of_o no_o more_o than_o the_o earl_n baron_n or_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la 28._o and_o though_o i_o grant_v that_o by_o communitas_fw-la praelatorum_fw-la or_o baronum_n be_v often_o understand_v the_o body_n of_o the_o prelate_n or_o great_a baron_n only_o call_v by_o way_n of_o eminency_n proceres_fw-la &_o magnates_fw-la yet_o most_o frequent_o these_o with_o all_o the_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la do_v make_v the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o king_n be_v immediate_a tenant_n in_o military_a service_n and_o be_v altogether_o call_v the_o baronage_n of_o england_n the_o community_n of_o the_o land_n or_o community_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o for_o this_o i_o think_v i_o shall_v give_v you_o undeniable_a proof_n by_o and_o by_o f._n i_o be_o very_a well_o aware_a that_o the_o word_n populus_fw-la often_o signify_v the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o laity_n yet_o not_o exclude_v the_o commons_o as_o i_o have_v already_o sufficient_o prove_v for_o then_o the_o word_n must_v signify_v quite_o contrary_a to_o its_o genuine_a signification_n instead_o of_o people_n the_o great_a nobility_n only_o yet_o that_o when_o it_o be_v put_v after_o as_o distinct_a from_o magnate_n it_o must_v mean_v the_o commons_o as_o now_o understand_v i_o shall_v show_v you_o by_o and_o by_o but_o that_o this_o word_n populus_fw-la do_v not_o always_o signify_v the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o nobility_n only_o 55._o but_o take_v in_o oftentimes_o the_o commons_o too_o pray_v see_v matt._n west_n who_o tell_v we_o king_n edw._n i._o in_o the_o 34th_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n make_v his_o son_n a_o knight_n pro_fw-la hac_fw-la melitia_fw-la silii_fw-la regis_fw-la concessus_fw-la est_fw-la regi_fw-la zomus_fw-la denarius_fw-la a_o populo_fw-la &_o clero_fw-la mercatores_fw-la vero_fw-la vicesâmum_fw-la concesserunt_fw-la upon_o which_o your_o dr._n in_o his_o glossary_a very_a well_o remark_n that_o it_o be_v evident_a upon_o record_n who_o be_v the_o populus_fw-la mean_v by_o the_o historian_n viz._n the_o comites_fw-la barones_n &_o alii_fw-la magnates_fw-la nec_fw-la non_fw-la milites_fw-la comitatuum_fw-la so_o that_o unless_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n be_v lord_n it_o be_v plain_a populus_fw-la take_v in_o the_o commonâ_n too_o but_o universitas_fw-la regni_fw-la and_o communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la call_v in_o french_a le_fw-fr communâ_n dangletterre_fw-fr be_v often_o take_v for_o the_o whole_a community_n or_o body_n of_o the_o whole_a parliament_n and_o this_o sir_n edward_n coke_n own_v express_o in_o his_o 2d_o instit._n upon_o these_o word_n in_o articulis_fw-la supââ_n chartas_n 539._o thus_o here_o le_fw-fr commune_fw-la be_v take_v for_o people_n so_o astout_a le_fw-fr commune_fw-la be_v here_o take_v for_o all_o the_o people_n and_o this_o be_v prove_v by_o the_o sense_n of_o the_o word_n for_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la be_v not_o grant_v to_o the_o commons_o of_o the_o realm_n but_o general_o to_o all_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o realm_n viz._n to_o those_o of_o thâ_n clergy_n and_o to_o those_o of_o the_o nobility_n and_o to_o the_o commons_o also_o and_o this_o be_v a_o rational_a as_o well_o as_o grammatical_a interpretation_n for_o as_o the_o word_n universitas_fw-la be_v derive_v from_o the_o adjective_n universus_fw-la which_o signify_v the_o whole_a ãâã_d universal_a so_o the_o word_n communitas_fw-la be_v derive_v from_o the_o adjective_n ãâã_d common_a or_o general_n so_o that_o these_o two_o word_n when_o use_v simple_o in_o a_o political_a ãâã_d legal_a sense_n aught_o to_o take_v in_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o all_o sort_n and_o condition_n of_o freemen_n appear_v themselves_o or_o their_o lawful_a proxy_n or_o representative_n in_o parliament_n but_o i_o have_v already_o sufficient_o prove_v that_o under_o those_o general_n word_n use_v in_o our_o historian_n and_o record_n viz._n principes_fw-la proceres_fw-la nobiles_fw-la magnates_fw-la barones_n &_o alii_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la be_v then_o comprehend_v either_o all_o the_o considerable_a freeholder_n oâ_n lord_n of_o manner_n or_o else_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n so_o
that_o if_o the_o sense_n of_o these_o word_n have_v be_v sufficient_o explain_v i_o think_v no_o reasonable_a man_n can_v have_v any_o cause_n to_o doubt_v whether_o these_o abstract_a word_n nobilitas_fw-la universitas_fw-la and_o communitas_fw-la shall_v be_v take_v for_o all_o sort_n and_o degree_n of_o man_n when_o thus_o represent_v in_o the_o great_a council_n or_o whether_o they_o shall_v be_v confine_v to_o the_o great_a or_o lesser_a nobility_n only_o viz._n the_o great_a lord_n bishop_n and_o tenant_n in_o caâite_fw-la as_o you_o will_v make_v i_o believe_v which_o require_v strong_a proof_n than_o what_o you_o have_v yet_o bring_v beside_o which_o sense_n of_o this_o word_n communitas_fw-la or_o le_fw-fr commune_fw-la it_o be_v also_o more_o common_o use_v at_o this_o day_n and_o often_o then_o too_o in_o another_o more_o restrain_v and_o yet_o legal_a sense_n and_o that_o be_v when_o it_o be_v use_v for_o the_o commonalty_n or_o commons_o of_o england_n distinct_a from_o the_o peer_n and_o this_o may_v very_o easy_o be_v distinguish_v by_o observe_v that_o when_o it_o be_v take_v in_o this_o sense_n it_o be_v always_o set_v after_o the_o particular_a enumeration_n of_o the_o other_o order_n of_o the_o lord_n or_o peer_n viz._n the_o arch-bishop_n bishop_n abbot_n prior_n earl_n and_o baron_n or_o when_o it_o be_v put_v contradistinct_a to_o the_o word_n magnate_v i_o shall_v give_v you_o some_o authority_n and_o example_n from_o historian_n and_o record_n of_o both_o these_o 35._o and_o that_o in_o the_o time_n precede_v those_o that_o you_o allow_v the_o commons_o to_o have_v be_v summon_v in_o parliament_n of_o this_o sort_n be_v that_o which_o matt._n westm_n mention_n as_o a_o parliament_n hold_v 37th_o hen._n iii_o and_o which_o be_v thus_o recite_v in_o the_o patent_n roll_v of_o this_o year_n 352._o where_o after_o the_o excommunication_n denounce_v against_o all_o infringer_n of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la there_o be_v this_o solemn_a clause_n aâded_v that_o if_o to_o the_o write_n concern_v the_o say_a sentence_n any_o other_o thing_n or_o in_o any_o otherwise_o shall_v be_v add_v thereunto_o beside_o the_o form_n of_o the_o say_a sentence_n then_o to_o be_v denounce_v and_o approve_v of_o that_o then_o dominus_fw-la rex_fw-la &_o praedicti_fw-la magnates_fw-la &_o communitas_fw-la populi_n pretestantur_fw-la publicae_fw-la before_o all_o the_o bishop_n that_o they_o will_v never_o consent_v thereunto_o and_o conclude_v thus_o in_o cujus_fw-la rei_fw-la testimonium_fw-la &_o in_o posterum_fw-la veritatis_fw-la testimonium_fw-la as_o well_o the_o king_n as_o the_o earl_n of_o norff._n heref._n essex_n and_o warwick_n as_o peter_n de_fw-fr sabaâdia_n ad_fw-la inslantiam_fw-la aliorum_fw-la magnatum_fw-la &_o populi_n praescripti_fw-la sigilla_fw-la sua_fw-la apposuerunt_fw-la where_o you_o may_v see_v that_o it_o be_v usual_a before_o the_o 49th_o hen._n iii_o for_o those_o that_o be_v peer_n to_o sign_n for_o the_o communitas_fw-la populi_n or_o commons_o m_o i_o pray_v give_v i_o leave_v to_o answer_v your_o authority_n as_o you_o bring_v they_o lest_o i_o not_o only_o forget_v some_o of_o they_o but_o also_o tire_v both_o you_o and_o myself_o with_o too_o long_a a_o discourse_n i_o hope_v i_o be_o very_a well_o able_a to_o prove_v by_o the_o learned_a dr.'s_n assistance_n dein_fw-ge that_o the_o communitas_fw-la populi_n here_o mention_v doâh_o signify_v not_o the_o commonalty_n or_o commons_o but_o the_o community_n of_o the_o laity_n there_o present_a consist_v of_o the_o great_a baron_n or_o else_o the_o less_o or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o for_o proof_n of_o this_o pray_v take_v notice_n that_o matt._n paris_n call_v this_o council_n tota_n angliae_fw-la nobilitas_fw-la 865._o and_o in_o this_o parliament_n the_o king_n demand_v a_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n of_o they_o after_o much_o contest_v and_o upon_o promise_n to_o reform_v all_o abuse_n according_a to_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o great_a charter_n thereupon_o the_o same_o author_n tell_v we_o the_o church_n grant_v the_o ten_o of_o the_o revenue_n for_o three_o year_n and_o the_o knight_n or_o nobility_n grant_v for_o that_o year_n scutage_n to_o wit_n three_o mark_n of_o every_o scutum_n or_o knight_n ãâã_d and_o then_o the_o arch-bishop_n and_o bishop_n in_o their_o pontificalibus_fw-la with_o light-candle_n in_o their_o hand_n in_o the_o presence_n and_o with_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o king_n the_o earl_n of_o cornwall_n his_o brother_n and_o several_a earl_n there_o name_v &_o aliorum_fw-la optimatum_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la and_o other_o chief_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n excommunicate_v and_o curse_v all_o those_o that_o from_o thence_o forward_o shall_v deprive_v the_o church_n of_o she_o right_o and_o all_o those_o that_o shall_v change_v alter_v or_o diminish_v the_o liberty_n of_o the_o church_n and_o ancient_a custom_n of_o the_o kingdom_n especial_o those_o grant_v in_o the_o great_a charter_n of_o the_o common_a liberty_n of_o england_n and_o charter_n of_o the_o forest_n grant_v by_o the_o king_n arâhiâpiscopis_n episcopis_fw-la &_o cateris_fw-la angliae_fw-la praelatis_fw-la comitibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la militibus_fw-la &_o ââberè_fw-la tenentibus_fw-la etc._n etc._n i._n e._n to_o the_o arch-bishop_n bishop_n and_o other_o prelate_n of_o ââgland_n and_o to_o the_o earl_n baron_n knight_n and_o free-tenant_n or_o tenant_n in_o military_a ãâã_d knight_n service_n for_o they_o only_o be_v such_o aâ_n pay_v scutage_n which_o be_v at_o this_o âime_n a_o kind_n of_o composition_n with_o the_o king_n for_o the_o confirm_a magna_fw-la charta_fw-la and_o be_v never_o charge_v but_o upon_o knight_n fee_n and_o these_o be_v such_o that_o hold_v perhaps_o one_o narrow_a or_o scanty_a knight_n fee_n only_o or_o some_o part_n of_o a_o knight_n fee_n as_o a_o half_a 3d_o four_o 6_o 8_o part_n etc._n etc._n who_o all_o pay_v a_o proportionable_a share_n of_o scutage_n to_o the_o great_a lord_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la for_o the_o land_n they_o hold_v of_o they_o in_o military_a service_n which_o be_v pay_v first_o to_o the_o great_a lord_n and_o by_o they_o pay_v to_o the_o king_n and_o from_o thence_o i_o collect_v that_o beside_o the_o barones_n majores_fw-la that_o come_v to_o this_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n there_o be_v also_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la according_a to_o the_o direction_n and_o law_n for_o summons_n in_o king_n john_n charter_n who_o be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o word_n tota_fw-la nobilitas_fw-la &_o milites_fw-la and_o that_o other_o tenant_n but_o hold_v of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la by_o knight_n service_n be_v bind_v by_o their_o act_n ãâã_d they_o all_o know_v how_o many_o knight_n fee_n they_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o if_o ââey_n have_v give_v any_o away_o to_o other_o they_o hold_v of_o they_o as_o they_o do_v of_o the_o crown_n use_v answer_v a_o proportionable_a rate_n towards_o this_o tax_n for_o the_o fee_n quantity_n ãâã_d part_n of_o fee_n they_o hold_v of_o they_o about_o which_o there_o can_v be_v no_o mistake_n ãâã_d the_o scutage_n be_v ascertain_v so_o that_o in_o so_o great_a a_o assembly_n where_o all_o the_o nobility_n of_o england_n be_v call_v together_o by_o the_o king_n be_v write_v and_o upon_o so_o great_a ãâã_d occasion_n and_o solemnity_n as_o confirm_v the_o great_a charter_n of_o liberty_n after_o such_o a_o extraordinary_a a_o manner_n it_o can_v be_v doubt_v but_o beside_o the_o baron_n all_o the_o ãâã_d in_o capite_fw-la both_o great_a and_o small_a which_o be_v then_o very_o numerous_a be_v present_a or_o at_o least_o most_o of_o they_o from_o whence_o it_o be_v not_o difficult_a to_o tell_v you_o to_o the_o communitas_fw-la be_v after_o the_o prelate_n baron_n and_o magnaâââ_n they_o be_v no_o other_o than_o the_o small_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o be_v all_o summon_v by_o one_o general_n write_v nor_o choose_v and_o send_v by_o the_o people_n but_o summon_v as_o the_o great_a baron_n in_o general_a by_o king_n john_n '_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la as_o i_o shall_v show_v you_o hereafter_o f._n i_o hope_v i_o shall_v be_v well_o enough_o able_a to_o prove_v that_o what_o you_o have_v now_o allege_v be_v pure_a imagination_n or_o in_o the_o dr._n phrase_n a_o airy_a ambuscade_n and_o quite_o contrary_a to_o the_o sense_n of_o matt._n paris_n as_o also_o of_o the_o lawyer_n and_o historian_n of_o those_o time_n for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n nothing_o be_v plain_a than_o that_o this_o author_n by_o the_o word_n communitas_fw-la populi_n must_v understand_v a_o order_n of_o man_n distinct_a from_o the_o magnate_v or_o else_o if_o the_o word_n magnates_n may_v have_v comprehend_v they_o all_o it_o will_v have_v be_v to_o no_o purpose_n to_o have_v mention_v any_o more_o but_o to_o answer_v those_o authority_n you_o bring_v from_o mat._n paris_n as_o for_o the_o word_n nobilitas_fw-la since_o you_o still_o insist_v upon_o it_o i_o
praesentibus_fw-la clero_fw-la &_o populo_fw-la cum_fw-la magnatibus_fw-la regionis_fw-la which_o pray_v let_v we_o put_v into_o english_a and_o see_v if_o it_o will_v not_o prove_v what_o i_o say_v viz._n the_o clergy_n and_o people_n be_v present_a with_o the_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n now_o if_o the_o word_n magnate_v as_o you_o affirm_v do_v then_o comprehend_v all_o the_o baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la to_o what_o purpose_n be_v the_o word_n people_n put_v here_o as_o a_o distinct_a member_n of_o this_o parliament_n but_o to_o show_v you_o father_n that_o this_o word_n populus_fw-la be_v not_o always_o to_o be_v understand_v for_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o laic_n but_o lord_n and_o knight_n of_o shire_n ãâã_d shall_v show_v you_o out_o of_o walsingham_n anno_fw-la 1297._o 24_o edw._n i._o where_o he_o mention_n a_o parliament_n hold_v at_o st._n edmundsbury_n in_o quo_fw-la a_o civitatibus_fw-la &_o burgis_fw-la concessa_fw-la est_fw-la regâ_n octava_fw-la a_o populo_fw-la vero_fw-la reliquo_fw-la dvodecima_fw-la pars_fw-la bonorum_fw-la where_o by_o populus_fw-la ãâã_d not_o only_o mean_v the_o peer_n but_o knight_n of_o shire_n or_o grands_fw-fr des_fw-fr ãâã_d also_o m._n i_o be_o not_o prepare_v at_o present_a to_o answer_v all_o the_o query_n and_o difficulty_n that_o you_o can_v make_v or_o raise_v against_o the_o dr.'s_n argument_n yet_o i_o think_v i_o be_o able_a to_o give_v you_o a_o very_a satisfactory_a answer_n why_o all_o tenant_n in_o soccage_n shall_v be_v bounâ_n by_o the_o act_n of_o those_o of_o who_o they_o hold_v their_o estate_n for_o since_o as_o i_o have_v a_o ready_a prove_v all_o the_o land_n in_o england_n except_o what_o belong_v to_o religious_a house_n be_v grant_v out_o by_o king_n william_n the_o conqueror_n to_o be_v hold_v in_o capite_fw-la by_o knight_n service_n and_o be_v again_o grant_v out_o by_o these_o head-tenant_n to_o their_o feudatory_a oâ_n mesne_n tenant_n by_o the_o like_a service_n there_o be_v very_o few_o land_n grant_v in_o free_a soccage_n at_o the_o first_o and_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o in_o process_n of_o time_n maâ_n of_o those_o estate_n and_o land_n become_v free_a tenement_n i._n or_o be_v hold_v in_o soccage_n that_o be_v be_v freehold_n yet_o the_o lord_n still_o retaiâ_n the_o homage_n which_o in_o the_o time_n we_o speak_v of_o be_v no_o idle_a insignificant_a word_n and_o by_o that_o a_o dominion_n over_o the_o estate_n whereby_o upon_o disobedience_n treachery_n or_o injury_n do_v to_o the_o lord_n the_o land_n be_v forfeit_v to_o they_o and_o theâ_n neither_o the_o land_n nor_o the_o tenant_n to_o they_o which_o be_v term_v freeholderâ_n be_v subject_a to_o any_o base_a service_n or_o servile_a work_n yet_o the_o lord_n have_v still_o great_a power_n over_o these_o tenant_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o do_v homage_n to_o they_o ãâã_d âo_o nominè_fw-la their_o land_n be_v many_o way_n liable_a to_o forfeiture_n and_o therefore_o it_o waâ_n but_o reason_n that_o the_o chief_a lord_n be_v tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la shall_v conclude_v that_o tenant_n in_o soccage_n also_o and_o both_o make_v law_n and_o give_v tax_n for_o they_o without_o their_o be_v at_o all_o privy_a to_o it_o but_o admit_v i_o grant_v that_o before_o 49th_o ãâã_d there_o be_v in_o some_o sense_n commons_o in_o parliament_n though_o not_o as_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n choose_v by_o the_o common_a people_n as_o their_o representative_n yet_o ãâã_d it_o not_o destroy_v i_o or_o the_o dr.'s_n assertion_n who_o in_o the_o introduction_n before_o the_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n only_o affirm_v that_o before_o the_o 49th_o aforesaid_a the_o body_n of_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n or_o ordinary_a freeman_n as_o now_o understand_v or_o as_o we_o now_o call_v they_o collective_o take_v etc._n etc._n have_v any_o share_n or_o vote_n in_o make_v law_n unless_o as_o they_o be_v ãâã_d present_v by_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la f._n 82._o be_v it_o so_o but_o i_o be_o sure_a in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o dr_n booâ_n he_o absolute_o deny_v that_o there_o be_v any_o commons_o in_o parliament_n till_o the_o time_n he_o assign_v but_o as_o for_o what_o you_o allege_v in_o answer_n to_o my_o query_n how_o tenant_n in_o soccage_n can_v have_v law_n make_v for_o they_o and_o tax_n lay_v upon_o they_o ãâã_d âheir_a lord_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la your_o answer_n be_v whole_o ground_v upon_o mistake_n for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n king_n william_n do_v not_o grant_v all_o the_o land_n in_o england_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o he_o by_o knight_n service_n since_o as_o i_o shall_v prove_v hereafter_o there_o be_v many_o subordinate_a tenant_n to_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o other_o great_a lord_n who_o never_o forfeit_v their_o estate_n at_o all_o nor_o be_v disseize_v of_o they_o by_o your_o conqueror_n âad_a who_o have_v also_o great_a number_n of_o considerable_a freeholder_n under_o they_o as_o in_o ãâã_d at_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o land_n be_v gavelkind_a which_o be_v soccage_n teâre_o in_o the_o next_o place_n neither_o be_v all_o the_o land_n he_o bestow_v upon_o his_o follower_n grant_v to_o be_v hold_v by_o knight_n service_n since_o you_o your_o seâf_n own_o that_o a_o great_a deal_n âland_n be_v give_v by_o he_o to_o his_o inferior_a servant_n to_o be_v hold_v by_o petit_n serjeanty_n and_o beside_o this_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o other_o land_n be_v regranted_a by_o that_o king_n himself_o ãâã_d some_o of_o those_o old_a proprietor_n who_o have_v be_v dispossess_v to_o be_v hold_v in_o soccage_n be_v appear_v from_o fleta_n 8._o who_o speak_v of_o these_o sort_n of_o man_n say_v express_o in_o ãâã_d maneriis_fw-la seilicet_fw-la regis_fw-la erant_fw-la liberi_fw-la hemines_n labâri_fw-la tenentes_fw-la quorum_fw-la quidaâi_fw-la ãâã_d per_fw-la potentiores_fw-la a_o tenementis_fw-la fuerant_fw-la ejecti_fw-la eadem_fw-la post_fw-la modum_fw-la in_o villenagium_fw-la tenenââ_fw-la resempserunt_fw-la &_o quia_fw-la hujusmodi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la cultores_fw-la regis_fw-la esse_fw-la dâgnoscuntur_fw-la provisa_fw-la ãâã_d quiet_n ne_fw-la sectas_fw-la facerent_fw-la ad_fw-la comitatum_fw-la well_fw-mi hundredum_fw-la &c_n &c_n quorâm_fw-la ââgregationem_fw-la tunc_fw-la soccam_fw-la appellarent_fw-la hinc_fw-la est_fw-la quod_fw-la sokemanni_n body_n dicunââ_n etc._n etc._n where_o you_o may_v see_v that_o these_o socman_n or_o soccager_n be_v then_o create_v by_o a_o âew_a tenure_n from_o this_o king_n nor_o do_v all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la grant_v their_o land_n âo_o other_o to_o be_v hold_v by_o knight_n service_n since_o they_o as_o well_o as_o the_o king_n do_v at_o first_o ãâã_d also_o in_o process_n of_o time_n grant_v land_n to_o the_o old_a english_a proprietor_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o ââem_n in_o soccage_n nor_o be_v homage_n the_o proper_a or_o only_a badge_n of_o soccage_n tenure_n but_o âealty_n unless_o the_o land_n have_v be_v hold_v by_o knight_n service_n at_o first_o as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o littleton_n 2d_o book_n sect._n 118._o nor_o do_v this_o soccage_n tenure_n give_v the_o lord_n any_o more_o right_a over_o his_o tenant_n estate_n to_o tax_v he_o de_fw-fr alto_fw-mi &_o bâsso_fw-la at_o his_o will_n by_o âeason_n of_o the_o subjection_n he_o be_v in_o to_o the_o lord_n in_o respect_n of_o forfeiture_n since_o âhen_o the_o king_n shall_v have_v have_v for_o the_o same_o reason_n the_o same_o right_n over_o all_o his_o ãâã_d in_o capite_fw-la to_o tax_v they_o likewise_o at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o this_o right_n of_o forfeiâââ_n in_o case_n of_o felony_n or_o for_o want_n of_o heir_n continue_v to_o the_o lord_n as_o well_o of_o soccage_n tenant_n as_o other_o long_o after_o the_o time_n you_o assign_v for_o the_o come_n of_o the_o commons_o to_o parliament_n even_o to_o our_o own_o time_n and_o yet_o for_o all_o that_o those_o lord_n can_v not_o give_v tax_n for_o such_o tenant_n in_o soccage_n at_o their_o pleasure_n but_o that_o we_o may_v proceed_v pray_v consider_v also_o the_o form_n of_o the_o peace_n agree_v upon_o between_o the_o king_n the_o prince_n his_o son_n and_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n assemble_v in_o parliament_n to_o compose_v all_o difference_n between_o the_o king_n and_o the_o âarons_n the_o title_n of_o which_o in_o the_o record_n be_v thus_o haec_fw-la est_fw-la forma_fw-la ãâã_d a_o domino_fw-la rege_fw-la &_o domino_fw-la edwardo_n filio_fw-la svo_fw-la dorso_fw-la praelatis_fw-la &_o proceriâââââââibus_fw-la cum_fw-la communitate_fw-la totâ_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la communitèr_fw-la &_o conâââditèr_fw-la approbata_fw-la which_o article_n be_v sign_v by_o the_o bishop_n of_o lincoln_n the_o bishop_n of_o ely_n earl_n of_o norfolk_n earl_n of_o oxon_n humphrey_n bohun_n william_n de_fw-fr monte_fw-fr canisio_n &_o majore_fw-la london_n in_o parliamento_fw-la london_n mensae_fw-la junii_fw-la anno_fw-la domini_fw-la 1264._o haec_fw-la autem_fw-la ârimatio_fw-la facta_fw-la est_fw-la london_n de_fw-fr consensu_fw-la
