Queen Mother joyns them the King gets the better and Executes many of them p. 272 The Seventeenth BOOK Chap. I. THE beginning of the War in Aragon many Rebellious Nobles in Castile put to Death The War betwixt Castile and Aragon carry'd on by Sea and Land p. 275 Chap. II. The Kings of Castile and Aragon both call the Moors to their assistance The War is carry'd on vigorously on both sides The Castilians treacherous to their King He punishes many of them The Computation of Time in Aragon altered p. 277 Chap. III. The Death of Queen Blanch and D. Maria de Padilla Peace betwixt Castile and Aragon The War with the Moors and Death of their King The King of Aragon 's Daughter Marry'd to the King of Sicily p. 278 Chap. IV. Castile and Navarre joyn in League The War is carry'd on successfully against Aragon by King Peter of Castile who declares the Lady Mary de Padilla to have been his lawful Wife The Death of John King of France and Constance Queen of Aragon p. 281 Chap. V. Count Henry Proclaim'd King of Castile King Peter expell'd the Kingdom Refus'd Entertainment in Portugal gathers a Fleet in Galicia and flyes into France to the Protection of the English p. 282 Chap. VI. The War betwixt France Navarre and Aragon King Peter of Castile supported by the English in France is brought into Spain by the Prince of Wales with an Army Overthrows Henry the Vsurper and recovers his Kingdom p. 284 Chap. VII King Peter Excommunicated and Absolv'd Count Henry returns into Spain is again receiv'd by many Places Toledo opposes him and is Besieg'd King Peter comes to its relief is overthrown betray'd to and murder'd by Henry the Bastard p. 286 Chap. VIII Several Foreign Princes pretenders to the Crown of Castile War with Aragon Portugal and Granada Affairs of Aragon Sardinia and Navarre The League betwixt Portugal and Aragon p. 288 Chap. IX The Siege of Carmona The King of Portugal Marries the Lady Ellenor de Meneses Peace betwixt Castile Portugal and Navarre p. 289 Chap. X. Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Aragon Several Matches of Princes French and Spaniards Besiege Bayonne in vain The Papal Chair restored to Rome Death of Frederick King of Sicily p. 292 The Eighteenth BOOK Chap. I. THE Wars of Navarre Matches of some of King Henry 's Children The Schism in the Church caused by the Election of the two Popes Urban and Clement The Death of the King of Castile and of Mahomet the Moorish King of Granada p. 294 Chap. II. King John succeeds his Father in the Throne of Castile Charles King of France dies Charles VI. succeeds him Pope Clement own'd in Spain thro' the French Interest p. 296. Chap. III. Charles Duke of Durazzo Crown'd King of Naples The War with Portugal Peace concluded The King of Portugal dies Actions of the Aragonians and Catalonians in Greece and of the former in Sardinia p. 297 Chap. IV. Portugal full of Divisions about the Succession to the Crown King John of Castile having been Proclaim'd at Lisbon enters that Kingdom has many places deliver'd to him Besieges Lisbon but is forced to raise the Siege and return to Castile p. 299 Chap. V. John the Bastard Master of Avis Proclaim'd King of Portugal King John of Castile sends his Fleet then enters Portugal himself with an Army The famous Battle of Aljubarrota and rout of the Castilians p. 301 Chap. VI. The Portugueses make an Inroad into Castile and defeat a Body of Castilians The Duke of Lancaster lands at Corun̄a and takes several Towns The Death of the Kings of Naples Aragon and Navarre p. 303 Chap. VII Peace concluded with the English The Heir of Castile in imitation of the Prince of Wales in England is created Prince of Asturias A Truce with Portugal and the Moors King John of Castile kill'd by a Fall from his Horse p. 304 Chap. VIII John King of Aragon upon complaint of his Subjects complies with their demands Irruptions of the French into Aragon Henry III. Proclaim'd King of Castile The Form of Government appointed there during his Minority p. 307 Chap. IX The Contentions betwixt the Nobility of Castile about the Government They agree on a Settlement then alter it The Affairs of the Moors at Granada War renew'd with Portugal King Charles VI. of France runs distracted p. 308 Chap. X. The Divisions among the Nobility of Castile continue A Truce betwixt Castile and Portugal for 15 Years The Nobility at length pacify'd Sicily brought under the Aragonian Yoke p. 310 The Nineteenth BOOK Chap. I. KIng Henry takes upon him the Government The Cortes at Madrid Discontents among the Nobility The Death of the Master of Alcantara The Biscainers invade the Canary-Islands The Plague at Madrid p. 313 Chap. II. Another Rebellion in Castile quell'd by the King Pope Clement dies and Benedict XIII is Elected which continues the Schism The strange Death of John King of Aragon p. 315 Chap. III. The Queen of Navarre returns to her Husband The Earl of Faux invades Aragon The War betwixt Castile and Portugal renew'd Joseph King of Granada dies Mahomet his second Son Vsurps The Turks come over into Europe p. 317 Chap. IV. Two Franciscans Preaching to the Moors of Granada suffer Martyrdom The Truce with Portugal renew'd Two great Plagues in Spain and France The Year of Jubilee 1400. p. 319 Chap. V. The Death of the Queen of Sicily Of Tamerlan and Bajazet Pope Benedict again receiv'd in Castile The King of Castile has a Son born Pope Boniface dies Innocent VIII chosen at Rome p. 321 Chap. VI. Great Tumults in Aragon appeas'd by the Cortes A Battle betwixt the Castilians and the Moors The Cortes of Castile meet at Toledo and King Henry dies there A Notable Action of his p. 322 Chap. VII The Crown offer'd to Prince Ferdinand be refuses it John II. Proclaim'd King of Castile The Death of the Queen of Aragon The War of Granada Several Places taken by the Christians who also obtain a Victory at Sea p. 324 Chap. VIII The Murder of the Duke of Orleans by him of Burgundy The War carry'd on with the Moors and a Truce concluded Original of D. Alvaro de Luna Continuation of the Schism p. 326 Chap. IX The Death of Martin King of Sicily Several Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon Their several Claims Martin King of Aragon prefers that of his Nephew Prince Ferdinand of Castile tho' unjust p. 328 Chap. X. The Moors having done much harm in the Christian Territories Prince Ferdinand marches against them defeats them and takes Antequera and other Places Martin King of Aragon dies A Love Adventure p. 329 The Twentieth BOOK Chap. I. THE State of Christendom Nine Judges appointed in Aragon to decide the dispute about the Succession Arguments us'd by each of the Candidates The Government of King John of Portugal p. 332 Chap. II. Ferdinand Prince of Castile declar'd King of Aragon by the Judges and afterwards Proclaim'd at
Trastamara was with him this Man was employ'd to offer Bertran Claquin many Towns and 200000 Castilian Doubles to leave the service of Henry and carry the King off Bertran refus'd but being press'd consulted with some Friends who advis'd him to acquaint Henry with the Proposal He did so and Henry thanking him for his Fidelity perswaded him to carry on that Design and secure King Peter at his Quarters King Peter accordingly came with only a few Gentlemen to Bertran and said it was time to be gone At the same time Henry enter'd the Tent and stood some time as it were astonish'd at the sight of the King till a Frenchman pointing at him said to Henry Take notice that is your Enemy King Peter with his natural fierceness answer'd I am I am Then Henry taking out his Dagger wounded him in the Face they clasped one another and both fell to the Ground but Henry was undermost till Bertran turning them Henry got uppermost and then stabb'd the King several times till he dy'd A horrid sight to behold a lawful King descended of Kings murder'd by a Bastard Frossarte a French Historian writes that as Henry enter'd the place where the King was he said Where is this Jewish Son of a Where who calls himself King of Castile and at that the King answer'd Then art the Son of a Where for I am the lawful Son of King Alonso King Peter dy'd on the 23d of March in the flower of his Age being but 34 Years and 7 Months old he reign'd 19 Years lacking 3 Days His Body was carry'd without any Pomp to Alcoçer and there deposited in the Church of S. James Afterwards he was translated by King John the IId to the royal Monastery of Dominican Nuns at Madrid After the King's death several of his Followers were apprehended CHAP. VIII Several Foreign Princes pretenders to the Crown of Castile War with Aragon Portugal and Granada Affairs of Aragon Sardinia and Navarre The League bewixt Portugal and Aragon MOntiel immediately submitted and Toledo upon the News of the King's Death was surrender'd Among foreign Princes there arose a Dispute concerning the succession of the Crown All agreed that Henry being a Bastard could have no Right and every one strove to make his Advantage of the Troubles of Castile The King of Navarre as has been said had already taken several good Towns belonging to Castile Molina Can̄ete and Requena were betray'd by their Governours to the Aragonian The King of Portugal call'd himself King of Castile and Leon being great Grandson to King Sancho and Grandson to Beatrix his Daughter He was already possess'd of Cuida Rodrigo Alcantana and Tuy The King of Granada always a Friend to King Peter hop'd to make his Advantage Yet the greatest Storm was threaten'd from England and Guienne for John Duke of Lancaster Brother to the Prince of Wales had marry'd Constance Daughter to King Peter and the Earl of Cambridge another Brother had to Wife Elizabeth the younger Sister both Daughters to Da. Maria de Padilla The only remedy against all these Evils that hung over the new King Henry was to secure the Affections of the Nobility and Commons of the Kingdom Therefore he immediately went away to Sevil where he was receiv'd with the usual Joy of the Rabble thither all the Cities of Andaluzia sent to make their Submission except Carmona where King Peter had left his Children and Treasure under the Care of Martin Lopez de Cordova Master of Calatrava who still continu'd faithful to his dead Master At Sovil King Henry not without Infamy endeavour'd to settle a Truce with the King of Granada but could not obtain it Therefore having secur'd the Frontiers he went to Toledo knowing his Wife and Son were come thither from Burgos Here it was taken into Consideration how to raise Mony to pay the Arrears due to the Foreigners and what was promis'd to Bertran Claquin at Montiel for his good Service or rather infamous Treachery All that could be gather'd of the King's Revenue was but a small Summ towards satisfying the Foreigners who boasted they had put the Crown upon Henry's Head To supply this want two new sorts of base Coin were invented the one call'd Cruzados the other Royals which caus'd all things to grow excessive dear The Kings of Aragon and Portugal at this time infested the Frontiers Pero Gonzalez de Mendoça and Alvar Garcia de Albornoz were sent with an Army to oppose the Aragonians and recover'd Requena from them Henry himself march'd towards Galicia where he heard the Portugueses did much harm By the way he attempted Zamora yet stay'd not to take it but enter'd Portugal between the Rivers Duero and Min̄o burning and destroying all the Country and taking Braga and Bragança This done he return'd into Castile His Brother Sancho was with him having been ransom'd from the English who took him at the Battel of Najara The King of Portugal was too weak to give Battel and Henry drew off with much hast upon the News that the King of Granada wasted all Andaluzia having taken Algezira and so demolish'd it that it was never after Rebuilt Besides he was forc'd to return to Castile to raise Mony for Payment of the foreign Souldiers and discharging of Bertran Claquin who was courted by the King of Aragon to go over into Sardinia against Marianus the Judge of Arborea who had again rebell'd and taken many Towns D. Peter de Luna had been sent against him before who reduc'd him to secure himself in the City Oristan whence watching his Opportunity he sally'd and surprising his Besiegers put the whole Army to flight killing the General and his Brother Philip. Some Days after Brancaleon Doria who was of the Lord of Arborea his Party was reconcil'd to the King but the Rebels made even for this loss by taking the City Sacer the Capital of the Island Berengarius Carroz Earl of Quirra was sent as General to put some stop to the Proceedings of the Rebels and Bertran Claquin was sollicited to accept of that Command Bertran was about to accept of that Offer when another more important War drew him away The People of Guienne weary of the English Government sollilicited the King of France to assist them in their Rebellion He gladly condescended and sent for Claquin to command his Army in that Expedition At the same time he desir'd the King of Navarre to assist him That King resolv'd to go into France tho he had but then sent John Cruzate Dean of Tudela into Aragon to settle a Confederacy He left his Queen to govern Navarre and went to his own Estate in Normandy resolving not to trust the King of France but to make his advantage of those Wars The King of France sent Embassadors to him and at last they had a Meeting at Vernon on the Seine Here they agreed the Navarrois should deliver up Mante Meùlan and the County of Longeuville about which they were
kill'd The Portugueses kept their Ground because it was advantagious and drew their Army into two Bodies NunÌ„o Alvarez Pereyra created Constable by the new King led the Van the main Body the King himself headed Both Parties advanc'd somewhat but the Portugueses not above a Stones throw to avoid coming out to the Plain Then the new Constable demanded a Conference at it were to make some Overtures of Peace but tho some Men of Note were sent to him they only spent time in fruitless Debates Mean while the Castilian Commanders consulted whether it were better to give Battel or delay it till the next Day The more prudent were against attacking the Enemy in that advantagious Post but the younger sort thought they had got them in a Pound whence none could escape John de Rio the French Embassador being ask'd his Opinion earnestly disswaded giving Battel and the King was inclinable to take his Advice when some young Noblemen without expecting the Signal furiously charg'd the Enemy then the others rather than leave them in the Danger advanc'd First the Darts and Arrows flew then they came to their Swords and the Horse and Foot fought desperately mixt without any Order Every Man stood his Ground resolving to kill or be kill'd The King of Castile by reason of his Indisposition was carry'd about upon Mens Shoulders and thence encourag'd his Men. The first Body of the Enemy began to give way and was ready to fly when their new King advanc'd with his Party loudly calling upon the Souldiers and encouraging them Thus animated they rally'd and the Fortune of the Day was soon chang'd The Castilian Commanders were slain in their King's sight without turning their Backs and great Numbers of Souldiers were Slaughter'd being depriv'd of their Officers The King fearing to fall into the Enemy's Hands mounted on Horseback and fled the rest follow'd his Example 10000 Men were slain and among them many of great Quality as two Cousin Germans of the King the Lieutenant of Castile the Admiral a Marshal de Camp and the French Embassador Night which came on soon after the Fight sav'd â—any Some of these joyned the Body commanded by the Master of Alcantara which notwithstanding the Rout held together Others went to meet Charles Son to the King of Navarre who had enter'd Portugal another way but came too late for the Fight The greatest Numour having lost their Arms fled into Castile It was no cheap Victory to the Portuguesess there are those who write they lost 2000 Men. The King of Castile Fear being more prodominant than his Weakness travell'd all Night without stopping till he came to Santarem which was 11 Leagues distant Thence he went down the River Tagus in a Boat and getting aboard his Fleet which lay before Lisbon sail'd away for Sevil. Thither he came cover'd with Mourning which he wore some Years That City receiv'd him with Joy and Tears mixt lamenting that great Loss but glad their King had escap'd the Danger This is the memorable Fight in which the Portugueses Triumph'd over the Power of Castile and was call'd of Aljubarrota because fought near the Village of that Name a Place only Famous for this Overthrow This Day was kept every Year by the Portugueses as a Holy Day and the Preachers from the Pulpits extoll'd the Valour of their Nation reproaching the Cowardize of the Castilians with Language misbecoming that Place the People resorting to hear them as it had been to a Play After the Victory all Portugal submitted to the Conqueror Sant arem Braganca and all other Places surrender'd and thus the New King secur'd to his Posterity the Crown he had wrongfully obtain'd At this time the King of Aragon was very ill at Figueras he was worn with Age and Troubles As soon as recover'd he shew'd himself Dissatisfy'd with his Son Prince John The People laid the Blame upon the Queen saying she had bewitch'd the King Prince John in Discontent withdrew from Court and call'd the Earl of Ampurias who had been outed his Estate with Forces from France to his Assistance For this reason the King depriv'd him of the Vicarship of the