grows not rich as well as the Country benefited and as the best of Trades may be made bad by too many of the same Faculty in one City so the best expedient for Foreign traffique may be rendred unsuccessful by erecting more Corporations than the commerce of the Country will bear for Traffique like Water runs with the deepest and strongest current when it is by banks reduc'd to a narrower channel and when it begins with Nilus to overflow its banks it is time enough to increase its channels as I shew in the Chapter of the Progress of Trade and from hence it was after London began to gain a further inspection into Foreign traffique they grew so soon weary of the Yeild of the Hance which from the time of our Henr. 3. to Philip and Mary were not only permitted but courted and encouraged in their Commerce with us enjoying great Priviledges and paying small Duties from which time their Customs were enhanced from one to twenty per Cent. the Hance not only complain'd but clamour'd aloud for breach of their ancient Priviledges confirmed unto them by long prescription from thirteen successive Kings of England the which they pretended to have purchased with their Money King Philip undertook to accommodate the business but Qeen Mary dying and he retiring nothing was effected complaints being afterwards made to Queen Elizabeth she answered that as she would not innovate any thing so she would protect them still in the immunities and condition she found them hereupon their Navigation and Traffique was suspended a while which proved very advantagious to the English Merchants for upon this they tryed what they could do themselves herein and their Adventures and Returns proving successful they took the whole Trade into their own hands This so nettled the Hance that they devised all the ways that a discontented people could to draw upon our Staplers the ill opinion of other Nations and States but that proving of too small a force to stop the current of so strong a Trade as they had got footing into though they applied themselves to the Emperor as being a Body incorporated to the Empire and upon complaint obtained Ambassadors to the Queen to mediate the business but they returned still re-insecta hereupon the Queen caused a Proclamation to be published that the Merchants of the Hance should be treated and used as all other Strangers within her Dominions in point of Commerce without any mark of distinction which they so ill resented they quit the Country and so ended the Yeild of the Hance after 200 years flourishing Obj. Is there not a great hazard in this affair to the principle Bankers in the mismanagement of it either for want of skill care or fidelity in its ministerial Officers c. Answ There is no humane affair but is subject to injury a Prince runs some hazard in the choice of his Counsellors and a State in the election of their Senators and since there proceed no Angels from Adam the best of men will be subject to err But this constitution of Corporation-trade is as capable of a solvant rational security as is in the power of man to devise and to that height we never heard nor read it ever failed any Undertakers these 400 years in England or elsewhere but on the contrary as it hath raised many Principalities and States as is before observed from poor and low condition ro great wealth and potency so many particular Families hath it raised from low and mean to worshipful and honourable Ranks for the method of managing this Society gives so clear and full an inspection into its constant state that each of its principle Creditors may inform himself at pleasure by the Comptrollers Books whether its Capital decays or increaseth and what profit or loss the Return of every Ship at the end of her Voyage produceth besides at every Quarter Assembly the Governours c. are to give an account of the whole Transaction since the last Assembly and themselves receive an account every month of the proceed of the Officers and how they observe the Instructions and Institutions of the general Assembly which are always recorded in the Office Then the general Assembly of the original Bankers c. at their annual Meetings have the whole transaction of the year past with its product presented to them fairly ingressed by the Register of which as many of them as desire it may have Copies and at the same Meeting they elect their Governor his Deputy and Counsel of Assistants for the ensuing year and regulate what they find deficient in the last years Transactions and make a new Establishment for the ensuing years Proceed from which the Governor c. must not vary without first summoning a general Assembly and proposing the matter to them at which Assembly the Divident is to be made of the past years Profit which every man may either receive or otherwise have it added to his Capital in Bank and so increase his Stock there So that upon the whole the Stock in Bank is never out of the owners possession nor view but lieth as ready and as visible as his Cash in his own coffer And although the original Bankers cannot withdraw their Stock to the weakening of the grand Capital yet they may assign it to others which the Company will be obliged to accept or otherwise give the same Rate others offer for the Interest so that a Stock in Bank will not be subject to so much hazard as in a Merchants own hands managed by his own Factors or Servants or in a Gentlemans hand managed by his Steward c. in regard few persons are capable of keeping a dayly check upon their private concerns either in respect of capacity or time to perform it Thus having not only proposed the erecting a Corporation who by united Stocks and Councils will propagate and improve the Trade and Wealth of Ireland but also strengthened my Proposition with Examples of all Kingdoms and States flourishing in Trade who have greatly increased their Trade and Wealth thereby and answered such Objections as I conjectured might arise against it I shall only speak of its Method and submit the whole to the consideration of the publick spirited Judicious Object If we were informed at least something of the Method of managing this Bank it might further give satisfaction Answ The Method for managing this Bank c. to be settled by common consent of the original Bankers according to the Rules of the English or Dutch East India Companies or such other Method as they shall agree upon 1. That the Persons to manage this Affair viz. the Governor Deputy and Council of Assistants be annually chosen by the original Bankers who shall be enjoyned to observe such Rules and Methods as shall be given them from time to time â—nd the said Governor and Deputy c. to propose â—nd the general Assembly to approve of their Register Treasurer c. 2. That the Trade