word_n clârus_n which_o there_o come_v immediate_o after_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o prior_n must_v needs_o signify_v the_o inferior_a clergy_n he_o express_v the_o lay_v order_n thus_o cum_fw-la comitibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la ac_fw-la proceribus_fw-la cunctis_fw-la where_o we_o may_v observe_v the_o word_n proceres_fw-la here_o put_v distinct_a from_o barones_n which_o may_v very_o well_o signify_v not_o the_o less_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la but_o the_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n as_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v the_o word_n proceres_fw-la do_v often_o signify_v both_o in_o our_o historian_n and_o record_n but_o quadrilogus_fw-la give_v we_o the_o title_n of_o these_o constitution_n more_o exact_o in_o these_o word_n facta_fw-la est_fw-la ista_fw-la recognitio_fw-la coram_fw-la archiepiscopis_fw-la episcopis_fw-la &_o clero_fw-la &_o comitibus_fw-la &_o proceribus_fw-la regni_fw-la and_o in_o the_o next_o line_n he_o say_v that_o those_o custom_n be_v thus_o recognize_v per_fw-la archiepiscopos_fw-la episcopos_fw-la comites_fw-la barones_n &_o per_fw-la nobiliores_fw-la &_o antiquiores_fw-la regni_fw-la where_o he_o likewise_o distinguish_v between_o the_o bishop_n and_o inferior_a clergy_n and_o those_o who_o in_o the_o first_o place_n he_o call_v proceres_fw-la regni_fw-la in_o the_o next_o he_o call_v nibilores_n &_o antiquiores_fw-la regni_fw-la by_o which_o he_o may_v mean_v the_o knight_n of_o shire_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n who_o be_v call_v in_o the_o saxon_a times_n seniores_fw-la &_o sapientes_fw-la as_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v now_o if_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n appear_v by_o their_o representative_n at_o this_o council_n since_o they_o can_v not_o then_o all_o come_v thither_o in_o person_n any_o more_o than_o now_o to_o imagine_v that_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n shall_v not_o be_v likewise_o there_o by_o their_o representative_n of_o their_o own_o order_n be_v to_o deprive_v the_o commons_o of_o that_o right_n which_o you_o can_v but_o allow_v to_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n to_o conclude_v you_o yourself_o confess_v that_o your_o less_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la sometime_o call_v barones_n minores_fw-la be_v only_o nominal_o and_o nor_o proper_o baron_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o the_o sense_n that_o word_n be_v now_o take_v and_o if_o so_o pray_v give_v i_o any_o satisfactory_a reason_n why_o other_o commoner_n as_o well_o as_o they_o viz._n the_o knight_n of_o shire_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n may_v not_o then_o likewise_o have_v have_v place_n in_o our_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n m._n i_o see_v you_o use_v your_o utmost_a endeavour_n from_o the_o various_a and_o equivocal_a sense_n of_o the_o word_n in_o question_n between_o we_o to_o prove_v that_o the_o commons_o in_o the_o sense_n they_o be_v now_o take_v may_v be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o word_n barones_n miiâa_n &_o homines_fw-la sai_fw-la which_o it_o be_v very_o certain_a can_v not_o be_v according_a to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o government_n at_o that_o time_n and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o a_o very_a plain_a answer_n to_o your_o question_n why_o other_o commonrss_n as_o well_o as_o the_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la can_v not_o be_v present_a or_o have_v place_n in_o those_o great_a council_n because_o it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o receive_a custom_n and_o law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n at_o that_o time_n appear_v by_o those_o clause_n of_o king_n john_n charter_n which_o dr._n b._n have_v make_v use_n of_o with_o so_o good_a success_n against_o mr._n p._n and_o the_o author_n of_o janus_n anglorum_fw-la etc._n etc._n and_o therefore_o i_o desire_v you_o will_v read_v they_o along_o with_o i_o ãâã_d they_o stand_v here_o in_o the_o appendix_n to_o the_o dr_n complete_a history_n of_o england_n 131._o and_o as_o he_o have_v transcribe_v they_o from_o a_o ancient_a manuscript_n in_o bennet_n college_n and_o divide_v they_o into_o so_o many_o distinct_a article_n or_o chapter_n but_o those_o we_o chief_o insist_v upon_o be_v these_o article_n 14._o nullum_fw-la scutagium_fw-la vel_fw-la auxilium_fw-la ponam_fw-la in_o regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la nisi_fw-la per_fw-la commune_fw-la consilium_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la nisi_fw-la ad_fw-la corpus_fw-la nostrum_fw-la redimendum_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la primogenââ_fw-la ãâã_d filium_fw-la nostrum_fw-la militem_fw-la faciendum_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la primogenitam_fw-la filiam_fw-la nostram_fw-la semel_fw-la nââtandam_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la hoc_fw-la non_fw-la siet_fw-la nisi_fw-la rationabile_fw-la auxilium_fw-la 15._o simili_fw-la modo_fw-la fiat_fw-la de_fw-la auxiliis_fw-la de_fw-fr civitate_fw-la londinensi_fw-la &_o civitas_n londinensâ_n habeat_fw-la omnes_fw-la antiquas_fw-la libertates_fw-la &_o liberas_fw-la consuetudines_fw-la svas_fw-la tam_fw-la per_fw-la terras_fw-la quââ_n per_fw-la aquas_fw-la 16._o praeterea_fw-la volumus_fw-la &_o concedimus_fw-la quod_fw-la omnes_fw-la aliae_fw-la civitates_fw-la &_o burgi_n &_o villae_fw-la &_o barones_n the_o quinque_fw-la portibus_fw-la &_o omnes_fw-la portus_n habeant_fw-la omnes_fw-la libertà tes_fw-la &_o omnes_fw-la liberas_fw-la consuetudines_fw-la svas_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la habendum_fw-la commune_fw-la conclium_fw-la regni_fw-la de_fw-la aââliis_fw-la assidendis_fw-la aliter_fw-la quam_fw-la in_o tribus_fw-la casibus_fw-la praedictis_fw-la 17._o et_fw-fr de_fw-fr scutagiis_fw-la assidendis_fw-la submoneri_fw-la faciemus_fw-la archiepiscopos_fw-la episcopos_fw-la abbates_n comites_fw-la &_o majores_fw-la barones_n regni_n singillatin_a per_fw-la literas_fw-la nostras_fw-la 18._o et_fw-la praterea_fw-la faciemus_fw-la submoneri_fw-la in_o generali_fw-la per_fw-la vice_n comites_fw-la &_o ballivos_fw-la nostrâ_fw-la omnes_fw-la alios_fw-la qui_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la tenent_fw-la de_fw-la nobis_fw-la ad_fw-la certum_fw-la diem_fw-la scilicet_fw-la ad_fw-la terminum_fw-la quadra_fw-la ginta_fw-la dierum_fw-la ad_fw-la minus_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la certum_fw-la locum_fw-la &_o in_o omnibus_fw-la literis_fw-la submonitionis_fw-la caâ_n same_o submonitionis_fw-la illius_fw-la exponemus_fw-la 19_o et_fw-la sic_fw-la facta_fw-la submonitione_fw-la negotium_fw-la procedat_fw-la ad_fw-la diem_fw-la assignatum_fw-la secundââ_n consilium_fw-la eorum_fw-la qui_fw-la praesentes_fw-la fuârint_fw-la quamvis_fw-la non_fw-la omnes_fw-la submoniti_fw-la venerint_fw-la from_o which_o ancient_a monument_n we_o may_v draw_v these_o conclusion_n 1._o that_o the_o king_n exercise_v a_o royal_a prerogative_n before_o this_o charter_n of_o assess_v aid_n and_o scutage_n upon_o all_o sort_n and_o degree_n of_o man_n without_o the_o assent_n oâ_n the_o great_a or_o common_a council_n since_o call_v the_o parliament_n from_o do_v which_o for_o the_o future_a the_o king_n by_o this_o charter_n tie_v up_o his_o own_o iââand_n unless_o iâ_n the_o three_o case_n here_o particular_o reserve_v 2._o that_o there_o be_v no_o mention_n of_o any_o other_o member_n to_o be_v summon_v to_o thââ_n council_n but_o the_o archbishop_n bishop_n abbot_n earl_n and_o great_a baron_n bâ_n particular_a writ_n and_o all_o the_o other_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la by_o one_o general_a summons_n by_o the_o sheriff_n so_o that_o it_o be_v apparent_a that_o the_o greaâ_n council_n before_o this_o time_n only_o consist_v of_o such_o earl_n greaâ_n baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la 211._o as_o the_o king_n by_o special_a write_v waâ_n please_v to_o summon_v and_o this_o new_a way_n bring_v in_o a_o greateâ_n number_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la than_o ever_o have_v appear_v before_o so_o that_o if_o iâ_n shall_v be_v true_a which_o you_o assert_v that_o this_o charter_n be_v no_o new_a grant_n to_o the_o people_n of_o england_n but_o a_o confirmation_n of_o their_o ancient_a right_n and_o liberty_n it_o muââ_n then_o necessary_o follow_v that_o great_a lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la call_v sometimes_o barones_n minores_fw-la be_v then_o the_o only_a representative_n of_o the_o commons_o and_o that_o the_o inferior_a tenant_n consent_n be_v include_v in_o tââ_n assent_v of_o his_o immediate_a superior_a lord_n p._n who_o presence_n be_v rââquired_v in_o those_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n need_v not_o think_v be_v doubt_v and_o i_o can_v give_v you_o if_o need_v be_v several_a authority_n to_o prove_v it_o but_o pray_v observe_v further_a that_o here_o be_v no_o mention_n at_o all_o in_o this_o charter_n of_o any_o citizen_n or_o burgess_n to_o be_v summon_v to_o the_o great_a council_n unless_o you_o will_v have_v they_o include_v under_o the_o general_a title_n of_o all_o other_o who_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la and_o then_o none_o but_o such_o city_n and_o town_n who_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la can_v pretend_v to_o send_v any_o member_n much_o less_o be_v there_o any_o mention_n of_o any_o knight_n to_o be_v choose_v for_o county_n which_o certain_o will_v have_v be_v particular_o provide_v for_o by_o this_o charter_n have_v they_o then_o have_v any_o place_n in_o this_o assembly_n so_o that_o i_o think_v it_o be_v very_o plain_a that_o the_o commons_o be_v not_o otherwise_o represent_v than_o by_o these_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la for_o the_o rest_n of_o king_n john_n and_o most_o part_n of_o king_n henry_n iii_o reign_n for_o aught_o i_o can_v yet_o discern_v for_o though_o this_o charter_n be_v confirm_v in_o the_o second_o and_o nine_o year_n of_o
accepit_fw-la etc._n etc._n now_o pray_v tell_v i_o what_o common_a council_n be_v this_o of_o the_o bishop_n and_o chief_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o anselm_n refer_v himself_o to_o be_v it_o not_o ex_fw-la more_o by_o custom_n you_o can_v find_v in_o eadmer_n any_o summons_n to_o it_o neither_o rex_fw-la asâivit_fw-la nor_o praecepâo_o regis_fw-la convenerunt_fw-la nor_o rex_fw-la sanctione_n suâ_fw-la adunavit_fw-la in_o short_a not_o to_o multiply_v example_n look_v where_o you_o will_v in_o eadmerus_n or_o any_o other_o of_o the_o ancient_a historian_n you_o have_v cite_v and_o you_o will_v still_o find_v that_o the_o person_n who_o meet_v ex_fw-la more_fw-it and_o without_o any_o summons_n be_v the_o same_o who_o assemble_v by_o the_o king_n summons_n at_o other_o time_n that_o be_v the_o principes_fw-la and_o episcoâi_fw-la regni_fw-la or_o terrae_fw-la or_o call_v more_o general_o priâates_fw-la utriusque_fw-la ordinis_fw-la or_o the_o barones_n or_o majores_fw-la regni_fw-la who_o do_v at_o these_o great_a âeasts_n pro_fw-la more_o go_v to_o court_n and_o hold_v a_o solemn_a curia_n or_o great_a council_n there_o and_o that_o these_o make_v up_o the_o university_n or_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n pray_v see_v what_o matt._n paris_n say_v 40._o in_o die_v pentecostes_fw-la dominus_fw-la rex_fw-la anglorum_fw-la loâdini_fw-la festum_fw-la tenens_fw-la magnum_fw-la &_o serenissimum_fw-la âunc_fw-la compositâ_fw-la per_fw-la regni_fw-la vniversitatem_fw-la eleganti_fw-la epistolâ_fw-la etc._n etc._n this_o be_v about_o the_o pope_n exaction_n as_o have_v be_v before_o deliver_v and_o hen._n iii_o in_o his_o letter_n to_o the_o pope_n call_v the_o same_o person_n magnates_fw-la angliae_fw-la which_o in_o his_o letter_n to_o the_o cardinal_n about_o the_o same_o matter_n he_o call_v magnates_fw-la nostri_fw-la as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o former_a citation_n of_o they_o f._n but_o pray_v give_v i_o leave_v to_o ask_v you_o this_o question_n may_v not_o our_o first_o norman_a king_n often_o summon_v the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n at_o one_o of_o the_o say_v usual_a feast_n since_o it_o be_v so_o much_o for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o the_o bishop_n great_a lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o i_o grant_v be_v then_o all_o member_n of_o the_o great_a council_n to_o meet_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o representative_n of_o the_o commons_o at_o the_o same_o time_n though_o the_o writer_n you_o have_v quote_v may_v not_o mention_v their_o be_v summon_v at_o all_o and_o as_o for_o the_o writ_n of_o summons_n those_o of_o much_o late_a parliament_n be_v lose_v how_o can_v it_o be_v expect_v we_o shall_v now_o prove_v their_o be_v summon_v so_o many_o year_n before_o m._n i_o confess_v it_o may_v be_v so_o that_o upon_o extraordinary_a business_n 115._o and_o when_o the_o occasion_n be_v great_a and_o the_o king_n desire_v a_o great_a and_o full_a appearance_n they_o may_v also_o receive_v a_o express_a summons_n at_o those_o time_n but_o then_o i_o must_v desire_v you_o to_o show_v we_o any_o mention_n of_o a_o summons_n to_o any_o of_o these_o common_a council_n which_o when_o call_v at_o other_o time_n be_v most_o constant_o mention_v in_o this_o author_n and_o i_o desire_v to_o know_v of_o you_o what_o you_o will_v say_v to_o those_o word_n pro_fw-la more_fw-it convenit_fw-la which_o be_v speak_v of_o the_o most_o general_a council_n when_o the_o community_n of_o the_o kingdom_n meet_v at_o the_o king_n court_n you_o can_v deny_v but_o that_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v the_o king_n barones_n milites_fw-la magnates_fw-la etc._n etc._n upon_o this_o we_o will_v join_v issue_n and_o i_o affirm_v without_o bring_v proof_n which_o be_v infinite_a in_o this_o case_n that_o all_o the_o bishop_n earl_n and_o baron_n of_o england_n do_v hold_v their_o land_n earldom_n and_o barony_n of_o the_o crown_n or_o which_o be_v all_o one_o of_o the_o king_n as_o 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doomsday-book_n be_v call_v terrae_fw-la thanorum_fw-la regis_fw-la and_o sometime_o servientium_fw-la regis_fw-la and_o i_o doubt_v not_o whatever_o the_o notion_n of_o petyt_n sergeanty_n now_o be_v but_o that_o original_o this_o hold_v of_o land_n be_v the_o true_a tenure_n not_o but_o present_v the_o lord_n with_o a_o bow_n a_o arrow_n a_o pair_n of_o spur_n every_o year_n etc._n etc._n may_v also_o be_v call_v petyt_n serjeanty_n though_o not_o so_o proper_o as_o the_o other_o f._n not_o to_o multiply_v word_n to_o no_o purpose_n i_o think_v your_o reply_n be_v far_o from_o be_v satisfactory_a for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n it_o be_v very_o unreasonable_a to_o demand_v that_o we_o shall_v now_o show_v the_o express_a summons_n to_o these_o common_a council_n which_o be_v not_o hold_v the_o more_o since_o you_o know_v that_o all_o ancient_a record_n of_o that_o kind_n be_v destroy_v and_o lose_v for_o if_o we_o can_v produce_v they_o at_o this_o day_n the_o difference_n between_o we_o and_o those_o of_o your_o opinion_n will_v quick_o be_v at_o a_o end_n as_o appear_v by_o those_o great_a council_n which_o be_v say_v express_o by_o the_o historian_n i_o have_v cite_v to_o have_v be_v summon_v and_o yet_o no_o such_o writ_n of_o summons_n be_v to_o be_v find_v nor_o be_v it_o any_o good_a argument_n that_o because_o our_o ancient_a historian_n mention_v no_o distinct_a summons_n to_o the_o great_a council_n when_o meet_v at_o the_o usual_a time_n of_o the_o meeting_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la that_o therefore_o there_o be_v none_o such_o since_o we_o find_v they_o often_o pass_v by_o much_o more_o material_a matter_n than_o this_o and_o though_o i_o grant_v that_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v then_o part_n of_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o barones_n milites_fw-la &_o magnates_fw-la regni_fw-la yet_o do_v it_o not_o follow_v for_o all_o this_o that_o none_o but_o the_o king_n baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v member_n of_o this_o great_a council_n since_o there_o may_v be_v in_o those_o time_n other_o baron_n or_o great_a freeholder_n who_o though_o they_o hold_v their_o land_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la yet_o may_v be_v there_o as_o knight_n of_o shire_n or_o else_o appear_v in_o person_n at_o those_o assembly_n as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o and_o beside_o there_o be_v other_o who_o though_o they_o do_v not_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la but_o of_o some_o great_a honour_n or_o castle_n or_o else_o of_o some_o abbot_n or_o prior_n yet_o be_v man_n of_o very_o great_a estate_n and_o very_o numerous_a all_o which_o must_v otherwise_o have_v have_v their_o estate_n tax_v and_o law_n make_v for_o they_o without_z nay_o against_o the_o consent_n of_o themselves_o or_o any_o to_o represent_v they_o nor_o be_v your_o assertion_n at_o all_o true_a that_o william_n the_o conqueror_n divide_v most_o of_o the_o land_n in_o england_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o he_o in_o capite_fw-la for_o 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of_o the_o great_a council_n and_o the_o common_a university_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n for_o it_o be_v obvious_a that_o when_o all_o the_o lay_v lord_n earl_n and_o baron_n to_o who_o you_o may_v also_o add_v your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la if_o you_o please_v be_v meet_v together_o be_v ask_v by_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o prior_n then_o present_a whether_o they_o will_v agree_v with_o they_o or_o not_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n answer_v for_o themselves_o that_o they_o will_v do_v nothing_o without_o the_o common_a university_n which_o can_v not_o possible_o be_v only_o the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la since_o it_o be_v plain_a they_o be_v now_o all_o here_o and_o refer_v themselves_o to_o another_o distinct_a order_n of_o man_n different_z from_o themselves_o who_o be_v not_o there_o present_a as_o also_o from_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o prior_n who_o demand_v there_o consent_n to_o what_o they_o have_v agree_v upon_o now_o 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ut_fw-la quod_fw-la isli_fw-la duodecim_fw-la providerânt_fw-la in_o communi_fw-la recitaretur_fw-la nec_fw-la aliqua_fw-la forma_fw-la domino_fw-la regi_fw-la ostenderetur_fw-la authoritate_fw-la duodecim_fw-la nisi_fw-la omnium_fw-la communis_fw-la assensus_fw-la interveniret_fw-la from_o which_o last_o passage_n it_o appear_v plain_a to_o i_o that_o in_o this_o parliament_n the_o several_a order_n of_o man_n that_o be_v the_o constituent_a part_n of_o it_o be_v only_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n prior_n earl_n and_o baron_n and_o that_o all_o these_o put_v together_o be_v term_v the_o common_a university_n which_o be_v more_o comprehensive_a than_o university_n simple_o take_v now_o if_o the_o commons_o as_o at_o this_o day_n represent_v have_v be_v there_o we_o must_v have_v have_v some_o mention_n of_o they_o one_o way_n or_o other_o as_o well_o as_o of_o the_o committee_n of_o the_o other_o order_n which_o make_v up_o the_o general_a committee_n of_o twelve_o so_o that_o it_o be_v plain_a beyond_o doubt_n that_o the_o commons_o be_v not_o part_v of_o the_o common_a university_n f._n then_o pray_v tell_v i_o who_o they_o be_v for_o the_o historian_n tell_v that_o when_o all_o these_o bishop_n abbot_n prior_n have_v now_o meet_v together_o with_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n yet_o these_o last_o âell_v they_o that_o without_o the_o common_a university_n they_o can_v do_v nothing_o which_o have_v be_v nonsense_n if_o as_o your_o doctor_n suppose_v the_o whole_a university_n or_o community_n of_o the_o kingdom_n have_v be_v all_o present_a m._n i_o must_v confess_v this_o be_v a_o material_a objection_n but_o what_o if_o to_o help_v he_o out_o i_o shall_v tell_v you_o that_o by_o the_o common_a university_n here_o mention_v be_v to_o be_v understand_v the_o body_n of_o the_o inferior_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la under_o the_o degree_n of_o baron_n and_o this_o common_a university_n of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la may_v not_o have_v be_v present_a and_o sit_v with_o 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this_o committee_n of_o twelve_o who_o be_v to_o draw_v up_o their_o answer_n to_o the_o king_n for_o the_o word_n be_v tunc_fw-la ex_fw-la communi_fw-la assensu_fw-la electi_fw-la fuerunt_fw-la which_o seem_v to_o refer_v to_o the_o common_a university_n or_o body_n of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o else_o the_o lord_n excuse_v as_o well_o as_o the_o election_n of_o these_o person_n by_o the_o bishop_n earls_z etc._n etc._n have_v be_v very_o insignificant_a f._n this_o seem_v to_o i_o to_o be_v a_o precarious_a assertion_n and_o without_o any_o due_a proof_n for_o though_o the_o word_n be_v tunc_fw-la ex_fw-la communi_fw-la assensu_fw-la yet_o i_o very_o much_o doubt_n whether_o these_o word_n do_v refer_v to_o the_o common_a university_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n or_o not_o for_o yourself_o confess_v that_o mat._n paris_n be_v short_a in_o this_o point_n and_o that_o it_o be_v not_o so_o seem_v most_o likely_a to_o i_o by_o this_o material_a circumstance_n that_o not_o one_o person_n of_o the_o twelve_o but_o be_v either_o a_o bishop_n earl_n or_o great_a baron_n for_o that_o richard_n de_fw-fr monâsichet_n and_o john_n de_fw-fr baliot_n be_v so_o sir_n william_n dugdale_n have_v prove_v in_o his_o baronage_n of_o england_n 1._o whereas_o if_o the_o university_n or_o body_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v join_v in_o this_o election_n it_o be_v not_o likely_a but_o they_o will_v have_v choose_v some_o of_o their_o own_o body_n to_o represent_v they_o in_o this_o committee_n who_o be_v not_o earl_n or_o baron_n since_o yourself_o must_v confess_v that_o they_o then_o be_v a_o great_a body_n of_o man_n who_o be_v not_o lord_n nor_o do_v at_o this_o time_n sit_v or_o act_n joint_o with_o the_o lord_n or_o great_a baron_n in_o this_o assembly_n and_o likewise_o it_o far_a seem_v high_o probable_a that_o this_o common_a university_n of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la take_v it_o in_o your_o sense_n do_v not_o give_v any_o resolution_n in_o this_o matter_n since_o we_o do_v not_o find_v any_o money_n give_v in_o answer_n to_o the_o king_n request_n but_o only_a complaint_n of_o and_o order_n about_o redress_v of_o grievance_n which_o be_v in_o those_o day_n often_o do_v in_o a_o great_a council_n of_o the_o bishop_n lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la but_o i_o shall_v show_v you_o now_o by_o some_o other_o record_n which_o the_o dr._n himself_o have_v make_v use_n of_o 197._o that_o there_o often_o be_v a_o distinct_a assembly_n or_o council_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la different_a from_o that_o of_o the_o commons_o or_o commonalty_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n 10._o the_o first_o record_n be_v to_o be_v find_v among_o the_o patent_n roll_v of_o the_o 42._o hen._n iii_o beginning_n thus_o rex_fw-la omnibus_fw-la etc._n etc._n cum_fw-la negotiis_fw-la nostris_fw-la arduis_fw-la nos_fw-la &_o râgnum_fw-la nostrum_fw-la contingentibus_fw-la proceres_fw-la &_o fideles_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la ad_fw-la nos_fw-la london_n in_o quindena_fw-la paschae_fw-la proximae_fw-la praeterita_fw-la faceremus_fw-la convocari_fw-la &_o