Kingdom an Honour peculiar to the eldest Son of those Kings In Aragon as has been said heretofore they have a Magistrate call'd the Justice of Aragon who is a sort of Moderator betwixt the King and the People in the Nature of the Roman Tribunes of the People To him the Prince had recourse to support him against the Wrongs offer'd him by his Father openly and by the Queen under hand That Justice supported him in the Possession of his Employment as having been Arbitrarily depos'd till the Case were brought to Judgment The Debate began this Year and was ended the next ensuing Let us see what happen'd in Castile and Portugal after that memorable Battel CHAP. VI. The Portugueses make an Inroad into Castile and defeat a Body of Castilians The Duke of Lancaster lands at Corunna and takes several Towns The Death of the Kings of Naples Aragon and Navarre THE Portugueses resolving to prosecute their Victory and make the most of their Success sent a solemn Embassy into England to joyn in League with the Duke of Lancaster the old pretender to the Crown of Castile in right of his Wife Whilst that Business was in agitation to avoid lying idle and hinder the Enemy from recovering themselves the new King of Portugal travers'd all the Country recovering entirely all that was possess'd by the Castilians His Constable NunÌ„o Pereyra made an Incursion into Andaluzia pillaging and wasting all that Province Peter NunÌ„ez Master of Santiago Gonzalo NunÌ„ez de Guzman now Master of Calatrava and the Earl of Niebla with what Forces had escap'd the late Rout went out to meet the Portugueses who were less in Number and inclos'd them as it were in a Net near a Town call'd Valverde They seeng their Danger offer'd to capitulate but Fortune still favour'd them for at the first Onset the Master of Santiago's Horse and then he himself was kill'd His Men taking this for an ill Omen drew off and the Portugueses return'd Home with a rich Booty NunÌ„o Pereyra the Constable for his good Service was by the new King created Earl of Barcelos Garci Fernandez de Villagarcia was by the King of Castile made Master of Santiago in stead of Peter NunÌ„ez That King was concern'd how to defend himself against the English He went away from Sevil to Valladolid to hold the Cortes or Parliament Charles Son to the King of Navarre a brave Prince and grateful towards his Brother-in-Law met him at that City It was resolv'd to levy greater Forces than had been in Arms till that time That all Subiects should arm themselves according to their Power That publick Prayers should be made to appease God That Foreign Succours should be procur'd as well of Mony as Men for there was great scarcity of it France was judg'd the most likely place to find
Relief and a solemn Embassy was sent thither The Embassadors having laid down the miserable Condition of their King made humble suit for assistance and all the Nobles of France unanimously agreed the King ought to be supported It was resolv'd 2000 Horse should be sent into Castile under Luis de Bourbon the King's Uncle by the Mothers side and 100000 Florines for their pay They promis'd if this relief prov'd too small that the King himself would March in Person with all the Power of France and esponse the Quarrel of Castile Pope Clement from Avignon wrote a letter to King John comforting him in his Adversity Peter Earl of Trastamara the King's Cousin who deserted from his Army to Coimbra and thence went over into France being pardon'd return'd now into Castile These Helps were small but the slowness of the English prov'd the safety of Castile The King of Portugal besieg'd Coria but could not take it because some fresh Forces got into it therefore he return'd Home with much Booty The Corses met again at Segovia in order to lay Taxes for raising of Mony Here the King Publish'd a Manifesto to prove his Title to the Crown against the Duke of Lancaster But what just Title could the Son of a Bastard have where there were so many of the True Line living The Duke of Lancaster accepted of the Offers made by the Portugues He endeavour'd to obtain passage through Aragon and the King of Castile to hinder it Both parties sent their Embassadors to that King upon this account Passage being refus'd the Duke came over from England into Spain by Sea and landed at Coruna on the 26th of July In that Port he took 6 Galleys of Castile Fernan Perez de Andrada Governour of the Town defended it with such bravery it was not taken The English were only 1500 Horse and the like number of expert Archers a small Body but might have done great Harm had they immediately joyn'd the Portugueses The time they lost before Corun̄a gave a great Advantage to their Enemies Nevertheless they took several Towns in Galicia and even the City of Santiago the Metropolis of that Kingdom Some Men of Note of that Country went over to the English The Duke of Laucaster at length sail'd for Portugal and Anchor'd at the Mouth of the River Duero The King and Duke met at Porto With the Duke came his Wife Constance his Daughter Catherine and Philippa and Elizabeth two Daughters by his first Wife It was resolv'd they should joyn their Forces That the Duke should have the Kingdom of Castile and the Portugues certain Cities and Towns They agree'd the new King should marry the Dukes Daughter Philippa in Case the Pope would dispense with his Vow of Chastity as Master of Avis The King of Castile was at Zamora making Preparations to defend himself and gathering the Forces that came from France and Castile He publish'd an Edict by which all were ennobl'd who should serve two Months with Horse and Arms at their own Cost and Charge D. John Garcia Manrique Arch-bishop of Sevil was sent with a good Body of Men to secure Leon. All things succeeded better than was expected The third part of the English not us'd to that Climate was consum'd by Sickness Besides many ranging the Country disorderly were cut off by the Boors Thus nothing remarkable was done that Summer only some Messages pass'd betwixt the Kings The Duke sent to challenge the King of Castile and require him to resign up that Crown to him The King also sent Persons of Note to justify his Title but underhand to propose a Match betwixt his Son and Heir Henry and the Dukes Daughter by the Lady Constance This Proposal was no way displeasing to the Duke yet in publick he answer'd He would hear of no Terms but delivering up the Kingdom Near about this time tho far remote as to Place dy'd three Kings On the 4th of June Charles King of Naples was kill'd in Hungary his Head being cloven with a Partesan On the first of January following which began the Year 1387. Charles the IId King of Navarre ended his Days at Pamplona Some say it was the Year before His Body was buried in the Cathedral of that City Four Days after Peter the IVth King of Aragon departed this Life at Barcelona He liv'd 75 Years and reign'd 51 wanting 19 Days Of Stature he was small not Healthy very quick a great lover of Honour and of making a show of Majesty in so much that he was call'd Peter the Ceremonious He maintain'd War against powerful Princes without Foreign Aids only by his own Valour and Conduct was a lover of learned Men and particularly addicted to Astrology and Chimistry His Body was first bury'd at Barcelona and thence translated to Poplete as he had ordain'd Charles King of Naples upon the death of Luis King of Hungary had that Crown offer'd him by the Nobility he went thither and being entertain'd at Dinner by the Queen was murder'd by her Order He left a Son and a Daughter which were Ladislaus and Joanna they both reigned in Naples successively and the one being a Child the other unfit for Government they were the cause of Bloody Wars in Italy The King of Navarre had long been troubled with a Leaprousy It was commonly reported he was burnt to death for that by the Advice of Phisitians he us'd to be wrap'd in Cloaths dip'd in Brimstone on which a Spark of Fire accidentally falling is said to have consumed the Bed and Him This was the more easily believed because he was Cruel Covetous and Lascivious Joanna his youngest Daughter was Married to John de Montforte Duke of Britany who had by her four Sons and three Daughters Charles the Son of him Deceased Friend and Brother-in-Law to the King of Castile inherited the Crown of Navarre He return'd out of Castile and in the Cortes caus'd Pope Clement to be own'd as had been done in Castile for till then Navarre as well as Aragon had stood Neuter This was thought to be done rather to please the French and Castilians than out of respect to Justice The King of Castile to oblige the new King withdrew his Garrisons out of several Towns in Navarre which he held by Contract and forgave him a great Summ of Mony his Father ow'd Thus the new King was encourag'd to attempt the recovery of many Towns taken from his Father in Normandy by the French and English and sent Embassadors to them accordingly This King was mild liberal and generous whence he came to be call'd the Noble By his Wife the Lady Ellenor he had the Princesses Joanna Mary Blanch Beatrix and Elizabeth his Sons Charles and Luis died Young Illegitimate Godfrey Marques of Cortes the Founder of that Family and Joanna marry'd to In̄igo de Zuniga In Aragon King John was Crown'd after the death of his Father He was a meek Prince if not provok'd He could not be present at the
enterment of his Father being then Sick at Girona nor attend the Government then in Confusion the Queen Dowager her Brother and many Men of Note being imprison'd they endeavour'd to fly for fear of the new King The Queen was accus'd by a Jew of having given her Husband some bewitching Potion severals were tortur'd and put to death on this account and the Queen condemn'd to the Wrack but it was not put in Execution yet all her Estate was seiz'd and she only allow'd a Pension to live on The first thing the King did was the submitting his Kingdom to Pope Clement as Castile and Navarre had done before John Earl of Ampurias being at Barcelona in Hopes to be rewarded for his Services to the new King while Prince was cast into Prison upon Pretence that he had call'd in the French to recover his Estate D. Ximeno Peres de Arenos the King's Lord Chamberlain was sent to compose the Affairs of Sardinia He agreed with the Lady Ellenor Arborea in behalf of her Son Marianus whom she had by her Husband Brancaleon Doria That the Judicature of Arborea should remain to them and their Heirs That for other Towns they pretended Right to they should be left to Arbitration That all Places taken during the War should be restor'd Both Parties having Sign'd these Articles the War ceas'd CHAP. VII Peace Concluded with the English The Heir of Castile in imitation of the Prince of Wales in England is created Prince of Asturias A Truce with Portugal and the Moors King John of Castile kill'd by a fall from his Horse THE Treaty of Peace with the English was still afoot and yet the War was vigorously Prosecuted 600 English Horse and as many Archers for the rest were consum'd with Sickness sat down before Benavente whith them 2000 Portuguese Horse and 6000 Foot Alvaro Osoiro the Governour defended the Place bravely and did the Enemy some Harm The King of Castile was unwilling to hazard a Battel which gave the Enemy the Opportunity of taking some Towns in that Neighbourhood Yet their Loss was greater than the Advantage they could propose to themselves for the Flague rag'd among the Foreigners and Famine consum'd them all Therefore after two Months spent in the Siege they return'd into Portugal The Treaty of Peace drew near to a Conclusion therefore the King of Castile sent back the Succours that came to him from France He also sent Embassadors to the Duke of Lancaster with Power to conclude The Duke was at Trancoso a Town in Portugal there he receiv'd the Embassadors The Articles agreed upon were That the King's Son and Duke's Daughter should immediately be contracted That the Bride by way of Joynture should have Soria Atiença Almaçan and Molina That the Dutchess her Mother should have Gaudalajara Medina del Campo and Olmedo That the Duke should have 600000 Florines paid him at certain times appointed and 40000 yearly during his Life and the Life of his Wife Constance These are the Heads of that Agreement The King of Portugal storm'd not thinking himself secure as long as he of Castile reign'd On the other side the Duke complain'd that the King had consummated the Marriage with his Daughter before the dispensation came and therefore from Porto sail'd directly for Bayonne in France Upon his Departure the Towns in Galicia that held for the English submitted to their King as did the Gentry that sided with them having obtain'd Pardon The King of Castile commonly resided at Salamanca or Toro to be at Hand upon all Occasions He sent Embassadors to Bayonne to ratify what had been concluded The greatest Difficulty lay in raising the Mony to pay the Duke of Lancaster To this intent the Cortes met at Briviesca about the beginning of the Year 1388. To oblige his Subjects the King granted all their Requests It was design'd to lay the Tax upon Estates without exempting the Nobility or Clergy but the great Ones opposing it as a Breach of Privilege other Methods were found out After the Cortes broke up the Kings of Castile and Navarre met first at Calahorra then at Navarrets where they renew'd their antient Friendship Queen Ellenor bore her Husband company and with his Consent stay'd in Castile to try whether her Country Air could cure her as she pretended but in reality to be parted from him as afterwards appear'd After this interview the King of Castile appointed the City of Palencia for the Cortes to meet because the Plague was still at Burgos Here his Son was with great Pomp marry'd to the Duke of Lancaster's Daughter Their Ages were not answerable the Prince being but 10 Years of Age the Lady Catharine 19. The eldest Sons of the Kings of England are call'd Princes of Wales In imitation of them the King of Castile created his Son Prince of Asturias and gave him the Lordships of Bijar and Andujar which Custom has continu'd to our Days and so we shall hereafter call the Heir of the Crown The chief Thing done at the Cortes was setling how the Mony for the Duke of Lancaster should be rais'd That done and Peace concluded Constance the Dutchess King Peter's Daughter laying aside the Title of Queen came in August to Medina del Campo to see the King who entertain'd her nobly and gave her the City Huete Betwixt the King and the Duke rich Presents pass'd particularly the Duke sent the King a very curious Crown of Gold The Dutchess went to Guadalajara and took Possession of that Place about the beginning of the Year 1389 The King stay'd at Madrid thither came Embassadors to him from the Duke of Lancaster desiring they might meet on the Borders of Guienne and Biscay He set out in order to it but fell sick by the Way at Burgos yet went on as far as Victoria where he took leave of the Dutchess sending some Persons of Note to bear her Company and excuse him to her Husband on account of his Indisposition In reality he fear'd meeting the Duke left he should endeavour to take him off from siding with the French and he was unwilling to disoblige the Duke or break with France The Duke thus disappointed communicated his Design to the Embassadors who answer'd they had no Orders about that Affair and so return'd to Victoria On the 13th of March as they were digging a Foundation in some part of the Church of S. Engracia at Zaragoça they found two Tombs with Inscriptions the one of S. Engracia the other of S. Lupercius Among the Articles made with the English there was one that any of the Allyes of either part should be admitted into that Treaty The Cortes of Castile met at Segovia and sent Embassadors to Portugal to try whether that King would come into the League He puss'd up with Success had resolv'd to continue the War and invade Galicia yet by the Industry of F. Ferdinand de Illescas one of the Embassadors he agreed to a Truce for