Health increaseth and that this is Irelands present case is manifest for if it be considered that before the last Rebellion the Irish Interest was potent 1. The Irish were far the greater number of Proprietors of Land possessing ten Acres for one whereas now of the Ten millions eight hundred sixty eight thousand nine hundred forty nine Acres returned by the last Survey of Ireland the Irish Papists are possest but of Two millions forty one thousand one hundred and eight Acres which is but a small matter above the fifth part of the whole and as the Proprietors of Lands so is it in their Plantations for where there was one English Planter before the last Rebellion 1641. it is judged there is three now and in several of the principal Counties next adjacent to England as Wicklow and VVexford where there was ten Irish Papists to one English Protestant the odds now lies on the other hand 2. Before 1641. their Interest in the Lands and Popularity of the Inhabitants necessitated the Government to admit them to all County-Offices as High Sheriffs Justices c. wherby they had opportunity to encourage the Irish and discountenance the English but now not one Irish Sheriff or Justice in the Kingdom 3. Before the Rebellion the chief Inhabitants of all principal Cities and strong Towns were Irish Papists who bore all Offices and managed the chief Trade of those places all which places are now planted or at least governed by English Protestants 4. Before the Rebellion those Freeholders and Proprietors of Lands there were in Ireland were not the Kings Tenants but derived their Titles from the Irish Noblemen and Gentlemen which contracted an immediate dependence upon them and kept an awing influence over them for though the Kings of England were owned as Lords of Ireland yet the Lords of Ireland ruled as Kings and were so stiled by the Kings of England as is observed by Sir John Davis out of several Records saith he They governed their people by their Brehon Law they made their Magistrates and Officers they pardoned and punished all Malefactors they made War and Peace one with another without controlment and this to the Reign of Queen Elizabeth pag. 13 14. So Hovendon p. 312. and were not entirely subjected to the English Laws until the 9th of King James but had that learned Observer lived until the 12th of Charles the Second he would have admitted Ireland was never entirely subjected to the Crown of England nor the Lands of Ireland never properly called the Kings Land until the Act of Settlement then past as Sir Audley Mervin then Speaker to the House of Commons in his Speech to the Duke of Ormonde called that Act Irelands Magna Charta it exceeding all former Grants of the Kings of England and former Submissions of the body of the People of Ireland in these particulars 1. As a free Act of Grace when His Majesty was under no politick Obligation but what meer Grace and Bounty mov'd him to which never any Grant before was for though they were still stiled Acts of Grace yet Reason of State interposed for them which will be easily granted if the State of England and Ireland be compared at the time of those former Royal Confessions when the Irish still treated with their Swords in their hands or at least hid where they knew how to find them if they were not answered in their expectation as in the History of Desmonds and Tyrones c. Rebellion is manifest 2. Former Grants did only dispose of some Countrys or Lordships to some few persons who depended upon the Crown and all others upon them but this of the whole Land that was not before disposed of whereby there is more Tenants to the Crown settled by this Act above forty for one than by any former Grants 3. Not only the Lands of Ireland but all the Cities and strong walled Towns are secured in hands true to the Crown of England by this Act that never were before 4. By this Act there is a Revenue secured to the King sufficient to maintain a compleat Army to preserve the Peace which never was before Therefore I argue the state of the Interest not only of the Crown but of the Kingdom of Ireland is altered as to the Freehold Interest above double nay treble to what it ever was before the English being in possession by that Act of four millions five hundred sixty thousand thirty seven Acres and the Irish but in two millions three hundred twenty three thousand eight hundred and nine so that if the majority of Proprietors may give the denominations to a Country which usually it doth Ireland is become West England Besides this the governing party universally professeth and only incourageth the English publick Worship it is governed by English Laws enacted by English Parliaments and administred by English Judges guarded by an English Army and governed by English Ministers of State to that degree it never was before and all this administred by the absolute Commission from the King of England and must it yet be kept under and esteemed of as an Irish Interest and Country when the very Nature and civil Constitution of Ireland is altered and proportionably ought the Wealth and Prosperity of it to be promoted by England for these Reasons 1. It is the Interest both of the Crown and People of England to enable the English Interest of Ireland not only to support its self in peace but to defend its self in war which nothing but promoting its Trade and Wealth will do especially the Wealth of its Cities and walled Towns for the increasing its Wealth in the Fields doth rather increase its danger by enouraging the needy Natives the rather to rise when they observe how easily they can possess themselves of so great a Booty but the Wealth of the Cities and strong Towns which is the trading Stock of the Nation is secure and ready to be imployed in the defence of their King and Countries Interest when in danger besides they are the only security and refuge to the distressed English when banished from their Country Habitations and these places of strength cannot subsist without Trade and Manufacture but by more chargeable Garisons than the Revenue of Ireland will bear And what Ireland cannot do in order to its safety England must supply to prevent its own danger for if ever an Enemy surprize and possess Ireland especially the French England must maintain a greater standing Force to secure themselves than would have preserved Ireland if imployed in its Defence it is not a groundless proverb He that would England win must with Ireland first begin and if the French who hath already the opposite Coast and Harbours from Dunkirk to Brest ever obtain Ireland they will then surround three parts of four of England and a great part of Scotland so near that in a few hours they may invade what part they please which would necessitate England to be at the charge of
honourable soever was never made up with Happiness suitable to the anxiety of their Mind and Body Sir Henry Sidney who left as clear a Fame as any man that enjoyed the Place parted with it with the words of the Psalmist When Israel came out of Egypt and the House of Jacob from a people of a strange Language Judah was his Sanctuary and Israel his Dominion intimating how little satisfaction could be took in so slippery a Place amongst such a people whose Language he knew not and variety of Interests though the most that have miscarried there have fallen through other mens Interest rather than their own failing And I judge the three last Noble persons sent out of England to govern Ireland will set to their Seals that it is not a short and easie work to understand their Humour and Interest none of them could please all and others of them very few although they were persons of eminent Parts and great Integrity both to the Crown and English Interest yet the Interest of our Trade and Manufactures so withered under their Shadow that they languish to this day of fourteen hopeful Manufactures they sound thriving they left but the stumps of one standing which hath put such a Damp upon the hopes of Success none have attempted either to erect new or revive the old since 2. They oft come with a prepossession of the danger of Irelands encroaching upon the Trade and Wealth of England and from thence rather fear than design Irelands prosperity in Trade and what our chief Governor fears we have little ground to hope for 3. As the proverb is New Lords new Laws so new Governors new