of_o parliament_n and_o tax_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o often_o as_o there_o be_v law_n make_v and_o tax_n give_v when_o their_o bishop_n or_o earl_n be_v present_a which_o be_v not_o so_o for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n as_o for_o the_o county_n of_o chester_n if_o the_o earl_n have_v be_v the_o representative_a in_o parliament_n of_o his_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n or_o otherwise_o as_o also_o of_o all_o the_o abbey_n and_o the_o city_n of_o chester_n itself_o and_o all_o other_o great_a town_n in_o that_o county_n his_o vote_n in_o parliament_n will_v have_v oblige_v all_o of_o they_o and_o there_o will_v have_v be_v no_o need_n of_o a_o common_a council_n or_o parliament_n of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o whole_a county_n in_o which_o they_o then_o make_v law_n and_o tax_v themselves_o as_o a_o separate_a body_n from_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o may_v appear_v from_o these_o follow_a record_n which_o mr._n a._n have_v give_v we_o the_o first_o of_o which_o be_v a_o writ_n of_o k._n edw._n i._n 6._o direct_v archiepiscopis_fw-la episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la prioriâus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la militibus_fw-la &_o omnibus_fw-la âliis_fw-la fidelibus_fw-la suis_fw-la in_o comitat._n câstriae_fw-la recite_v that_o whereas_o the_o prelate_n count_n baron_n &_o alii_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la have_v give_v he_o a_o 15_o the_o of_o their_o movable_n he_o desire_v that_o they_o also_o will_v of_o their_o benevolence_n and_o courtesy_n in_o latin_a curialitate_fw-la grant_v he_o the_o like_a subsidy_n which_o note_n can_v not_o be_v do_v out_o of_o a_o common_a council_n so_o likewise_o in_o another_o writ_n of_o the_o 20_o the_o of_o this_o king_n recite_v that_o whereas_o the_o probi_fw-la homines_fw-la b._n &_o communitas_fw-la cestriae_fw-la sicut_fw-la caeteri_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la 15_o mam_n partem_fw-la omnium_fw-la mobilium_fw-la suorum_fw-la nobis_fw-la concesserunt_fw-la gratiose_fw-la now_o suppose_v as_o the_o doctor_n always_o do_v that_o these_o probi_fw-la homines_fw-la be_v the_o earl_n tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la what_o can_v this_o word_n communitas_fw-la here_o signify_v but_o another_o sort_n of_o man_n distinct_a from_o they_o viz._n the_o communality_n or_o commons_o of_o that_o county_n and_o which_o be_v also_o remarkable_a this_o county_n be_v now_o fall_v to_o the_o crown_n for_o want_v of_o heir_n male_a of_o the_o last_o earl_n and_o so_o according_a to_o the_o doctor_n notion_n the_o king_n be_v their_o sole_a representative_a need_v not_o to_o have_v be_v behold_v to_o they_o for_o these_o subsidy_n since_o though_o not_o as_o king_n yet_o as_o earl_n of_o chester_n he_o may_v have_v tax_v they_o himself_o which_o yet_o he_o think_v not_o fit_a to_o do_v because_o he_o know_v it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o right_n and_o privilege_n of_o that_o county_n which_o have_v ever_o since_o the_o grant_n of_o it_o to_o hugh_n lupus_n by_o will._n i._n always_o be_v tax_v by_o themselves_o which_o privilege_n be_v also_o express_o set_v forth_o in_o a_o supplication_n of_o all_o the_o estate_n of_o this_o county_n palatine_n to_o k._n henry_n the_o six_o which_o mr._n p._n have_v give_v we_o from_o a_o ancient_a copy_n of_o it_o then_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o sir_n thomas_n manwaring_n of_o that_o county_n 46._o baronet_n wherein_o the_o abbot_n prior_n and_o clergy_n baron_n knight_n esquire_n and_o commonalty_n set_v forth_o that_o they_o with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o earl_n do_v make_v and_o admit_v law_n within_o the_o same_o etc._n etc._n and_o that_o no_o inheritor_n or_o possessor_n within_o the_o say_a county_n be_v chargeable_a or_o liable_a or_o be_v bind_v charge_v or_o hurt_v of_o their_o body_n liberty_n franchise_n land_n good_n or_o possession_n unless_o the_o say_a county_n have_v agree_v unto_o it_o now_o what_o can_v here_o be_v mean_v by_o county_n but_o the_o common_a council_n or_o parliament_n thereof_o since_o otherwise_o they_o can_v make_v no_o law_n nor_o do_v any_o other_o public_a act_n the_o like_a i_o may_v say_v for_o the_o county_n palatine_n of_o durham_n which_o from_o the_o grant_v thereof_o by_o william_n rufus_n to_o the_o then_o bishop_n have_v always_o be_v tax_v by_o themselves_o 9_o and_o not_o by_o the_o bishop_n in_o parliament_n and_o that_o as_o low_o as_o the_o reign_n of_o edw._n 3._o as_o appear_v by_o this_o record_n of_o the_o 14_o the_o of_o that_o king_n contain_v a_o letter_n or_o commission_n to_o r._n bishop_n of_o durham_n recite_v that_o whereas_o the_o prelate_n earl_n baron_n and_o the_o commons_o of_o county_n have_v give_v he_o a_o 9th_o of_o their_o good_n there_o mention_v that_o therefore_o the_o bishop_n shall_v convene_v the_o magnate_v &_o communitatem_fw-la libertatis_fw-la vestrae_fw-la to_o wit_n of_o his_o county_n palatine_n ad_fw-la certum_fw-la diem_fw-la &_o locum_fw-la with_o all_o convenient_a speed_n and_o that_o do_v to_o persuade_v and_o excite_v the_o say_a magnate_n &_o communitas_fw-la to_o grant_v the_o king_n the_o like_a or_o a_o large_a subsidy_n or_o aid_n towards_o the_o maintenance_n of_o his_o war_n which_o have_v be_v altogether_o in_o vain_a if_o the_o bishop_n or_o the_o king_n can_v in_o those_o day_n have_v tax_v this_o county_n at_o their_o pleasure_n now_o if_o these_o great_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la can_v not_o tax_n their_o mesne_n tenant_n without_o their_o consent_n much_o less_o can_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la in_o england_n impose_v tax_n on_o their_o tenant_n in_o military_a service_n or_o in_o socage_n without_o their_o consent_n which_o last_o have_v a_o much_o less_o dependence_n upon_o they_o m._n i_o must_v confess_v i_o never_o consider_v these_o precedent_n of_o the_o county_n palatine_n of_o chester_n and_o durham_n and_o therefore_o can_v say_v nothing_o to_o they_o at_o present_a since_o it_o be_v matter_n of_o fact_n but_o as_o to_o reason_n and_o law_n i_o think_v it_o be_v consonant_a to_o both_o 171._o that_o not_o only_a tenant_n in_o military_a service_n but_o socage_n tenure_n shall_v be_v find_v by_o the_o act_n of_o their_o superior_a lord_n of_o who_o all_o the_o land_n of_o england_n be_v former_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n and_o though_o in_o process_n of_o time_n many_o of_o these_o estate_n and_o land_n become_v free_a tenement_n or_o be_v hold_v in_o socage_n that_o be_v be_v free_a holder_n yet_o the_o lord_n retain_v homage_n which_o in_o the_o time_n we_o now_o write_v of_o be_v no_o idle_a insignificant_a word_n and_o by_o that_o a_o dominion_n over_o the_o estate_n whereby_o upon_o disobedience_n treachery_n or_o injury_n do_v to_o the_o lord_n etc._n etc._n the_o land_n be_v forfeit_v to_o they_o and_o although_o the_o land_n nor_o the_o tenant_n of_o they_o which_o be_v term_v freeholders_n be_v subject_a to_o any_o base_a service_n or_o servile_a work_n yet_o the_o lord_n have_v a_o great_a power_n over_o these_o tenant_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o do_v homage_n to_o they_o which_o though_o now_o antiquate_v yet_o eo_fw-la nomine_fw-la their_o land_n be_v many_o way_n liable_a to_o forfeiture_n and_o tax_n too_o so_o that_o upon_o all_o these_o account_n it_o be_v then_o as_o reasonable_a that_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la shall_v in_o those_o day_n make_v law_n and_o grant_v tax_n for_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la in_o scotland_n shall_v do_v so_o to_o this_o very_a day_n for_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o that_o kingdom_n of_o never_o so_o great_a estate_n and_o to_o this_o argument_n which_o be_v certain_a in_o matter_n of_o fact_n you_o have_v yet_o answer_v nothing_o nor_o do_v i_o believe_v can_v f._n i_o can_v see_v notwithstanding_o what_o you_o have_v now_o say_v that_o the_o superior_a lord_n by_o reason_n of_o homage_n shall_v have_v a_o absolute_a power_n over_o their_o tenant_n estate_n for_o though_o in_o the_o profession_n of_o homage_n to_o the_o lord_n i_o grant_v the_o tenant_n thereby_o promise_v to_o become_v the_o lord_n man_n yet_o he_o never_o thereby_o mean_v to_o become_v his_o slave_n and_o there_o be_v mutual_a duty_n on_o both_o side_n so_o that_o if_o the_o lord_n fail_v to_o protect_v his_o tenant_n in_o his_o estate_n or_o unjust_o oppress_v he_o he_o may_v have_v refuse_v nay_o renounce_v his_o homage_n till_o the_o lord_n have_v do_v he_o right_n nor_o can_v i_o see_v how_o a_o bare_a right_n of_o have_v the_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o estate_n in_o the_o case_n you_o have_v put_v which_o yet_o let_v i_o tell_v you_o be_v never_o so_o strict_a in_o respect_n of_o socage_n as_o military_a tenure_n as_o i_o can_v show_v you_o be_v it_o worth_a while_n for_o if_o this_o right_n of_o forfeiture_n alone_o can_v give_v the_o superior_a lord_n a_o power_n over_o his_o tenant_n estate_n to_o make_v law_n for_o
he_o and_o tax_v he_o as_o he_o please_v then_o by_o the_o same_o rule_n the_o king_n as_o supreme_a lord_n over_o all_o his_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la shall_v have_v have_v the_o like_a power_n over_o they_o of_o make_v what_o law_n for_o they_o and_o impose_v what_o tax_n he_o please_v upon_o they_o without_o their_o consent_n and_o so_o there_o will_v have_v be_v no_o need_n of_o common_a council_n or_o parliament_n at_o all_o since_o upon_o your_o hypothesis_n the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v the_o only_a person_n that_o have_v any_o right_a to_o appear_v there_o but_o if_o neither_o the_o wardship_n marriage_n nor_o relief_n of_o the_o heir_n can_v give_v the_o king_n such_o a_o power_n over_o his_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la much_o less_o can_v they_o attain_v the_o like_a right_n over_o all_o their_o mesne_n tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n for_o that_o will_v have_v give_v they_o a_o great_a power_n over_o their_o tenant_n then_o the_o king_n himself_o have_v over_o they_o therefore_o if_o those_o great_a tie_v of_o wardship_n marriage_n and_o relief_n of_o the_o heir_n can_v neither_o give_v the_o king_n nor_o yet_o any_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la power_n over_o the_o estate_n or_o liberty_n of_o his_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n much_o less_o over_o their_o tenant_n by_o socage_n tenure_n who_o be_v not_o under_o this_o subjection_n and_o far_o if_o a_o right_a of_o forfeiture_n alone_o in_o some_o case_n can_v have_v give_v the_o lord_n a_o power_n of_o make_v law_n and_o grant_v tax_n for_o his_o tenant_n in_o socage_n than_o they_o shall_v have_v keep_v that_o right_n by_o this_o rule_n since_o all_o lord_n have_v a_o right_a of_o forfeiture_n even_o upon_o their_o tenant_n in_o socage_n in_o some_o case_n before_o the_o statute_n of_o take_v away_o knight_n service_n and_o the_o court_n of_o ward_n and_o livery_n in_o the_o second_o year_n of_o king_n charles_n the_o second_o as_o i_o can_v prove_v be_v it_o worth_a while_n as_o to_o scotland_n i_o shall_v not_o deny_v the_o matter_n of_o fact_n to_o be_v as_o you_o say_v that_o it_o have_v at_o this_o day_n no_o other_o representative_n in_o their_o parliament_n but_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la yet_o whether_o it_o be_v so_o or_o not_o ancient_o i_o very_o much_o doubt_n since_o i_o find_v the_o very_a same_o word_n and_o phrase_n make_v use_v of_o in_o the_o title_n of_o their_o old_a statute_n as_o also_o in_o their_o record_n to_o express_v the_o constituent_a part_n of_o the_o great_a council_n of_o that_o kingdom_n as_o be_v use_v in_o england_n to_o express_v those_o of_o england_n at_o the_o same_o time_n for_o proof_n of_o which_o dunferling_n pray_v see_v the_o old_a charter_n of_o king_n malcolm_n iii_o and_o david_n i._o as_o you_o may_v find_v they_o at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o 2d_o vol._n in_o mr._n dugdales_n monâst_n angliâ_n and_o you_o will_v see_v the_o former_a to_o have_v be_v make_v by_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o comites_fw-la &_o barones_n regni_n clero_fw-la adquie_n cent_n que_fw-fr populo_fw-la etc._n etc._n and_o as_o i_o shall_v also_o show_v you_o from_o sir_n john_n skin_n collection_n of_o scotish_n law_n to_o begin_v with_o the_o most_o ancient_a there_o extant_a 7._o viz._n a_o assize_n or_o statute_n make_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n william_n sir_n named_z the_o lion_n who_o begin_v his_o reign_n anno._n dom._n 1105._o in_o the_o five_o of_o our_o hen._n i._n to_o the_o observance_n whereof_o it_o be_v there_o express_v that_o the_o epiâcopi_n abbates_n comites_fw-la barones_n thani_n &_o tota_fw-la communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la tenere_fw-la firmiter_fw-la juraverunt_fw-la so_o likewise_o king_n alexander_n ii_o who_o begin_v to_o reign_v anno._n 1214._o which_o be_v the_o sixteen_o year_n of_o our_o king_n john_n 2._o and_o he_o make_v his_o law_n de_fw-fr confilio_fw-la &_o assensu_fw-la venerabilium_fw-la patrum_fw-la episcoporum_fw-la abbâtum_fw-la baronum_fw-la ac_fw-la proborum_fw-la hominum_fw-la suorum_fw-la scotiae_fw-la and_o who_o these_o be_v may_v also_o far_o appear_v by_o the_o begin_n of_o certain_a statute_n make_v by_o the_o say_a king_n alexander_n in_o the_o same_o year_n which_o begin_v thus_o statuit_fw-la rex_fw-la per_fw-la consilium_fw-la &_o assensum_fw-la totius_fw-la communitatis_fw-la suae_fw-la etc._n etc._n i_o shall_v next_o produce_v the_o title_n of_o a_o parliament_n hold_v the_o 13_o of_o rob._n i._n who_o begin_v his_o reign_n anno._n dom._n 1306._o the_o 3d._n of_o our_o edward_n i._o 29._o in_o dei_fw-la nomine_fw-la amen_o roberâus_fw-la dei_fw-la gratia_n rex_fw-la scotorum_fw-la anno_fw-la regni_fw-la svo_fw-la decimo_fw-la tertio_fw-la die_v dominica_n proxima_fw-la etc._n etc._n habito_fw-la solenni_fw-la tractatiâ_n cum_fw-la episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la prioribus_fw-la comitibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la &_o aliis_fw-la magnatibus_fw-la de_fw-la communitate_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la ibidem_fw-la congregatis_fw-la and_o which_o title_n conclude_v thus_o de_fw-fr communi_fw-la consilio_fw-la &_o exprâsso_fw-la conâensu_fw-la omnium_fw-la prelatorum_fw-la &_o libere_fw-la tenentium_fw-la predictorum_fw-la ac_fw-la totius_fw-la communitatis_fw-la predicte_n ordinavit_fw-la condidit_fw-la etc._n etc._n statuta_fw-la infra_fw-la scripta_fw-la etc._n etc._n so_o likewise_o in_o a_o ancient_a manuscript_n call_v scoto-chronicon_a former_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o right_n learned_a and_o honourable_a arthur_n earl_n of_o anglesey_n and_o now_o in_o the_o herald_n office_n you_o will_v find_v the_o entail_v of_o the_o crown_n of_o scotland_n to_o have_v be_v make_v by_o this_o king_n robert_n anno._n dom._n 1315._o in_o a_o general_a council_n or_o assembly_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o scotland_n as_o well_o clergy_n as_o laity_n which_o as_o this_o author_n tell_v we_o who_o live_v within_o sixty_o year_n after_o be_v hold_v 24._o dominica_n proxima_fw-la ante_fw-la festum_fw-la apostolorum_fw-la congregati_fw-la apud_fw-la aere_fw-la in_o ecclesia_fw-la parochiali_fw-la ejusdem_fw-la laici_fw-la episcopi_fw-la abbates_n priores_fw-la archidiaconi_fw-la nec_fw-la non_fw-la diaceni_fw-la &_o caeteri_fw-la ecclesiarum_fw-la praelati_fw-la comites_fw-la barones_n milites_fw-la &_o caeteri_fw-la de_fw-la communitate_fw-la regni_fw-la scotiae_fw-la tam_fw-la cleri_fw-la quam_fw-la laici_fw-la etc._n etc._n from_o which_o it_o be_v apparent_a there_o be_v a_o great_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n as_o in_o england_n more_o comprehensive_a than_o that_o of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la alone_o and_o that_o our_o english_a record_n also_o agree_v with_o these_o scotch_a statute_n you_o may_v see_v by_o 2_o record_n which_o mr._n pryn_n have_v give_v we_o in_o his_o history_n of_o papal_a usurpation_n out_o of_o the_o roll_n of_o the_o 17_o of_o edw._n i._n it_o be_v a_o letter_n to_o eric_n king_n of_o norway_n 4._o concern_v the_o marriage_n of_o his_o son_n edward_n with_o his_o granddaughter_n then_o heiress_n of_o scotland_n and_o norway_n recite_v that_o the_o custodes_fw-la scil._n regni_fw-la scotlae_fw-la magnates_fw-la praelati_fw-la ac_fw-la tota_fw-la communitas_fw-la predicti_fw-la regni_fw-la scotiae_fw-la unanimi_fw-la &_o expresso_fw-la consensu_fw-la have_v agree_v to_o the_o say_a marriage_n so_o likewise_o in_o another_o letter_n of_o this_o king_n edward_n about_o the_o same_o marriage_n â_o he_o declare_v that_o he_o have_v by_o his_o procurator_n therein_o name_v treat_v and_o agree_v with_o the_o custodibus_fw-la episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la comitibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la &_o tota_fw-la communitate_fw-la ejusdem_fw-la regni_fw-la and_o it_o present_o follow_v ac_fw-la praedicti_fw-la nobiles_fw-la &_o tota_fw-la communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la scotiae_fw-la praedicti_fw-la now_o who_o can_v this_o word_n communitas_fw-la signify_v put_v here_o distinct_a from_o the_o earl_n baron_n and_o noble_n but_o the_o commons_o of_o that_o kingdom_n so_o likewise_o in_o the_o 14_o year_n of_o king_n robert_n i._o there_o be_v a_o letter_n send_v from_o the_o parliament_n of_o scotland_n to_o the_o pope_n 1320._o complain_v against_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o king_n of_o england_n which_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o manuscript_n and_o be_v also_o print_v by_o dr._n burnet_n 10._o in_o his_o history_n of_o the_o reformation_n and_o by_o which_o it_o plain_o appear_v that_o the_o comites_fw-la barones_n libere_fw-la tenentes_fw-la &_o tota_fw-la communitas_fw-la scotiae_fw-la agree_v to_o this_o letter_n and_o that_o the_o city_n and_o burrough_n town_n be_v at_o that_o time_n part_n of_o this_o communitas_fw-la appear_v by_o the_o league_n make_v between_o this_o king_n robert_n and_o the_o king_n of_o france_n in_o the_o 28_o year_n of_o our_o edw._n i._n which_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o a_o roll_n of_o this_o year_n 83._o still_o extant_a in_o the_o tower_n which_o league_n be_v ratify_v and_o confirm_v in_o their_o parliament_n by_o king_n john_n de_fw-fr bayliol_n ac_fw-la praelatos_fw-la &_o nobiles_fw-la vniversitates_fw-la &_o communitates_fw-la civitatum_fw-la &_o villarum_fw-la praedicti_fw-la regni_fw-la scotiae_fw-la and_o i_o suppose_v you_o will_v not_o deny_v that_o in_o scotland_n the_o city_n