Brother Hiaya Aldirbil much unlike to his Father and Brother He was a Coward and unfit for Government Lewd in his Life and spar'd not the Wives and Daughters of his Subjects whereby he became odious as well to the Moors as Christian Inhabitants of Toledo Upon the death of Hissem D. Alonso was discharged of the Oath he had taken at Toledo to be Friend to the Father and Son Both Moors and Christians weary of the Tyranny of that new Prince solicited King Alonso to free them from that Slavery and possess himself of that City These were the first inducements to undertake the Conquest of that most Noble City the Metropolis of all that Kingdom D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona dy'd in that City and was bury'd in the Cathedral thereof which he had built from the Ground with all suitable Pomp and Grandeur He divided his Dominions betwixt his two Sons D. Berenguel and D. Ramon called Cabeça de Estopa or Flaxen-Head This last according to Mariana the Younger but according to several Testimonies brought in Opposition to him by Peter Mantuanus in his Animadversions on his History the elder Brother Marry'd a Vertuous Lady Daughter to Robert Guiscard a Norman but then very Powerful in Italy as Zurita lib. 1. cap. 1. relates At this time the Normans were possessed of the extreme parts of Italy and Sicily This Lady built two Monasteries one of the Invocation of S. Daniel in the Valley of S. Mary in the Territory of Cabrera the other near Girona where after the death of her Husband she spent the remainder of her Life in much Sanctity Both Monasteries were given to the Nuns of S. Benedict D. Ramon Arnaldo or Berenguel who succeeded his Father in that Earldom was Son to this Lady About the same time Armengaud Earl of Vrgel made War upon the Moors in those Parts and William Jordan Earl of Cerdagne prosecuted the Arian Hereticks who now began again to appear in those parts after having been so long suppressed He Banished them Confiscated their Goods made them Infamous and put the Obstinate to death Thro' the Valour of Armengaud many Towns along the River Segre were taken from the Moors and particularly the City Balaguer the Metropolis of the Earldom of Vrgel Since we have above mentioned the Normans it will not be amiss to add a few Lines in relation to them their Conquests in Italy being parts we shall have much occasion to speak of in this History It has been already said how they being a Northern People possess'd themselves of that part of France before called Neustria and from them Normandy This they did under Rollo their Chief and General The 7th Duke from him was William called the Conqueror for that having defeated and slain Harold he made himself King of England Another Army of Normans went thro' France into Italy which was then divided into several small Principalities and much wasted with intestine Wars Here they first served in the Wars of Lombardy and Tuscany then passing into the Kingdom of Naples where they received Pay of the Prince of Capua and soon after for better Pay went over to him of Salerno who with their assistance obtained the Victory over his Enemy This War being ended thro' the persuasions of Maniacus Governor of Apulia and Calabria for the Grecian Emperor they undertook the Conquests of Sicily then possess'd by the Moors Their success was such that in a short time they drove the Infidels out of the Island then falling at variance with the Greeks expelled them also Thus they laid the Foundations of a mighty Monarchy in Italy and Sicily for at the fame of their success many more resorted to them out of Normandy All that was taken was divided among the Conquerors but the others soon dying all was devolved upon Robert Guiscard and Roger. Robert called himself Duke of Apulia and Calabria Roger was Earl of Sicily Robert by two Wives had these Children Boamundus Roger and one Daughter who if what the Catalonians say be true was Married to D. Ramon Earl of Barcelona as has been above related Roger had a Son also called Roger whâ—â— hanged the Title of Earl for that of King and at last became sole Lord of all that the Normans held both in Italy and Sicily Besides Italy and Greece were Tributary to him This is taken out of Gaufridus the Monk who writ the Actions of the Normans in Italy at the request of the said Earl Roger. But let us leave Italy and return to Spain The Citizens of Toledo ceased not to Sollicite the Christians to undertake the Conquest of that City Exaggerating the Calamities they endured begging relief and protesting if they were not speedily delivered from the Tyranny of their King they must have recourse to other Moors for Assistance King Alonso was perplexed and knew not what to do fearing on the one hand what might be said of him and considering on the other the great advantage of gaining that City Therefore he resolved to put it to the Votes of the Chief Nobility and Persons of most Understanding Opinions as is usual in such cases were various The most bold and daring were for undertaking that War shewing the great advantage that would Accrew to the King and to Christianity in General Others more wary said there could be no reason to attempt such a Conquest it being contrary to Conscience and Honour to break the Peace Established with those Kings where the King had received such Obligations The King having heard all their Opinions at length yielded to the desire he had of Conquering that Noble City and having positively declared his intention to be such the whole Council easily agreed to it and it was unanimously decreed to make War upon the Moors This being resolved the King applyed himself to gather store of Arms Provisions Horses and all other Necessaries He made new Levies and offered rewards to such of the Old Soldiers who were dispersed about the Kingdom as would serve All things were furnished with the more speed because News was brought that the Moors having called the King of Badajoz to their Assistance he was preparing to relieve them Such was their expedition that both Armies arrived together in sight of Toledo but the Moors perceiving King Alonso had a Gallant Army returned without attempting any thing Yet the City could not be taken at that time for that the King of it was well provided against a Siege and the natural strength of the place deterred all Men. The Christians wasted the Country burnt the Corn drove the Cattle and many Prisoners and then returned home This destruction was began in the Year 1079. and continued the next and several Years afters Canales and Olmos two Towns near that City were taken well Garrisoned and thence all the Country continually infested Thus by degrees the City began to be straitned and suffered much want Toledo is for the most part furnished with Provisions brought from
that they so Knighted were at Age and it was a means to spur them on to imitate the Virtues of their Forefathers In this manner proceeded the affairs of Castile and Portugal whilst in Aragon all things succeeded with the Christians All that part formerly called Celtiberia was brought under our Dominion Molina which before payed Tribute surrendered To the City Pamplona was added the Suburb of S. Saturninus which the French Peopled and had all the Priviledges of free Citizens granted them and the immunities of Jaca according to which they were constituted a particular Government among themselves The Moors possessed the Sea Coasts about the Mouth of the River Ebro and from thence did much harm in the Neighbouring Country There was need of a Fleet to curb them therefore the King caused a great number of Vessels to be built at Zaragoça and we read that in the time of Vespasian the Emperor that River was Navigable as far as Logrono 65 Leagues from the Sea Mequinencia supposed to be the same Caesar calls Octogesa a strong Town seated where the Rivers Cinga and Segre met was now taken by the King of Aragon All this joyful success was turned into sorrow in this manner Fraga a Town among the Ilergetes by Ptolomey called Gallica Flavia better known by the disaster that now hap'ned than any thing remarkable in it is seated on a rising ground which being washed away by the River Cinga is difficult of access and may be easily defended by a few against a greater number On the back of the Town are Hillocks all filled which lie so close to the place that no Engines can be brought to batter it After taking Mequinencia the King resolving to carry on his Conquests entered the Country that lies up the River Segre which was very well fortified and great numbers of Moors had fled thither for security This concourse made the Kings of Lerida and Fraga grow Powerful The King of Aragon invested Fraga in the Year 1133. his Preparations were greater than the success for Winter coming on and the rains falling he was obliged to put his Army into Quarters resolving to return early in the Spring About February the Siege began and lasted all March and April without any effect the Besieged being furnished with all things necessary to hold out a long time and encouraged with the hopes of relief Abengamia King of Lerida came to raise the Siege with a good Army The Battle was fought near Fraga the Christians were but few in number and those tired many of them were killed Nevertheless this loss did not oblige them to quit the Siege because the loss sustained by the Moors was not inferor to theirs However the King fearing what might follow went away towards the Frontiers of Castile to gather more Forces in the Territory of Soria By the way he wasted the Enemies Country as far as Monçon The King with 300 Horse following the main Body was on a sudden beset by a great number of the Enemy Seeing the danger with few words he encouraged his Men who fell on and fought as could be expected in such a desperate exigency Above all the King signalized himself being well known by his Garment and bright Armour so that all the Moors bending their fury against him he was at length kill'd Having lost their King some of his Men dy'd bravely others escaped by flight This is the truth of that King 's unhappy end tho' several other false rumours have been spread among the ignorant People Some would have it that after this defeat he went to Jerusalem and dy'd there Others write that his Body was bought of the Moors and bury'd at Montaragon My. Opinion is that his Body was not found which gave occasion to invent many Fables about him Certain it is that misfortune hap'ned near the Town of Sarin̄ena on the 7th of September in the Year 1134. This Prince was a Person of singular Valour and Conduct An Ancient Author affirms he fought 29. Battles and was in most of them Victorious He Reigned 30 Years His Will was made three Years before his Death when he Besieg'd Bayonne which our Histories say he took and that at that Siege Peter Earl of Lara fought with Alonso Earl of Toulouze and was by him slain This Will was very remarkable and caused great troubles and confusion By it he left many Towns and Castles to several Churches in Spain and because he had no Children he made the Knights Templers the Hospitalers and those that kept the Sepulcher of Jerusalem Heirs of all his Dominions It concludes with many heavy Curses upon such as shall presume to infringe any part of it Yet the Aragonians and Navarrois assembled at Borgie a place on the Frontiers of Navarre in order to choose a King Peter Atares a Noble Man as some imagine rather than prove of the Blood Royal held that Town by Gift of the deceased King He was a Person of great merit and had doubtless been declar'd King had not his extraordinary Pride prevented it Thus the assembly broke up without coming to any Resolution The Navarrois hated the Government of the Aragonians and thought it was lawful at all times when occasion offer'd to cast off the Yoke that had been violently forced upon them Hereupon they had a meeting apart and at the perswasion of Sancho Rosa Bishop of Pamplona Proclaimed D. Garcia King He was descended of their Ancient Royal Family for he was Son to D. Ramiro and Grandson to D. Sancho who as was said was killed by his Brother Raimund On the other side the Aragonians assembling at Monçon Proclaimed D. Ramiro Brother to the late King notwithstanding he was a Monk Abbot of Sahagun and elect Bishop of Burgos first then of Pamplona and lastly of Roda and Barbastro There is yet extant an Original Instrument dated at Barbastro in October in which he stiles himself King and Priest Nor was this all for tho' he had been above 40. Years a Monk they obliged him to Marry having to that purpose obtained a dispensation of Pope Innocent II. so that he was at once a Monk a Priest a Bishop a Marry'd Man and a King He Marry'd Agnes Sister to William Earl of Poitiers and Guienne who dy'd two Years after at Santiago in Galicia whither he went in Pilgrimage His eldest Daughter Ellenor was Marryed to Luis the Young King of France from whom after having two Daughters she was Divorced by Command of Pope Eugenius III. on account of Consanguinity After that Divorce the King of France Marry'd Elizabeth the Daughter of Alonso VII King of Castile Ellenor was Marry'd to Henry Duke of Normandy and Anjau afterwards King of England by this Match Poitiers and Guienne or Aquitain were annex'd to the Crown of England whence ensu'd Bloody Wars betwixt those two Nations CHAP. IX The King of Castile aspires to the Crowns of Aragon and Navarre Stiles himself Emperor Ramiro King of
Learning gained him renown This moved the Electoral Princes of Germany after the Death of the Emperor William to choose him his Successor But they did not all consent for the Archbishops of Cologne and Mentz and the Count Palatine Elected Richard Duke of Cornwal Brother to Henry King of England This Election was made on the 6th of January in the Year 1256 some say two Years later The Archbishop of Treves and Duke of Saxony looking upon the other as invallid on the last day of March following made choice of King Alonso Embassadors were sent to them both and both took the Title of Emperors but Richard had so much the advantage that he immediately went over into Germany and was Crowned the first time at Aquisgran by the Archbishop of Cologne King Alonso was hindred by his Domestick troubles and forced to put off his departure This delay gave time to his party to cool in their Affections and the other to strengthen it self Richard seemed to have the better Title being chosen within the Year after the Death of his Predecessor and on the day appointed for the Election and also for that within the space of another Year he was Crowned at Aquisgran by the Archbishop of Cologne and seated in the Chair of Charlemaigne in token of possession Besides the Princes and Governours did him Homage All these Circumstances pleaded for Richard's right whereas King Alonso had performed none of the usual Ceremonies Both the Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia who are the Umpires when there is any thing depending had declared for Richard On the other side King Alonso pleaded that he was Elected according to Custom within the City Walls That the Archbishop of Cologne and the Palatine came with great Military Power as it were to force the others and had made a Separate Election without the Town That the Princes in the City had waited so long to reduce them to observe Order and at length the Archbishop of Treves with the Duke of Saxony who had also the Marques of Bradenburgh's Voice had Elected King Alonso the King of Bohemia's Embassador joining with them Besides these formal reasons they exprobrated Crimes to each other one side said The Archbishop of Treves was Excommunicated for oppressing his Subjects with Taxes The other objected he of Cologne had Wounded the Pope's Legate and stricken a Bishop and that the Elector Palatine abused the Churchmen and in the late Confusions had joyned with the Emperor against the Pope King Alonso being far off was detained by many troubles at home besides that he was naturally unconstant and hoped by some Artifice to put an end to that debate Richard was hindred by the Wars at that time betwixt England and France and dy'd the 6th Year after he took the Title of Emperor The end of this contest shall be told in its place CHAP. VI. Aragon and Castile at variance and reconcil'd Sancho King of Portugal dies in Exile Death of the Queen and Prince of Aragon Portugal under an Interdict Marriages of the King of Navarre and Prince of Aragon KING Alonso was naturally Mild had a great Spirit sought Glory rather than Pleasure addicted himself to Learning yet was very inconstant and covetous which drew upon him the hatred of the People and he neglected to gain the Love of the Nobility To shun idleness the ground of all intestine troubles he invaded Andaluzia his Army divided into several Bodies the better to recover divers places the Moors still possessed He in Person took Xeres his Brother Henry Arcos and Nebrixa a Town near the mouth of the River Guadalquivir D. Nun̄o de Lara was appointed Governour of Xerez Now might the Moors have been expell'd all that Country had not another War called away the King Theobald the second King of Navarre being come to Age with the assistance of the King of Aragon with whom he had renewed the League before made resolved to invade Castile pretending that Guipuscoa Alava Rioja and Briviesca belonged to his Crown and had been wrongfully taken from his Predecessors Many Nobles of Castile went over to Aragon and Navarre having first by a publick instrument renounced their Country which was the Custom used then not to be thought Traytors These stirred up and incensed that Young Prince Among them the chief was James de Haro who soon dy'd at Ban̄ares whether he went to be Cur'd Yet his Son Lope de Haro with a great retinue went to Estela where the King of Aragon then was The same did Prince Henry being much disgusted with his Brother These Princes made a League among themselves The People of Castile tho' they had not declared were of the same Opinion They were offended at the baseness of the Coin which caused all things to grow dear and the King having set rates upon all things there ensued a great scarcity because those who had stocks would not sell at that rate King Alonso understanding his danger began to Treat of some Accommodation with the King of Aragon who was not averse to it being again tho' old entangled in the Love of D. Teresa Vidaura to such a degree that he seemed infatuated At Soria the two Kings met and concluded a Peace in the Year 1256. At the same time Marguerite Mother of Theobald King of Navarre dy'd in Champagne whether she went to settle the affairs of that Earldom She was buryed in the Monastery of Claravelle then Famous for the Sanctity of its Monks The following Year dy'd at Toledo Sancho Capelo King of Portugal as Garibay in his History relates but Duarte Nun̄ez will have his Death to have happen'd in the Year 1246. His Brother Alonso who had Governed the Kingdom Thirteen Years only as Regent now took the Title of King He had by Beatrix Daughter to the King of Castile Denis his eldest Son Alonso Earl of Portalegre Blanch who lies bury'd at Huelgas where she was long Abbess and Constance who dy'd Young At this time Henry the King's Brother stirred up both the Moors and Christians at Nebrixa whether he was withdrawn to Rebellion D. Nun̄o de Lara having notice of it repaired thither from Sevil and Prince Henry not being able to oppose him fled by Sea to Valencia The King of Aragon at first received him favourably but for fear of infringing the Treaty concluded with his Brother obliged him to take his flight into Africk Thence after four Years spent at Tun̄ez he went over poor and miserable into France and so into Italy desiring to make War on his Brother if any Prince would support him The King of Aragon having setled Valencia passed over to Mompellier designing to meet the King of France On the 11th of May in the Year 1258. they met at Carbolio and were perfectly reconciled both parties freely resigning what had been before taken on either side Catalonia and Barcelona were also declared wholly independent of the Crown of France for till that