Councils it is to be observed the Successor very rarely elects the Favourites of his Predecessor to be his Confidents and then that natural Emulation the Heart of man is addicted to diverts them from building on Foundations laid by others whereby some publick undertakings after a hopeful progress have miscarried to the great discouragement of future Attempts as several notable Instances might be given if it were convenient 4. By reason of their immediate Relation to and probable sudden Return for England they are most concerned so to manage the Affairs of Ireland as may consist with the present advantage of their Credit in England Now though we honour a Lover of our Country as being Englishmen our selves and glory in its Honour and Wealth as younger Branches in the Honour and Wealth of the elder House of their Family yet we may expect a younger Brothers Portion and to be trusted with the Conduct of our own Estates in Subjection to our politick Father and not under the Tutelage of our elder Brother When Abraham sent his Sons he had by Keturah from Isaac Eastward and gave them Portions he left them to manage their own Affairs We do not read that ever the Sons of Isaac or Jacob were entrusted with the Affairs of the Children of Ishmael and Esau though they enjoyed the Birthright and Blessing and it is none of the least Discouragements to English Gentlemen that have great Estates in Ireland from coming to live upon them than that by quitting their Dwellings in England they quit their Priviledge as Englishmen both in respect to their Liberty of Traffick to several parts of the World which they before enjoyed and also their Interest in Magna Charta of being being tried for their Lives and Estates by a Jury of known honest men of their Neighbourhood whereas Noblemen or Gentlemen of Ireland may be impeached in England sent for over in custody and there arraigned before Judges put upon their Tryal by Jurors whose Faces they never saw before and unto whom they are altogether unknown further than the Evidence then given in Court describes them which is an Issue few would be pleased with when it comes to be their own case especially considering the moral impossibility for persons of ordinary Estates to bear the Charge and of small Interest to prevail with necessâ—â—y Witnesses c. to go from Ireland to England to give their Testimony in their behâ—â—â— and to imagine that either Judges or Jurors of England can be equally concern'd to suppresâ—â—â—◠〈◊〉 and Sedition tending to the disturbance of the Peace and Safety of the English 〈◊〉 in Ireland with English Judges and Juroâ—â— Ireland appears very improbable to such as admit 〈◊〉 safety is a stronger motive to all people than Neâ—â—hbors welfare and though England may be grieved to hear of Irelands Troubles yet the English in Ireland must certainly more sensibly feel the Misery that befalls themselves A Merchant on 〈◊〉 may be grieved to behold a Ship wherein he hath some Adventure sinking by a violent storm at Sea but the Merchants and Mariners aboard that see no way to escape from perishing with her must be under a different consternation which represents the true state of the different case 2. As there is much Reason of State against Irelands being governed by Foreigners to its peculiar Interest so have we many Presidents both ancient and modern of Soveraign Princes governing their Tributary Provinces by their own Countrymen the King of Spain discerning the Genoua's were discontented at his governing them by Spaniards c. and impatient for a King of Naples and Duke of Milan born in Italy to secure his Interest without that hazard he borrowed of them vast Sums of Mony they being great Usurers designing thereby to keep them in awe lest they should lose their Mony so the Kings of England could never satisfie the Welshmen until Edward of Carnarvan being their Countryman born was made Prince of Wales which hath since been the Title of the Kings eldest Son God himself promiseth it as a chief part of Israels Prosperity after their return from their Captivity that their Nobles should be of themselves and their Governours should proceed from the midst of them Jeremiah 30.21 which Promise was performed in Ezra's Nehemiah's and Zerkabal's Government so Moses appointed understanding and wise men who were known amongst their Tribes to be Rulers in their respective Tribes Deut. 1.13 Saith a great Statesman to King James To hold Ireland in better obedience let there be sent over such a Lord Deputy as is well acquainted with their Humours and Customs and well beloved of the people * Sir Hen. Wootens State of Christendom p. 2.18 saith the same Author The Spaniards lost the Low Countries by sending Spaniards or other Strangers to govern them having engaged to govern them by men born in their own Country * Sir Hen. Wootens State of Christendom p. 17. And how much this hath been the practice of the Kings of England to place persons peculiarly interested in the State of Ireland in chief Government our Histories give us ample examples Earl Strongbow the first Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1176. was Prince of Leinster by right of his Wife Reymond le Gross who married the Earls Sister succeeded him as Justice John Courcy Robert Fitz
Government Hook 71.  1346. Sir Roger Darcy L.J.  1346. Sir John Maurice L.J. In whose time Desmond made a dissention between the English of Blood and English of Birth  1348. Sir Walter Bermingham L.J. John Archer Dep. Camp 90.  1349. Sir Walter Bermingham L.J.  1349. Baron Carey L.J.   1349. Sir Tho. Rooksby L.J. Whose saying was he had rather drink out of Wooden Cups and pay Gold and Silver for his Liquor than drink out of Gold and make wooden payment a man of sincere and upright Conscience saith Camp 91. he would be deemed a precise Fop in these days 1351. Bishop of Lymerick L.J. The Vlsters rebel and subdued by the Savages Camp 30.  1355. Earl of Desmond L.J.  1356. Sir Tho. Rooksby a second time L.J.   1357. Sir Almerick de Sancta L.J. 1359. James Butler Earl of Ormond L.J. He married the Grandchild of Edw. the first for which his Son James was stiled by way of preheminence the Noble Earl  1360. Earl of Kildare L.J. Appointed 500 l. per ann Salery and required out of that to maintain 20 great Horse for War Hook 72.  1361. Duke of Clarence Lord Lieutenant The third Son of Edw. the third Earl of Vlster and Lord of Connaght he vanquished the Obrians c. and conquered the County of Clare from which he derived his Title of Clarence  1364. James Earl of Ormond L.D.   1365. Sir Thom. Dale Governor 1367. Earl of Desmond L.J.   1369. Sir William de Windsor L.L.  1370. A great Mortality in Ireland 1371. Earl of Kildare L.J.   1372. Sir Robert de Ashton L.J. 1374. Sir William de Windsor L.L.  1376. James Butler Earl of Ormond L.L.   1379. John de Bromwhich L.J. Richard the Second  1381. Dean of St. Patricks and Lord Chancellor L.J.  1383. Philip de Courtney L.L.  1385. Robert Vere Earl of Oxford Marquess of Dublin and Duke of Ireland L. ◠Of whom Cambden records he died in great anguish and penury leaving nothing to his Tomb but Titles nor to the World but matter of talk of his ill life  1385. Sir John Stanley L.D.  1387. Bish of Meath L.J.  1389. Sir John Stanley L.J.  1392. James Earl of Ormond L.J.  1394. Duke of Glocester L.J.  1394. King Richard the Second in person He landed at Waterford with four thousand men at Arms and thirty thousand Archers left Roger Mortimer Earl of Vlster Lord of Trym Clare Connaght L.L. slain by the Obrians   1398. Roger Grey L.J. 