whole_a nation_n in_o parliament_n and_o i_o be_o of_o this_o opinion_n because_o in_o many_o of_o the_o old_a statute_n before_o the_o time_n of_o robert_n the_o 2_o d._n we_o find_v the_o communitas_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la come_v immediate_o after_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n as_o in_o our_o own_o ancient_a statute_n and_o record_n but_o after_o those_o reign_v we_o find_v no_o more_o mention_n of_o this_o communitas_fw-la but_o only_o of_o the_o duke_n earls_z baron_n liberi_fw-la tenentibus_fw-la &_o burgensibus_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la rege_fw-la tenent_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la as_o in_o the_o title_n to_o those_o statute_n of_o k._n robert_n the_o 3_o d_o and_o james_n the_o 5_o the_o you_o have_v now_o cite_v and_o yet_o that_o libre_fw-la tenens_fw-la be_v not_o ancient_o take_v for_o a_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o pray_v see_v the_o 14_o the_o chap._n of_o the_o law_n of_o k._n alexander_n the_o 2_o d._n make_v anno_fw-la dom._n 1214._o with_o your_o doctor_n comment_n upon_o they_o statutum_n est_fw-la quod_fw-la nec_fw-la episcopi_fw-la nec_fw-la abbates_n nec_fw-la comites_fw-la nec_fw-la aliqui_fw-la liberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la tenebunt_fw-la curias_fw-la svas_fw-la nisi_fw-la vicecome_fw-la regis_fw-la 98._o vel_fw-la servientes_fw-la vicecomitis_fw-la ibidem_fw-la fuerant_fw-la upon_o which_o word_n the_o doctor_n in_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n have_v this_o remark_n viz._n this_o again_o show_v we_o that_o the_o freeholder_n be_v lord_n of_o manor_n at_o least_o so_o that_o unless_o you_o will_v suppose_v that_o none_o but_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v lord_n of_o manor_n or_o hold_v court_n as_o certain_o very_o many_o of_o the_o mesne_n tenant_n do_v this_o word_n libre_fw-la tenens_fw-la must_v extend_v to_o any_o other_o great_a freeholder_n or_o lord_n of_o a_o manor_n of_o whatsoever_o lord_n he_o hold_v it_o and_o as_o such_o may_v ancient_o have_v have_v a_o vote_n in_o that_o parliament_n so_o that_o if_o i_o have_v as_o i_o think_v sufficient_o prove_v that_o the_o word_n communitas_fw-la come_v after_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n in_o our_o ancient_a statute_n and_o record_n do_v certain_o signify_v another_o order_n of_o man_n distinct_a from_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la ay_o i_o have_v the_o same_o reason_n to_o believe_v it_o be_v so_o in_o scotland_n too_o not_o only_o because_o these_o general_a word_n communitas_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la must_v needs_o be_v more_o comprehensive_a than_o to_o express_v the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o who_o can_v never_o represent_v all_o the_o great_a freeholder_n in_o scotland_n any_o more_o than_o they_o do_v in_o england_n but_o also_o because_o it_o be_v acknowledge_v by_o the_o scotch_a lawyer_n that_o the_o fundamental_a law_n and_o constitution_n be_v the_o same_o in_o both_o kingdom_n for_o sir_n john_n skene_n in_o his_o epistle_n to_o k._n james_n before_o his_o scottish_a law_n say_v thus_o intelligo_fw-la tuas_fw-la tuorumque_fw-la majorum_fw-la leges_fw-la cum_fw-la legibus_fw-la regni_fw-la tui_fw-la angliae_fw-la magna_fw-la ex_fw-la parte_fw-la consentiunt_fw-la which_o be_v also_o acknowledge_v by_o the_o king_n himself_o in_o the_o speech_n he_o make_v in_o parliament_n concern_v the_o union_n of_o both_o kingdom_n to_o conclude_v i_o can_v but_o admire_v your_o doctor_n strange_a partiality_n who_o do_v allow_v the_o commons_o of_o scotland_n to_o have_v even_o be_v a_o three_o estate_n when_o he_o express_o grant_v that_o the_o commons_o of_o scotland_n be_v and_o be_v at_o this_o day_n the_o king_n tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o that_o the_o king_n royal_a burrough_n be_v such_o as_o ever_o do_v and_o do_v at_o this_o day_n in_o scotland_n only_o send_v burgess_n to_o parliament_n now_o why_o the_o city_n and_o burrough_n in_o england_n shall_v not_o have_v always_o have_v the_o like_a privilege_n as_o well_o as_o in_o scotland_n i_o wish_v you_o can_v give_v i_o any_o sufficient_a reason_n m._n since_o you_o own_o that_o the_o tenant_n capite_fw-la or_o else_o commissioner_n in_o their_o stead_n have_v be_v the_o sole_a representative_n for_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o scotland_n for_o above_o 200_o year_n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o they_o be_v so_o long_o before_o that_o time_n since_o you_o confess_v you_o can_v show_v any_o law_n by_o which_o this_o ancient_a custom_n come_v to_o be_v change_v though_o i_o grant_v that_o the_o statute_n before_o k._n david_n and_o robert_n the_o 2_o d_o be_v say_v to_o be_v make_v by_o the_o communitas_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la yet_o you_o must_v not_o suppose_v that_o constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n alter_v when_o the_o clerk_n alter_v their_o phrase_n in_o pen_v their_o statute_n and_o record_n so_o that_o this_o communitas_fw-la be_v the_o community_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o and_o not_o of_o the_o freeholder_n or_o of_o the_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n since_o as_o for_o the_o former_a you_o can_v say_v that_o all_o the_o people_n in_o scotland_n have_v ever_o a_o right_a to_o choose_v the_o commissioner_n for_o the_o shire_n for_o then_o it_o be_v most_o likely_a they_o will_v have_v keep_v to_o this_o day_n whereas_o we_o see_v that_o none_o but_o tenant_n in_o coplie_n have_v vote_n at_o such_o election_n and_o as_o for_o city_n and_o burrough_n i_o can_v find_v nor_o do_v i_o believe_v you_o can_v show_v i_o any_o instance_n of_o a_o city_n or_o burrough-town_n in_o scotland_n that_o ever_o send_v deputy_n to_o parliament_n but_o what_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la of_o the_o king_n for_o though_o there_o be_v at_z i_o say_v already_o beside_o the_o royal_a burgh_n two_o other_o sort_n viz._n burrough_n of_o regality_n and_o burrough_n of_o barony_n who_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n but_o not_o in_o capite_fw-la or_o else_o of_o some_o bishop_n or_o temporal_a lord_n and_o though_o divers_a of_o these_o be_v considerable_a for_o trade_n and_o riches_n yet_o none_o of_o they_o send_v any_o burgess_n to_o parliament_n so_o that_o though_o i_o confess_v there_o be_v three_o estate_n in_o the_o scotch_a parliament_n call_v in_o the_o statute_n of_o k._n david_n and_o robert_n the_o 2_o d_o the_o treâ_n communitates_fw-la regni_fw-la yet_o do_v these_o always_o consist_v of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o who_o therefore_o sit_v together_o and_o make_v but_o one_o assembly_n now_o that_o we_o may_v apply_v what_o have_v be_v say_v to_o england_n i_o desire_v you_o to_o take_v notice_n that_o the_o doctor_n and_o we_o that_o be_v of_o his_o opinion_n do_v not_o positive_o affirm_v that_o that_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n be_v not_o at_o all_o represent_v before_o 49_o hen._n 4._o but_o that_o they_o be_v not_o represent_v in_o parliament_n by_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n of_o their_o own_o choice_n but_o by_o the_o great_a and_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la the_o great_a part_n of_o which_o i_o grant_v be_v not_o lord_n and_o admit_v that_o i_o shall_v grant_v you_o that_o some_o city_n and_o burrough_n send_v member_n to_o parliament_n before_o the_o 49_o the_o of_o henry_n the_o three_o yet_o be_v they_o only_o such_o as_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la and_o no_o other_o as_o the_o doctor_n have_v very_o well_o observe_v in_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p_n argument_n from_o the_o petition_n of_o the_o town_n of_o st._n alban_n so_o that_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n there_o will_v be_v no_o more_o gain_v by_o you_o in_o this_o controversy_n than_o that_o perhaps_o some_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n appear_v in_o parliament_n and_o constitute_v a_o three_o sort_n of_o man_n which_o you_o may_v call_v the_o commons_o if_o you_o please_v though_o i_o can_v find_v they_o be_v so_o call_v till_o after_o the_o time_n of_o edward_n the_o first_o but_o suppose_v this_o to_o be_v so_o it_o be_v very_o far_o from_o your_o republican_n level_v opinion_n who_o do_v suppose_v that_o all_o the_o freeholder_n of_o england_n have_v a_o ancient_a indisputable_a right_n of_o appear_v in_o parliament_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o propriety_n in_o land_n or_o other_o estate_n whereas_o by_o our_o hypothesis_n we_o suppose_v the_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n to_o have_v ancient_o be_v the_o king_n courtbaron_n consist_v of_o his_o immediate_a tenant_n call_v thither_o by_o he_o their_o supreme_a lord_n to_o advertise_v he_o of_o the_o grievance_n of_o the_o nation_n and_o to_o propose_v what_o new_a law_n be_v necessary_a for_o the_o public_a good_a of_o the_o commonweal_n and_o together_o with_o he_o to_o raise_v such_o public_a tax_n both_o upon_o themselves_o and_o their_o tenant_n as_o the_o necessity_n of_o the_o state_n require_v yet_o notwithstanding_o there_o be_v a_o vast_a difference_n between_o your_o notion_n and_o i_o concern_v the_o right_n which_o such_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la may_v claim_v of_o come_v to_o parliament_n since_o before_o king_n john_n charter_n whereby_o
why_o the_o commons_o can_v not_o be_v represent_v in_o parliament_n before_o the_o 49th_o of_o hen._n iii_o and_o 18_o of_o edw._n i._n m._n i_o will_v proceed_v to_o do_v it_o and_o for_o this_o end_n shall_v reduce_v my_o argument_n to_o these_o three_o head_n the_o first_o be_v some_o writ_n find_v out_o and_o produce_v by_o the_o doctor_n whereby_o he_o prove_v that_o the_o commons_o be_v not_o summon_v during_o the_o reign_n of_o hen._n iii_o till_o the_o 49th_o second_o the_o general_a silence_n of_o all_o statute_n in_o hân_n iii_o reign_n wherein_o be_v not_o one_o word_n mention_v of_o the_o commons_o but_o rather_o to_o the_o contrary_a three_o the_o critical_a time_n viz._n in_o the_o 49th_o of_o hen._n iii_o when_o the_o commons_o be_v first_o call_v during_o monsfords_n rebellion_n four_a their_o discontinuance_n from_o that_o time_n till_o the_o 18_o of_o edw._n i._n there_o be_v no_o mention_n make_v of_o they_o in_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o hen._n iii_o nor_o yet_o of_o ed._n i._n till_o the_o 18_o in_o which_o the_o doctor_n show_v you_o a_o writ_n not_o take_v notice_n of_o before_o by_o which_o the_o commons_o be_v summon_v a_o new_a to_o parliament_n last_o from_o the_o uncertainty_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o writ_n of_o summons_n whether_o for_o one_o knight_n or_o two_o knight_n and_o sometime_o no_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n at_o all_o which_o sufficient_o prove_v the_o novelty_n of_o the_o institution_n as_o also_o of_o some_o parliamentary_a form_n relate_v to_o the_o commons_o which_o show_v that_o neither_o their_o number_n nor_o manner_n of_o election_n be_v settle_v long_o after_o the_o reign_n of_o edw._n i._n to_o begin_v therefore_o with_o the_o first_o head_n i_o know_v the_o gentleman_n of_o your_o opinion_n make_v a_o great_a noise_n about_o the_o loss_n or_o rather_o defect_n of_o the_o writ_n of_o summons_n and_o parliament_n roll_v of_o all_o the_o king_n till_o the_o 23d_o or_o 25_o of_o edw._n i._n so_o that_o we_o can_v be_v so_o well_o assure_v what_o be_v do_v in_o parliament_n of_o those_o time_n as_o we_o may_v be_v afterward_o yet_o there_o be_v still_o some_o writ_n of_o summons_n extant_a upon_o the_o close_a roll_n before_o and_o in_o those_o time_n dein_fw-ge by_o which_o the_o bishop_n earl_n and_o baron_n be_v summon_v to_o parliament_n or_o great_a council_n and_o we_o have_v all_o the_o close_a roll_n of_o king_n john_n and_o henry_n iii_o on_o the_o dorseâ_n of_o which_o ancient_o most_o of_o the_o writ_n of_o summons_n to_o the_o commons_o in_o other_o king_n reign_n be_v enter_v few_o on_o the_o patent_n roll_n which_o we_o have_v likewise_o it_o be_v therefore_o very_o strange_a if_o the_o commons_o be_v then_o represent_v by_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n and_o summon_v to_o parliament_n as_o at_o this_o day_n that_o there_o can_v be_v find_v any_o summons_n to_o they_o upon_o these_o roll_n as_o well_o as_o to_o the_o lord_n but_o the_o learned_a doctor_n have_v for_o our_o satisfaction_n find_v out_o three_o writ_n of_o summons_n to_o the_o lord_n one_o in_o king_n john_n reign_n and_o two_o other_o of_o hen_n iii_o the_o first_o be_v in_o the_o close_a roll_n 6_o of_o king_n john_n direct_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o salisbury_n dor_n which_o be_v needless_a here_o to_o be_v repeat_v verbatim_o only_o pray_v take_v notice_n of_o the_o material_a word_n of_o this_o writ_n where_o after_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o summon_v particular_o express_v it_o conclude_v thus_o expedit_fw-la habere_fw-la vestrum_fw-la consilium_fw-la &_o aliorum_fw-la magnatum_fw-la terrae_fw-la nostrae_fw-la quos_fw-la ad_fw-la diem_fw-la ilium_fw-la &_o locum_fw-la fecimus_fw-la convocari_fw-la dor_n the_o second_o be_v in_o the_o close_a roll_n of_o the_o 26_o hen._n iii_o direct_v to_o w._n archbishop_n of_o york_n wherein_o he_o be_v likewise_o summon_v ad_fw-la tractandum_fw-la nobiscum_fw-la una_fw-la cum_fw-la caeteris_fw-la magnatibus_fw-la nostris_fw-la quos_fw-la similiter_fw-la fecimus_fw-la convocaâi_fw-la de_fw-la arduis_fw-la negotiis_fw-la nostris_fw-la statum_fw-la nostrum_fw-la &_o totius_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la specialiter_fw-la tangentibus_fw-la with_o this_o note_n underneath_o eodem_fw-la modo_fw-la scribitur_fw-la omnibus_fw-la episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la comitibus_fw-la &_o baronibus_fw-la the_o three_o be_v of_o the_o 38th_o of_o the_o same_o king_n direct_v to_o boniface_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n 93._o whereby_o he_o be_v summon_v to_o be_v at_o westminster_n within_o fifteen_o day_n after_o hillary_n next_o come_v before_o the_o queen_n and_o richard_n earl_n of_o cornwail_v about_o the_o affair_n of_o gascony_n and_o this_o very_a council_n mat._n paris_n anno._n dom._n 1254._o call_v a_o parliament_n to_o which_o all_o the_o magnate_v or_o great_a man_n of_o england_n come_v together_o the_o day_n of_o which_o meeting_n he_o make_v to_o have_v be_v the_o 6_o of_o the_o calends_o of_o february_n be_v st._n iulian_n day_n and_o which_o fall_v one_o within_o fifteen_o day_n after_o st._n hillary_n day_n which_o be_v that_o appoint_v for_o the_o meeting_n of_o this_o parliament_n by_o the_o aforesaid_a writ_n of_o summons_n and_o who_o be_v the_o constituent_a part_n of_o this_o parliament_n may_v be_v be_v far_o make_v out_o by_o a_o letter_n of_o the_o queen_n and_o earl_n richard_n to_o the_o king_n then_o in_o gascony_n 50._o which_o be_v recite_v by_o mat._n paris_n in_o his_o additament_n in_o these_o word_n domino_fw-la regi_fw-la angliae_fw-la etc._n etc._n regina_fw-la &_o richardus_fw-la comes_fw-la cornubiae_fw-la salutem_fw-la recipimus_fw-la literas_fw-la vestras_fw-la ad_fw-la natale_n domini_fw-la proximae_fw-la praeteritum_fw-la quod_fw-la in_o crastino_n sancti_fw-la hillarii_n convocaremus_fw-la archiepiscopos_fw-la episcopos_fw-la abbates_n priores_fw-la comites_fw-la &_o regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la ad_fw-la ostendendum_fw-la etc._n etc._n whereby_o it_o appear_v who_o be_v then_o the_o constituent_a part_n of_o member_n of_o our_o english_a parliament_n viz._n the_o archbishop_n bishop_n etc._n etc._n earl_n and_o baron_n of_o the_o kingdom_n so_o that_o there_o be_v no_o such_o universal_a silence_n concern_v the_o constituent_a part_n of_o our_o parliament_n as_o you_o and_o those_o of_o your_o party_n suppose_v from_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o parliament_n roll_v of_o those_o time_n most_o of_o which_o though_o i_o confess_v be_v lose_v yet_o there_o be_v enough_o leave_v to_o satisfy_v any_o reasonable_a person_n that_o there_o be_v then_o no_o commons_o in_o parliament_n in_o the_o sense_n they_o be_v now_o take_v f._n you_o can_v give_v i_o a_o better_a demonstration_n of_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o parliament_n roll_n and_o writ_n of_o summons_n than_o what_o you_o now_o offer_v for_o if_o we_o have_v all_o the_o close_a roll_n of_o king_n john_n and_o henry_n iii_o on_o the_o dorse_n of_o which_o you_o tell_v i_o the_o writ_n of_o summons_n use_v to_o be_v enter_v then_o certain_o those_o to_o the_o lord_n be_v there_o enter_v also_o and_o if_o so_o how_o come_v it_o to_o pass_v that_o in_o above_o eighty_o year_n time_n in_o which_o there_o must_v be_v above_o eighty_o parliament_n you_o can_v show_v i_o but_o three_o writ_n of_o summons_n and_o those_o only_a to_o as_o many_o bishop_n and_o to_o no_o temporal_a lord_n at_o all_o if_o so_o be_v these_o be_v parliament_n and_o not_o great_a council_n of_o the_o bishop_n lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o as_o i_o rather_o believe_v they_o be_v for_o you_o rely_v too_o much_o upon_o you_o doctor_n credit_n when_o you_o allege_v that_o we_o have_v all_o the_o close_a roll_n of_o king_n john_n and_o henry_n iii_o which_o be_v a_o great_a mistake_n for_o i_o have_v have_v a_o friend_n who_o have_v give_v i_o a_o note_n of_o what_o close_a roll_n be_v still_o extant_a in_o those_o reign_v and_o what_o be_v lose_v which_o you_o may_v here_o see_v to_o begin_v with_o king_n john_n pray_v observe_v that_o all_o the_o close_a roll_n of_o the_o first_o five_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n be_v go_v and_o so_o they_o be_v in_o the_o 9th_o 10_o 11_o 12_o and_o 13_o for_o certain_o there_o be_v some_o in_o those_o as_o well_o as_o in_o the_o succeed_a year_n in_o the_o next_o place_n till_o the_o 18_o there_o be_v but_o one_o roll_n leave_v of_o each_o year_n but_o then_o there_o be_v three_o and_o after_o that_o but_o one_o or_o two_o in_o a_o year_n to_o the_o very_a end_n now_o pray_v tell_v i_o how_o we_o can_v be_v assure_v that_o there_o be_v not_o more_o than_o one_o roll_n in_o every_o precedent_a year_n as_o well_o as_o in_o the_o 15_o the_o like_a i_o may_v say_v for_o the_o reign_n of_o hen._n iii_o which_o though_o i_o grant_v be_v more_o entire_a than_o those_o of_o king_n john_n there_o be_v some_o leave_v we_o of_o every_o year_n but_o the_o 23d_o yet_o they_o be_v but_o
be_v particular_a direction_n since_o by_o the_o general_a writ_n of_o summons_n provide_v by_o king_n john_n charter_n the_o sheriff_n of_o each_o county_n be_v to_o summon_v all_o the_o minor_a baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la which_o can_v not_o be_v if_o only_o the_o more_o discreet_a be_v then_o summon_v nor_o be_v there_o in_o this_o preamble_n the_o least_o hint_n or_o intimation_n of_o any_o writ_n direct_v to_o county_n city_n or_o burgh_n for_o the_o choice_n of_o member_n i_o desire_v you_o in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o take_v notice_n that_o britton_n who_o live_v about_o that_o time_n suppose_v this_o statute_n to_o have_v be_v make_v 95._o per_fw-la la_fw-fr purveance_n de_fw-fr robert_n walerand_n &_o per_fw-la commune_fw-la assent_n des_fw-fr graunt_n signior_n du_fw-fr realm_n by_o the_o procurement_n or_o forecast_n of_o robert_n walerand_n and_o by_o common_a assent_n of_o the_o great_a lord_n of_o the_o realm_n without_o any_o mention_n of_o the_o commons_o i_o have_v a_o great_a many_o more_o such_o statute_n to_o instance_n in_o which_o be_v say_v by_o m._n paris_n to_o have_v be_v make_v in_o several_a parliament_n of_o this_o king_n by_o the_o community_n or_o common_a university_n or_o baronage_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n but_o i_o pass_v they_o by_o because_o we_o have_v sufficient_o debate_v most_o of_o they_o already_o f._n if_o only_o some_o of_o your_o great_a lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la can_v thus_o meet_v and_o make_v law_n to_o bind_v all_o the_o rest_n and_o they_o so_o tame_o put_v up_o this_o strange_a infringement_n of_o their_o privilege_n as_o you_o suppose_v it_o seem_v their_o power_n be_v much_o abate_v since_o the_o 37_o the_o year_n of_o this_o king_n when_o as_o i_o say_v mat._n paris_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o baron_n will_v do_v nothing_o without_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o peer_n who_o it_o seem_v the_o king_n have_v then_o omit_v to_o summon_v and_o therefore_o i_o must_v needs_o tell_v you_o that_o i_o be_o not_o of_o your_o doctor_n opinion_n nor_o yet_o of_o cambden_n nameless_a author_n that_o this_o king_n after_o his_o victory_n over_o montfort_n and_o his_o adherent_n can_v by_o his_o prerogative_n call_v or_o omit_v what_o peer_n he_o please_v since_o it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o declaration_n of_o all_o the_o bishop_n year_n abbot_n and_o prior_n in_o full_a parliament_n 2_o rich._n 2._o wherein_o they_o claim_v that_o hold_v per_fw-la baronium_n it_o do_v belong_v to_o they_o de_fw-fr jure_fw-la &_o consuetudine_fw-la râgni_fw-la angliae_fw-la that_o be_v by_o right_n of_o prescription_n to_o be_v present_a in_o all_o parliament_n as_o peer_n of_o the_o realm_n and_o to_o treat_v consult_v and_o ordain_v concern_v the_o affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o if_o the_o spiritual_a lord_n claim_v this_o privilege_n sure_o the_o temporal_a baron_n may_v with_o the_o like_a right_n have_v make_v the_o like_a claim_n and_o i_o be_o sure_a it_o be_v high_o derogatory_n to_o the_o right_n of_o the_o peerage_n of_o england_n to_o maintain_v that_o the_o king_n either_o have_v or_o ever_o have_v the_o power_n of_o call_v and_o leave_v out_o what_o lord_n he_o please_v and_o so_o to_o make_v pack_v parliament_n to_o serve_v a_o turn_n when_o ever_o he_o please_v but_o to_o come_v to_o the_o main_a strength_n of_o your_o argument_n that_o because_o the_o more_o discreet_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o great_a as_o well_o of_o the_o lessâr_n be_v only_o mention_v in_o this_o statute_n that_o therefore_o there_o be_v only_o call_v to_o it_o such_o lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o the_o king_n please_v to_o summon_v and_o that_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v leave_v