to return into France by Land about Autumn dismiss'd many hir'd Ships they had iâ— the 〈◊〉 Roses to 〈…〉 Charges Mean while Roger Lauria Admiral of Aragon having takeâ— the 〈◊〉 in the 〈◊〉 Part of Italy came with great speed to relieve the King of Aragon being come upon the Coast of Spain he fell upon the French Fleet then out of Port consisting of few Ships and those unprovided and so easily overthrew them John Scoâ—us the French â—dmiral was 〈…〉 with 15 Galleys 12 others fled to the Port of Roses whence they had 〈◊〉 Their 〈…〉 burnt not only them but the very Town such was their Consteâ—nation and fled to the Camp whither they carry'd the News of their Defeat The King of France finding all things more Difficult than he had expected and much griev'd with Sickness repair'd 〈…〉 and leaving a strong Garrison in it march'd with the remainder of his Army towards Roussillon On the Pyrenâ—an Mountains the whole Army was in great Danger the Aragonians having secur'd all the Passes in hopes to take the King of France who by reason of his Indisposition was carry'd upon Men's Shoulders Great loss was sustain'd much Baggage lost and what was worst of all the King fatigu'd with the Journey dâ—'d at Peâ—pignan on the 6th of 〈◊〉 His Body as he had order'd was carry'd to the Church of â—â— Denis near Pariâ—s His Son Philip the Fair or the Beautiful succeeded him being before that King of Navarre Upon the Departure of the French all the â—had taken was recover'd by the 〈◊〉 Besides Prince Alonso sâ—nt over by his Father to that effect took all the Island of Majorca in 〈…〉 that the King of it had joyn'd with the French 〈…〉 his own Brother The King of 〈◊〉 design'd to pursue his good Fortune and had new Design◠〈…〉 to strengthen himself when Death put a Period to all his Resolutions He dy'd at 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 8th Day of November in the Prime of his Age being but 〈…〉 Six Years old 〈…〉 the height of his Glory He was call'd the Great for that 〈…〉 Sicily to his Dominions and for his other memorable Exploits He was an 〈…〉 being of â—â— only Presence Presence of large Stature a generous Spirit well skill'd at all Weapons especially in wielding a Pole-Ax He had a particular Way of â—â—ining Peoples Affections with Good Words Courtesey and Liberality He leâ—t no other Reflection on himself but his lying under an Excommunication till the end of his Life the Thoughts whereof often perplexed him and particularly at the Hour of his Death He was resolv'd of that Scruple in the last Agâ—ny by the Arch-Bishop of Tarragona having exacted to Oath from him that he would for the future be obedient to the Church His Body was Buried in the Monastery of Santa Cruz which is near that Place His Children went D. Alonso the Eldest whom in his Will he appointed Heir of his Kingdoms without making particular mention of Sicily then Jayme 〈◊〉 Peter Elizabeth and the 〈◊〉 Constance all Born of Queen Constance his Wife Arnaldus de Vallanova a most famous 〈◊〉 of those times was with the King when he dy'd This Man and all his Works were afterwards condemn'd by the Inquisitions Tostatus affirms he attempted with Humour 〈◊〉 and other 〈◊〉 to form a Man and that tho' it took not effect he went a great way towards it 〈…〉 is not our Business to argue the Truth of this Assertion CHAP. VII The King of Castile and Portugal meet D. Lope de Haro flies to Navarre A Treaty in order to release the two Princes of Castile Charles Prince of Salerno set at Liberty France and Castile joyn against Aragon Denis King of Portugal his Issue THis Year unfortunate in the Death of so many Princes was in some measure bless'd with the Birth of Prince Ferdinand Son to the King of Castile and born at Sevil while his Father was gone to Badajoz to appease some Troubles that were in those Parts The Care of his Education was committed to Hernan â—once â—â— Leon a Man of great Note and Zamora was appointed for his Residence as being a Place 〈…〉 and Pleasant Moreover the following Year which was 1286 in the Cortes or Parliament he was sworn Heir to the Crownâ— which was his Father's chiefest Caâ—e both in respect he fear'd his Nephews as also because his Marriage with the Queen was illegal upon account of Consanguinity He endeavour'd to obtain a Dispensation but could never Prevail with the Popes the King of France always opposing it in favour of the two excluded Princes his near Kinsmen King Sancho labour'd by all means to gain his Good Will and to that purpose sent the same Embassadors who went to him the Year 〈◊〉 and were the Bishop of Calaherra and Abbot of Valludoliâ— Philip the 〈◊〉 King of France was Crown'd at Rheimes on the 6th of January In Sicily Prince Jayme as soon as he neard of the Death of his Father took upon him the Title of King of Sicily and Prince of Apulia and 〈◊〉 as being possess'd of a good Part of the Kingdom of Napâ—â—â— and hoping in a short time to be Master of all that remain'd Yet all places were well fortify'd and provided to oppose the Siciliaâ—â— though the Valour and Industry â—â— Robert Earl of Arras to whom the King of France after the Death of King Charles had committed the Care of the Kingdom of Naples 〈◊〉 the III. King of Aragon being sometime taken up in fitting out a Fleet to invade Majorca and Minorca as was left him in Charge by his Father delay'd his Coronation â—â— the 14th of 〈◊〉 being Easter Sunday He was crown'd at Zaragaca by the Bishop of 〈◊〉 the See of Tarragona whose that Honour was being then vacant and took the usual Oath to preserve the Liberties of the People The Expences of the Royal Family were retrench'd and at the Cortes or Parliament held at Huesca the King granted that Valencia sometime before annex'd to the Crown of Aragon should be govern'd according to the Law◠〈…〉 that Kingdom Gonçalo Archbishop of Toledo a Person of great Esteem with the King here him company to S. Sebastian in order to a Conference between him and the King of France but they met not However the Arch-Bishop was sent by King Sancho and the Duke of Burgundy by him of France to Bayonne where a Treaty of Peace was earnestly labour'd upon The French would give Ear to no Proposals unless King Sancho would put away his Wife to whom he was illegally Married by reason of their Consanguinity and Marry one of the King of France his Sisters which were 〈…〉 after Wife to Edward King of England and Blanch Marry'd to the Duke of Austria King Sancho would hot be perswaded to putaway a Virtuous Wife by whom he had a Son and â— Daughter so the Treaty broke off and he return'd to the Queen to Vitoria The King was highly affended at the
Having ratify'd this agreement the Aragonians on their side chose Dominick Bishop of Huesca Francis de Aranda and Berengarius de Bardax The Catalonians appointed for them Sargarida Arch-bishop of Tarragona William de Valseca and Bernard Gualbe For Valâ—ncia were nam'd F. Vincent Ferrer of the Order of S. Dominick his Brother Boniface Ferrer a Carthusian and Peter Beltran These Judges immediately met and sent their Summons to the Candidates to appear warning such as refus'd that their Pretensions should be utterly lay'd aside Prince Ferdinand sent James Lopez de Zuniga Lord of Bejar and D. Sancho de Rojas Bishop of Palencia who is said by this and the like Negociations to have obtain'd the Earldom of Pernia which the Bishops of Palencia possess to this day For the Earl of Vrgel came Ximeno a Franciscan Bishop of Malta They were oblig'd to take an Oath that they would stand by the Decision of the 9 Judges Luis Duke of Anjou refus'd to appear resolving to make use of Force Besides he excepted against 4 of the Judges as partial Among the Candidates no account was made of Frederick Earl of Luna because he was a Bastard and had no great Interest D. Alonso de Aragon dy'd in the heat of this Dispute and his Son Alonso as also his Brother John Earl of Prades were easily put by being not so near of kin to the late Kings as the other pretenders On the behalf of the Earl of Vrgel it was pleaded That according to antient Custom Females ought wholly to be excluded from any pretension to the Crown and if that were allow'd their Sons could not pretend to the Right their Mothers had not Besides that King Martin in latter days had constituted the Earl Governour of the Kingdom and Constable a certain Sign he thought the Inheritance appertain'd to the said Earl and no other Prince Ferdinand's Agents as they were instructed by Vincent Arias Bishop of Plasencia and the most famous Civilian of that Age made no mention of the Prince's Right by the Female Line but pleaded That the Crown is inherited by Right of Blood therefore when the immediate Line fails and it must fall to one of the collateral Branches there must respect be had to the Sex and Age if they be within the same degree of Consaguinity so that the Male take place of the Female and the elder of the younger without regard to the Stock from which they proceed CHAP. II. Ferdmand Prince of Castile declar'd King of Aragon by the Judges and afterwards proclaim'd at Zaragoca He settles the Kingdom besieges and takes the Earl of Urgel who aspir'd to the Crown WHen the Judges had heard what each of the Competitors had to say and the case had been thoroughly argu'd they clos'd the Informations and conferr'd together about the Judgment they were to give They kept their Opinions private and held the People in suspence as desirous to see the end of that Debate To give Judgment with the Solemnity that was requisite and to the satisfaction of all Men they caus'd a large Scaffold to be erected before the Church so high that they might be seen all round Mass was said by the Bishop of Huesca as is usual in such Casts Then the Judges came out of the Church and seated themselves at the upper end of the Scaffold and in another place the Embassadors of the Candidates Pope Benedict was present and had a great Hand in the Affair F. Vincent Ferrer for his great Sanctity and paticular skill in preaching was employ'd to make a Speech to the People and pronounce the Sentence His Haraâ—gue being ended all Men were attentive to hear the new King nam'd Then F. Vincent with a loud Voice read the Decree of all the Judges which he had in Writing When he came to name Ferdinand the Shouts and Acclamations were so great they seem'd to rend the Skies and nothing else could be heard for a long time After they had somewhat ceas'd the Musick there ready sang the Te Deum This remarkable Act was perform'd on the last day of June which ended immediately Embassadors were sent to give Notice thereof to Prince Ferdinand and hasten his coming He was then at Cuenca in care for the Event of that Affair Embassadors came from all parts to Congratulate with him some out of Love others to temporize Particularly Sigismund the new Emperor elected the last May a Prince more fortunate in Peace than in War and famous for restoring Unity to the Church by putting an end to the Schism that had so long continu'd sent to give him Joy of his Accession to that Crown Prince Perdinand as soon as he had setled his private Affairs went away to Varagâ—\l = c \a in which City he was proclaim'd King on the 3d of September The Nobility did Homage and took the usual Oath of Allegiance to him and his eldest Son Prince Alonso whom they acknowledg'd true Heir of the Crown after the death of his Father giving him the Title of Prince of Girona in imitation of Castile whereas till then the eldest Sons of the Kings of Aragon were call'd Dukes of that City Of the Competitors to the Crown there came to that solemnity Frederick Earl of Luna and D. Alonso de Aragon the younger Duke of Gandia The Earl of Vrgel to excuse himself pretended Sickness but in reality thought to possess himself by force of Arms of the Crown which he said was wrongfully taken from him Of himself he was but weak nor had he any Allies to support him and therefore resolv'd to make use of the Assistance of the Duke of Clarence Son to the King of England 〈…〉 great Power at that time These Practices perplexed the new King considering 〈…〉 times a small Spark not quenched raises a great Flame However as soon as the Solomnity was over he thought fit in the first Place to apply himself to the Affairs of Sicily and Sardinia which were in danger of being lost The Genoeses tho they aim'd at the Conquest of Sardinia yet mov'd by the Fame that was spread abroad of the new King sent Baptista Gigala and Peter Perseo Embassadors to Congratulate with him By their means a Truce was established betwixt those two Nations for five Years In Sicily Bernard de Cabrera was Prisoner being surpriz'd by his Enemies at Palermo and put into the Castle of Mota near Tavormina He was kept more strictly than became his Quality or suited with his former Services but as he deserved for his insolent Design of marrying the Queen Dowager without considering her Dignity or his own Age which was far advanc'd Sancho Ruyz de Lâ—horri Admiral of the Sicilian Sea was the chief Man that oppos'd and brought him to this Condition The new King order'd the should be set at Liberty upon Condition he immediately departed out of Sicily and as soon as possible appear'd before him to answer to such things as should be lay'd to his Charge This
Favourite A Proclamation was published to restore to their Liberty all the Jews who as was said before were unjustly made Slaves by his Predecessor He sent Men and Ammunition into Africk where the Portugueses had Ceuta taken by King John I. and Tangier and Arzila taken by King Alonso Unkle to Emanuel D. John de Meneses Governour of Arzila because some of the neighbouring Villages did not bring in their wonted Contributions joined with the Commander of Tangier and marched against them They were unexpectedly set upon by Barata and Almanderino two Moorish Commanders yet tho' the Enemy were much more numerous they put them to the rout All this hapned before the Cortes of Montemor broke up which could not put an end to the Business in hand because the Plague raging there the King was forced at the beginning of this Year to remove to Setuval to meet his two Widow-Sisters Queen Ellenor and the Dutchess of Bragança There it was proposed that D. Alvaro Brother to the late Duke of Bragança and that Duke's Children who were in Castile since nothing could be proved against them should be restored to their Estates King Ferdinand of Spain sollicited for them and the King's Sisters begged it with Tears especially the Dutchess as most concerned as also his Mother the Dutchess of Viseo The King was unwilling so soon to alter his Predecessor's Decrees and to disoblige those that were in Possession of those banished Persons Estates but at last overcome with so many Intreaties he made up their Losses other ways so that none might have cause to complain It was proposed to marry the King who was 26 Years of Age when he Inherited the Crown No Match seemed so advantageous as with Castile King Ferdinand was willing but would not give him his Eldest Daughter the Second was gone to Flanders and the Lady Catherine Contracted in England so he offered the Lady Mary The Portugues took it ill that any Prince should be preferred before him besides he took a liking to the Lady Elizabeth when she was in Portugal Upon account of this Treaty the Catholick King demanded of him That he should enter into the League against France and the Princess That he should banish the Moors and Jews As to the King's Request he excused himself pleading the ancient Friendship betwixt France and Portugal yet he was willing to join in a League for the Defence of Spain but would not involve himself in Quarrels that concerned him not He condescended to the Desires of the Princess tho' many opposed it And accordingly about the end of the Year set out a Proclamation commanding all the Moors and Jews to depart by a time limitted or else they should be made Slaves All the Moors without hesitation went over to Africk In the Business of the Jews there was more difficulty for soon after the King ordered all their Children under 14 Years of Age to be taken from them and Baptized A Practice not at all justifiable because none ought to be forced to become Christians nor Children to be taken from their Parents The rest were so hardly used that great Numbers were Baptized but it was a constrained Conversion Leave was also obtained of the Pope for the Commendaries of