1398. Duke of Surrey the Kings Brother L.L.  1399. King Richard 2. the second time Who came to avenge Mortitimers Death In this Year broke out that bloodie War betwixt the Houses of Lancaster and York from which time not only England but Ireland were divided into two powerful Factions the Geraldines stood by the House of York and the Butlers by the House of Lancaster the King returns soon after loseth his Kingdom and Life   Henry the Fourth  1399. Sir John Stanley L.L.  1401. Stephen Scroope L.D. to Thomas of Lancaster the Kings Son 1403. James Earl of Ormond L.J. Chose by the Noblemen of Ireland  1405. Gerald Earl of Kildare L.J.  1406. Stephen Scroop L.D.  1407. James Son of the former Earl of Ormond L.J.  1408. Thomas of Lancaster the Kings Son L.L. left Thomas Butler Dep. The Sword given to the City of Dublin the Provost made Major  Henry the Fifth  1413. The said Butler continued L.J.  1413. Sir John Stanley L.L. The Ancestor of the Earls of Derby  1414. Crawley Arch-Bishop of Dublin L.J.  1414. Sir John Talbot L.L. In whose time Ireland supplied the King with 1600 men to assist him in his Wars with France  1419. Richard Talbot Arch-Bishop of Dublin L.J.  1420. James Butler Earl of Ormond L.L. His Grandsire James sirnam'd the Chast near Athy vanquished the Armie of the O Moorsand Mac Morroughs c. quelled the Obrians in Leinster the Bourks Mac Mahons c. in Thomond in three months time Camp 97.  Henry the Sixth  1423. Earl of Ulster L.L. And died of the Plague  1425. John Lord Talbot L.J.  1426. James Butler Earl of Ormond L.J. And died at Ormond-Place in London  1427. Sir John de Grey L.L.  1428. Edward Dantsey Bishop of Meath Dep.  1428. Sir John Sutton L.L. Sir Tho. Strange his Dep.  1432 Sir Christopher Plunket L.D.  1435 Sir Thomas Stanley L.L.  1436 Talbot Arch-Bp of Dublin L.D.   1438 Lyon Lord Wells L.L. 1440 James Earl of Ormond L.L.   1441 Sir William Stanley L.D.  1441 Stephen Scroop L.D.  1442 Will. Wells Dep. to Lyon Lord Wells 1443 Earl of Ormond L.L.   1446 Earl of Shrewsbury L.L. 1447 Talbot Arch-Bp of Dublin L.J.  1449 Duke of York L.L. In Meath the Rebels burnt several Towns and Villages destroyed Men Women and Children without mercy Camp 99.  1450 Earl of Ormond and Wiltshire Lord Treasurer of England L. Dep. to the Duke of York  1454 Arch-Bishop of Ardmagh L.D.  1454 Earl of Kildare L.D.  1454 Sir Edward Fitz Eustace Lord Deputy to the Duke of York  1456 Earl of Kildare Lord Deputy  1459 Richard Duke of York Earl of Ulster and Lord of Connaght Lord Lieutenant Who contracted with the King for Two thousand Pounds per annum with the Irish Revenue to support the Government ten Years The Nobility of Ireland increasing in Factions betwixt the Houses of York and Lancas ter many destroyed whereby the Irish grew troublesome forcibly possessing the Estates of the Engli sh in Ulster Munster and Connaght  Edward the Fourth  1460 Earl of Kildare Lord Justice  1461 Sir Rowland Fitz Eustace Lord of Portleister and Viscount Baltinglass Lord Deputy to George Duke of Clarence  1463 Thomas Earl of Desmond Deputy to the Duke of Clarence Beheaded for exacting Coin and Livery   1467 John Lord Tiptoft Earl of Worcester L.D. 1471 Thomas Earl of Kildare L.D.  1475 Bishop of Meath Dep.   1478 Lord Grey L.D. 1478 Sir Robert Preston L.D.  1479 E. of Kildare L.D.  1483 Edw. 5. Rich. 3.  1485 The said Earl of Kildare L.D. to John de la Pole Earl of Lincoln L.L. The Imposture Lambert Simnell made a Disturbance in Ireland  Henry the Seventh   1491 Duke of Bedford L.L. 1492 Fitz Simons Arch-Bishop of Dublin L.D.  1493 Preston the first Lord Viscount Gormanstown L.D.   1494 Sir Edward Poynings L.D. Sent over to quell the Imposture Perkin Warbeck who in a Parliament at Drogheda the 10. of Henry the Seventh past that Act called Poynings Act quell'd the O Caryls Mac Nemarras and Obrians in the County of Gallaway received the Honor of the Order of the Garter
amounts to 78732 l. 12 s. per annum and it is judged the Estates of his Royal Highness the Earles of Corke   Anglesey and Strafford with other Noblemen and Gentlemen of England by old and new Titles draw over as much more both which is per annum 157465 40  which they spend and lay out in Purchases in England c. which for 15 years amounts to  2361978 0 0 So that this one drain if no sluce can be contrived to stop its current must necessarily draw Ireland dry of Wealth if all the forementioned impediments were removed which our predecessors have long groaned under and several strict Laws have been made to prevent it as in the third year of Richard 2. Sir John Davies gives an account of an Ordinance made in England against such as were absent from their Lands in Ireland which gave two thirds of their Profits to the King until they returned to Ireland or placed a sufficient number of Englishmen to defend the same Which saith he was grounded upon good reason of State and was put in execution for many years after as appeareth by sundry Seisures made thereupon in the time of Richard the 2. Henry the 4. Hen. 5. and Hen. 6. whereof there remain Records in the Remembrancers Office here amongst the rest the Duke of Norfolk himself was not spared but impleaded upon this Ordinance for two parts of the Profit of his Estate and afterwards himself the Earl of Shrewsbury the Lord Berkley and others who had Lands in Ireland kept their continual residence in England were entirely reassumed by the Act of Absentees made the 28th year of King Hen. 8. thus much Sir Jo. Davies p. 199.   And though it might seem hard these Laws should now be executed yet it is harder a Nation should be ruined and if themselves be necessarily detained in His Majesties Service or by their greater concerns in England yet why they should not consign their Interest in this Kingdom to their younger Sons c. or be engaged some other way to spend a good part of their Rents here is not easily answered unless private mens Interest be to be prefer'd before the publick for this is a burthen this Kingdom will not be long able to bear   I might also insist upon the great expence this Kingdom is at in educating the Sons of most persons of Quality in the Inns of Court and Universities in England and Foreign Countries which is computed to cost this Country at least 10000 pound per ann as also the necessary Attendance of our Nobility and Gentry at Court besides the Expences of their Persons and Retinue their Charge for new Honours Offices and Estates computed to 10000 pound per ann is for both per ann 20000 0 0  which for fifteen years amounts to  300000 0 0 7. The chief Governors for eight years of this Period aliens to Irelands peculiar Interest their Salaries and Perquisites at least per annum 12000 l. their Attendants and Dependents coming and returning with them estimated at 1000 l. per annum both which for the said eight years amounts to  104000 0 0 Add to this the voluntary unnecessary expence of this Kingdom in foreign Manufactures c. as stated Chapter the second is per annum 267500 0 0  which for fifteen years amounts to  4012500 0 0 As also the Expence of Debaucherys treated of in chap. 3. computed at per anum 294000 0 0  which for the like time amounts to  4410000 00 00 There is also to be added as a yearly Charge in case of the Chief Governors being a Foreigner to Irelands Interest 13000 0 0  The yearly Charge of Ireland is per an 913465 4 0  The total for this Period is  13512660 10 A Consumption great enough to begger rich England much more poor Ireland   The End of the First Part. THE INTEREST OF IRELAND IN ITS TRADE and