out_o which_o be_v a_o very_a idle_a supposition_n for_o at_o this_o rate_n may_v as_o well_o say_v that_o there_o be_v no_o temporal_a baron_n there_o at_o all_o and_o that_o by_o the_o great_a discreet_a mân_z be_v to_o be_v understand_v some_o of_o the_o bishop_n and_o judge_n who_o though_o no_o peer_n yet_o be_v then_o the_o most_o learned_a in_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o any_o person_n at_o that_o time_n and_o consequent_o the_o most_o wise_a and_o discreet_a to_o draw_v up_o law_n and_o by_o the_o lesser_a sort_n of_o discreet_a man_n shall_v be_v understand_v such_o great_a clerk_n and_o lawyer_n though_o not_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o the_o king_n please_v to_o choose_v as_o be_v likewise_o most_o able_a to_o advise_v he_o but_o if_o you_o tell_v i_o that_o this_o interpretation_n be_v force_v i_o may_v as_o well_o say_v the_o same_o of_o you_o and_o that_o with_o great_a reason_n yet_o i_o shall_v prove_v that_o this_o parliament_n be_v summon_v in_o no_o other_o manner_n and_o consist_v of_o no_o other_o person_n than_o those_o that_o use_v to_o appear_v in_o all_o other_o precede_v great_a council_n or_o parliament_n in_o the_o first_o place_n therefore_o i_o must_v put_v you_o in_o mind_n of_o what_o i_o have_v already_o say_v that_o there_o be_v no_o conclusion_n to_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o bare_a pen_n of_o the_o different_a form_n of_o ancient_a statute_n who_o be_v summon_v to_o the_o make_n of_o they_o nor_o by_o what_o power_n they_o be_v enact_v some_o of_o they_o it_o be_v true_a be_v draw_v in_o the_o form_n of_o the_o king_n charter_n or_o writ_n without_o any_o mention_n of_o the_o assent_n either_o of_o the_o lord_n or_o commons_o and_o other_o be_v say_v to_o be_v enact_v by_o the_o whole_a realm_n without_o any_o mention_n of_o the_o king_n at_o all_o and_o i_o have_v give_v you_o a_o list_n of_o divers_a old_a statute_n from_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n henry_n iii_o to_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n iii_o in_o which_o there_o be_v no_o mention_n at_o all_o make_v either_o of_o the_o king_n or_o any_o other_o of_o the_o three_o estate_n and_o yet_o no_o man_n i_o think_v but_o will_v grant_v that_o these_o statute_n be_v all_o make_v and_o agree_v to_o by_o they_o according_a to_o the_o usual_a form_n though_o it_o be_v not_o particula_o express_v and_o therefore_o to_o give_v a_o better_a account_n of_o this_o law_n it_o be_v fit_a we_o consider_v that_o these_o word_n convocatis_fw-la discretioribus_fw-la regni_fw-la be_v no_o more_o restrictive_a to_o some_o particular_a person_n then_o if_o it_o have_v be_v in_o the_o superlative_a degree_n and_o instead_o of_o discretioribus_fw-la it_o have_v be_v discretissimis_fw-la or_o sapientissimis_fw-la regni_fw-la which_o no_o man_n will_v interpret_v to_o mean_v only_o a_o few_o of_o those_o who_o the_o king_n shall_v judge_v the_o wise_a and_o most_o discreet_a man_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o therefore_o we_o must_v not_o mind_v the_o grammatical_a but_o legal_a sense_n of_o these_o word_n and_o then_o it_o amount_v to_o no_o more_o than_o this_o that_o by_o the_o great_a discreet_a man_n be_v mean_v the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a as_o under_o the_o lesser_a discreet_a man_n be_v include_v the_o commons_o but_o that_o these_o minores_fw-la descreti_n can_v be_v understand_v of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o appear_v by_o the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o preface_n to_o this_o statute_n of_o marlebridge_n in_o these_o word_n provisiones_fw-la ordinationes_fw-la &_o statuta_fw-la subscripta_fw-la âb_fw-la omnibus_fw-la regni_fw-la ipsius_fw-la incalis_fw-la tam_fw-la majoribus_fw-la quam_fw-la minoribus_fw-la firmiter_fw-la &_o inviolabiliter_fw-la temporibus_fw-la perpetuis_fw-la staâneriâ_n observari_fw-la so_o that_o if_o by_o the_o majores_fw-la iâcolae_fw-la who_o be_v to_o observe_v these_o statute_n the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a be_v mean_v then_o by_o the_o minores_fw-la incolae_fw-la regni_fw-la must_v be_v understand_v by_o the_o same_o reason_n the_o whole_a commons_o of_o england_n and_o so_o likewise_o for_o parity_n of_o reason_n by_o the_o minores_fw-la discreti_fw-la mention_v before_o in_o the_o preface_n must_v be_v also_o mean_v the_o representatives_n of_o the_o commons_o in_o parliament_n and_o that_o this_o alone_a can_v be_v the_o genuine_a sense_n of_o these_o word_n may_v appear_v by_o compare_v this_o statute_n with_o another_o make_v at_o gloucester_n the_o 6_o of_o edward_n i._n where_o in_o the_o preface_n it_o be_v recite_v in_o these_o word_n purvenant_n mâsm_n le_fw-fr roy_fw-fr pour_fw-fr amendment_n de_fw-fr son_fw-fr royalme_n &_o pur_fw-it pluis_fw-it plenier_n exhibition_fw-la de_fw-fr droit_fw-fr sicome_n le_fw-fr profit_n d'office_n demand_n appelles_fw-la les_fw-fr pluis_fw-it discretes_n the_o son_n royalme_n auxibien_fw-fr des_fw-fr greindres_n come_v des_fw-fr meindres_n establie_o est_fw-la &_o acordan'ment_n ordain_v so_o that_o if_o the_o commons_o be_v there_o call_v to_o this_o parliament_n and_o if_o by_o the_o greindres_n discretes_n be_v understand_v the_o lord_n then_o by_o the_o like_a reason_n under_o meindres_n discretes_n must_v be_v mean_v the_o
that_o that_o dr._n have_v with_o so_o much_o artifice_v put_v upon_o they_o still_o use_v they_o like_o charm_n to_o bewitch_v and_o impose_v upon_o his_o unwary_a reader_n especial_o since_o a_o right_a notion_n of_o these_o word_n be_v absolute_o necessary_a for_o the_o right_a understanding_n the_o true_a sense_n and_o meaning_n of_o our_o ancient_a english_a historian_n ãâ¦ã_z after_o all_o this_o pother_n the_o dr._n make_v about_o the_o signification_n of_o those_o word_n populus_fw-la plebs_fw-la &_o vulgus_fw-la as_o synonimous_a as_o he_o grant_v they_o to_o be_v they_o must_v all_o signify_v the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o people_n as_o well_o the_o commons_o as_o the_o lord_n represent_v in_o parliament_n by_o his_o own_o confession_n or_o else_o i_o leave_v it_o to_o yourself_o to_o consider_v who_o of_o the_o two_o be_v guilty_a of_o level_v notion_n your_o dr._n or_o mr._n p._n since_o one_o do_v but_o allert_fw-la with_o the_o general_a consent_n of_o ancient_n and_o 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but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n let_v i_o tell_v you_o you_o have_v not_o be_v yet_o so_o clear_a in_o your_o explanation_n of_o the_o other_o opposite_a word_n populus_fw-la for_o admit_v i_o shall_v grant_v you_o that_o there_o be_v in_o some_o sort_n commons_o in_o parliament_n as_o represent_v by_o the_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o be_v not_o lord_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o therefore_o follow_v that_o there_o must_v have_v be_v another_o rank_n or_o order_n of_o person_n beneath_o or_o different_a from_o they_o since_o as_o i_o say_v it_o be_v but_o how_o it_o be_v only_a the_o custom_n and_o law_n of_o each_o country_n that_o can_v determine_v what_o be_v the_o community_n or_o representative_a body_n of_o the_o people_n so_o that_o there_o be_v no_o such_o certain_a analogy_n between_o the_o clerus_fw-la when_o take_v for_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n and_o the_o populus_fw-la when_o take_v for_o the_o lesser_a nobility_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la since_o in_o scotland_n though_o their_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n may_v consist_v of_o the_o abbot_n and_o inferior_a clergy_n as_o with_o we_o who_o do_v not_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la yet_o you_o can_v deny_v but_o that_o the_o temporal_a estate_n or_o laity_n at_o least_o of_o late_a age_n whole_o consist_v of_o the_o earl_n baron_n laird_n or_o small_a baron_n together_o with_o the_o burgess_n of_o royal_a borought_n all_o which_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la and_o for_o aught_o as_o i_o can_v see_v from_o any_o clear_a proof_n you_o have_v bring_v to_o the_o contrary_n do_v so_o from_o time_n beyond_o all_o memory_n and_o so_o it_o may_v have_v be_v in_o england_n too_o for_o aught_o as_o i_o know_v for_o though_o you_o have_v take_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o pain_n to_o answer_v the_o dr_n and_o my_o argument_n against_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v the_o representatives_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n in_o parliament_n before_o the_o 49th_o of_o henry_n the_o three_o and_o 18_o of_o edward_n the_o first_o and_o also_o to_o prove_v that_o the_o word_n make_v use_v of_o in_o our_o ancient_a historian_n record_n and_o act_n of_o parliament_n be_v of_o a_o more_o comprehensive_a signification_n than_o to_o be_v confine_v to_o they_o alone_o but_o you_o have_v not_o as_o yet_o prove_v that_o these_o gentleman_n who_o you_o suppose_v to_o have_v have_v place_n in_o our_o great_a council_n beside_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v knight_n citizens_z and_o burgess_n or_o whether_o all_o the_o lord_n of_o manor_n or_o great_a freeholder_n in_o england_n appear_v there_o in_o person_n for_o themselves_o and_o their_o under_a tenant_n therefore_o i_o pray_v be_v a_o little_a more_o clear_a in_o this_o point_n and_o show_v i_o some_o authority_n that_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n have_v be_v always_o constituent_a member_n of_o parliament_n ever_o since_o the_o conquest_n for_o methinks_v you_o waver_v in_o this_o matter_n and_o sometime_o you_o seem_v to_o assert_v the_o former_a and_o sometime_o the_o latter_a f._n i_o confess_v it_o be_v not_o my_o humour_n to_o be_v positive_a in_o any_o thing_n that_o be_v in_o the_o least_o doubtful_a or_o obscure_a and_o therefore_o as_o i_o will_v not_o maintain_v that_o knight_n of_o shire_n always_o a_o constituent_a part_n of_o parliament_n before_o your_o conquest_n or_o present_o be_v after_o though_o it_o be_v positive_o assert_v by_o the_o author_n of_o the_o modus_fw-la tenendi_fw-la parliamentum_fw-la since_o the_o antiquity_n of_o that_o piece_n be_v just_o question_v by_o mr._n selden_n and_o other_o modern_a antiquary_n so_o on_o the_o other_o side_n i_o shall_v not_o assert_v that_o they_o be_v not_o there_o at_o all_o but_o this_o much_o i_o think_v i_o be_o able_a to_o prove_v that_o they_o be_v summon_v to_o parliament_n long_o before_o the_o 49th_o of_o henry_n the_o three_o or_o 18_o of_o edward_n the_o first_o but_o as_o for_o the_o city_n and_o borough_n that_o they_o have_v their_o representative_n in_o parliament_n at_o or_o present_o after_o your_o conquest_n i_o think_v i_o can_v prove_v from_o as_o undeniable_a testimony_n as_o can_v be_v expect_v since_o all_o the_o most_o ancient_a roll_n and_o record_n of_o great_a council_n and_o parliament_n be_v long_o since_o lose_v and_o destroy_v yet_o to_o show_v you_o that_o we_o have_v some_o very_a ancient_a author_n that_o seem_v to_o mention_v not_o only_o the_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n but_o knight_n of_o shire_n to_o have_v be_v summon_v before_o the_o time_n you_o insist_v upon_o and_o if_o it_o prove_v so_o whether_o they_o be_v there_o from_o the_o very_a time_n of_o the_o conquest_n be_v not_o material_a since_o if_o i_o confute_v your_o and_o your_o dr_n opinion_n of_o the_o 49th_o of_o henry_n the_o three_o and_o 18_o of_o edward_n the_o first_o i_o carry_v the_o cause_n and_o you_o may_v then_o invent_v if_o you_o can_v some_o other_o epocha_n whereon_o to_o fix_v their_o first_o appear_v at_o our_o great_a council_n i_o shall_v therefore_o give_v you_o another_o quotation_n out_o of_o the_o same_o old_a monk_n sulcardus_n which_o immediate_o follow_v the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o charter_n of_o k._n william_n the_o first_o to_o the_o abbey_n of_o westminster_n but_o now_o cite_v and_o it_o have_v be_v make_v use_n of_o not_o only_o by_o mr._n p._n in_o his_o ancient_a right_n of_o the_o commons_o etc._n etc._n but_o by_o sir_n william_n dugdale_n himself_o in_o his_o origines_fw-la juridiciale_n as_o also_o by_o the_o author_n of_o argumentum_fw-la aâtinormaunicum_n to_o prove_v the_o commons_o to_o have_v be_v summon_v to_o a_o great_a council_n in_o the_o 9th_o year_n of_o k._n william_n the_o first_o anno_fw-la dom._n 1075._o the_o word_n as_o cite_v in_o sir_n william_n dugdale_n be_v these_o that_o after_o the_o king_n have_v subscribe_v his_o name_n to_o this_o charter_n with_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o cross_n add_v many_o of_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o temporal_a nobility_n instead_o of_o cum_fw-la multis_fw-la aliis_fw-la have_v these_o word_n multis_fw-la praeterea_fw-la illustrissimis_fw-la virorum_fw-la personis_fw-la &_o regni_fw-la principibus_fw-la diversi_fw-la ordinis_fw-la omissis_fw-la qui_fw-la huic_fw-la confirmationi_fw-la piisimo_fw-la affectu_fw-la testes_fw-la &_o âautores_fw-la fuerunt_fw-la hii_n autem_fw-la illo_fw-la tempore_fw-la à _fw-la regius_fw-la potestate_fw-la diversis_fw-la provinciis_fw-la &_o urbibus_fw-la ad_fw-la universalem_fw-la synodum_fw-la pro_fw-la causis_fw-la cujuslibet_fw-la christiane_n ecclesâe_fw-la audiendis_fw-la &_o tractandis_fw-la ad_fw-la praescriptum_fw-la celeberriumum_fw-la coenobium_fw-la quod_fw-la westmonasterium_fw-la dicitur_fw-la convoceti_n now_o i_o shall_v only_o observe_v from_o this_o author_n provincia_n that_o mr._n selden_n in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n and_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n in_o his_o glossary_n do_v render_v provincia_n for_o a_o county_n or_o shire_n m._n i_o pray_v give_v i_o leave_v
be_v the_o bishop_n the_o nobility_n and_o civitatum_fw-la delegati_fw-la the_o deputy_n or_o commissioner_n of_o town_n and_o city_n for_o sweden_n it_o come_v near_o the_o government_n and_o form_n of_o danemark_n and_o have_v the_o same_o estate_n and_o degree_n of_o people_n as_o among_o the_o dane_n that_o be_v to_o say_v proceres_fw-la &_o nobiles_fw-la the_o great_a and_o the_o less_o nobility_n episcopi_fw-la &_o ecclesiastici_fw-la the_o bishop_n and_o inferior_a clergy_n civitates_fw-la &_o vniversitates_fw-la the_o city_n and_o town_n corporate_a for_o so_o i_o think_v he_o mean_v by_o vniversitates_fw-la as_o tâuanus_n muster_v they_o 131._o to_o which_o we_o may_v also_o add_v though_o here_o omit_v by_o this_o author_n the_o delegate_n of_o the_o rustic_n or_o husbandman_n who_o make_v a_o four_o estate_n in_o the_o assembly_n of_o estate_n of_o this_o kingdom_n and_o in_o this_o realm_n the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n enjoy_v the_o place_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o three_o estate_n notwithstanding_o the_o alteration_n of_o religion_n to_o this_o very_a day_n the_o bishop_n in_o their_o own_o person_n and_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o the_o clergy_n out_o of_o every_o sochen_n a_o division_n like_o our_o rural_a deanery_n in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o rest_n have_v a_o necessary_a vote_n in_o all_o their_o parliament_n and_n this_v swedish_n great_a council_n be_v the_o more_o remarkable_a because_o it_o come_v very_o near_o our_o constitution_n in_o england_n in_o which_o i_o prove_v the_o inferior_a clergy_n and_o the_o commons_o not_o except_v the_o mean_a freeholder_n ancient_o have_v their_o representative_n so_o that_o it_o have_v be_v the_o strange_a thing_n that_o can_v have_v be_v observe_v in_o all_o the_o political_a constitution_n on_o this_o side_n of_o europe_n if_o that_o of_o england_n though_o descend_v from_o the_o same_o gothick_n original_a and_o found_v according_a to_o the_o same_o model_n shall_v have_v have_v no_o representative_n for_o the_o commons_o or_o plebian_n in_o their_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n the_o dr._n here_o conclude_v with_o scotland_n and_o england_n the_o former_a of_o which_o since_o you_o agree_v to_o have_v have_v from_o all_o time_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n in_o their_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n i_o need_v not_o repeat_v what_o be_v there_o since_o it_o be_v no_o more_o than_o what_o you_o yourself_o have_v grant_v and_o as_o for_o england_n he_o own_v as_o appear_v by_o the_o passage_n i_o have_v already_o cite_v out_o of_o this_o chapter_n 193._o that_o the_o clergy_n nobility_n and_o people_n be_v call_v to_o a_o parliament_n hold_v under_o henry_n the_o ad_fw-la at_o clerkânwell_n m_o i_o will_v not_o deny_v but_o there_o be_v representative_n of_o the_o city_n and_o great_a town_n in_o the_o great_a council_n or_o assembly_n of_o estate_n of_o all_o those_o kingdom_n you_o have_v now_o mention_v out_o of_o dr._n heylins_n treatise_n yet_o whether_o they_o be_v there_o from_o the_o very_a first_o institution_n of_o those_o government_n be_v much_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o since_o i_o have_v not_o now_o leisure_n to_o inquire_v into_o the_o original_a of_o all_o these_o kingdom_n nor_o at_o what_o time_n each_o state_n begin_v to_o come_v to_o these_o great_a council_n give_v i_o leave_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n to_o remark_n that_o all_o these_o kingdom_n except_o sweden_n come_v near_o to_o that_o constitution_n which_o we_o suppose_v to_o have_v be_v ancient_o in_o england_n and_o scotland_n and_o also_o other_o kingdom_n where_o feudatory_a tenor_n be_v observe_v and_o consequent_o none_o but_o the_o chief_a lord_n or_o baron_n by_o knight_n service_n 96._o and_o that_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n so_o that_o all_o those_o foreign_a council_n or_o dyeâs_n etc._n etc._n at_o first_o be_v all_o the_o same_o as_o consist_v of_o emperor_n or_o king_n with_o their_o earl_n and_o baron_n bishop_n and_o great_a officer_n as_o be_v evident_a from_o all_o the_o old_a german_a and_o french_a author_n and_o since_o city_n send_v deputy_n in_o germany_n and_o italy_n 126._o they_o be_v only_o from_o imperial_a city_n the_o like_a i_o believe_v will_v be_v find_v in_o france_n and_o those_o other_o kingdom_n you_o have_v now_o mention_v but_o you_o can_v show_v i_o unless_o in_o sweden_n any_o representative_n elect_v by_o the_o common_a people_n or_o rustic_n distinct_a from_o the_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n like_o our_o knight_n of_o shire_n in_o england_n so_o that_o i_o still_o doubt_v whether_o all_o the_o representative_n of_o the_o great_a lord_n and_o other_o nobility_n that_o appear_v in_o the_o council_n of_o these_o kingdom_n be_v not_o all_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o no_o other_o f._n that_o this_o be_v a_o mere_a surmise_n of_o you_o i_o think_v i_o can_v easy_o prove_v for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n as_o for_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o clergy_n who_o still_o make_v the_o first_o estate_n in_o all_o these_o kingdom_n nothing_o be_v more_o certain_a than_o that_o they_o never_o any_o of_o they_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n by_o knight_n service_n and_o therefore_o can_v not_o ãâã_d in_o their_o great_a council_n by_o that_o tenure_n that_o institution_n be_v for_o aught_o as_o i_o know_v peculiar_a to_o england_n and_o introduce_v by_o your_o conqueror_n as_o you_o yourself_o acknowledge_v and_o as_o for_o the_o temporal_a nobility_n you_o will_v find_v that_o in_o france_n not_o only_o those_o nobleman_n that_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n by_o military_a service_n but_o those_o who_o hold_v in_o libero_fw-la alodio_n without_o any_o such_o service_n at_o all_o have_v place_n either_o by_o themselves_o or_o their_o deputy_n in_o the_o assembly_n of_o the_o estate_n so_o likewise_o for_o the_o city_n and_o town_n that_o send_v deputy_n to_o it_o i_o believe_v you_o will_v not_o find_v that_o any_o of_o they_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o to_o come_v to_o 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interpretation_n of_o it_o you_o may_v observe_v that_o it_o be_v not_o only_a treason_n to_o make_v war_n against_o the_o king_n person_n but_o to_o take_v arm_n to_o make_v any_o reformation_n or_o alteration_n in_o church_n or_o state_n without_o the_o king_n authority_n nor_o can_v any_o subject_n of_o england_n justify_v the_o take_a arm_n upon_o any_o account_n whatsoever_o unless_o it_o be_v by_o the_o king_n commission_n and_o therefore_o all_o the_o judge_n of_o england_n in_o the_o case_n of_o dr._n story_n report_n who_o be_v execute_v for_o treason_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n do_v with_o one_o consent_n agree_v that_o the_o very_a consultation_n concern_v make_v war_n against_o the_o queen_n shall_v be_v interpret_v a_o make_v war_n against_o her_o person_n and_o suppose_v a_o design_n against_o her_o life_n so_o that_o nothing_o seem_v plain_a to_o i_o than_o that_o by_o the_o ancient_n as_o well_o as_o modern_a law_n of_o england_n all_o defensive_a as_o 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of_o this_o i_o shall_v proceed_v with_o the_o early_a instance_n of_o this_o kind_n after_o the_o conquest_n viz._n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n richard_n the_o first_o during_o who_o absence_n in_o the_o holy_a land_n he_o have_v commit_v the_o government_n of_o his_o kingdom_n to_o william_n bishop_n of_o ely_n 399._o who_o abuse_v his_o power_n by_o a_o arbitrary_a and_o insolent_a carriage_n affront_a and_o oppress_v john_n earl_n of_o morton_n the_o king_n be_v own_o brother_n and_o geoffry_n archbishop_n of_o york_n the_o king_n be_v base_a brother_n whereupon_o they_o rise_v up_o against_o he_o and_o have_v the_o bishop_n the_o earl_n and_o baron_n of_o their_o side_n appoint_v the_o say_a bishop_n a_o day_n to_o answer_v to_o his_o crime_n in_o the_o king_n court_n or_o great_a council_n of_o the_o bishop_n lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la then_o call_v curia_fw-la regis_fw-la where_o when_o he_o refuse_v to_o appear_v they_o all_o with_o one_o