the Three Military Orders in that Kingdom to Marry so that they were only obliged to Conjugal Chastity There were sufficient Causes to obtain this Liberty and yet many condemned it Certain it is this made way for the spending the Revenues of those Orders otherwise than had been intended for what used to be employed in the War was now consumed in Pleasure and Luxury CHAP. VII The death of Ferdinand King of Naples The Emperor passes into Italy The Popes Forces defeated by the Ursini The death of the Duke of Gandia The Marriage of Prince John of Spain Proposals concerning settling the Kingdom of Naples THE Wars in Italy were not likely to cease The King of England by reason of the Match agreed upon with Spain resolved to enter into the League against France The Emperor gave out he would go himself into Italy to settle the Affairs of Lombardy and Tuscany This moved the Duke of Milan to think of forsaking the French Interest and the more for that about this time died the Dauphin of France a young Child and the King being sickly it was to be feared that Crown would come to the Duke of Orleans his greatest Enemy These reasons inclined him to adhere to the Confederate Princes In the Kingdom of Naples the Venetians possessed some part of Apulia The great Captain held Rijoles Amantia and other Places of Calabria for the Catholick King Notwithstanding the late Capitulation the French were still possessed of some Towns To reduce all the Kingdom King Ferdinand sent D. Cesar de Aragon his Father's Bastard Brother to Taranto and commanded the Duke of Urbin who served him in this War to repair to Abruzzo when having in a short time subdued most of that Province he went away to Rome with Prosper Colona Gaeta was a business of more concern for tho' the Earl of Trivento and the Venetian Gallies pressed it by Sea they advanced not much It was proposed to Besiege the Place by Land when King Ferdinand fell Sick of a flux at Soma which so increased that being carried to Naples he died on the 7th of October Frederick his Uncle then at Castellon understanding his death immediately repaired to Naples and was proclaimed King the very day his Nephew died His first care was to aâ—â—ee with the Princes of Salerno and Bisignano as also the Earls of Lauria and Melito the great Enemies of the House of Aragon Many Princes began to have an Eye towards that Crown and particularly the Catholick King whose Title began to be urged both at Rome and Naples but to no effect at that time for the Pope and other Princes had rather have a weak King for their Neighbour than the Power of Spain The Great Captain who might have done something in the Affair was employed at the Siege of the Castle of Cosenza which he hoped suddenly to be Master of and thus to secure all that Province Soon after having subdued Calabria and taken that Fort he went to Nola and leaving his Forces there visited the Queens comforting them for the death of the King The new King sat down before Gaeta with all his Forces It hapned the Lord of Aubenie who was going by Land to Rome came thither at such time as the besieged were much streightned he entred the Town and caused it to be surrendred upon Articles The French departed in a Galleon and Two Ships Loaden with the Booty and Plate taken out of the Churches One of the Ships perished in a Storm the other ran aground near Terracina which was looked upon as a Judgment On the other side the Emperor as he had agreed passed the Alps and entred Lombardy with 1000 Horse and 5000 Foot The Duke of Milan with his Forces joined him
and believed the Country would not be satisfied to have Force used against its rightful Sovereigns When things were in this posture tending to a Breach King Philip sent ample Commission to his Ambassadors to promote an Accommodation In pursuance hereof the Two Kings came to an Agreement at Salamanca on the 24th of November upon the following Conditions That both Kings and the Queen should Govern jointly and all their Names should be inserted in all Orders Patents or other publick Wrings and the Secretaries should subscribe by Order of their Highnesses That as soon as King Philip and Queen Joanna came into the Kingdom they should be Sworn King and Queen King Ferdinand Governor and Prince Charles Heir apparent of the Kingdoms of Castile Leon and Granada That the Revenue of the said Kingdoms should be divided into Two equal Parts after all charges deducted one Part for King Ferdinand the other for King Philip and his Queen That all Employments should be given in like manner even the Commendaries of the Military Orders tho' the Administration of them appertained beyond all dispute to the Catholick King The Pope the Emperor and Kings of England and Portugal were chosen Guarrantees for the performance hereof It was also decreed that in case the Queen would not be concerned in the Government still all Three Names should be used but only the Two Kings Subscribe and if either of the Two was absent then all business should be done by the other A Copy of these Articles was sent to Flanders which displeased King Philip and his howsoever they were accepted of and Sworn to for the King of France had great power in Flanders and besides they hoped when they came into Spain all things would become more easie Now the Secretary Lope de Conchillos was enlarged having been all this while close Prisoner This Agreement was Proclaimed at Salamanca on the 6th of January 1506 and Two days after the King and Queen set Sail from Zealand Such a violent Storm arose that some Ships were lost and the rest forced to put into Weymouth in England Thence King Philip went to Windsor to meet the King of England where they concluded a League and agreed that the King of England should Marry Margaret of Austria Widow of the late Duke of Savoy and Prince Charles of Austria Marry that Kings Daughter which Matches took no effect King Philip delivered up the Duke of Suffolk who had put himself into his Protection to the King of England In this and in Feasting was spent all the next Month after which King Philip returned to Plymouth to take Ship The Catholick King hearing of the Storm his Son-in-Law had been in gathered all the best Ships along the Coast of Spain and sent them to him under the Command of D. Charles Enriquez de Cisneros who about this time raised the Estate which his Family still possesses at Portugalete At such time as the Treaty was at Salamanca the Catholick King writ a Letter to D. John Manuel requiring him to advise King Philip to wave all past discontents and be entirely reconciled It will not be amiss to insert his answer to shew the Wit and boldness of that Gentleman it is thus I received your Highness's Letter and shall perform what is your Order which is to use all my endeavours that past Discontents may be laid aside and Friendship established for it is not to be doubted that so good a Master as your Highness and such good Schollars as the King and Queen will contribute much to the Happiness of those Kingdoms God and my Conscience can bear Witness that has been always my Study tho' some and perhaps your Highness may have judged otherwise by the ill Usage I have received But Mens Tongues and Thoughts are not to be Confined nor do I seek any Reward for what I have done It would suffice that my past Services and Fatigues were not forgotten as they are I judge by my Age and the small regard had of me that your Highness designs me no other recompence in this World but in Prayers against I go into the next Which reward I do not aspire to for I have often heard it said that a Prince can carry his Ministers to Hell but never that any King tho' the most Christian as is he of France fetched any of his Favourites out of Purgatory However I will not fail of doing my Duty nor forbear begging your Highness to use your ordinary Goodness and Prudence towards advancing this Agreement CHAP. VIII The Affairs of Portugal A bloody Mutiny at Lisbon King Ferdinand Marries Queen Germana King Philip comes into Spain and declares against the Treaty with King Ferdinand Death of Christopher Columbus THE Catholick King sent Ambassadors to the Princes appointed Guarranties betwixt himself and his Son-in-Law In particular he applied himself to King Emanuel of Portugal to understand how he would stand affected in case the Agreement were broken He answered in general Terms being in strict League with King Philip. In order to entertain whom he made great Preparations and caused much Plate to be provided either to Treat or present him for it was believed he would Land in Andaluzia and therefore might touch in some part of Portugal But the Plague spread there and was come to Santarem which made the King remove from Almeirin to Abrantes a Town seated on a rising Ground and healthy There on the 3d of March the Queen was delivered of Prince Luis who proved a Person of singular Worth Piety and Virtue especially towards the end of his life which was short Yet in his youth he had by a mean Woman a Bastard Son called Antony who was Prior of Ocrato and famous for that upon the death of his Unkle Henry the King and Cardinal he took upon him the Title of King and brought great mischief upon his Country The joy for the Birth of the Prince was allaied by a mutiny raised in Lisbon upon a light occasion In the Church of S. Dominick was a Crucifix which over the wound of the Breast had a Glass Some People hearing Mass there thought the light that came from that Glass had been miraculous which one there present being a Jew newly converted freely contradicted The People in a rage laying hold of him dragged him out of the Church made a Fire then killed and burnt him A Friar of that Convent coming out made an Harangue to the rabble exhorting them to revenge the injuries done to our Saviour by the Jews which was pouring Oyl upon the Fire for immediately the multitude ran to the Houses of the new Converts Two of the Friars going before them with a Cross Such was their fury and madness that in Three days this mutiny lasted they murdered above 2000 of those People and among them either through mistake or for private grudges several of the ancient Christians The Flemmings and Germans that were aboard their Ships in the Harbour came
to take share in the plunder of the Houses The King hearing of this Tumult sent James de Almeyda and James Lopez to take cognisance of the matter The Two Friars that were the Ringleaders were put to death and burnt and many others punished The Strangers hoisting Sails got away with a rich Booty In Castile on the one side was expected the coming of the new King and Queen and on the other was great rejoicing for the Marriage of King Ferdinand and the Lady Germana From Salamanca went the Archbishop of Zaragoça with other Men and Ladies of Quality to Fuenterabia to attend the Bride King Ferdinand the Two Queens of Naples Mother and Daughter the Duke of Calabria and many more Lords went to Valladolid and thence to Duen̄as There on the 18th of March they were Married The Queen was great Niece to the Catholick King and Grandaughter to his Sister Ellenor Queen of Navarre The Popes dispensation was obtained with much difficulty the Emperor and his Son opposing it With the Queen came Luis d' Amboise Bishop of Albi Hector Pignatelo and Peter de Santandrea the King of France his Ambassadors There came also the Princes of Salerno and Melfi and other Barons of the Faction of Anjou to settle their Affairs Next day after the Marriage the King and Queen with all their Train set out towards Valladolid In that City the King took a solemn Oath in the presence of many Prelates and Noblemen to oblige himself and his Successors to the performance of all the Articles of the League with France A few days after the Neapolitan Barons did Homage to the King and Queen as rightful Sovereigns of the Kingdom of Naples for themselves and those that were absent This Solemnity being over the King set out for Burgos to meet the new King and Queen who he expected would Land at Laredo or some other Port of that Coast with whom went the Archbishops of Toledo and Sevil the Duke of Alva the Admiral the Constable and the Earl of Cifuentes All these seemed inclined to see all that was ordained by the Will of Queen Elizabeth performed At Torquemada the Catholick King received advice that his Son and Daughter were Landed at Corun̄a on the 28th of April The cause of their coming so late was the stay they made with the King of England and their being detained at Plymouth by the Weather They Landed at Corun̄a King Philip being perswaded it was best for him to be the farthest he could from his Father-in-Law to have time to find how the Nobility and Commonality stood affected towards him to behave himself accordingly being resolved not to stand to the late Agreement unless he were forced to it This was the Advice of D. John Manuel who had great influence over him and would have carried him to land in Andalucia if the Weather had permitted About this time Gonçalo Marin̄o de Ribera Commander of Melilla for the Duke of Medina Sidonia had the Town of Caçaça delivered to him by Composition It is in the Kingdom of Fez 5 Leagues from Melilla and has a good Port and remained in Propriety to the Duke of Medina Sidonia The coming of King Philip which ought to have produced Peace and a general Satisfaction might have caused an absolute Breach had not the Catholick King prudently quenched the spreading flame of Discontent which began to appear in all Places The Humours and Designs of the Two Kings were opposite in all respects As soon as King Philip Landed he sent to require the Earls of Benavente and Lemos as also the other Nobility of Galicia and Castile to Declare for him which was the way to raise Tumults rather than settle Peace Finding this contrivance answered his expectation and that many freely declared for him he presently professed he would not stand to the late Treaty concluded at Salamanca He also began to discountenance his Father-in-Laws Servants and one day speaking to D. Peter de Ayala told him that tho' he had in Flanders and England winked at his Proceedings in opposition to his Service he would no longer bear with it and since he was his Subject he should take care how he behaved himself He turned away the Alcaides and Alguaziles de Corte sent by King Ferdinand to attend upon him thinking his Father-in-Law designed to choose his Family He was well instructed not to allow of any Tutor or Overseer as D. John Manuel called it His followers exclaimed against the Catholick King especially for his Marriage and the Articles of it which gave away the Kingdom of Naples from his Daughter and Grandson In this particular no doubt they had reason but the King did it to gain the King of France On the other Side the Catholick King as soon as he heard of his Son-in-law and Daughters Landing sent D. Raimund de Cardona and Ferdinand de Vega to visit them and went himself towards Leon in order to meet them but stopped at Astorga till he knew their Will He ordered the Marquess of Villena who was come to Burgos with a great Train and the Duke of Najara who was raising his kindred and followers to go to Corun̄a in Warlike manner to forbear proceeding after that manner and to go thither with their usual Retinue He pressed his Son-in-Law to dismiss 2000 Germans he brought with him fearing that might give some cause of Discontent to the People He also sent Almaçan his Secretary to join with his Ambassadors D. Raimund D. Ferdinand de Vega D. Peter de Ayala and Gutierre Gomez de Fuensalida that they might agree upon the Place where he should meet his Son and Daughter which he desired might be very speedily and King Philip's followers laboured to delay as much as might be First Sarria then Ponferrada were the Places proposed for the interview but none pleased his People and particularly D. John Manuel who managed all and feared that if the Two Kings met the one being very subtle and the other open besides the respect due to a Father they would easily agree which was what he chiefly laboured to prevent To this purpose he told D. Peter de Ayala that the Catholick King might be perswaded three things whereon he much relied should never come to pass First that at the Interview there should be no manner of Discourse of Business Secondly that the meeting should be in the Field and not with equal Retinues but that King Philip should have much the greater Thirdly that the Catholick King should not Confide in the Favour of the Queen his Daughter for it would not avail him Great Offers were again made to D. John Manuel for himself and his Children to bring him over to King Ferdinand but he had a Spirit above all that At this time died at Valladolid Christopher Columbus Admiral of the West-Indies the first Discoverer of the New World Now also the Marquess of Villena the Earl of Benavente and the Duke of Najara were come to Corun̄a and