WEALTH STATED PART II. Proposing Expedients for Ireland's Relief against its Trade-obstructing and Wealth-consuming Maladies hinted in the first Part. By Richard Lawrence Esq Dublin Printed by Jos Ray for Jo. North Sam. Helsham J. Howes W. Winter and El. Dobson Booksellers 1682. An Alphabetical Table of the principle things in the second Part. A. THe Act of Parliament of 17 Car. 2. Irelands Magna Charta and why p. 49 50 Army of Ireland to be managed for the planting of the Countrey and how p. 97 Army of Ireland how it ought to be qualified p. 114 115 Aliens why Protestants of England are to be so esteem'd to the peculiar Interest of Ireland p. 115 to 122 Apostates first from Primitive Purity and Truth in Religion who p. 218 to 220 Antichrist who so esteem'd by Popish Authors p. 206 to 221 B. Of Banks p. 1 2 3 4 Bankers their Insolvency hath been a great damage to Ireland p. 4 Bank East-India its Constitution p. 7 Bankers great benefit by their united Stocks p. 8 Banks prosperity depends on the Princes countenance p. 9. Banks universally useful to a Countrey lowers Interest Exchange and nurseth Manufacturies p. 10 11 Banks secure Peace rescue Trade out of Forreigners hands increase Shipping Fishings c p. 12 13 Banks accommodate persons of all Ranks and Trades p. 16 17 Bank methods of managing p. 37 38 Bank Security is most visible solvent and freest from trouble and hazard p. 35 Babylon mystical where p. 220 221 C. Corporation Trade the foundation of the great Trade of London Amsterdam Venice c. p. 17 Corporation Trade raised the Hance-Towns of Germany p. 18 Corporation Trade still enrich'd the place of its residence p. 25 Governs the Trade of the Countrey p. 32 Catalogue of Irelands chief Governors from ann 1271 to 1680. p. 122 to 156 Coins whether advisable to enhance their Value or debase their Alloy in Ireland p. 173 to 181 Council of Trent their Illegality c. p. 215 to 217 Christians in Asia Affrica c. of the Protestant Faith exceed the number of Papists in Europe p. 218 D. Divisions in Religion much obstruct the Trade and Wealth of Ireland p. Q. R. Dissenters ought to avoid being engaged in Factions of State p. M. N. O. Dissenters cannot rationally expect protection from a Prince or State to whom they will not give all security in their power for their Loyalty p. L. M. Dissenting Protestants not dangerous to the State of Ireland though they were as malignant against the Religion establish'd as the Papists p. I. K. L. Doctrine of Devils by whom taught p. 221 E. Englands danger if Ireland were possess'd by an enemy especially by the French Englands just Title to what they possess of Ireland p. 73 to 76 Englands Factions still weakned its Interest in Ireland p. 75 76 Establishment of Ireland p. 156 to 162 Excommunication of Princes by Popes frequent p. 233 234 Errors in Nonconformity more dangerous than errors in Conformity when p. O. P.
promote and increase Traffique and Commerce the Examples of so many prudent Princes and States and the Experience of the Kings and Parliaments of England for this 300 years past might serve But I shall demonstrate by good reason and unquestionable authority when opposed that this one expedient shall remove all the considerable impediments of Trade in a short time dam up the current of much of our Expence upon Foreign Growth shall reduce our confused Trade to a method improve the native Growth of the Country to its height as to Value at home and Credit abroad shall rescue our Trade managed by foreign Stocks into our own hands shall increase His Majesties Revenue and enable his Subjects of Ireland to farm it upon terms more to the Kings profit and conveniency and the Kingdoms benefit and content and to advance considerable Sums upon the Security of any Branch of His Majesties Revenue when his Affairs shall require it And I will further undertake to demonstrate that all other Expedients without this shall never attain these Ends let a Parliament pass all the Statutes of England for the incouragement of Trade in Ireland it shall signifie no more than good Laws without Courts of Justice to execute them for though Interest prompts people to Industry yet it neither qualifies nor governs them in right methods to attain their ends A stragling Trade managed by particular persons each striving to advance his private Interest though to the ruine of the Trade in general and obstructing it in other particulars can no more make a Country flourish in Trade than a stragling Army without Discipline and Order can preserve its peace But designing brevity I shall only assert that Ireland is now much more able to erect govern such a Trade than England was about 300 years ago when Ed. 1. incourag'd it and Ed. 3. established by Charter the Company of Staplers or Merchant Adventurers which was the Mother Company of England and all it enjoy'd until Philip and Mary erected the Muscovy Company yet that one Company removed the Staple from foreign parts to our own ports and soon after the Clothing Trade from Flanders whereby the Growth of England especially the Wools were improved to 5 and 7 and in some cases after the Worsted-trade of Stuffs and Stockings was attained to ten times its value I am not unsensible that this Work will meet with opposition from some particular persons whose private Interest may seem to be invaded by it for so did that ancient and beneficial Company of Staplers in England as a Monopoly intrenching upon the Liberty of the Subject to the Parliaments in Hen. 4. Hen. 7. Edw. 6. and Queen Maries time yet all parties being heard those Complaints were quash'd and the Priviledges of the Companies ratified and enlarged Yet again in Queen Elizabeths time the importunity of the Clothiers prevailed against the Company but after a short tryal the Clothing Countries were ruined to that extremity that in the 29th of Elizabeth the Lords of the Council sent for the members of the Company and desired them to reassume their Priviledges and cheerfully proceed in their Trade and they should receive all possible countenance and assistance So in the Reign of King James Alderman Cocken of London c. prevailed to have the Company dissolv'd but after two years confusion Trade so miserably languished that the King published his Proclamation Anno 1617. for the Restitution of the Company to its ancient Priviledges In like manner King Charles the first observing the decay of Trade from the confusion intruding Interlopers brought upon it publisht his Proclamation Dec. 7. 