consent_n come_v to_o 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the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o church_n of_o england_n but_o the_o know_a law_n of_o the_o land_n f._n i_o do_v not_o deny_v but_o the_o person_n of_o the_o king_n and_o queen_n of_o this_o realm_n be_v and_o aught_o to_o be_v sacred_a and_o inviolable_a and_o yet_o no_o man_n will_v therefore_o say_v that_o they_o be_v irresistible_a too_o in_o all_o case_n whatsoever_o as_o if_o the_o king_n for_o example_n shall_v attempt_v to_o ravish_v woman_n or_o rob_v or_o murder_v man_n upon_o the_o highway_n or_o in_o the_o street_n as_o the_o ancient_a historian_n relate_v of_o nero_n and_o commodus_n the_o emperor_n and_o as_o be_v report_v of_o the_o last_o king_n of_o portugal_n and_o which_o be_v one_o of_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n remove_v he_o from_o the_o government_n and_o as_o our_o henry_n the_o five_o be_v relate_v by_o our_o historian_n to_o have_v rob_v man_n upon_o the_o highway_n before_o he_o be_v king_n so_o if_o he_o have_v go_v about_o to_o 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of_o the_o land_n in_o case_n they_o any_o way_n transgress_v or_o violate_v it_o by_o his_o illegal_a commission_n or_o command_n as_o i_o shall_v prove_v more_o at_o large_a by_o and_o by_o and_o as_o no_o war_n proper_o so_o call_v can_v be_v make_v against_o a_o single_a person_n but_o against_o a_o man_n as_o he_o be_v aid_v or_o assist_v by_o many_o other_o so_o this_o war_n against_o the_o king_n can_v only_o be_v interpret_v of_o such_o war_n or_o rebellion_n as_o be_v make_v against_o he_o in_o his_o politic_a capacity_n as_o he_o be_v king_n and_o supreme_a governor_n of_o the_o realm_n and_o the_o commander_n of_o all_o the_o militia_n thereof_o to_o legal_a intent_n and_o for_o the_o defence_n thereof_o against_o foreign_a or_o domestic_a enemy_n nor_o be_v there_o any_o great_a fear_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a legal_a constitution_n of_o this_o kingdom_n that_o this_o can_v often_o fall_v out_o or_o indeed_o he_o put_v in_o practice_n by_o the_o king_n of_o this_o 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they_o before_o the_o king_n commissioner_n when_o they_o shall_v be_v require_v to_o take_v view_n of_o they_o a_o regimented_a militia_n be_v of_o no_o elder_a date_n than_o queen_n elizabeth_n king_n james_n the_o first_o do_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n in_o the_o first_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n repeal_v all_o former_a act_n for_o assize_n of_o arm_n and_o never_o establish_v any_o thing_n in_o ãâã_d thereof_o so_o it_o stand_v till_o king_n charles_n the_o second_o time_n that_o these_o new_a act_n for_o the_o militia_n be_v make_v and_o to_o confirm_v this_o point_n beyond_o all_o dispute_n in_o all_o the_o quarrel_n between_o the_o king_n and_o the_o baron_n and_o york_n and_o lancaster_n the_o parliament_n still_o refuse_v to_o meet_v unless_o the_o force_n be_v disband_v that_o be_v raise_v upon_o those_o occasion_n nor_o have_v any_o king_n stand_v force_n or_o guard_n till_z king_n henry_n the_o seventhâ_n time_n when_o that_o of_o the_o yeoman_n be_v settle_v by_o a_o special_a act_n of_o parliament_n and_o what_o be_v most_o remarkable_a the_o commons_o in_o the_o long_a parliament_n of_o charles_n the_o second_o do_v by_o their_o vote_n enter_v upon_o their_o journal_o declare_v and_o assert_v that_o by_o law_n no_o arm_a force_n can_v be_v keep_v up_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n except_o the_o militia_n and_o as_o for_o foreign_a succour_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o be_v carry_v immediate_o to_o the_o port_n of_o their_o discharge_n and_o be_v not_o to_o exceed_v one_o month_n at_o further_a from_o the_o time_n of_o their_o first_o muster_n as_o for_o castle_n and_o fort_n within_o the_o realm_n they_o be_v all_o supply_v and_o defend_v by_o tenor_n but_o for_o the_o militia_n of_o old_a time_n it_o be_v in_o the_o sheriff_n of_o the_o county_n to_o make_v use_n thereof_o for_o the_o execution_n of_o the_o law_n and_o defence_n of_o the_o kingdom_n except_o in_o the_o case_n aforesaid_a and_o it_o be_v treason_n for_o any_o subject_a to_o levy_v soldier_n except_o by_o the_o king_n commission_n and_o in_o the_o case_n aforesaid_a or_o so_o much_o as_o to_o ride_v or_o go_v arm_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o statute_n of_o northampton_n in_o the_o 2d_o of_o edward_n the_o three_o much_o less_o be_v it_o lawful_a for_o they_o to_o take_v up_o arm_n unless_o in_o their_o own_o defence_n against_o illegal_a violence_n and_o in_o such_o manner_n as_o the_o law_n direct_v and_o it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o article_n that_o be_v adjudge_v to_o be_v treason_n in_o parliament_n against_o mortimer_n second_o that_o he_o rid_v arm_v to_o parliament_n and_o threaten_v the_o prelate_n and_o peer_n that_o do_v any_o thing_n against_o his_o will_n and_o cause_v the_o king_n to_o make_v war_n on_o his_o noble_n who_o advise_v the_o king_n to_o levy_v war_n upon_o his_o subject_n see_v coke_n four_o institutes_n title_n council-board_n where_o the_o four_o article_n against_o the_o spencer_n be_v that_o they_o false_o and_o malicious_o have_v counsel_v the_o king_n to_o raise_v horse_n and_o arm_n in_o destruction_n of_o the_o good_a people_n against_o the_o form_n of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la and_o so_o by_o their_o evil_a counsel_n will_v have_v move_v war_n within_o the_o realm_n to_o the_o destruction_n of_o holy_a church_n and_o of_o the_o people_n for_o their_o proper_a quarrel_n so_o that_o take_v arm_n by_o the_o king_n against_o his_o subject_n and_o the_o subject_n against_o the_o king_n be_v both_o alike_o against_o law_n 2_o that_o take_v arm_n against_o the_o king_n in_o construction_n of_o law_n be_v levy_v war_n but_o this_o by_o no_o mean_n extend_v to_o defensive_a arm_n in_o maintenance_n of_o the_o law_n which_o be_v allow_v and_o enjoin_v and_o that_o nothing_o else_o be_v here_o mean_a be_v plain_a
the_o king_n will_v that_o right_o be_v do_v according_a to_o the_o statute_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o realm_n 625._o etc._n etc._n which_o not_o satisfy_v as_o too_o doubtful_a and_o general_a the_o king_n at_o last_o give_v this_o full_a and_o clear_a answer_n in_o legal_a âorm_n soit_fw-fr droit_n fait_fw-fr commâ_n il_fw-fr est_fw-fr desirè_fw-la the_o second_o point_n in_o relation_n to_o our_o civil_a property_n be_v this_o that_o no_o tax_n taillage_n or_o aid_n shall_v be_v lay_v or_o levy_v by_o the_o king_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o arch-bishop_n bishop_n earls_z baron_n knight_n burgess_n and_o whole_a commonalty_n of_o the_o realm_n in_o parliament_n this_o be_v first_o of_o all_o grant_v by_o the_o 56th_o law_n of_o william_n the_o first_o which_o i_o have_v already_o cite_v as_o also_o more_o particular_o forbid_v by_o the_o statute_n de_fw-fr tallagio_n non_fw-la concedendo_fw-la in_o the_o 34th_o of_o edward_n the_o first_o which_o be_v but_o a_o revival_n or_o explanation_n of_o the_o former_a law_n of_o william_n the_o first_o and_o also_o by_o the_o 25_o of_o edward_n the_o three_o whereby_o it_o be_v enact_v that_o no_o person_n shall_v be_v compel_v to_o make_v any_o loan_n to_o the_o king_n against_o his_o will_n because_o they_o be_v against_o reason_n and_o the_o franchise_n of_o the_o land_n and_o it_o be_v also_o provide_v that_o none_o shall_v be_v charge_v by_o any_o charge_n or_o imposition_n call_v a_o benevolence_n nor_o by_o such_o like_a charge_n which_o be_v also_o more_o full_o set_v forth_o in_o the_o say_a petition_n of_o right_n to_o have_v be_v late_o execute_v by_o certain_a commissioner_n as_o also_o that_o divers_a other_o charge_n have_v be_v lay_v and_o levy_v by_o lords-lieutenant_n deputy-lieutenant_n etc._n etc._n contrary_a to_o the_o law_n and_o free_a custom_n of_o the_o realm_n the_o three_o point_n declare_v against_o in_o this_o petition_n of_o right_n be_v against_o quarter_a of_o soldier_n though_o they_o pay_v for_o their_o quartor_n contrary_a to_o the_o will_n of_o the_o owner_n and_o inhabitant_n much_o more_o when_o they_o do_v take_v free_a quarter_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n as_o have_v be_v too_o much_o practise_v of_o late_a so_o that_o by_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n not_o only_o private-house_n but_o inn_n and_o alehouse_n be_v not_o compellable_n to_o quarter_n soldier_n unless_o they_o will_v so_o much_o be_v this_o nation_n ancient_o a_o stranger_n to_o stand_a army_n and_o quarter_a of_o soldier_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n that_o there_o be_v no_o provision_n make_v for_o it_o either_o at_o common-law_n or_o by_o any_o statute_n that_o i_o know_v of_o four_o that_o no_o new_a law_n can_v be_v make_v without_o a_o express_a act_n of_o parliament_n or_o the_o joynt-consent_n of_o the_o king_n lord_n and_o commons_o and_o therefore_o that_o parliament_n ought_v to_o be_v due_o summon_v and_o hold_v for_o the_o good_a and_o safety_n of_o the_o kingdom_n by_o common_a as_o well_o as_o statute_n law_n once_o every_o year_n and_o according_a to_o more_o modern_a statute_n once_o in_o three_o year_n at_o least_o or_o whenever_o there_o be_v a_o just_a and_o necessary_a occasion_n for_o it_o and_o for_o proof_n of_o this_o i_o need_v go_v no_o far_o than_o the_o old_a english_a saxon_n law_n which_o ordain_v that_o the_o great_a council_n or_o mycel_v synod_n shall_v be_v hold_v twice_o in_o the_o year_n as_o the_o ancient_a mirror_n of_o justice_n recite_v and_o the_o constant_a custom_n long_o after_o the_o conquest_n in_o which_o there_o never_o pass_v a_o year_n without_o a_o general_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o when_o this_o come_v by_o degree_n to_o be_v discontinue_v then_o be_v those_o statute_n of_o edward_n the_o three_o and_o richard_n the_o second_o make_v whereby_o it_o be_v enact_v that_o a_o parliament_n shall_v be_v hold_v every_o year_n and_o often_o if_o there_o be_v occasion_n 5th_o since_o the_o legislative_a power_n of_o parliament_n be_v the_o very_a soul_n and_o essence_n of_o the_o government_n the_o election_n of_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n to_o sit_v and_o serve_v in_o parliament_n aught_o to_o be_v free_a and_o all_o the_o member_n of_o parliament_n who_o have_v place_n there_o either_o by_o patent_n or_o writ_n of_o summons_n as_o the_o lord_n or_o else_o by_o election_n or_o writ_n as_o the_o bishop_n ought_v to_o be_v present_a and_o there_o to_o have_v freedom_n of_o speech_n and_o vote_n without_o any_o guard_n to_o over-awe_n or_o terrify_v they_o and_o none_o to_o be_v force_v threaten_a bribe_v or_o tamper_v with_o to_o give_v their_o vote_n contrary_a to_o their_o conscience_n either_o by_o the_o king_n or_o any_o of_o his_o minister_n this_o be_v ordain_v by_o the_o stat._n of_o westm._n 1_o chap._n 5._o whereby_o it_o be_v express_o provide_v that_o all_o election_n ought_v to_o be_v free_a which_o sir_n edward_n cook_n in_o his_o note_n upon_o this_o statute_n extend_v to_o election_n of_o knight_n of_o shire_n as_o well_o as_o other_o election_n since_o i_o have_v sufficient_o prove_v that_o the_o commons_o elect_v member_n to_o parliament_n when_o this_o statute_n be_v make_v and_o that_o this_o be_v the_o ancient_a law_n of_o england_n 36._o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o roll_n of_o parliament_n 1_o hen._n 4._o wherein_o it_o be_v allege_v as_o by_o the_o parliament_n as_o one_o of_o the_o article_n against_o richard_n the_o second_o in_o these_o word_n item_n licet_fw-la de_fw-la stato_fw-la &_o consuttudine_fw-la regni_fw-la svi_fw-la in_o convocatione_n enjuslibet_fw-la parliamenti_fw-la populus_fw-la suus_fw-la in_o singulis_fw-la comitatibus_fw-la regni_fw-la debeat_fw-la esse_fw-la libre_fw-la ad_fw-la eligendum_fw-la &_o deputandum_fw-la milites_fw-la pro_fw-la hujusmodi_fw-la comitatibus_fw-la ad_fw-la inter_fw-la âssendum_fw-la parliamentis_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la exponendum_fw-la corum_fw-la gravamina_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la prosequendum_fw-la pro_fw-la remediis_fw-la superinde_v prout_fw-la videntur_fw-la expedire_fw-la tamen_fw-la praefatus_fw-la rex_fw-la ut_fw-la in_o parliamentis_fw-la suis_fw-la liberius_fw-la consequi_fw-la valeat_fw-la suae_fw-la temerariae_fw-la voluntatis_fw-la effectum_fw-la direxit_fw-la mandata_fw-la sua_fw-la frequentius_fw-la vicecomitibus_fw-la ejus_fw-la ut_fw-la certas_fw-la personas_fw-la per_fw-la ipsum_fw-la regem_fw-la nominatas_fw-la ut_fw-la milites_fw-la câmitatuum_fw-la venirâ_fw-it saciant_fw-la ad_fw-la parliamenta_fw-la sua_fw-la quos_fw-la quidem_fw-la milites_fw-la eidem_fw-la regi_fw-la faventes_fw-la inducâre_fw-la poterat_fw-la prout_fw-la frequentius_fw-la fecit_fw-la quandoque_fw-la pro_fw-la minas_fw-la varias_fw-la &_o terrores_fw-la &_o quandoque_fw-la per_fw-la munera_fw-la ad_fw-la consentiendum_fw-la illis_fw-la quâa_fw-la regno_fw-la praedicto_fw-la prâejudicialia_fw-la fuerant_fw-la &_o populo_fw-la quam_fw-la plurimum_fw-la onerosa_fw-la etc._n etc._n so_o that_o you_o here_o may_v see_v that_o it_o be_v then_o judge_v by_o the_o whole_a parliament_n to_o be_v a_o brench_n of_o one_o of_o the_o fundamental_a liberty_n of_o the_o nation_n for_o the_o king_n to_o make_v false_a return_n to_o be_v make_v of_o parliament-man_n as_o also_o to_o corrupt_v or_o over-awe_n their_o vote_n either_o by_o promise_n or_o threatening_n but_o to_o conclude_v that_o we_o have_v such_o thing_n as_o fundamental_a law_n and_o privilege_n i_o shall_v go_v no_o far_o than_o king_n james_n i._o his_o speech_n confirm_v by_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n of_o the_o first_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n wherein_o it_o be_v recite_v that_o the_o king_n have_v vouchsafe_v to_o express_v many_o way_n how_o far_o it_o be_v and_o ever_o shall_v be_v from_o his_o royal_a and_o sincere_a care_n and_o affection_n to_o the_o subject_n of_o england_n to_o alter_v or_o innovate_v the_o fundamental_a law_n privilege_n and_o good_a custom_n of_o this_o kingdom_n whereby_o not_o only_o his_o royal_a authority_n but_o the_o people_n security_n of_o land_n live_n and_o privilege_n both_o in_o general_a and_o particular_a be_v preserve_v and_o maintain_v and_o by_o the_o abolish_n or_o alteration_n of_o which_o it_o be_v impossible_a but_o that_o present_a confusion_n will_v fall_v upon_o the_o whole_a state_n and_o ârame_v of_o this_o realm_n so_o that_o if_o this_o judgement_n of_o the_o king_n and_o both_o house_n of_o parliament_n be_v true_a sure_o we_o may_v just_o suppose_v that_o thing_n of_o such_o vast_a concernment_n deserve_v our_o contend_v for_o by_o all_o mean_v possible_a and_o lawful_a to_o preserve_v they_o for_o what_o the_o noble_n of_o the_o land_n upon_o occasion_n once_o say_v with_o one_o voice_n in_o full_a parliament_n every_o freeborn_a subject_n of_o england_n may_v as_o well_o say_v at_o this_o day_n nolumus_fw-la leges_fw-la angliae_fw-la mutari_fw-la which_o be_v a_o maxim_n that_o ought_v to_o be_v imprint_v upon_o the_o heart_n of_o all_o true_a englishman_n who_o as_o my_o lord_n bacon_n very_o well_o observe_v take_v themselves_o to_o have_v as_o good_a title_n to_o their_o law_n 43._o as_o to_o the_o
no_o man_n will_v say_v that_o their_o acclamation_n and_o cry_v yea_o yea_o will_v make_v our_o king_n elective_a any_o more_o than_o it_o can_v do_v it_o in_o the_o case_n of_o k._n william_n who_o have_v a_o title_n by_o conquest_n precedent_n to_o this_o prâtended_a election_n though_o i_o grant_v this_o custom_n may_v have_v be_v in_o use_n ever_o fine_v this_o coronation_n of_o the_o conqueror_n but_o that_o king_n william_n claim_v indeed_o by_o conquest_n and_o by_o no_o other_o title_n let_v we_o not_o mind_v his_o specious_a colourable_a pretence_n but_o his_o action_n which_o be_v the_o best_a interpreter_n of_o the_o thought_n of_o prince_n and_o we_o shall_v find_v that_o through_o all_o his_o reign_n he_o govern_v this_o kingdom_n as_o a_o conqueror_n and_o this_o i_o shall_v prove_v by_o make_v good_a the_o three_o instance_n i_o have_v already_o give_v of_o his_o great_a alteration_n of_o the_o property_n law_n and_o civil_a liberty_n of_o the_o people_n of_o this_o nation_n to_o begin_v with_o the_o first_o of_o these_o for_o the_o proof_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v make_v use_n of_o the_o authority_n of_o gervace_n of_o tiâbury_n a_o considerable_a officer_n in_o the_o exchequer_n 33._o in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o second_o and_o who_o receive_v his_o information_n from_o henry_n of_o bloâs_n bishop_n of_o winchester_n and_o grandchild_n to_o the_o conqueror_n who_o be_v most_o full_a to_o that_o purpose_n which_o he_o thus_o deliver_v in_o the_o manuscript_n treatise_n call_v the_o black_a book_n of_o the_o exchequer_n which_o i_o shall_v read_v to_o you_o according_a to_o the_o learned_a dr._n b_n translation_n of_o it_o after_o the_o conquest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o just_a subversion_n of_o the_o rebel_n when_o the_o king_n himself_o and_o his_o great_a man_n have_v view_v and_o survey_v their_o new_a acquest_n there_o be_v a_o strict_a enquiry_n make_v who_o they_o be_v which_o have_v fight_v against_o the_o king_n and_o secure_v themselves_o by_o flight_n from_o these_o and_o the_o heir_n of_o such_o as_o be_v slay_v in_o the_o field_n all_o hope_n of_o possess_v either_o land_n or_o rent_n be_v cut_v off_o for_o they_o count_v it_o a_o great_a favour_n to_o have_v their_o life_n give_v they_o but_o such_o as_o be_v call_v and_o solicit_v to_o fight_v against_o king_n william_n and_o do_v not_o if_o by_o a_o humble_a submission_n they_o can_v gain_v the_o favour_n of_o their_o lord_n and_o master_n they_o then_o have_v the_o liberty_n of_o possess_v somewhat_o in_o their_o own_o person_n but_o without_o any_o right_n of_o leave_v it_o to_o their_o posterity_n their_o child_n enjoy_v it_o only_o at_o the_o will_n of_o their_o lord_n to_o who_o when_o they_o become_v unacceptable_a they_o be_v every_o way_n out_v of_o their_o estate_n neither_o will_v any_o restore_v what_o they_o have_v take_v away_o and_o when_o the_o miserable_a native_n represent_v their_o grievance_n public_o to_o the_o king_n 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be_v all_o give_v to_o the_o norman_n who_o take_v their_o title_n from_o king_n william_n conquer_a sword_n so_o that_o i_o think_v it_o be_v very_o evident_a that_o this_o king_n have_v distribute_v most_o of_o the_o land_n of_o the_o nation_n to_o his_o norman_n long_o before_o the_o survey_n be_v begin_v and_o by_o that_o infallible_a record_n it_o be_v clear_a that_o he_o give_v near_o all_o the_o land_n of_o the_o nation_n to_o his_o follower_n and_o very_o little_a or_o none_o to_o the_o english_a who_o hold_v that_o they_o have_v his_o new_a title_n and_o new_a service_n from_o the_o conqueror_n or_o his_o great_a lord_n or_o become_v tenant_n to_o or_o drudge_n upon_o their_o own_o land_n as_o we_o hear_v before_o from_o bracton_n and_o fleta_n here_o be_v enough_o to_o satisfy_v any_o unbiased_a person_n that_o thâ_n conqueror_n do_v not_o lay_v by_o his_o sword_n after_o the_o battle_n of_o hastings_n f._n in_o answer_n to_o what_o you_o have_v now_o say_v concern_v your_o 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he_o be_v make_v king_n nor_o can_v i_o see_v how_o their_o take_n of_o land_n from_o he_o can_v make_v he_o become_v a_o absolute_a and_o irresistible_a monarch_n over_o they_o and_o their_o descendant_n so_o that_o if_o upon_o your_o supposition_n all_o the_o owner_n of_o land_n in_o england_n at_o this_o day_n hold_v their_o estate_n either_o by_o descent_n or_o purchase_n from_o those_o ancient_a norman_n or_o french_a proprietor_n they_o must_v also_o succeed_v to_o the_o same_o liberty_n and_o privilege_n as_o those_o under_o who_o they_o claim_v do_v former_o enjoy_v but_o before_o i_o conclude_v i_o can_v but_o take_v notice_n of_o what_o you_o have_v say_v against_o my_o proof_n of_o the_o formal_a election_n of_o king_n william_n for_o if_o the_o keep_n of_o a_o guard_n about_o the_o place_n where_o the_o king_n be_v elect_v and_o crown_v shall_v void_a the_o freedom_n of_o the_o election_n i_o doubt_v whether_o the_o election_n of_o any_o elective_a king_n or_o monarch_n 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nobility_n as_o a_o reward_n for_o their_o service_n and_o assistance_n though_o he_o may_v have_v some_o part_n to_o the_o english_a native_n and_o their_o heir_n yet_o so_o aâ_n that_o he_o alter_v the_o tenure_n and_o make_v it_o descend_v with_o such_o burden_n as_o he_o please_v to_o lay_v upon_o they_o so_o that_o as_o well_o âhis_v own_o countryman_n norman_n as_o those_o of_o all_o other_o nation_n who_o thus_o become_v subject_n and_o feudatary_n to_o he_o for_o all_o the_o land_n they_o possess_v in_o england_n since_o he_o be_v the_o only_a directus_fw-la dominus_fw-la or_o lord_n paramount_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v also_o his_o vassal_n and_o subject_n for_o in_o case_n of_o treason_n and_o rebellion_n or_o death_n without_o heir_n those_o land_n be_v to_o return_v to_o he_o again_o and_o to_o be_v aâ_n his_o dispossal_n so_o that_o all_o subject_n as_o well_o norman_n as_o other_o foreigner_n who_o have_v land_n grant_v to_o they_o by_o the_o conqueror_n thus_o 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the_o country_n yet_o be_v he_o not_o liable_a to_o resistance_n much_o less_o forfeiture_n if_o he_o neglect_v it_o for_o though_o if_o subject_n break_v their_o covenant_n and_o prove_v disloyal_a all_o their_o land_n and_o other_o right_n be_v forfeit_v to_o the_o king_n yea_o if_o the_o king_n or_o supreme_a lord_n break_v his_o oaâââ_n notwithstanding_o his_o sail_v therein_o neither_o his_o crown_n nor_o any_o right_n belong_v to_o his_o royal_a dignity_n be_v thereby_o forfeit_v the_o reason_n of_o this_o inequality_n be_v because_o the_o