were there taken and carried to Pisa Julius de Medicis the Popes Cousin gave him notice of it and he ordered them to be kept in the Castle of Civita Castellana till such time as they were brought to Trial. Julius de Mediois did much Honour to the Cardinals and to the Sieur de Soliet the King of France his Ambassador who was with them By them he was perswaded to declare for the King of France which was the Original of new Troubles During the Vacancy of the Popedom the Duke of Milan with the Assistance of the Viceroy seized Placentia and thought to have done the same of Parma Thither the Viceroy repaired with his Army to oppose the French it being no Season to make War upon the Venetians He suffered great want of Money and there was no way to supply it The Discourse of concluding Peace betwixt the Emperor and Venetians continued but they could not agree upon the Conditions The King of France stept in and agreed with that Republick The Conditions were That the Republick should keep all its ancient Dominions except Cremona and Giaradada which were restored to the French and Incorporated into the Dukedom of Milan For Recovery of that Dukdom and of the Lands of the Venetians the Republick was to furnish 1000 Horse and 6000 Foot under the Command of Bartholomew de Albiano and the King 1200 Horse and 12000. Foot Robert de la Marc was to be Captain General of the Foot Monsieur de la Trimoville and John James Trivulcio Lieutenant Generals As soon as this Agreement was made publick Trivulcio entred the City Aste with the French Forces Bartholomew de Albiano with the Venetian Army marched to Verona intending to join the French Hereupon and by reason of the Viceroys absence most Towns of Lombardy declared against Duke Maximilian The King of France was the more earnest to conclude this Treaty because he had another in Hand by means of Cardinal Carvajal which was for a Cessation of Arms betwixt him and the Catholick King on this side the Alpes This Accord was convenient for both Kings for King Ferdinand to secure Navarre and the King of France the State of Milan without any regard of the King of Navarre or Duke Maximilian After some Difficulties and Debates at last the Truce was concluded on the 1st of April upon these Conditions That the Cessation of Arms betwixt King Ferdinand and his Consederates the King of England and Prince Charles on the one side and the King of France and his Allies the King of Scotland and Duke of Guelders on the other should continue for a Year reckoning from that very day That during the Cessation there should be free Trade betwixt the Two Kingdoms on this side the Alpes King John of Navarre was Excluded this Treaty which was delivering him up to be devoured by his greedy Enemy The Emperor and King of England had two Months allowed them to sign those Articles or else to be Excluded as in Effect they were where at the Emperor was greatly offended He urged it was contrary to the Catholick King 's Word who had promised to râ—n the same Fortune with him That thus the French would in 8 days recover Milan and then being assisted by the States of Italy must soon be Masters of Naples Above all he exclaimed that the Treaty was Managed by Cardinal Carvajal who had been a Person too opposite to their Interest This Contrivance was doubtless a great piece of Subtilty but what grieved the Emperor most was that he must thus lose all the Cities he had in Italy tho' he pleaded other causes of Discontent Before the Truce was concluded with France Monsieur de Lautrec made all necessary preparations to possess himself of S. John Pied de Port after the taking of which Place he designed through that Pass to enter Navarre The Marquess de Comares sent some Persons to secure the Country thereabouts and some Supplies of Men to James de Vera to defend that City But the Cessation of Arms put an end to all these Designs This gave our Men the opportunity not only of maintaining what they had but of extending their Conquest tho' King John had a Body of about 5000 Men to oppose them He required the Bishop of Zamora according to parole to surrender himself again a Prisoner but King Ferdinand declared he was absolved of that Promise as being taken contrary to the Law of Arms he being an Ambassador and in the Service of the See Apostolick as also by the death of the Duke of Longueville to whom he had engaged his Word The Mareschal of Navarre who stiled himself Marquess of Cortes broke into Guipuzcoa with 2000 Men. The Country People in pursuance of their Orders from D. Luis de la Cueva who commanded at Fuenterabia for his Father took up Arms and opposed him The strong Castle of Maya upon the Borders of Biscay adjoining to Guienne was the Enemies Place of Refuge Thither the Lord of Ursua who was in King Ferdinand's Service repaired with some Forces understanding the Governor was out of the Place but his strength being small and the Governor getting in he was forced to desist from the Enterprize James de Vera and Lope Zanchez de Valençuela were sent by the Marquess of Comares to Besiege that Caste which they did yet having Intelligence that King John and the Mareschal of Navarre were coming to relieve the besieged they drew off leaving the Cannon at Azpilcueta in danger of being lost The Marquess marched thither himself with 2000 Men and some heavy Cannon and the Defendants seeing there was no hope of Relief from France and their own King was too weak to attempt it soon surrendred Thus all that Country lying beyond the Mountains was secured The Earls of Foix had for many Years been possessed of Val de Andorra and the Vicecounty of Castelbo near Urgel on the side of Catalonia and it was now fallen by Inheritance to Queen Catherine of Navarre All this was now by force of Arms taken from her by the Catholick King Admiral Villamarin was left to Govern at Naples upon the Departure of the Cardinal of Sorento to the Conclave Calabria and Apulia had no Governors theirs being then in the Army This and the want of Forces in those Parts gave occasion to many Insolencies that were daily committed there being no body to punish them The People mutinied against the Barons on account of the Oppression they lay under and many whole Towns Revolted Many extravagant and horrid Crimes were committed Now also Advice was brought that the great Turk armed against the Christians and tho' it was given out his Design was upon Rhodes yet it was feared lest he should Invade Sicily or Apulia The Venetians also since they were in League with France thought of recovering their Towns on the Coast of Apulia Orders were given to Fortifie and Guard all those Coasts and that the Fleet should be in a readiness
delivered this Year on the 8th of July at Valladolid of a Son who was called Charles This birth was unfortunate as well for that the Mother died the 4th day after which lessened the publick Joy as for that the Prince lived not to inherit his Fathers Crown Her Body was buried at Granada Cardinal John Tavera died the 1st day of August D. John Siliceus the Bishop of Cartagena succeeded him in the Archbishoprick of Toledo in consideration for his good Service in instructing Prince Philip whose Preceptor he had been Afterwards he was made Cardinal In Germany great Application was used to reduce the Hereticks to submit to the Council of Trent to this effect a Diet was held at Worms The Emperor was there present and Cardinal Alexander Farnesius the Pope's Legate and Grandson Nothing was concluded for that Luther publishing new Books ceased not to make the breach wider The Hereticks demanded a Conference and to have the Points in Controversy disputed and the Catholicks insisted to have all things referred to the Fathers at Trent as being sensible how little good is done by private Disputes All these things were only the preludes to the War which soon after broke out in Germany At length about the end of this Year the Fathers assembled at Trent opened the Council The first Session was on the 13th of December Three Legates of the Pope presided which were the Cardinals John Maria de Monte Marcellus Cervinus and Reginald Pool The Chief of the Spanish Divines were F. James Lainez and Alonso Salmeron of the Society of Jesus F. Dominick de Soto and F. Melchior Cano of the Order of S. Dominick of S. Francis F. Alonso de Castro and F. Andrew Vega. Anno 1546. Martin Luther was found dead in his Bed at Eisleber where he was Born on the 18th of February He died of Excess of eating and drinking at the Age of 63. His Body was buried at Wittemberg where he most resided D. Alonso Davalos Marquis del Gasto Governour of Milan deceased at Vigevano and Ferdinand Gonçaga succeeded him The Diet was held at Ratisbon where there was a Disputation between the Catholicks and Hereticks Malvenda a Spaniard and Chocleus signalized themselves among the Catholicks for the Hereticks Bucer and Brentius The Emperor repaired thither in May but all this sorted to no better effect than it had done at other times but the differences were rather greater for the Hereticks departed when the dispute was but begun Most of the Princes tho summoned appeared not the most remarkable of them were Frederick Duke of Saxony and Philip the Landtgrave The Emperor thought fit to have recourse to Arms and ordered Maximilian Count de Bure to make Levies of Flanders In Germany Albertus and John Marquises of Brandenburg did the same for the Emperor tho they were both Hereticks The Spanish Forces marched out of Italy and at the same time the Emperor directed his Letters to the Cities of Germany admonishing them not to suffer themselves to be led away for that many abusing his Patience had forced him to have recourse to Arms. Having dispatched these Letters the Emperor set out from Ratisbon for Bavaria He encamped near Landshut whether was come a good body of Men sent to him by the Pope under the Command of his Grandson Octavius and Cardinal Alexander Farnesius Sone after came thither 6000 Spaniards D. Ferdinand of Toledo Duke of Alva was appointed General of those Forces The Enemy with a strong Army came to Ingolstat The principal Commanders were the Duke of Saxony and the Landtgrave whom many other Princes and Cities either openly or underhand supported They encamped on a rising Ground whence they played their Artillery upon the Emperor's Army which lay below them but the fright was greater than the harm The Landtgrave was for assaulting the Emperor's Camp which was not well intrenched but the others opposed him which proved the safety of our Army then much inferior to the Enemy for that our Supplies were not come from Flanders As soon as they came the Emperor marched towards Nerling the Enemy still following in the Rear At the same time Maurice Duke of Saxony being furnished with Forces by King Ferdinand possessed himself of the Lands of his Cousin Frederick some whereof were engaged and others so intermixed that it was convenient to secure them lest his own Subjects might suffer by their ill Neighbours To put a stop to their Proceedings and because they wanted Provisions the Hereticks returned towards Saxony The Landtgrave went away to his own Dominions and thence to Francford The War continued hot and several Princes and Cities being sensible of their Error Particularly Frederick Count Palatin despairing of the Success of the Rebels was reconciled to the Emperor The Duke of Wittemberg and the Cities of Vlm Francford and Ausburg followed his Example but were forced to buy their Pardon for great Sums of Money and give Security for their future Loyalty Anno 1547. These things were in agitation at the beginning of this Year at the same time that Frederick Duke of Saxony recover'd all the Places taken from him by Duke Maurice except Lipstat which he could not reduce This Year died Anne the Wife of King Ferdinand and Francis King of France having lived 52 Years and Reigned 32 His Son Henry succeeded him Also Henry the Eight of England famous for his Separation from the Church He lived 57 Years and Reigned 37 and 9 Months His Son Edward then but 9 Years of Age succeeded him as was Ordain'd in his Father's Will by which his Daughters Mary and Elizabeth were appointed to Inherit in case their Brother died without Issue As soon as the Emperor had recover'd a great Fine he imposed upon the City Strasbourg and join'd his Brother King Ferdinand who till then stayed in Bohemia he march'd towards Saxony On the 24th of April he came to the River Elbe The Enemy had possessed themselves of the farther Bank and the River being deep it was difficult to pass it Certain Spanish Soldiers swimming with their Swords in their Mouths took some Boats to make a Bridge Having pass'd the River our Forces pursu'd the Enemy who retired towards Wittemberg They were so eagerly pursu'd that they could not avoid Fighting The Battel lasted till Night when the Duke of Saxony being taken and many of his Men put to the Sword the rest fled Soon after this Victory the Landtgrave submitted and surrendred himself up to the Emperor These two Princes being in Custody all the rest were soon quell'd As a token of his Victory the Emperor sent part of the Cannon taken to Italy part to Spain and part to Flanders whither he went himself The General Council was removed from Trent to Bolonia and soon after broke up to the great Dissatisfaction of the Catholicks Peter Luis the Pope's Son was killed in his House at Plasencia but it could never be known by whom his Death was contriv'd but
Africa but the truth was they undertook this War at the Instigation of the French King whose Embassadors were aboard the Fleet. Anno 1552. Four Divines or Ministers of Wittemberg the chief of whom was Brencius came to Trent They presented to the Council a Book called the Wittemberg Confession All this was only to amuse the Council till such time as Duke Maurice had raised Men and made other warlike Preparations On the 2d of April News was brought to Trent that he had seized the City Ausburg and that the Emperor was in danger at Inspruck which caused the Council on a sudden to break up On the other side Albertus Marquis of Brandenburg possessed himself of Treves and the French of all Lorrain The Emperor was much perplex'd not being able to withstand so many Enemies He resolved to release the Duke of Saxony and the Landtgrave which pacified Duke Maurice On the Borders of Italy whither in the first Consternation he retired Forces flock'd to him from all Parts However he pardon'd the Marquis of Brandenburg designing to make use of him against the French This done he laid Siege to Metz with a great Army on the 20th of October but many of his Men perishing by reason of the badness of the Weather he was forced to quit that Enterprize On the 2d of December this Year departed this Life the Blessed F. Francis Xaverius as he was going to China He was a Native of Navarre and one of the Ten first Companions of S. Ignatius He preached among the barbarous People of India Japan and other Parts and was doubtless a Man of singular Sanctity and admirable in his Life His Body is preserved entire in the Church of his Order at Goa he being Canonized D. Peter de Toledo was Viceroy of Naples at such time as Ferdinand de Sanseverino Prince of Salerno caused the Turkish Fleet under the Command of Rustan Bassa to come against that City His Treason being discover'd he fled to Venice for which cause the Fleet returned to Constantinople without attempting any thing Only near the Island Ponça they met Andrew Doria overthrew his Fleet and took 7 of his Galleys The Prince of Salerno having declared himself went away to the Port to incite him the next Year to send another Fleet. The Emperor had put a Garison into Siena under the Command of D. James de Mendoza upon occasion of the Tumults and Factions in that City and to prevent its being deliver'd to the French D. James for his greater security raised a Fort for the Garison The Citizens suspecting this tended to deprive them of their Liberty put themselves under the Protection of France and then taking Arms expelled the Garison razing the Fort from the very Foundations which necessitated them to prepare for the ensuing War and for the Siege which was laid to the Place by D. Peter de Toledo in pursuance of the Emperor's commands This Year died at Florence Paulus Jovius at Ferrara Lillus Gregorius Giraldus and at Salamanca Ferdinand Pincianus the Greek Commentator Anno 1553. King Edward of England departed this Life on the 16th of July his Sister Queen Mary succeeded him tho opposed by many She being possessed of the Crown restor'd the Catholick Religion D. Peter de Toledo lying at the Siege of Siena died in the House of his Son-in-Law Cosmo de Medicis Duke of Florence His Forces return'd to Naples upon a Report of the approach of the Turkish Fleet under the command of the afore-mention'd Prince of Salerno This Fleet appear'd before Naples but there happening no Mutiny in the City it sailed on to Corsica great part whereof the Turks possessed themselves of it being subject to the Genoeses This Year John Prince of Portugal Married Joanna the Emperor's Daughter with great Solemnity but the Joy of this Match was not lasting Anno 1554. Before a Year was gone about after his Marriage the said Prince John died at Lisbon the 2d of January His Body was buried at the Monastery of Bethlem near Lisbon On the 20th of January his Wife was deliver'd of a Son who of the Day of his Birth was called Sebastian He was of a Noble and truly Royal Spirit but lived not long His Mother went away to Castile to govern those Kingdoms because her Brother Prince Philip was going away to be Married The new Queen of England desiring to secure her self in the Throne thought fit to chuse a Resolute and Powerful Husband and found none fitter for her purpose than Philip Prince of Spain to whom the Emperor his Father had on the last of October before resign'd up the Kingdom of Naples and Dukedom of Milan All Points being adjusted the Prince went over into England where the Marriage was Solemnized at Winchester on the 25th of July being St. James's Day Cardinal Reginald Poole was present being the Pope's Legate of the Blood Royal of England and great Sanctity of Life to reduce that Kingdom as he did to the Obedience of the Church of Rome Our Forces return'd to the Siege of Siena and the Marquis de Marignano the Emperor's General overthrew in Battel near that City Peter Strozzi a Banish'd Florentin sent by the French King with Forces to relieve the Besieged and drive the Imperialists out of Milan Anno 1555. Pope Julius died at Rome the 23d of March and on the 10th of April Cardinal Marcellus Gerninus born at Montepulchiano was chosen to succeed him and kept his former Name He held S. Peter's Chair only 22 days wherefore on the 23th of May Cardinal John Peter Garrasa born at Naples of noble Birth and a great Spirit was Elected in his room He took the Name of Paul IVth and governed the Church 4 Years 2 Months and 27 Days At length the City Siena tired with the Miseries of a long Siege was surrendred to the Emperor D. Francis de Mendoça Cardinal of Burgos was sent from Rome to settle the Government of that City At the Suit and Intercession of Cardinal Alexander Farnesius the Emperor pardoned his Brother Duke Octavius but kept in his hands the Citadel of Plasencia where a Spanish Garrison was left which King Philip the Second some Years after withdrew D. Ferdinand of Toledo Duke of Alva was at this time Viceroy of Naples he was ordered to march to Milan to oppose the Mareschal de Brissac who made War on that side for the King of France tho not with much vigor King Philip the Summer being well advanced departed out of England and came to Brussels where the Emperor his Father resigned up to him all his Kingdoms being desirous to take his repose as he accordingly did the Year following when having given up the Empire to his Brother Ferdinand he with his two Sisters the two Queens Ellenor and Mary went over into Spain and made choice for his retreat of the Monastery of S. Justa of the Order of S. Hierome in the territory of Plasencia