1634. Whereas we have taken into our Princely consideration the manifold Benifits that redound to this Kingdom c. and finding how much Government and Order will conduce to the increase and advancement of the same We have thought fit with the Advice of our Privy Council to declare our Royal Pleasure herein c. and then positively and largely prohibits any to intrude upon the Companies Priviledge upon pain of his high Displeasure and of such Punishments as the Court of Star-Chamber whom We especially charge with the Execution of our Royal Pleasure herein shall think fit to inflict for such Contempts After this the 11th of March 1643. both Houses past an Ordinance intituled For the Upholding of the Government of the Fellowship of Merchant Adventurers of England c. near to the same effect as His Majesties Proclamation before recited And as Corporation Traffique hath procured all the flourishing Trade England now enjoys so the Portugals Dutch c. have thereby altered the whole course of Trade that Venice had with India Arabia and Persia Venice being the ancient Mart for the Commodities of those Countries now buy of us so the English Levant Company hath wrested the India Trade from the Turks and now sell where Venice used to buy And that which gives England and Ireland the advantage in Traffique is the staple Commodities they sell necessary for Life as Flesh Fish c. for the Belly Cloth Stuffs c. for the Back that in most Countries England trades with they wear Englands Woollen Livery eat in English Pewter Seasons and Sauce with Englands Indian Spices shod with English Leather there is no Clothing in Spain esteemed like the English Bayse and Stuffs nor no Food exceeds the English Herring and Pilcher Sweden Denmark and all those cold Northeast Countries within the Sound to the bottom of the Baltick keep themselves warm by English woollen Cloth and all this obtained by vertue of Englands Trade by united Stoks and Policy For in little above 100 years Europe was so far from trading with the East and West Indies the West were unheard of as I shew in my Treatise of Traffique and the East unknown otherwise than by report to our Mariners and Merchants Italian and Spanish Merchants were esteemed great Adventurers until the Turkie and East India Companies were incorporated by Queen Elizabeth who God made instrumental not only to reform Religion but to regulate and advance Trade Englands and Hollands true Religion and potent Trade came together God grant they never go together it is worthy our observation how the mighty flourishing Monarchy of Spain since Charles the 5. and his Son Philip the 2. hath dwindled away and decayed in Fame and Potency since they erected their barbarous Inquisition which banished their Trade and Wealth to England and Holland that Antwerpe and Sevils Ebb tide in Trade hath made it full Sea at London and Amsterdam and as England and Holland hath gained their Trade and Wealth by being Receptacles and Shelters of persecuted Protestants so will the contrary lose it the Italians have a proverb He that would improve Italy must destroy Milan that is disperse the multitude of Artists there setled to the other Cities that want them which nothing so naturally effects as Persecution Let them beware they lose it not by persecuting them and driving them away The
vast Trade Spain had ingrossed both in the East and West Indies and in Africa they might yet have enjoyed had not cruel de Alva by his inhumane severities forced the Dutch to cast off the Spanish iron Yoke and defend their Liberties whereby as Sir William Temple observes by the great multitudes of people crowded together in a narrow compass of Land they were necessitated to improve their Industry at Sea and after the Spaniards and Fortugals who were then the Subjects of Spain had entirely enjoyed the enriching Trade of the East Indies c. as before for almost one hundred years viz. from Anno 1498. until 1595. the Dutch sent a Fleet from Amsterdam and then in 1600. the English sent four Ships viz. the Assention the Dragon the Hector and Susan under the Command of Captain Lancaster since which by the prudent Government of that Company hath equalized the Portuguies and Dutch having erected Plantations and Factories at Ormus c. in Persia at Agria Cambasan Suraâ— c. in the Moguls Country at Man Salupan Armagon Pecana Siam on the Coast of Chormandel the Isles of Sumatra Bantam c. that now they furnish Italy and Turkie with all those Indian Commodities which about fifty years ago they bought there to the ruine of the Trade of Syria and Egypt c. who have now only an Inland Trade by Caravans from Aleppo Damasco and Mecha c. And out of the Ashes of their Barbary Company ruined by the Civil Wars of Fez arose the Levant or Turkie the most flourishing and beneficial Company now in England incorporated by King James I do but hint these things here to evidence the undoubted advantage of Company Trade insisting largely upon them in my Treatise of Traffique in the Chapter of Discoveries of new Trades And that this way of Corporation-Trade has not only greatly enlarged Trade but enriched the places of its Residence we have manifold instances the ancient Company of Merchant-Adventurers now called the Hamborough Company erected by Edward the first in 1296. was courted by the Duke of Brabant to make their Residence at Antwerpe where they first settled the English Staple and had granted to them great Priviledges and made the City flourish in Trade which being observed by that inspectious Prince Edward the third he to bring the Trade to his own Ports prohibited the Transportation of Wools and granted great encouragement to Dutch Weavers to set up their Craft in England and soon after prohibited all foreign Cloth from being transported into the Realm confirmed by Edward the Fourth who settled their Priviledges by Charter in the year 1406. which hath been confirmed and enlarged by all his Successors Queen Elizabeth for the better vending their Cloths when their Quantity exceeded home Markets gave them power under the Great Seal to treat with foreign Princes and States for places to settle the Residence of their Factors and Stores upon which all the Princes and States in Flanders Holland and Germany strove who should enjoy them and wheresoever they removed they drew a vast Trade after them their present Residence is at Dortrech for the Netherlands and Hamborough for Germany where the chief Court of their Fellowship now resides they transport all sorts of Cloths dressed and dyed Lead Tin Oyl Stockens Hats Spanish Fruits and Wines and make their returns in Linnings Rhenish Wines Mather Hops Sope Wire Copper Brass Iron Steel Quick-silver Gunpowder Flax Hemp Allom Wax c. This Company hath power by their Charter yearly to elect a Governour Deputy Governour and Assistants and to settle their Residents Courts in any parts beyond Sea and several places in England as London York Hull Newcastle c. with power of making Acts and Ordinances so as they are not repugnant to the Law of England for the better Government of their Trade likewise power to hear and decide Causes to implead sine and punish Offendors This grew to be the most flourishing Company for Trade in the world until Philip and Mary erected the Muscovy Company which soon wrested a great part of their Trade from them which were at first called the Corporation for Discovery of new Trades a Design that would well sute with the present state of Ireland whose great Priviledges were confirmed and enlarged as before by Queen Elizabeth much after the method of the other and their Trade much the same and after this studious Princess for the Improvement of the Trade and Wealth of her Country added to these she found the three other Companies beforementioned viz. the Levant or Turkie Company which made the first Discovery of that vast Trade since driven in the Signorie of Venice and the Dominions of the Grand Seignior and thereby oserved the vast Trade betwixt Aleppo and other Levant Ports with the East Indies managed by Land carriage which encouraged them to enquire into a more cheap and gainful way to obtain East India Commodities at first Hand And that produc'd that most famous Country-inriching Company called the East India Company who obtain'd a Charter for great Priviledges from the Queen and hath managed their Trade by a joint Stock reported to be 600000 l. whereby they have built and maintained a gallnt Fleet of stately Ships for War as well as Burthen imployed multitudes of people in their Plantations Ships and Factories to the great Honour and Wealth of their Country And after this in the 