king_n give_v law_n to_o the_o people_n but_o the_o people_n do_v not_o give_v law_n to_o he_o so_o that_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o however_o you_o ãâã_d the_o conqueror_n entrance_n whether_o by_o the_o sword_n or_o to_o avoid_v the_o envy_n of_o the_o title_n of_o a_o conqueror_n by_o a_o voluntary_a submission_n of_o the_o english_a nation_n to_o he_o as_o to_o their_o sovereign_n the_o conclusion_n can_v vary_v because_o the_o duty_n of_o 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appear_v by_o the_o title_n to_o the_o latin_a custom_n of_o normandy_n which_o be_v at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o old_a french_a edition_n of_o the_o constumiers_fw-fr de_fw-fr normandy_n print_v at_o râaâ_n 1515._o the_o title_n of_o which_o be_v thuâ_n jura_n &_o consuetudines_fw-la ducatus_fw-la noâmaniae_fw-la the_o prologue_n to_o which_o begin_v thus_o quoniam_fw-la leges_fw-la &_o instituta_fw-la quae_fw-la normanorum_n principes_fw-la non_fw-la sint_fw-la magna_fw-la provisionis_fw-la industria_n praelatorum_fw-la comitum_fw-la &_o baronum_n nec_fw-la non_fw-la &_o caeterorum_fw-la virorum_fw-la prudentum_fw-la consilio_fw-la &_o assensu_fw-la ad_fw-la salutem_fw-la humani_fw-la foederis_fw-la statuerunt_fw-la whereby_o it_o be_v apparent_a that_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o normandy_n be_v make_v by_o the_o advice_n and_o consent_n of_o the_o estate_n for_o the_o preservation_n of_o that_o humane_a covenant_n they_o have_v former_o make_v with_o their_o first_o duke_n rollo_n 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thing_n and_o therefore_o i_o be_o so_o far_o of_o the_o doctor_n opinion_n who_o in_o his_o gossary_a tit._n feudal_n law_n tell_v we_o the_o feudal_n law_n obtain_v to_o most_o nation_n of_o europe_n and_o in_o normandy_n be_v in_o its_o full_a vigour_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o come_n over_o of_o the_o conqueror_n 3._o but_o afterward_o grow_v more_o mild_a and_o qualify_v as_o also_o the_o tenure_n itself_o a_o perfect_a description_n of_o which_o with_o all_o its_o incident_n of_o homage_n relief_n ward_n marriage_n escuage_z aid_n etc._n etc._n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o grand_a customer_n cap._n 29.33_o 34_o 35._o and_o although_o there_o be_v military_a fief_n or_o fee_n here_o in_o the_o saxon_a time_n yet_o not_o in_o such_o manner_n as_o after_o the_o conquest_n establish_v here_o by_o william_n the_o conqueror_n and_o according_a to_o the_o usage_n in_o normandy_n when_o as_o it_o appear_v by_o doomesday-book_n in_o every_o county_n he_o divide_v most_o if_o not_o 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each_o man_n pepzylo_n or_o price_n of_o his_o head_n as_o you_o will_v find_v they_o set_v by_o the_o law_n of_o k._n athâlstan_n i_o shall_v not_o insist_v much_o upon_o divers_a lesser_a thing_n which_o k._n william_n as_o a_o conqueror_n impose_v upon_o the_o people_n of_o england_n as_o disarm_v they_o of_o all_o offensive_a weapon_n forbid_v they_o to_o hunt_n or_o kill_v any_o deer_n in_o his_o chase_n or_o forest_n under_o the_o penalty_n of_o loss_n of_o eye_n and_o member_n as_o also_o keep_v up_o and_o reinforcing_a the_o ancient_a law_n of_o decenaries_n or_o tything_n whereby_o every_o ten_o family_n be_v bind_v with_o their_o ten_o man_n or_o tthe_a man_n body_n for_o body_n of_o each_o other_o good_a abearance_n as_o also_o that_o law_n forbid_v all_o sit_v up_o late_o at_o night_n or_o assembly_n after_o eight_o of_o the_o clock_n but_o that_o every_o one_o shall_v go_v to_o bed_n and_o put_v out_o both_o fire_n and_o candle_n at_o the_o ring_n of_o the_o coverteâ_n bell_n these_o thing_n i_o think_v be_v very_o sufficient_a to_o prove_v that_o k._n william_n as_o a_o conqueror_n do_v very_o much_o abridge_v and_o in_o some_o thing_n whole_o take_v away_o the_o ancient_a privilege_n and_o liberty_n of_o the_o lâgiâsh_a nobility_n clergy_n and_o commons_o and_o do_v also_o make_v many_o and_o great_a alteration_n not_o only_o in_o the_o form_n of_o plead_n but_o also_o in_o the_o very_a ãâã_d of_o our_o law_n both_o criminal_a and_o civil_a and_o if_o he_o do_v not_o make_v more_o âââerations_n of_o thâ_n kind_n it_o be_v whole_o owe_v to_o his_o free_a will_n and_o pleasure_n since_o aâ_n eâdmerus_n tell_v we_o he_o order_v all_o divine_a and_o secular_a thing_n accord_v to_o his_o pleasure_n f._n that_o i_o may_v the_o better_a answer_n what_o you_o have_v say_v i_o shall_v partly_o grant_v and_o partly_o deny_v the_o matter_n of_o fact_n you_o have_v allege_v and_o also_o further_o prove_v that_o if_o they_o have_v be_v all_o as_o you_o have_v 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yet_o in_o the_o place_n of_o this_o last_o not_o any_o norman_a but_o one_o walcher_n a_o english_a man_n be_v name_v by_o the_o k._n to_o succeed_v and_o as_o for_o the_o earl_n of_o all_o those_o who_o have_v be_v against_o he_o and_o oppose_v his_o come_n in_o there_o be_v not_o one_o but_o he_o receive_v they_o into_o savour_n and_o continue_v in_o his_o dignity_n and_o estate_n as_o in_o particular_a the_o earl_n eadwin_n and_o morchar_n brother_n together_o with_o waltheof_n and_o siward_n and_o edgar_z aââeling_n who_o they_o have_v name_v k._n of_o england_n all_o who_o keep_v their_o earldom_n and_o estate_n till_o terrify_v by_o the_o king_n severe_a and_o tyrannical_a proceed_n the_o three_o first_o of_o these_o âled_v away_o as_o you_o have_v already_o show_v though_o i_o confess_v prince_n edgar_n have_v for_o two_o or_o three_o year_n before_o this_o flee_v into_o scotland_n but_o yet_o be_v afterward_o restore_v to_o the_o king_n favour_n and_o his_o estate_n nor_o do_v i_o find_v any_o considerable_a alteration_n in_o the_o king_n manner_n of_o dispose_n of_o his_o honour_n or_o preferment_n either_o ecclesiastical_a or_o civil_a till_o earl_n waltheo_n be_v convict_v of_o be_v in_o the_o plot_n with_o ralph_n de_fw-fr waher_n earl_n of_o norfolk_n and_o other_o lord_n as_o well_o english_a as_o norman_n to_o expel_v k._n william_n and_o from_o that_o time_n be_v the_o eight_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n i_o grant_v he_o change_v his_o whole_a course_n of_o government_n and_o put_v no_o more_o englishman_n into_o any_o place_n of_o honour_n or_o profit_n though_o w._n malmesbury_n endeavour_v to_o excuse_v the_o king_n severity_n in_o these_o word_n ind_n prâpositum_fw-la regis_fw-la fortassis_fw-la meritò_fw-la excusatur_fw-la siâaliquando_fw-la durior_fw-la in_o anglos_n âuârit_n quod_fw-la penâ_n nullum_fw-la eorum_fw-la fidelem_fw-la invenerit_fw-la though_o with_o this_o author_n good_a leave_n the_o k._n have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o this_o conspiracy_n by_o his_o own_o tyranny_n and_o breach_n of_o oath_n as_o i_o shall_v show_v you_o by_o and_o by_o so_o that_o either_o this_o k._n be_v move_v by_o just_a provocation_n thus_o to_o debar_v all_o englishman_n from_o be_v prefer_v to_o dignity_n or_o office_n or_o he_o be_v not_o if_o the_o former_a and_o that_o he_o have_v just_a cause_n so_o to_o do_v it_o be_v no_o more_o than_o what_o any_o other_o foreign_a prince_n who_o have_v no_o hereditary_a right_n to_o the_o crown_n will_v have_v do_v in_o the_o like_a case_n but_o if_o the_o latter_a it_o be_v not_o only_o contrary_a to_o justice_n but_o also_o to_o his_o own_o coronation_n oath_n one_o clause_n of_o which_o as_o malmesbury_n show_v we_o in_o his_o de_fw-la gestis_fw-la 271._o pontificum_fw-la be_v quod_fw-la se_fw-la modeste_fw-la erga_fw-la subditos_fw-la ageret_fw-la &_o aequo_fw-la jure_fw-la anglos_n &_o francos_fw-la tractaret_fw-la so_o that_o this_o king_n arbitrary_a and_o violent_a proceed_n after_o he_o have_v âor_a some_o time_n govern_v as_o a_o lawful_a king_n though_o they_o may_v prove_v he_o a_o tyrant_n yet_o they_o can_v by_o no_o mean_n make_v he_o a_o conqueror_n and_o as_o for_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o your_o argument_n whereby_o you_o will_v prove_v that_o in_o his_o reign_n there_o be_v no_o englishman_n in_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o can_v only_o be_v understand_v in_o the_o strict_a sense_n of_o the_o time_n after_o the_o great_a conspiracy_n i_o have_v now_o mention_v for_o before_o it_o be_v very_o evident_a that_o there_o be_v many_o bishop_n earl_n and_o baron_n still_o leave_v who_o must_v have_v be_v member_n of_o the_o great_a council_n nor_o can_v you_o prove_v that_o the_o law_n i_o have_v mention_v against_o the_o king_n take_v the_o taillage_n or_o tax_n without_o their_o consent_n be_v make_v after_o that_o time_n but_o let_v it_o be_v make_v when_o it_o will_v you_o shall_v never_o persuade_v i_o it_o be_v enact_v without_o any_o englishmen_n being_n present_a till_o yâu_n can_v prove_v to_o i_o that_o there_o be_v no_o english_a tenant_n in_o câpite_fw-la towards_o the_o end_n of_o ãâã_d reign_n and_o that_o there_o be_v then_o no_o knight_n citizen_n or_o burgess_n that_o represent_v the_o commons_o in_o the_o great_a council_n and_o can_v give_v a_o better_a answer_n to_o those_o argument_n i_o have_v give_v you_o to_o prove_v they_o be_v there_o especial_o that_o remarkable_a clause_n in_o the_o conclusion_n of_o this_o king_n charter_n to_o the_o abbey_n of_o westminster_n which_o mention_n divers_a principal_a person_n both_o of_o the_o clergy_n and_o laity_n to_o have_v be_v summon_v to_o that_o famous_a synod_n or_o great_a council_n when_o this_o charter_n be_v grant_v i_o come_v now_o to_o your_o next_o head_n whereby_o you_o will_v prove_v this_o king_n abridgement_n of_o english_a privilege_n as_o to_o their_o estate_n and_o property_n to_o begin_v with_o that_o of_o the_o legislative_a power_n which_o as_o you_o say_v be_v then_o whole_o in_o the_o king_n admit_v it_o be_v so_o it_o will_v not_o prove_v that_o for_o which_o you_o urge_v it_o viz._n that_o it_o be_v a_o sign_n of_o the_o king_n absolute_a conquest_n over_o the_o english_a for_o if_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n have_v then_o lose_v its_o ancient_a right_n it_o be_v only_o his_o norman_n and_o frenchman_n as_o well_o as_o the_o english_a that_o he_o bereave_v of_o their_o ancient_a privilege_n of_o give_v their_o consent_n to_o law_n since_o it_o be_v very_o certain_a that_o neither_o the_o k._n of_o france_n nor_o the_o d._n of_o normandy_n can_v at_o that_o time_n make_v any_o law_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o their_o estate_n but_o the_o truth_n be_v that_o your_o conqueror_n can_v not_o do_v it_o neither_o for_o if_o the_o norman_n
popish_a faction_n instead_o of_o suffer_v the_o election_n for_o parliament-man_n to_o proceed_v as_o he_o have_v promise_v and_o as_o be_v hope_v for_o by_o we_o all_o on_o a_o sudden_a he_o order_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o writ_n for_o election_n that_o be_v not_o send_v down_o to_o be_v burn_v and_o a_o caveat_n to_o be_v enter_v against_o the_o make_n use_n of_o those_o that_o be_v send_v already_o into_o the_o country_n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n he_o send_v order_n to_o the_o earl_n of_o feversham_n to_o disband_v the_o army_n and_o dismiss_v all_o the_o soldier_n with_o their_o arms._n but_o i_o have_v forget_v to_o put_v you_o in_o mind_n that_o just_a before_o this_o the_o king_n have_v send_v away_o the_o queen_n with_o the_o prince_n into_o france_n and_o that_o she_o carry_v the_o great_a seal_n of_o england_n along_o with_o she_o whereby_o it_o be_v plain_a the_o king_n intend_v to_o put_v it_o whole_o out_o of_o his_o power_n to_o issue_v out_o any_o writ_n or_o 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a_o true_a and_o fair_a narrative_a of_o the_o whole_a matter_n i_o shall_v only_o offer_v two_o or_o three_o question_n to_o your_o consideration_n and_o desire_v you_o will_v give_v i_o a_o fair_a and_o satisfactory_a answer_n to_o they_o first_o pray_v tell_v i_o whether_o it_o be_v not_o the_o king_n fault_n that_o it_o be_v render_v impossible_a for_o parliament-man_n to_o be_v elect_v by_o burn_v of_o the_o writ_n and_o send_v away_o the_o great_a seal_n second_o whether_o the_o king_n by_o first_o steal_v away_o do_v not_o plain_o confess_v himself_o conquer_v by_o the_o prince_n and_o do_v thereby_o abdicate_v the_o government_n also_o by_o his_o obstinate_a refusal_n to_o redress_v the_o grievance_n of_o the_o nation_n have_v forfeit_v his_o crown_n and_o all_o allegiance_n from_o his_o subject_n and_o be_v not_o after_o this_o to_o be_v own_a as_o king_n of_o england_n either_o by_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n or_o any_o body_n else_o and_o therefore_o whatever_o treatment_n he_o after_o this_o receive_v from_o the_o prince_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o do_v to_o a_o lawful_a king_n but_o a_o conquer_a prince_n and_o his_o highness_n may_v not_o only_o just_o refuse_v to_o treat_v with_o he_o any_o more_o as_o a_o crown_a head_n but_o may_v also_o have_v justify_v not_o only_o the_o take_v he_o prisoner_n but_o send_v he_o into_o holland_n if_o he_o have_v please_v but_o instead_o of_o this_o the_o prince_n only_o desire_v his_o removal_n out_o of_o town_n from_o that_o conflux_n of_o papist_n that_o flock_v to_o he_o and_o by_o secure_v his_o person_n to_o put_v it_o out_o of_o their_o power_n to_o play_v a_o aftergame_n and_o rally_v the_o late_a disband_v army_n of_o who_o there_o be_v at_o least_o twenty_o thousand_o of_o the_o scotch_a irish_a and_o english_a who_o will_v have_v stand_v by_o the_o king_n till_o the_o last_o and_o therefore_o the_o english_a as_o well_o as_o the_o dutch_a counsel_n about_o the_o prince_n do_v not_o 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also_o appear_v the_o falsity_n of_o your_o conclusion_n that_o oath_n of_o allegience_n extend_v no_o further_o then_o to_o the_o king_n in_o possession_n or_o to_o that_o government_n to_o which_o we_o do_v at_o present_a owe_v our_o common_a protection_n and_o therefore_o that_o our_o law_n have_v a_o much_o high_a consideration_n of_o this_o inherent_a allegiance_n that_o belong_v to_o a_o king_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la as_o to_o his_o particular_a person_n and_o his_o heir_n so_o that_o it_o can_v be_v indifferent_o pay_v to_o any_o body_n else_o who_o can_v by_o seize_v of_o the_o government_n force_v we_o to_o owe_v our_o protection_n to_o they_o which_o appear_v by_o what_o my_o lord_n coke_n have_v also_o lay_v down_o to_o have_v be_v agree_v by_o all_o the_o judge_n upon_o this_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n in_o calvins_n case_n as_o i_o
ever_o they_o think_v they_o may_v now_o certain_o it_o be_v very_o well_o to_o be_v rid_v of_o such_o false_a friend_n if_o it_o be_v possible_a to_o discover_v they_o by_o such_o a_o oath_n then_o to_o keep_v they_o where_o they_o be_v only_o to_o take_v a_o opportunity_n not_o only_o of_o do_v a_o mischief_n but_o of_o serve_v this_o government_n very_o careless_o and_o lukewarm_o whilst_o they_o be_v in_o those_o place_n they_o enjoy_v as_o also_o of_o favour_v and_o assist_v those_o that_o be_v the_o declare_v asserter_n of_o king_n james_n right_n as_o far_o as_o they_o dare_v so_o that_o then_o all_o the_o dispute_n remain_v about_o those_o who_o have_v conscience_n large_a enough_o to_o swallow_v any_o oath_n whatever_o provide_v it_o will_v suit_n with_o their_o present_a advantage_n no_o oath_n can_v tie_v they_o or_o serve_v to_o discover_v their_o private_a sentiment_n as_o i_o can_v deny_v but_o that_o there_o too_o many_o man_n of_o such_o large_a conscience_n as_o you_o describe_v and_o can_v hearty_o wish_v they_o be_v few_o yet_o though_o i_o grant_v a_o oath_n alone_o will_v not_o keep_v they_o out_o yet_o it_o may_v be_v in_o great_a part_n prevent_v if_o the_o king_n will_v take_v a_o true_a character_n of_o the_o man_n fit_a for_o public_a employment_n from_o those_o about_o he_o of_o who_o worth_a and_o former_a intergity_n he_o be_v already_o full_o satisfy_v but_o admit_v some_o such_o man_n shall_v get_v into_o place_n and_o consequent_o when_o they_o be_v in_o manage_v thing_n for_o their_o own_o advantage_n that_o be_v vile_o and_o corrupt_o yet_o even_o these_o will_v not_o prove_v half_a so_o fatal_a to_o the_o government_n as_o those_o man_n of_o half_a conscience_n who_o think_v they_o may_v take_v this_o oath_n in_o their_o own_o sense_n and_o for_o their_o own_o present_a advantage_n and_o also_o believe_v it_o no_o breach_n of_o it_o to_o assist_v king_n james_n whenever_o safe_o they_o may_v because_o they_o hold_v their_o present_a oath_n to_o be_v only_o temporary_a but_o their_o former_a to_o have_v a_o perpetual_a obligation_n upon_o they_o whereas_o those_o of_o no_o principle_n at_o all_o never_o espouse_v any_o interest_n long_o than_o it_o serve_v their_o own_o turn_n so_o that_o as_o long_o as_o they_o can_v make_v their_o fortune_n under_o this_o government_n they_o will_v never_o desire_v to_o change_v it_o for_o another_o in_o which_o they_o can_v but_o expect_v a_o much_o less_o free_a enjoyment_n of_o their_o liberty_n and_o property_n which_o be_v thing_n that_o all_o man_n as_o well_o those_o who_o have_v no_o principle_n as_o well_o as_o those_o that_o have_v desire_v to_o to_o enjoy_v and_o last_o some_o even_n of_o these_o man_n that_o have_v be_v former_o notorious_a asserter_n of_o and_o advance_v in_o the_o arbitrary_a government_n of_o king_n james_n out_o of_o shame_n and_o as_o well_o as_o fear_v of_o the_o loss_n of_o their_o credit_n with_o those_o of_o their_o own_o party_n which_o they_o be_v not_o assure_v but_o may_v again_o prevail_v will_v stick_v to_o take_v this_o strict_a oath_n though_o they_o do_v not_o this_o that_o be_v now_o enjoin_v since_o they_o can_v find_v a_o evasion_n for_o the_o one_o but_o will_v scarce_o be_v able_a to_o do_v it_o for_o the_o other_o m._n but_o pray_v tell_v i_o will_v not_o this_o new_a oath_n declare_v king_n william_n and_o queen_n mary_n to_o be_v lawful_a and_o rightful_a king_n and_o queen_n of_o this_o realm_n and_o that_o all_o man_n that_o take_v it_o shall_v assist_v they_o against_o all_o their_o enemy_n prove_v a_o employ_v oath_n of_o abjuration_n of_o king_n james_n though_o not_o in_o express_a word_n and_o you_o have_v not_o yet_o show_v i_o that_o such_o a_o oath_n have_v ever_o be_v administer_v during_o all_o the_o various_a contest_v that_o have_v be_v for_o the_o crown_n since_o the_o conquest_n f._n i_o grant_v that_o such_o a_o oath_n will_v be_v a_o virtual_a and_o imply_v abjuration_n of_o king_n james_n present_a claim_n to_o the_o crown_n and_o will_v also_o oblige_v all_o person_n to_o fight_v against_o he_o and_o hinder_v his_o regain_n itâ_n which_o though_o i_o grant_v to_o be_v the_o design_n of_o it_o yet_o will_v not_o such_o a_o oath_n oblige_v we_o at_o all_o to_o abjure_v the_o obey_a king_n james_n shall_v he_o ever_o by_o a_o irrestible_a providence_n be_v again_o set_v over_o we_o since_o it_o be_v not_o abjure_v of_o a_o future_a but_o a_o present_a right_n which_o i_o now_o contend_v for_o and_o that_o all_o the_o ancient_a oath_n of_o fidelity_n or_o allegiance_n as_o it_o be_v now_o call_v be_v of_o the_o like_a nature_n and_o take_v in_o the_o same_o sense_n with_o this_o i_o propose_v i_o shall_v show_v you_o from_o the_o form_n of_o the_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n which_o all_o freeman_n be_v to_o take_v at_o fourteen_o year_n of_o age_n as_o appear_v by_o king_n william_n the_o first_o law_n which_o i_o have_v so_o often_o cite_v 5._o whereby_o all_o freeman_n be_v to_o affirm_v upon_o oath_n that_o within_o the_o realm_n and_o without_o they_o will_v be_v true_a and_o faithful_a to_o king_n william_n their_o lord_n and_o preserve_v his_o land_n and_o honour_n with_o all_o fidelity_n together_o with_o his_o person_n and_o defend_v they_o against_o all_o his_o enemy_n so_o likewise_o in_o the_o ancient_a oath_n of_o homage_n which_o be_v take_v by_o all_o the_o earl_n baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la in_o england_n at_o the_o coronation_n of_o our_o king_n it_o be_v in_o these_o word_n h._n i_o n._n n._n become_v your_o leigeman_n of_o life_n and_o limb_n and_o earthly_a honour_n and_o faith_n and_o troth_n to_o you_o shall_v bear_v to_o live_v and_o die_v so_o help_v i_o god_n and_o in_o the_o latter_a oath_n of_o fidelity_n or_o allegiance_n which_o sir_n h._n spelman_n give_v we_o out_o of_o the_o customary_a of_o normandy_n the_o word_n be_v much_o the_o same_o only_o the_o person_n be_v there_o swear_v to_o be_v true_a and_o faithful_a in_o the_o king_n and_o his_o heir_n which_o they_o be_v not_o before_o edward_n the_o first_o time_n and_o also_o what_o they_o will_v hear_v of_o no_o evil_a or_o damage_n against_o they_o which_o they_o will_v not_o hinder_v to_o their_o power_n now_o pray_v tell_v i_o be_v not_o all_o these_o oath_n take_v to_o the_o king_n for_o the_o time_n be_v as_o lawful_a and_o rightful_a king_n and_o since_o they_o be_v thereby_o to_o yield_v he_o life_n and_o limb_n that_o be_v be_v to_o defend_v he_o with_o their_o life_n against_o all_o his_o enemy_n then_o certain_o all_o other_o who_o may_v pretend_v to_o or_o claim_v the_o crown_n be_v include_v within_o this_o number_n and_o though_o it_o be_v true_a in_o these_o ancient_a oath_n there_o be_v no_o swear_v to_o the_o present_a king_n as_o lawful_a and_o rightful_a king_n yet_o these_o word_n be_v needless_a in_o that_o age_n when_o as_o i_o have_v prove_v at_o our_o last_o meeting_n there_o be_v no_o difference_n between_o a_o king_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la and_o one_o de_fw-fr facto_fw-la and_o whoever_o be_v crown_v king_n and_o elect_v or_o recognize_v by_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o lawful_a and_o rightful_a king_n and_o as_o such_o be_v to_o be_v defend_v against_o all_o his_o enemy_n so_o that_o it_o be_v till_o that_o distinction_n be_v broach_v that_o there_o may_v be_v a_o king_n de_fw-fr de_fw-fr facto_fw-la different_a from_o the_o king_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la which_o i_o have_v prove_v be_v not_o elder_a than_o edward_n the_o iv_o this_o reign_v there_o be_v no_o need_n of_o any_o mention_n of_o such_o word_n in_o the_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n as_o lawful_a king_n and_o lawful_a heir_n which_o be_v first_o find_v in_o the_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n and_o supremacy_n prescribe_v by_o the_o statute_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n and_o king_n james_n in_o the_o latter_a of_o which_o it_o be_v needless_a to_o recite_v it_o verbatim_o it_o be_v first_o swear_v that_o the_o king_n majesty_n be_v lawful_a and_o rightful_a king_n second_o there_o be_v a_o express_a abjuration_n of_o the_o pretend_a authority_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n which_o show_v that_o the_o abjuration_n of_o the_o temporal_a as_o well_o as_o spiritual_a right_n of_o a_o foreign_a prince_n who_o claim_v it_o ever_o since_o king_n johns_n resignation_n be_v no_o new_a invention_n and_o last_o there_o be_v a_o express_a abjuration_n or_o engagement_n to_o defend_v the_o king_n person_n to_o the_o utmost_a of_o the_o swearer_n power_n against_o all_o conspiracy_n at_o attempt_n whatsoever_o and_o why_o the_o same_o word_n may_v not_o be_v insert_v into_o this_o new_a oath_n as_o well_o as_o it_o be_v in_o those_o i_o can_v see_v