Brother who call'd himself Hercules He after having imbroil'd France making himself Head of the Hereticks repair'd to the Low Countries and there at his first coming possessed himself of Cambray which till then continued Loyal This was not all for the following Year he went to Antwerp and there caused himself to be declar'd Duke of Brabant which was but a meer shadow the Prince of Orange having all the Power His Authority lasted not long being at the same time disappointed of Marrying the Queen of England Anno 1582. At Antwerp a youth a Biscainer call'd John de Xauregui resolv'd to kill the Prince of Orange To this intent one day after dinner he fired a Musket at him yet killed him not but gave him a dangerous Wound in the Cheek The young Man was presently torn to pieces and all that knew of the design executed A Burgundian managed his Business more successfully for being admitted into the Prince's Family he soon after killed him in Holland At Toledo was held a Provincial Synod in which were 7 Bishops and 2 Abbots and D. Gaspar de Quiroga Archbishop of Toledo presided the Marquis de Velada assisted at it in the King's Name This Year Pope Gregory cut off 10 days in October to reduce the Solsticies and Equinoxes to their former place Besides the Golden Number was taken from the Calendar and in its place was substituted the Epact all to regulate the Observation of Times for the future better than it was before Mary the Empress came to Spain and went to Lisbon where the King her Brother was settling the Affairs of that Kingdom and with him Cardinal Albertus Son to the Empress a Prince of extraordinary Parts Antony who called himself King of Portugal after he was overthrown fled into France and having gathered a Fleet there sailed over to the Islands Terceras otherwise called Açores which still held out for him Near the Island of S. Michael he was vanquished in a Sea Fight by D. Alvaro Baçan Marquis of Santa Cruz. Philip Strozzi one of the Admirals of the French Fleet was killed the Count de Brissac the other Admiral together with Antony the pretended King saved themselves by flight All the Prisoners of Note to the number of 80 and many others the Marquis put to death the King of France consenting to it Nevertheless the People of Tercera would not submit Anno 1583. This Year the Marquis return'd and fully subdu'd them D. Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo Duke of Alva departed this Life at Lisbon aged 74 Years Soon after him died there also Sancho de Avila of the kick of a Horse on the 8th of June He was of the House of Velada and born at Avila Prince James Son to King Philip deceased at Madrid on the 1st of February for which reason the Three Estates in Portugal swore his Brother Prince Philip Heir to that Crown This Parliament being dissolv'd and Cardinal Albertus the King's Nephew constituted Governour of Portugal King Philip return'd to Castile to provide for the necessary Affairs there Anno 1584. The Duke of Alençon having obtain'd his Brother's Pardon return'd into France after he had been in England and Flanders but going from Paris soon died either of Sickness or Poisoned as some would have it Death put an end to his aspiring Thoughts which had compassed the Sovereignty of England France and Flanders The Prince of Orange was killed with a Musket-shot on the 10th of June by a young Burgundian call'd Baltasar who had entred into his Service to that purpose Such was the death of the Author of so many Mischiefs but this did not pacify the Flemmings King Philip had by his Wife Queen Elizabeth two Daughters Elizabeth and Catherine It was reported the eldest was kept for her Cousin the Emperor Rodulphus The youngest was contracted to Charles Duke of Savoy Zaragoça the principal City of Aragon was the place appointed for celebrating of the Nuptials Before the King set forward upon this Journey the Three Estates of Castile at Madrid swore Prince Philip Heir to the Crown This Ceremony was perform'd on the 11th of November being Sunday and the day of S. Martin in the Monastery of S. Hierome near that Town Quiroga Cardinal of Toledo sang the Mass Anno 1585. This Solemnity being performed the King set out for Zaragoca in very rough Weather the Winter Season not being yet past Thither came also the Duke of Savoy by Sea and was received with great Honour by the King his Father-in-Law The Marriage was celebrated with great Pomp and Ostentation on the 18th of March News was brought not long after that Pope Gregory being very aged and famous for his great Wisdom departed this Life at Rome the 12th of April In May following Cardinal Felix Montalto who had first bin General of the Recolet Franciscans then Bishop and afterwards Cardinal was lastly promoted to S. Peter's Chair He took the Name of Sixtus the Fifth governed the Church five Years and four Months and had many good Qualities but as there is no Man without a fault he is blamed for being too severe and covetous and for promoting of his Kinsmen more than was justifiable He Canonized S. James of Alcala a Franciscan whose Body is kept and Honour'd in the Monastery of that Order at Alcala The Prince of Parma made War against the Rebels in the Low Countries and having recover'd Gent and many other Places after a long and streight Siege he kept upon Antwerp forced it to surrender in August This Siege was very famous for the many extraordinary Devices used on both sides as also for the obstinacy of the Defendants but the Conduct of the General and Valour of the Spaniards overcame all Difficulties King Philip accompanied the new-Married Couple as far as Barcelona whence they sailed for Italy In his return at Monçon he held the Cortes or Parliament of Aragon which sate long many difficulties arising among them The violent heat of Summer and Autumn which proved sickly was the cause that many died there especially of the Strangers and Courtiers At last this Parliament swore Prince Philip Heir of all those Domimions Pope Sixtus at his first Accession to the Papacy published his Bull in which he declared Henry King of Navarre a Heretick and Excommunicated and deprived him of the Right of Inheriting the Kingdom of France as he did also Henry Prince of Conde his Cousin-German in case King Henry Brother-in-Law to him of Navarre died without Issue which was likely because till then the Queen had never been with-Child Anno 1586. Nevertheless the King of France labour'd to secure the Succession to the King of Navarre without regarding the Pope's Threats whereupon many of the French Nobility conspir'd to raise a Rebellion under the Colour of Religion The Ringleader was the Duke of Guise which much perplexed the King seeing three powerful Factions on foot which he feared would again
Kingdom of Denmark He had 3000 Men killed besides a great number of Officers The Poles took 1750 Prisoners 102. Pieces of Cannon 112 Colours a great quantity of Ammunition and all the Baggage Of the Victorious Army many were killed and wounded as may be supposed in so great an Action Anno 1660. King Philip designing to forward the Marriage of the Princess in order to the Perpetuating the Peace Concluded betwixt the Two Crowns declared his Resolution to go in Person to the Province of Guipuzeoa to be present there at the Solemnization of his Daughters Nuptials and at the same time to visit his only Sister the Queen Mother of France who that she might obtain a sight of him had earnestly sollicited that the Two Kings might meet His Journey wat fixt for the 15th of Aprill and a vast Number of Mules and Carts was sent from both Castiles Andaluzia Aragon and Valencia for the carrying of all the Baggage of the Court whereof this was some small part Twelve Trunks lined and covered with Crimson Velvet the Hinges Bars Locks and Keys of Silver in which were 23 whole Suits for the Princess all extraordinary rich Twenty other Trunks covered with Russia Leather all the Iron work guilt filled with a mighty quantity of all sorts of fine Linnen Six other Truncks covered with Amber-leather lined within with Crimson Sattin with Hinges Locks and Bars of Gold Enameld Two of them full of Amber Gloves whisker Cases Purses and other curiosities were for the Duke of Anjou The other Four carried great Riches for the Princess to bestow among the French Ladies Fifty Sumptures carried the Princesses dressing Plate and the rest for her ordinary use besides an infinite quantity of Perfumes to present Other 25 Sumptures contained most exquisite rich Hangings and Tapistry For her Entrance into Paris there were 18 Sumpture Cloths most costly Embroidered with Gold and Silver and many Liveries for the Men that were to lead the Sumptures For the Princesses use in Paris there was carried a Sedan adorned with Silver wrought in the manner of a Flanders Lace For to give Charity and other Gifts she had 50000 Pistoles the King had laid aside for his own use a greater Sum. The 14th of April being come their Majesties after Visiting the Church of our Lady of Atocha and that the King had made his will as is usual before the Monarchs of Spain undertake any Journey gave leave for the Ladies of the Court to come and take their Conge of the Princess As they came in his Majesty Received them with his Hat in his Hand the Queen and Princess Embraced them and so they went out at another Door making way for those that came after them Thursday the 15th of April the King and Princess set out with such a numerous Train of Coaches Horse litters and Horses that they extended 6 Leagues before them Before the King went 8 of the Town Trumpets cloathed in Red and Yellow their Trumpet-cloaths richly Embroidered with the Arms of France and Spain Next followed Four State Coaches and as many Horse-litters then Two Coaches with the Gentlemen of the Bedchamber then several other Litters and the State Horses Then a great number of the Nobility and Gentry and after them the Grandees each of whom had several Coaches and Gentlemen attending them and a great number of Servants in rich Liveries of which every one had 3 Suits one for this Day another to Travel and a Third for the Wedding Day Above all the Duke of Medina de las Torres had 140 Servants with each 3 Suits of Liveries for the 3 Days besides that brought him from Naples which Cost 40000 Ducats After these were his Majesties Pages and other Servants a Horseback carrying rich Portmanteaus of Crimson Velvet laced with Gold After them was the King's Coach in which was he and the Princess followed by the Ladies then the Sumpture Mules and next after them 72 long Waggons His Majesty had in his Journey 18 Horse-litters 70 Coaches of his and the Nobilities 2100 Sumpture Mules 70 State Horses 12 Pads 500 other Mules for Carriage 900 saddle Mules 32 long Waggons Officers were sent before to repair the Ways and others to make the necessary Provision at all Places where his Majesty was to Bait. He took his Way through Alcala de Henares Guadalaxara Hita Xadraque Atiença Berlanga S. Estevan de Gormaz Aranda and Lerma where he made some stay to see the Fire-works and Bull-feast prepared for his Entertainment by the Duke of that Name Next day he came to Burgos and staid there till the 30th that City spending 20000 Ducats to Entertain him Thither also came Two Gentlemen sent by the King of France to Complement his Majesty and Acquaint him with the death of John Baptist Gaston Duke of Orleans commonly called in France the Great Uncle because he was so to the most Christian King to the Princess he was going to Marry to the King of England the Duke of Savoy the Dutchesses of Bavaria and Parma and the Princess Dowager of Orange Upon this News his Majesty Commanded the publick Rejoicing to cease the Court to go into Black On Friday the 30th of April he set forwards from Burgos and on the 3d of May came to Vitoria the chief City of the Province Alova Here he was Royally again Treated and the City Presented him with 10000 Ducats in Gold Here another Gentleman met him from the Queen Mother of France desiring him to hasten his Journey for the great desire she had to see him and the Princess To be short he passed through Salinas Villareal Villafranca Tolosa and on the 11th of May came to S. Sebastian On the 14th he went to Los Passages Two little Towns upon a Creek that runs into the Bay of Biscay where in a rich Barge he took a view of all the Men of War that lay in that Place Upon the 2d of June the Princess Solemnly Renounced all Right and Title to the Crown of Castile upon Oath for her self and her Heirs D. Ferdinand Ruiz de Contreras Secretary of State read aloud the Form of Renunciation and the Oath to the new Queen of France which done the Bishop of Pamplona took the Holy Gospel and Presenting it to the new Queen she took her Oath to perform all that had been read by the Secretary Next day their Majesties having heard Mass in the Church which was Adorned in all costly manner the Bishop of Pamplona who had Officiated turned to the Princess and asked of her if she would have to her Husband Luis of Bourbon the most Christian King of France then the Princess kneeling before her Father asked his Consent which granted she stood up and the Bishop repeated the same Words but she answered not till he asked the Question the 3d time and then gave her Consent Then laying her right Hand upon one side of a great Gold Bason D. Luis de Haro laid his Hand on the opposite Part