21. year of the Reign of that most famous Queen that is in the year 1579. did she incorporate the Eastland Company and endow them with great Priviledges and Immunities to trade in Denmark Sweden Poland Prusia and Pomerland from the River Odera Eastward And it is worth observing how small beginnings in Trade beget great increase Trade like that Grain of Mustard-seed our Saviour speaks of being cast into the ground grows up to a great tree that the Fowls of the air may lodge in the Branches of it and it is also observable if foreign Traffique did live yet it never flourished in this part of the world until it was managed by united Stocks and Policies as in the forementioned instances in our own Country besides what is of the same kind amongst all our Neighbours flourishing in Trade And as in these many examples from past times evidence that they esteemed this way of Traffique the only way to increase Trade so is their Wisdom approv'd and confirm'd by the prudent in this age His Majesty that now is hath set to his Seal that Corporation-trade is the strength of foreign Traffique by his not only confirming what his Royal Predecessors before did but also by his adding the African and Canary Companies the first not only endowed with priviledge that sounds like Princely Prerogatives as power of Peace and War raising Forts building and equipping Ships of War c. to appoint Governors to constitute Laws c. and dignified with the title of the Royal Company and well they may when His Royal Highness hath bore
Office and the chief Princes and Nobles of England enrolled Members as Prince Rupert Duke of Buckingham Duke of Albemarle Earl of Peterborough St. Albans Sandwich Bath Arlington Shastsbury c. and the Teritories of this Royal Company is from Sally in South Barbary to Cape de Bona Esperanza a Princely Dominion And having thus briefly hinted how the Wisdom and Experience of past ages and many Nations have set to their Seals to the rationality peculiar advantage to this way of improving Trade by united Stocks Policies I shall hint some inconveniencies attending its omission First the want of settled Correspondency for want of Intelligence is the ruine of Trade for when men grope out a Trade as blind folk do their way they stumble at many a stone and run their heads against many posts which light would prevent And few single persons at least in Ireland are able to carry on such a Trade as will maintain Servants or Factors to inform them how the Rates of Goods rule at the several parts they trade with but must depend upon the Advice of such persons upon the place whose Interest it is to encourage their Principles to confine to them let Goods turn to Profit or Loss they will deduct their Provision c. which contracts much perplexity and confusion in Trade whereas Trade in Company managed with united Stocks prevents them being able to bear the charge of able Factors in the Country they trade unto and able to bear a considerable loss which would ruine a particular person able to keep their Goods when Markets are low till they rise able to ingross the Bulk of a Commodity when brought low by unadvised clogging of Markets and thereby raise Rates for by their well governed Correspondency they are inform'd not only what Rates Goods go at but what quantity of them are in the Stores at each foreign port and what time they will probably take for consumption what kind of Vintage or Crops is in the Countries producing them c. and by these views can discourage their increase at home until their Markets mend abroad that they may make their Commodities pay Interest for their lying and without these and the like expedients no man can secure a Trade to turn to any certain Account but as a meer Lottery some Voyage brings a prize and some a blank whereby men of small Stocks are oft times undone and the best perplex'd and discouraged Secondly This Trade in Company with a considerable united Stock will preserve a Trade from ruine by Interlopers that will be nibling at Traffique they understand not as Pedlars at Land so these at Sea perplex and ruine the Trade of skilful able Merchant sand do themselves no good for as Pedlers may undersell the ablest Shopkeepers in some small Wares by living after a beggerly vagrant way paying no Rents nor bearing no charge in their Country and maintaining themselves by conditioning where they sell small Markets to have Victuals c. into the bargain so these Sea-pedlers much after the same manner maintain themselves and thereby are able to undersell the Merchants who have great Families to maintain at home besides chargeable Factors abroad great Duties to pay to the King chargeable Offices to bear in their Cities c. and if the Merchants shall have no more priviledge from the State than the Interloper he will be discouraged c. and the Trade of the Country ruined from these and the like inconveniencies c. which I have observed to attend the Trade of Ireland by the small Trade I have driven there my self 1. In the Trade of Wools one of the chief Commodities of the Country greatly damnified their Wools sometimes vended at half their value near to the undoing of the Sheep-master c. Proceeding principally from the abuse of Trade by Interlopers for although Wools must rise and fall with the Manufactures of England where they are chiefly vended yet as the principle Clothiers of England will store up their Cloths and Stuffs when Markets fail until they can sell them to profit so should the principle Sheep-masters reserve their Wools and the Wool-Merchants store up poor mens small parcels until Trade mend and then not tumble over great quantities to clog and lower Markets but to feed Markets as they observe their Trade requires by which means the Wools of Ireland were kept up to a competent Rate for 7 years together by my self as both the Sheep-masters and Skinners in the Province of Leinster and Connaght have often owned to me 2. So for Tallow and Butter c. trading in them becomes a Lottery from the same cause as my self experienced several times and perticularly in the year 1670. having occasion to buy a considerable quanty I agreed for several Tuns at 24. and it fell I bought more at 23. it still fell to 22. and in some parts of the Kingdom 21. I marvelled at it my Intelligence giving no advice that any great quantities were in the Merchants hands either at London or in foreign Markets but bore a competent rate only low in the West of England I suspected it only proceeded from our Blind man buff Merchants cloging the Market I stopt shiping my own and presently bought up all I could in Dublin at price current and writ to my Correspondents and Factors in all parts of Ireland to do the same upon my account upon which the Price presently started and rise to 24 and 25. and so held it that season By which Experience in these and several other Commodities I observed the Trade of Ireland was ruined by disorder and was preservable and capable of Improvement if rightly managed by considerable Stocks either in single hands conducted by the prudence of an experienced Merchant or in Company by a prudent Governor and Court of Assistance according to the paterns of the aforementioned Companies of England c. 3. This is the only Expedient to rescue the Government of our Trade out of the hands of foreigners at whose mercy we are whether we shall have a high or a low Rate for our Native commodities for they that command the largest Capital or Stock of a Kingdom or State will rule and govern the Trade of it and set the Rates on all Commodities exported or imported Object Englands Trade is divided into Companies which you have named as Hamborough Muscovy Levant East India c. and would you propose all the Trade of Ireland to be contained in the circuit of one Company Answ Though the great Trade of England and Holland c. may well bear and fully imploy several Companies with joint stock c. yet the Trade of Ireland will not England began with one Corporation for Trade in Edw. the thirds time and erected no more until Philip and Mary who granted their Patent for the Muscovy Company which was upwards of 200 years for Trades as well as Pastures may be overstock'd and thereby starved for no Trade thrives where the Merchant