8._o p._n 580_o 581._o w._n all_o burrough_n that_o send_v member_n ancient_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la of_o the_o king_n d._n 8._o p._n 557_o 578._o w._n they_o send_v such_o member_n by_o a_o inherent_a right_n or_o at_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o sheriff_n ib._n p._n 593._o 604._o c_o cain_n w._n he_o forfeit_v his_o birthright_n by_o the_o murder_n of_o his_o brother_n d._n 2._o p._n 67._o w._n his_o elder_a son_n be_v a_o prince_n over_o his_o brethren_n ib._n canon_n of_o 1640._o their_o validity_n discuss_v d._n 4._o p._n 284._o to_o 286._o king_n charles_n the_o first_o pretend_v commission_n to_o sir_n philim_n o_o neal_n consider_v d._n 9_o p._n 636_o 637._o great_a charter_n of_o king_n johnâ_n w._n it_o be_v the_o sole_a act_n of_o that_o king_n or_o else_o make_v by_o the_o advice_n and_o consent_n of_o all_o the_o freeman_n of_o england_n d._n 5._o p._n 324._o d._n 7._o p._n 455_o 456._o great_a charter_n of_o hen._n the_o three_o w._n all_o the_o copy_n we_o have_v now_o of_o it_o be_v he_o or_o else_o edward_n i._o his_o charter_n ib._n 461._o child_n how_o far_o and_o how_o long_o bind_v to_o be_v subject_a to_o their_o parent_n d._n 1._o p._n 45._o to_o 52._o christian_n w._n as_o much_o oblige_v to_o suffer_v for_o religion_n now_o as_o in_o the_o primitive_a time_n d._n 4â_n p._n 230._o to_o 234._o chester_n its_o county_n w._n the_o earl_n thereof_o can_v charge_v all_o his_o tenant_n in_o parliament_n without_o their_o consent_n d._n 7._o p._n 501._o church_n of_o england_n w._n passive_a obedience_n be_v its_o distinguish_a doctrine_n from_o other_o church_n d._n 4._o p._n 292_o 293._o city_n and_o burrough_n more_o numerous_a in_o the_o saxon_a time_n than_o now_o d._n 6._o p._n 379._o to_o 400._o w._n they_o have_v any_o representative_n in_o parliament_n before_o the_o 49th_o of_o henry_n the_o iiid_n d._n 5._o p._n 565_o 572._o whether_o city_n and_o burrough_n have_v not_o always_o have_v representative_n in_o the_o parliament_n of_o scotland_n d._n 7._o p._n 505._o clerici_fw-la terras_fw-la habentes_fw-la quae_fw-la ad_fw-la ecclesias_fw-la non_fw-la pertinent_a who_o they_o be_v d._n 7._o p._n 450.451_o clergy_n a_o part_n of_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n and_o long_o after_o d._n 8._o p._n 544_o to_o 550._o w._n none_o of_o the_o clergy_n but_o such_o as_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la appear_v at_o such_o council_n ibid._n w._n the_o inferior_a clergy_n have_v their_o representative_n in_o parliament_n different_a from_o the_o convocation_n ib._n 546_o to_o 558._o commandment_n vth_o in_o what_o sense_n prince_n be_v comprehend_v under_o it_o d._n 2._o p._n 106._o to_o 109_o &_o 111._o communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la w._n that_o phrase_n in_o ancient_a record_n and_o act_n of_o parliament_n do_v not_o often_o signify_v the_o commons_o as_o well_o before_o the_o 49th_o of_o henry_n the_o three_o as_o afterward_o d._n 7._o p._n 412_o to_o 415._o w._n that_o phrase_n do_v not_o also_o signify_v the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n consist_v of_o peer_n and_o commons_o d._n 6._o p._n 416._o the_o drs._n proof_n to_o the_o contrary_n consider_v 417_o to_o 423._o w._n it_o do_v also_o often_o signify_v the_o commons_o alone_o d._n 8._o p._n 572._o to_o 574._o their_o declaration_n to_o the_o pope_n in_o the_o 48th_o of_o edward_n the_o three_o d._n 8._o p._n 581_o to_o 582._o their_o petition_n to_o henry_n the_o five_o their_o protestation_n in_o parliament_n in_o richard_n the_o second_o time_n 584._o commons_o of_o city_n and_o great_a town_n have_v their_o representative_n in_o the_o assembly_n of_o estate_n of_o all_o the_o kingdom_n in_o europe_n found_v by_o the_o ancient_a german_n and_o goth_n ibid_fw-la 607_o to_o 612._o commons_o their_o request_n and_o consent_n when_o first_o mention_v in_o old_a statute_n d._n 5._o p._n 329._o w._n ever_o summon_v to_o parliament_n from_o the_o 49th_o of_o hen._n the_o three_o to_o the_o 18_o of_o edw._n the_o first_o d._n 7._o p._n 522._o commons_o w._n part_n of_o the_o great_a council_n before_o the_o conquest_n d._n 5._o p._n 369_o 372._o the_o word_n commune_v de_fw-la commune_fw-la &_o les_fw-fr commune_v do_v frequent_o signify_v the_o commons_o before_o the_o 49th_o of_o henry_n the_o three_o d._n 6._o 423._o d._n 7._o 423_o to_o 484._o common-council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n w._n different_a from_o the_o common-council_n of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la d._n 7._o p._n 437._o to_o 474._o communitas_fw-la scotiae_fw-la w._n it_o always_o signify_v none_o but_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la ibid._n p._n 505._o to_o 508._o conquest_n alone_a w._n it_o confer_v a_o right_a to_o a_o crown_n d._n 2._o p._n 128_o 129._o w._n it_o it_o give_v a_o king_n a_o right_n to_o all_o the_o land_n and_o estate_n of_o the_o conquer_a kingom_n d._n 3._o 168._o to_o 170._o w._n any_o conquest_n of_o this_o kingdom_n be_v make_v by_o king_n william_n the_o first_o d._n 10._o p._n 715._o to_o the_o end_n constitution_n of_o clarendon_n their_o title_n explain_v d._n 6._o p._n 430_o 431._o contract_v originel_n w._n there_o be_v ever_o any_o such_o thing_n d._n 10_o p._n 695_o to_o 709._o d._n 12._o p._n 809_o 8â3_n convention_n w._n its_o vote_v king_n james_n to_o have_v abdicate_v the_o government_n be_v justifiable_a d._n 11._o p._n 809_o to_o 834._o w._n its_o declaration_n of_o king_n james_n violation_n of_o our_o fundamental_a right_n be_v well_o ground_v ibid._n p._n 816_o 832._o w._n it_o be_v vote_v the_o throne_n vacant_a can_v be_v justify_v from_o the_o ancient_a constitution_n of_o the_o government_n d._n 12._o p._n 839_o to_o 883._o w._n whether_o its_o place_n k._n w._n and_o q._n m._n on_o the_o throne_n may_v be_v also_o justify_v by_o the_o say_a constitution_n ibid._n p._n 883_o to_o 894._o w._n it_o be_v make_v a_o act_n exclude_v all_o roman_n catholic_n prince_n be_v legal_a ibid._n p._n 894_o to_o the_o end_n convocation_n book_n draw_v up_o by_o bishop_n overal_n its_o validity_n examine_v d._n 1._o p._n 6_o &_o 8._o copy_n holder_n why_o they_o to_o have_v no_o vote_n at_o election_n to_o parliament_n d._n 5._o p._n 513._o great_a council_n or_o convention_n the_o only_a judge_n of_o prince_n title_n upon_o any_o dispute_n about_o the_o succession_n or_o vacancy_n of_o the_o throne_n d._n 12._o p._n 895._o d._n 13._o p._n 917._o to_o 919_o 924._o council_n of_o the_o king_n in_o parliament_n what_o it_o be_v ancient_o d._n 5._o p._n 334._o great_a council_n or_o general_a convention_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n w._n legal_a without_o the_o king_n summons_n d._n 5._o p._n 353._o d._n 12._o p._n 894._o to_o 898._o curia_fw-la regis_fw-la what_o iâ_n ancient_o be_v and_o w._n it_o consist_v of_o none_o but_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la ibid._n 368._o crown_n w._n it_o can_v by_o law_n be_v ever_o forfeit_v d._n 12._o p._n 833_o 834._o d_o defence_n of_o a_o man_n self_n in_o what_o case_n justifiable_a d._n 3._o p._n 148_o 149._o declaration_n of_o the_o convention_n set_v forth_o king_n james_n violation_n of_o the_o fundamental_a right_n of_o the_o nation_n w._n justifiable_a or_o not_o d._n 11._o p._n 816._o to_o the_o end_n private_a divine_n their_o opiânions_n about_o passive_a obedience_n and_o resistance_n of_o what_o authority_n d._n 4._o p._n 291_o 294._o w._n many_o of_o they_o have_v not_o quit_v the_o ancient_a doctrine_n of_o the_o church_n of_o england_n declare_v the_o pope_n to_o be_v antichrist_n vid._n append._n dispence_v power_n w._n justifiable_a by_o law_n d._n 12._o p._n 119_o to_o 828._o dissolution_n of_o all_o government_n w._n it_o necessary_o follow_v from_o the_o convention_n declaration_n of_o the_o vacancy_n of_o the_o throne_n d._n 12._o p._n 890_o 891._o durham_n w._n its_o bishop_n can_v lay_v tax_n in_o parliament_n on_o the_o whole_a county_n palatine_n without_o their_o consent_n d._n 7._o p._n 501_o 502._o e_o earl_n of_o county_n their_o ancient_a office_n and_o institution_n d._n 5_o p._n 363_o to_o 370._o king_n edward_n the_o second_o be_v depose_v w._n any_o vacancy_n of_o the_o throne_n follow_v thereupon_o d._n 12._o p._n 158_o to_o 861._o queen_n elizabeth_z w._n she_o have_v any_o title_n to_o the_o crown_n but_o by_o act_n of_o parliament_n ibid._n p_o 872_o 873._o england_n when_o first_o so_o call_v d._n 5._o p._n 362._o englishman_n w._n they_o lose_v all_o their_o liberty_n and_o estate_n by_o the_o norman_a conquest_n d._n 10._o p._n 753._o to_o the_o end_n english_a bishop_n earls_z and_o baron_n w._n then_o all_o deprive_v of_o their_o honour_n and_o estate_n ib._n 756_o to_o 762._o english_a saxon_n law_n w._n confirm_v or_o abrogate_a by_o k._n william_n d._n 10._o p._n 760._o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n
forfeit_v to_o the_o conqueror_n who_o have_v a_o right_a either_o to_o retain_v they_o for_o himself_o or_o else_o to_o distribute_v they_o as_o reward_n among_o his_o ãâã_d and_o soldier_n and_o that_o this_o be_v the_o right_n of_o all_o conqueror_n whether_o commonwealth_n or_o monarch_n by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o be_v exercise_v among_o the_o ancient_a greek_n and_o roman_n as_o well_o as_o other_o nation_n i_o refer_v you_o to_o your_o own_o author_n grotius_n and_o pufendor_n and_o therefore_o since_o it_o appear_v from_o history_n that_o most_o of_o the_o kingdom_n now_o in_o europe_n and_o particular_o this_o of_o england_n begin_v from_o conquest_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o their_o first_o king_n if_o than_o whatsoever_o be_v so_o conquer_a be_v acquire_v for_o they_o and_o they_o alone_o have_v a_o property_n in_o it_o it_o will_v necessary_o follow_v that_o all_o estate_n which_o the_o subject_n of_o all_o sort_n now_o enjoy_v must_v have_v proceed_v from_o their_o grant_n or_o concession_n and_o hence_o it_o be_v that_o not_o only_o in_o england_n but_o also_o in_o scotland_n and_o france_n they_o be_v all_o hold_v either_o mediate_o or_o immediate_o of_o the_o king_n as_o be_v at_o first_o all_o derive_v from_o he_o and_o we_o read_v in_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o scotland_n that_o the_o king_n have_v the_o whole_a property_n of_o the_o country_n till_o the_o reign_n of_o malcolm_n conmor_n who_o as_o we_o read_v in_o the_o ancient_a history_n of_o that_o country_n grant_v all_o the_o land_n in_o scotland_n to_o his_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n according_a to_o that_o old_a maxim_n in_o their_o law_n rex_fw-la distribuit_fw-la totam_fw-la toram_fw-la scotiae_fw-la hominibus_fw-la juis_fw-la and_o therefore_o if_o hereditary_a property_n in_o estate_n be_v only_o from_o the_o gift_n and_o bounty_n of_o our_o king_n without_o any_o fundamental_a contract_n between_o they_o and_o their_o subject_n as_o you_o suppose_v i_o can_v see_v any_o reason_n grant_v the_o worst_a that_o can_v happen_v which_o be_v high_o improbable_a if_o the_o king_n of_o this_o or_o of_o our_o neighbour_a nation_n shall_v go_v about_o by_o force_n to_o destroy_v and_o take_v away_o this_o hereditary_a property_n they_o now_o enjoy_v that_o the_o people_n shall_v have_v any_o right_a to_o resist_v they_o but_o that_o it_o will_v be_v not_o only_a ingratitude_n but_o rebellion_n so_o to_o do_v for_o though_o i_o own_o that_o king_n be_v guilty_a of_o perjury_n in_o the_o sight_n of_o god_n if_o they_o do_v it_o yet_o that_o be_v a_o offence_n only_o against_o god_n the_o subject_n can_v have_v no_o more_o right_a to_o resist_v than_o son_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n have_v to_o resist_v their_o father_n if_o he_o shall_v go_v about_o to_o take_v away_o those_o estate_n which_o he_o have_v before_o bestow_v upon_o they_o and_o as_o for_o what_o you_o say_v concern_v the_o roman_a commonwealth_n i_o grant_v indeed_o that_o the_o government_n of_o the_o people_n do_v there_o precede_v that_o of_o the_o emperor_n yet_o if_o you_o please_v to_o remember_v monarchy_n be_v the_o first_o and_o most_o ancient_a government_n of_o that_o people_n and_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o all_o the_o property_n the_o roman_n have_v in_o their_o estate_n though_o they_o precede_v from_o conquest_n of_o their_o arm_n yet_o it_o be_v whole_o owe_v to_o the_o grace_n and_o bounty_n of_o their_o first_o king_n and_o when_o upon_o the_o expulsion_n of_o jarquin_n the_o supreme_a power_n become_v divide_v between_o the_o senate_n and_o people_n the_o property_n of_o all_o the_o land_n that_o be_v conquer_a devolve_v upon_o they_o who_o often_o divide_v they_o to_o particular_a private_a man_n as_o they_o think_v fit_a though_o i_o confess_v the_o not_o divide_v of_o these_o land_n among_o the_o common_a people_n be_v afterward_o the_o cause_n of_o great_a tumult_n and_o commotion_n among_o they_o yet_o notwithstanding_o the_o senate_n and_o nobility_n still_o maintain_v their_o power_n and_o to_o the_o last_o refuse_v to_o make_v a_o division_n of_o those_o land_n they_o have_v former_o conquer_a so_o that_o the_o roman_a emperor_n succeed_v in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o people_n they_o be_v likewise_o restore_v as_o it_o be_v ex_fw-la posâliminio_fw-la to_o the_o prerogative_n of_o the_o first_o king_n and_o consequent_o as_o seneca_n himself_o confess_v in_o the_o place_n you_o have_v quote_v though_o the_o particular_a propriety_n of_o estate_n be_v in_o private_a man_n yet_o you_o see_v he_o grant_v the_o universal_a possession_n or_o dominion_n of_o they_o be_v in_o the_o king_n or_o emperor_n from_o who_o they_o be_v original_o derive_v i_o will_v not_o be_v think_v to_o speak_v thus_o as_o if_o i_o be_v a_o enemy_n to_o man_n liberty_n and_o property_n or_o that_o i_o either_o fear_v or_o desire_v any_o change_n in_o they_o from_o what_o we_o now_o enjoy_v but_o since_o i_o think_v it_o a_o thing_n moral_o impossible_a to_o alter_v they_o and_o that_o therefore_o no_o king_n will_v be_v so_o ill_o advise_v as_o to_o go_v about_o to_o seize_v they_o into_o his_o own_o hand_n but_o only_o by_o way_n of_o discourse_n suppose_v the_o worst_a that_o can_v happen_v i_o think_v we_o be_v not_o only_o oblige_v in_o conscience_n but_o also_o that_o it_o be_v much_o better_o for_o the_o common_a peace_n that_o the_o ring_n shall_v take_v all_o we_o have_v than_o that_o we_o shall_v involve_v the_o nation_n in_o civil_a war_n and_o confusion_n and_o our_o conscience_n under_o the_o gild_n of_o a_o mortal_a sin_n by_o such_o resistance_n and_o rebellion_n f._n i_o be_o very_o sorry_a to_o see_v that_o by_o your_o principle_n all_o the_o free_a nation_n of_o europe_n lie_v at_o the_o mercy_n of_o any_o prince_n to_o be_v make_v as_o arrant_a slave_n as_o any_o be_v in_o turkey_n when_o ever_o their_o monarch_n please_v or_o that_o they_o think_v that_o they_o can_v make_v more_o of_o their_o people_n by_o take_v away_o their_o estate_n and_o liberty_n than_o by_o let_v they_o enjoy_v they_o which_o will_v render_v civil_a property_n in_o all_o kingdom_n like_o private_a estate_n which_o every_o man_n may_v let_v to_o his_o tenant_n aâ_n will_n upon_o a_o rack_n rent_n or_o for_o year_n or_o live_v as_o they_o shall_v think_v fit_a but_o i_o think_v i_o may_v very_o well_o differ_v from_o you_o in_o both_o your_o proposition_n for_o omit_v any_o far_a discourse_n of_o thâse_a eastern_a monarchy_n where_o i_o grant_v the_o people_n be_v little_o better_o than_o slave_n yet_o i_o think_v i_o can_v easy_o prove_v out_o of_o the_o ancient_a history_n of_o those_o kingdom_n that_o be_v now_o in_o europe_n that_o though_o most_o of_o they_o begin_v by_o conquest_n yet_o be_v it_o not_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o absolute_a monarch_n but_o under_o such_o prince_n or_o leader_n who_o follower_n as_o i_o say_v before_o at_o our_o last_o meeting_n be_v not_o proper_o subject_n nor_o mercenary_n but_o volunteer_n under_o those_o that_o command_v they_o and_o therefore_o will_v never_o have_v go_v out_o of_o their_o own_o country_n but_o to_o advantage_v themselves_o and_o to_o enjoy_v those_o privilege_n which_o their_o countryman_n have_v at_o home_n of_o which_o liberty_n in_o their_o person_n and_o property_n in_o their_o estate_n be_v the_o chief_a and_o this_o be_v apparent_a in_o the_o french_a nation_n who_o whatever_n their_o condition_n may_v be_v now_o yet_o ancient_o call_v themselves_o franc_n in_o opposition_n to_o that_o servitude_n which_o they_o suppose_v their_o neighbour_a nation_n among_o the_o german_n be_v in_o to_o the_o roman_n at_o that_o time_n and_o though_o i_o grant_v that_o these_o nation_n of_o the_o goth_n vandal_n franc_n and_o saxon_n from_o who_o most_o of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o europe_n be_v now_o derive_v may_v vest_n or_o intrust_v the_o land_n of_o the_o country_n they_o have_v conquer_a in_o he_o who_o they_o have_v make_v their_o king_n yet_o still_o it_o be_v with_o this_o trust_n that_o retain_v a_o sufficient_a part_n to_o sustain_v the_o royal_a dignity_n they_o shall_v distribute_v the_o rest_n to_o all_o their_o officer_n and_o soldiers_z according_a to_o each_o man_n valour_n or_o merit_n and_o if_o they_o have_v refuse_v to_o have_v do_v this_o can_v any_o man_n believe_v that_o so_o free_a a_o people_n as_o the_o ancient_a history_n relate_v they_o to_o have_v be_v will_v ever_o have_v suffer_v it_o without_o pull_v down_o those_o king_n they_o have_v set_v up_o which_o be_v then_o very_o common_a among_o they_o for_o much_o slight_a occasion_n and_o to_o go_v no_o high_o than_o william_n who_o you_o call_v the_o conqueror_n can_v any_o man_n believe_v that_o if_o he_o have_v retain_v all_o the_o land_n of_o england_n to_o himself_o not_o only_o his_o
own_o norman_a lord_n and_o soldier_n but_o those_o of_o other_o foreign_a nation_n who_o assist_v he_o in_o this_o expedition_n will_v ever_o have_v suffer_v he_o to_o have_v reign_v in_o quiet_a over_o they_o if_o instead_o of_o a_o limit_a king_n he_o have_v set_v himself_o up_o for_o a_o absolute_a monarch_n and_o have_v grant_v they_o no_o estate_n but_o at_o his_o will_n and_o pleasure_n which_o will_v have_v reduce_v the_o conqueror_n and_o the_o conquer_a to_o the_o same_o condition_n but_o as_o for_o your_o example_n of_o malcolm_n canmor_n i_o can_v believe_v that_o the_o king_n of_o scotland_n be_v so_o late_o as_o his_o reign_n possess_v of_o the_o whole_a hereditary_a property_n of_o all_o the_o land_n in_o that_o kingdom_n so_o as_o that_o no_o man_n have_v any_o settle_a interest_n in_o they_o before_o that_o time_n and_o therefore_o i_o must_v beg_v your_o pardon_n if_o i_o think_v this_o passage_n in_o their_o historian_n to_o be_v very_o suspicious_a if_o not_o 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deficient_a the_o first_o and_o therefore_o chief_a branch_n or_o office_n of_o civil_a magistrateâ_n ãâã_d to_o make_v law_n for_o the_o benefit_n and_o protection_n of_o the_o subject_n be_v it_o then_o a_o branch_n of_o this_o power_n to_o send_v soldier_n or_o dragoon_n to_o take_v away_o their_o liberty_n life_n or_o estate_n this_o sure_a be_v direct_o contrary_a to_o their_o duty_n and_o that_o trust_v which_o god_n have_v confer_v upon_o they_o let_v we_o go_v on_o to_o the_o next_o branch_n the_o inflection_n of_o punishment_n for_o the_o transgression_n of_o such_o law_n be_v this_o a_o part_n of_o civil_a government_n not_o only_o to_o send_v their_o soldier_n and_o other_o officer_n to_o take_v away_o their_o subject_n life_n and_o estate_n but_o also_o to_o let_v the_o most_o capital_a offender_n or_o robber_n pass_v unpunished_a when_o they_o have_v do_v if_o you_o maintain_v these_o to_o be_v the_o prerogative_n of_o civil_a government_n or_o that_o to_o be_v civil_a 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nobleman_n or_o gentleman_n who_o hold_v land_n in_o divers_a county_n of_o england_n at_o the_o time_n when_o that_o survey_n be_v make_v and_o for_o proof_n of_o this_o since_o so_o short_a a_o conversation_n as_o we_o will_v not_o permit_v i_o to_o run_v into_o a_o long_a bead-roll_n of_o name_n i_o refer_v you_o to_o what_o the_o learned_a and_o ingenious_a mr._n atwood_n in_o his_o ius_n anglorum_fw-la ab_fw-la antiqua_fw-la 92._o have_v observe_v out_o of_o doomsday_n book_n upon_o this_o subject_n where_o though_o he_o have_v not_o only_o go_v through_o but_o go_v over_o fifteen_o county_n of_o thirty_o that_o be_v survey_v in_o that_o book_n yet_o it_o will_v thereby_o sufficient_o appear_v that_o your_o dr._n be_v much_o mistake_v when_o he_o so_o positive_o affirm_v that_o there_o be_v few_o or_o no_o englishman_n that_o hold_v land_n in_o england_n but_o to_o give_v you_o a_o taste_n of_o this_o i_o shall_v run_v through_o as_o many_o county_n as_o mr._n atwood_n have_v 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