in the common Bottom out of his Love to the common Eaglish Interest of Ireland and was also nominated when the Act was perfected to come over as Lord Lieutenant to see it executed they then began to take heart and inclined to see the issue of his Government before they would further unsettle themselves consideâ—ing that if his Humour were moderte towards them he had an Interest and Spirit big enough to strengthen his own Resolutions and not 〈◊〉 be diverted from the practice of his own Reason for fear or savour of any of the Parties which was not the case under the present Justices which soon after his arrival they found made good beyond their expectations having equal access with others into his presence and that with good acceptance and also finding they could have equal Justice at the Court of Claims and other the Kings Courts with other the Kings Subjects they gave over their thoughts of removing and disposed themselves to industry in the Country or Cities as their Estates and Educations capacitated them Now it is not to be expressed what sudden alterations this made in the Humour and Deportment of the persons of several Interests one towards another this equal Countenance and Justice of the chief Governour begat an equal Familiarity betwixt the people of different parties and so deep a resentment had the principal persons of that party before most dejected they agreed as many of the Field Officers as were in Dublin to make a solemne return of Thanks to the Duke and withal a Tender of their Service to his Son the Earl of Ossory then Lieutenant General of the Army that they were ready with their Lives and Estates when his Majesties Affairs required to engage themselves against the Kings Enemies under his Conduct which was courteously accepted by the Earl who with many affectionate Expressions in his sweet obliging way assured them when the Kings Affairs required he should highly esteem their Company and Assistance From which time that party esteemed it their duty to study how to approve themselves not only loyal Subjects to their King but grateful Servants to his Vice-Roy Thus all Interest being determined by the Act of Settlement and thereby all Humours composed each party and every person bent their minds and industry to defend their Titles to what the said Act gave them a pretence unto in the Court of Claims where such a brisk Trade was driven in purchasing and prosecuting Titles to Land no other Trade or Manufactures were thought on the bulk of the Cash of the Kingdom being swallowed up in that gulph Yet in that time the Duke considering Land in Ireland would little differ from Land in America without Inhabitants to plant and improve it was very inquisitive after the Intrigue of Trade and Manufacture if he met with any persons that he apprehended were acquainted with those Affairs and in May 1664. gave a Commission to a Council of Trade with full and large Instructions for them to govern their Proceedings by which are printed in my Preface and most persons of Quality having by that time gained possession of great scopes of Land in several of their Lots they found old ruined Towns and discerning no other way to get them planted greweager of Manufactures to whom the Lord Lieutenant gave all possible incouragement that within a few years after we 〈◊〉 erected by private persons on their own accounts many considerable Manufactures â—he Leinster Alderman Daniel Hutchenson at â—â—by Earl of Arran at Tullagh Lord Chancellor Eustace at Baltinglass Esquire Parsons at the Byrr the publick Manufacture of Chappelizod on the Kings account besides several other lesser Attempts In Munster the Earl of Orrery at Charlevil several Dutch Merchants in Limerick and Clare Baron Hartstongue at the Bruff Besides very considerable addition of Cloth Bays Stuffs and Stockins at Cork and Bandon c. In Connaght the Lord Kingston at Abby Boyle Sir James Cuff at Some time after the Duke on his particular account attempted a Manufacture at Callen and also gave great incouragement to some Undertakers to erect the most considerable Manufacture Ireland ever saw for Cloth and Stuffs at Clonmell which for some years imployed many hundreds of people and made as good Cloth and Stuffs as England could produce In Ulster the Lord Dungannon at Dundalk but the Scotch and Irish in that Province addicting themselves to spinning of Linnen Yarn attained to vast quantities of that Commodity which they transported to their great profit the conveniency of which drew thither multitudes of Linnen Weavers that my opinion is there is not a greater quantity of Linnen product in the like circuâ— in Europe and although the generality of theiâ— Cloth fourteen years since was sleisie and thin yet of late it is much improved to a good fineness and strength and will in all probability increase daily both in quantity and quality but all the other Manufactures mentioned after the Dukes removal from the Government dwindled away to nothing except two or three that like sick folk are ready to expire the Causes of which and Remedies I shall shew at large in my Discourse of Manufacture supposing this account of the state of Affairs all the time of the Dukes first Government is a sufficient Answer to the Objection and corroborates my Assertion that it is the Interest of Ireland to be governed by persons peculiarly interested in its prosperity An Answer to the Objection pag. 93. IT is objected in pag. 93. of the 2d Part if the bloody Massacre in 1641 c. proceeded not from any depravity from Principles of Humanity nor from any spirit of revenge or personal hatred against the Protestants but only from their bloody Tenents in matters of Religion as you affirm it were necessary to instance what Points of their Religion they are that render them so dangerous they professing themselves Christians c. Answer As I there hint it is not the Religion of the Church of Rome viz. what relates to Faith and Worship but the Policies of the Court of Rome that renders them so incompatible with civil Order and humane Society multitudes of Christians live safely amongst Turks and Pagans in Asia Africa and America without danger of Massacres or Assassinations on the account of Religion though they have no Law of true Religion to influence them yet the Law of Humanity is not wholly obliterated they know what it is to do as they would be done by as Gage and other Historians of the Spanish West Indians inform us those miserable Pagans will ask what place the Spaniard goes to after death vehemently declaring they will not worship that God whose Servants are so cruel lest they should be as barbarously used by them in the other world And as their inhumane bloody cruelty is condemned by the Law of Nature so much more by all moral and divine Laws Therefore what I shall insist on shall be such Tenents as are not only against all Christian but Moral