as the Slaugter-house Gate scarce leaving any Monuments that there had been Buildings there It also bore down the Wall at the new Gate and broke into the City filling several Streets and finding no way out still rose drowning some Quarters of the City and in S. John's Street came up to the Floors of the second Stories All the Street de los Almaçâ—nes or of the Storehouses was drowned and all the Provisions and Merchandize laid up there were lost Several Quarters of the City were totally ruined as were the Monasteries of S. Dominick and S. Francis being so shaken they were rendred uninhabitable Great numbers of People fled to the tops of their Houses which falling they were carried away into the Mediterranean or buried in the Ruines Among the other Destruction made by the River Guadalmedina it was observed to take one corner House away intire and carry it so for a great space till at last it fell in pieces with the death of 16 Persons that were in it At 3 in the Afternoon the Storm ceased and at 5 the Water was gone out of the Streets at which time the Bishop and Governour gave great Alms among the poor People that were found alive in the ruinated Houses Above 1600 Houses were utterly destroyed 3000 so shaken that they threatned Ruine above 2000 Persons lost and the whole Dammage was computed at above 3 Millions A Ship of the Biscainers putting out of S. Sebastian met a Vessel of 28 Guns bound from Bayonne to Portugal which refusing to produce any Pass was sunk and in it 35 Men only 17 being saved by the Biscaniers among whom were 3 Portugues Fidalgos or Noblemen There was also taken a Trunk with Letters in it from the Envoy in England to the King of Portugal which were sent to Court On the 26th of September arrived at CorunÌ„a our Squadron that was out to secure the West-India Fleet with the Ships of the firm Land and new Spain being 34 Sail. These Ships besides a Chest of Pearls of inestimable Value brought for his Majesty 3247460 Pieces of Eight and for private Persons 6476690 in all 9724150 Pieces of Eight The Fleet having landed the Plate there sailed again with the other Merchandize and arrived at Cadiz on the 13th of November Amar Aga Alcaide and Governour of Tremecen had destroyed all the Corn belonging to those Moors that lived about Oran and had submitted themselves to the Spanish Governour of that Place who was then the Marquess of Leganes These Moors used to bring their Corn to sell to that City and the Garrison subsisted upon it The Marquess finding that no fair Means or Threats prevailed upon those People to reduce them marched out with 350 Foot and 180 Horse and forded the River Cid Soliman six Leagues from Oran then falling upon the Moors who live along that River he took 64 Slaves 12 Horses and a great number of Cattle whereof notice was immediately given to Amar Aga. He gathering his Turks lay in wait for the Marquess in his Return at the Ford of the River Cique where they engaged and 15 Turks were killed among whom was Xeque Salem Beniahim Amar Aga was in danger of being taken having his Horse killed and escaped upon another given him by his Guards The Turks retired to Tremecen and the Marquess returned victorious to Oran Not content with this he went out again with the same number of Horse and Foot and marching 7 Leagues to Zanua Zafa and Mediona brought under 9 Hords of Arabs containing 986 Moors 132 Tents and 16000 Head of Cattle Thus all those neighbouring Moors were again brought under Subjection and the Turks disappointed to the great Honour of the Marquess of Leganes Three Ships sailed from Alicant richly Laden with Merchandize for Venice and had aboard the Servants and Equipage of the Cardinal D. Pasqual de Aragon and other Passengers Near the Island of S. Peter they met 5 Turkish Pyrats and after Cannonading one another above 3 hours one of the 3 Ships which was French sunk another which was a Hollander being in danger to be taken burnt it self the 3 getting off in the Night arrived safe at Leghorn with 7 Turks that remain'd alive of above 100 that Boarded her Cardinal Pasqualis of Aragon made his publick Entry into Rome on the 7th of June and on the 29th after the Pope had heard Mass presented him the Hacaney and Purse with 7000 Ducats which our Kings every Year pay as an Acknowledgment for the Kingdom of Naples and that Night there was publick Rejoicings throughout the whole City Cardinal Mazarine prime Minister of France died the 9th of March. A violent Storm of Wind on the 30th of March overthrew above 150 Houses in the City Pau in the Province of Bearn On the 31th the Duke of Orleans only Brother to the most Christian King married his Cousin German Henrietta Maria Sister to the King of England and on the 18th of April the Lady Luisa of Bourbon 2d Daughter to the Duke of Orleans was by Proxy contracted to Mathius eldest Son to the Duke of Florence The Pope's Bull was published at Paris the 19th of June absolutely forbidding the Doctrine of Jansenius Queen Christina of Sweden who resided at Rome having abdicated that Kingdom hearing of the Death of her Cousin King Charles Adolphus returned to Sweden and made a solemn Entry into Stockholm where complaining that her Pension of 200000 Rixdollers was not duly paid her it was agreed in the Dyet She should have 150000 paid every Year provided She retired to some part of the Kingdom or else to Rome where She was before Such was the hatred conceived against her for embracing the Catholick Religion The War still continued hot betwixt the Venetians and the Turks in Candia and other Parts 15 Turkish Galleys were cast away in the Euxine Sea and 5 others on the Coast of Morea as also three Barbary Pyrats on the Coast of Sicily A great Earthquake hapned at Constantinople which overthrew many Buildings and killed a great number of People The Venetian Fleet had a sharp Engagement with 18 Turkish Ships that were carrying Supplies to Candia but a sudden Storm parted and dispersed them into several Ports The Turks entred Transilvania with an Army of 60000 Men and laid Siege to Plasemburg near Hermanstadt the chief City Ragotzi Prince of Transilvania attempted to put Relief into the Place with only 4000 Men and tho' heexecuted it with the loss of only 700 of his Soldiers and the Destruction of 6000 of the Enemy yet he having received 14 Wounds and soon after dying the City was taken by the Infidels Hence the Turks began to spread into Hungary doing much Mischief but the Counts Herberstein and Serini gathering 12000 Men killed 800 of them took 700 Prisoners and returned with a great Booty After this the Turks made vast Preparations in all Parts and brought the Asian Forces into Europe in Order to invade the Dominions of
being a Stranger had many Enemies at Court by Reason of his too great Authority and Power Particularly D. John of Austria by Letter ceased not to press the Queen to remove him from Court and She to give satisfaction to all that were discontented upon his Account complyed giving him a most honourable Discharge in such manner as if it had been granted at his own Suit and the Choice of being Ambassador either at Vienna or Rome He departed the Court on the 26th Day of February to the great Joy of many Had he made this Retreat voluntarily and of his free Choice he had gone off with Honour but staying to be thrust out went away hated and in disgrace The Translation of S. Isidorus the Patron of Madrid to a Rich Chappel built for that purpose was performed with all Pomp and Magnificence The Feast of the Canonization of S. Peter de Alcantara the Reformer of the Franciscans was celebrated by that Order during the space of 16 Days With him was also Canonized S. Magdalen of Pazzis a Carmelite Nun born at Florence This Year at the Sollicitation of the Pope a League was concluded among several Christian Princes for the Defence of Candia against the Turks Also another in Flanders betwixt the English Swedes and Hollanders for the Defence of the low Countreys The Count de Oropesa President of the Council of Orders was preferred to that of Italy The Duke of Ossuna was appointed Governour of Milan and the Duke of Sessa of Catalonia D. Ambrosio Spinola Archbishop of Santiago was Translated to the Archbishoprick of Sevil. The Count de Medellin was made President of Orders and his Place of Master of the Horse was given to the Marquess de Caslel Rodrigo Three new Counsellors of State were created which were the Constable of Castile who then governed the Low Countreys the Marquess de Astorga Ambassador at Rome and the Admiral of Castile The most sumptuous Palace begun at Barcelona by the Marquess de Castel Rodrigo one of the most Beautiful Structures in all Europe was this Year finished by the Duke of Ossuna He also raised the Citadel at Palamos a most important Sea-Port on the Coast of Catalonia and a great Inlet into that Principality FINIS THE INDEX TO Mariana's History of Spain A. ABdalasis Son to Muza his Actions Pag. 100 He marries the Widow of King Roderick 101 Abdalla dies Abderhaman succeeds him 116 Abderhaman first Moorish King in Spain 107 His Death 113 Abderhaman calls himself King of Murcia 132 Abderhaman inthron'd by the Abenhumeyas 133 Abides his Birth Education and Reign 9 Accommodation betwixt Castile and Leon. 151 Accord betwixt Castile Portugal and Aragon and Portugal 254 Betwixt Castile and Aragon 346 Betwixt France and Spain 480 Betwixt the two Kings Ferdinand and Philip 514 Betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand 536 Actions on the Frontiers of Castile and Portugal 433 In Navarre 554 Acts of the Cortes of Castile 305 At Madrid 254 Act of Justice 173 Adrian the Emperor reigns 21 years 56 Aelius reigns 22 years 56 Aemilianus reigns 4 months 58 Affairs of the Infidels 106 and 107 Of Aragon 202 Of Navarre 240 Of Aragon and Sardinia 288 Of Aragon unsuccessful at Naples 345 Of Naples 371 Of Portugal 375 Of Britany in France 460 Of Naples settled 527 Afranius 45 Agila reigns is kill'd having reign'd 5 years and 3 months 76 Agreement betwixt King John of Castile and his Rebels 365 Betwixt the Duke of Milan and French King 470 Betwixt King Ferdinand and the King of England 541 Alans and Vandals call'd in by Stilico 67 Alans who they were 67 They come into Spain 68 Their Progress 69 They and the Silingi subdu'd by the Goths 69 Alaricus proclaim'd King 74 Albarazin taken by the King of Aragon 226 Alcala de Henares made an University 234 Alcazar in Africk taken by the Portugueses 385 Alexander Severus reigns 13 years 57 Alexandet the 5th chosen Pope 328 Dies 330 Alexander the 6th Pope 332 Algezira besieg'd 263 Siege continu'd 264 Surrender'd 264 Alhaca the Moor dies Abderhaman the 2d succeeds him 111 Alhama taken by the Christians 440 In vain besieg'd by the Moors 441 Aljubarrota famous Battel Pag. 303 Alliance betwixt Portugal and Aragon 289 All Spain in Peace except Castile 418 Almenon the Moorish King of Toledo and Ramon Earl of Barcelona die 148 Almeria taken 171 Almohades a Family of Moors invade Spain 172 Almoravides the Moorish ruling Family come into Spain 153 Alonso the first King of Oviedo takes many Towns 106 His Death 106 Alonso the 2d King of Oviedo 108 Is expell'd by Mauregatus 108 Is restor'd His Sister debauch'd by a Count. 109 Alonso the 3d call'd the Great 114 Expell'd and recovers his Kingdome 114 His publick words His Son rebels He resigns the Crown His Death 116 Alonso the 4th calls himself King of Leon. 121 Becomes a Monk and leaves the Crown to his Brother Ramiro 122 Alonso the 5th King of Leon under the Tuition of the Earl of Galicia and his Wife 131 His Actions Is kill'd at the Siege of Viseo 134 Alonso the 6th King of Leon flies to the Moors 144 Returns from among the Moors and resumes the Crown Imprisons his Brother Garcia Takes an Oath for the Crown of Castile Aids the Moorish King of Toledo 146 Stiles himself Emperour 151 His Wife and Issue 153 His Forces overthrown by the Moors and a second time Marries his 3 Daughters to Strangers 154 His Works of Piety 158 His Death 159 Alonso the 7th proclaim'd King of Castile 162 Aspires to the Crowns of Aragon and Navarre 167 Invades them Stiles himself Emperour 168 He and his Daughter both married 173 Breaks into Andaluzia and dies 175 Alonso the 8th the young King of Castile secur'd by some Nobles 177 Receiv'd as King by his People 178 Toledo declares for him 178 Is overthrown by the Rebels 178 Assembles the Cortes or Parliament 179 Meets the King of Aragon 179 Concludes a League with him 179 Marries Ellenor the Daughter of King Henry the 2d of England 179 Invades Leon. 181 Overthrown by the Infidels 185 His two Daughters marry'd to the Kings of France and Leon. 187 His Death 195 Alonso the 9th Is divorced 186 Overthrows the Moors and takes Merida and Badajoz Fol. 205. p. 2 His Death Ibid Alonso the 10th 212 Chosen Emperour by part of the Electors and Richard Duke of Cornwal by the rest Fol. 212 p. 2 His Qualities 213 Aspires to the Empire 216 His Progress Meets the Pope in France Returns home Fol. 216 p. 2 Curses and disinherits his Son Sancho 222 Dies 225 Alonso the 11th his Birth 245 Is proclaim'd King being under 13 Months old Is kept by the Citizens of Avila 246 Enters upon the Government 251 Dies 268 Alonso the 1st King of Aragon 159 Is belov'd of all Men. 160 Is kill'd by the Moors 167 Leaves his Dominions to the Templers and other Knights 167 Alonso the 2d King of Aragon 178
16 Of Gravelling 17 Of Lepanto 21 Bell Rings of it self 89 Berga in Catalonia recovered 72 Brasil recovered 37 Breda taken 37 Bulls for Portugues Bishops refused by the Pope 68 C. Cadiz Plundered by Drake 29 Calais taken 17 Calvin and Beza 19 Caracena Marquess General against Portugal 90. Catalonia Rebels Portugal follows the Example 43 Catherine Queen of Portugal Dies 24 Cazal Besieged 37 Taken 63 Ceremony of Contracting the Spanish Princess to the King of France 90 Cessation of Arms betwixt France and Spain 80 Chaldeans their Conversion 38 Change of Religion in England 7 Charles I. in Spain 2 His Sister Married to Emanuel King of Portugal Is chosen Emperor Crowned 3 Returns into Spain 4 Marries the Sister of the King of Portugal 6 Crowned Emperor 7 Arms against the Turks 8 In France 9 Abdicates 16 Charles II. King of Spain Proclaimed 98 Charles Prince of Wales in Spain 36 Christian League against the Turk 21 Christiern King of Denmark expelled 4 Civil Wars in Swisserland 8 Clement Pope Dies 8 31 Clement IX chosen Pope 93 Collation of great Offices 95 Comet 22 24 Commotions in Portugal 42 Composition betwixt France and Spain 7 Concessions for Reducing Hereticks 13 Condê Prince in Catalonia 46 Conferences for Peace 80 Conspiracy against the French King 27 Conti Prince takes Ville-Franche 68 Conversion of Ethiopia 56 Cortes of Aragon 37 Of Castile 44 Of Aragon and Valencia 44 Cosmo Created Great Duks of Tuscany 21 Council of Trent 11 Openea 12 Breaks up 13 Sunnnoned again 14 Opened again 18 Court at Valladolid 30 D. Dauphin of France Marries the Queen of Scots 17 Death of 2 Kings and a Queen 13 Of 2 Popes 28 Of the Princess Governess of Flanders 39 Defeat of the French in Sardinia 41 Of the French at Valenciennes 73 Diet at Ausburg 7 At Worms 9 Discovery of Cathay and Tibet 36 Disputes about Religion in Germany 10 Betwixt Catholicks and Hereticks 12 About Religion in France 18 Diu Besieged by the Turks 9 Downfall of the Sultans of Egypt 2 Drake attempts Cadiz 27 Plunders the Coast of America 29 Dukes of Savoy and Mantua Die 41 Dunkirk gained 64 Taken by the French and English 76 Dutch and Turks Defeated 36 Dutch in Brazil 36 Routed 42 E. Earthquake 21 32 42 Ebora made an Archbishoprick 10 Edward King of England Dies 15 Elizabeth Queen of England 17 Excommunicated 20 Elizabeth Queen of Spain Dies 44 Emanucl King of Portugal Dies 4 Embassy into England 31 From a Black King 76 Emperor and King of England in League against France 11 Empress Dies 10 Empress in Spain 25 Enterprizes on the Frontiers of Portugal 83 English Fleet Invades Hispaniola 71 Escurial finished 28 Etna Mount 25 Exploits of Mallorquines 75 F. Ferdinand King of Spain Dies 1 Ferdinand chosen King of the Romans 7 Ferdinand Prince Archbishop of Toledo 34 Feria Duke in Alsace 39 Final betrayed 31 Floods 37 Francis King of France taken by the Imperalists 5 Released 6 French King in Italy 1 French King and Emperor meat 9 French King's Sister Married to the Prince of Navarre 22 French King takes Towns in Flanders 93 French and Turks take Nice 11 French in Biscay 4 Invade Savoy 9 In Lorrain 38 Overthrown 42 Join with the Rebels 43 In Italy 46 Decline in Catalonia 58 In Catalonia with the Rebels 65 Pass the Pyreneans 67 Join with the English 74 Obliged to quit the Siege of Alexandria 74 Begin the War in Flanders 93 Galeons destroyed 71 General defection of the Low-Countries 24 Great Eclipse 11 Great Flooas 16 43 and 76 Great Jubilee 30 Great Tax 31 Gregorian Account 25 Gregory Pope Dies 26 Gregory XV. Pope 35 Dies 36 Guize Duke Murdered by the Huguenots 18 Guize Duke put to death 27 Guize Duke set at Liberty 69 Gustavus Adolphus 38 Killed 39 H. Hard Winter 44 Henry King of Navarre 2 Henry the Cardinal King of Portugal 24 Dies 25 Henry III. King of France Murdered by Clement 28 Henry IV. King of France Murdered by Ravillac 32 Heresie of Martin Luther 2 Hereticks at the Council of Trent 14 Huguenot Rebels twice overthrown 20 James Prince of Spain Dies 26 Jesuits Confirmed by the Pope 10 Jesuits Murdered 20 Innocent X. Pope Dies 69 Innundations in Flanders 7 John III. King of Portugal Marries the Emperors-Sister 5 Dies 16 D. John of Austria at Tunez 22 Made Vicar of Italy 23 In the Low-Countries 24 D. John of Austria at Sea 46 At the Siege of Barcelona 53 Takes Solsona 72 Sent for Flanders 73 Takes S. Gillain 73 Commands against Portugal 87 83 Takes Aronches and other Places 83 Enters Portugal Takes Borba and Iurumenha 86 Takes Ebora and is Routed 95 Is Lord Lieutenant and Captain General of Aragon 94 Jubilee Year at Rome 37 57 Julius III. Elected Pope 14 Dies 15 K. King of France Dies 23 L. Landresi taken by the French 41 League against the Turks 9 Dissolved 22 Leganez Marquess in Savoy 41 Leganez Marqess destroys many Moors about Oran 15 Leo IX Pope Dies 4 Leo X. chosen Pope 5 Leo XI shosen Pope 31 Leopold the Archduke in Champagne 57 Lerida Recovered 44 Lerma Duke leaves the Government 33 Low-Countries Conspire against Spain 23 M. Malta Besieged by the Turks 19 Mamora taken 32 Marcellus chosen Pope and Dies 15 Margaret King Philip IV. Daughter Married to the Emperor 95 Marriages of Princes 32 Marriage of the Princess of Spain to the Fr. King 90 Martin Luther's Death 12 Martyrdoms in Japan 36 Mary Queen of Portugal Dies 2 Mary Queen of England Marries Philip Prince of Spain 15 Dies 17 Mary Queen of Scots imprisoned 19 Murdered 27 Mary Princess Born 31 Maximilian the Emperor Dies 3 Maximilian Governour of Spain 13 Medices expelled Florence 6 Restored 7 Monserrat Invaded by the Spaniards 47 Monstrous Birth 39 Montmidi Surrendred to the French 74 Moriscoes Rebell in Spain 20 Banished 32 Mortara Marquess attacks the French and is repulsed 76 Mortality 28 Murder Commited by a Woman 92 Mutiniers Punished 28 N. Naples Besieged 6 Navarre Pacified 1 Over-run by the French 3 Netherlands given to the Princess Elizabeth 22 New Governour in the Low-Countries 22 New Passage into the South Sea 33 F. Nitard sent from Court 94 O. Olivenca taken from the Portugues 44 Orange Prince Heads the Rebels in Holland 20 Wounded 25 Killed 26 Ormuz taken by the Persians 36 Ossuna Duke makes an Irruption into Portugal 77 His Actions there 84 Again in Portugal 95 Overthrow of the French 5 45 Of the Saxons 13 Overtures of Peace betwixt Spain and Portugale 91 P. Pantheon finished 67 Parma Prince successful against the Rebels in the Low-Countries 26 Paul III. Pope Dies 14 Paul IV. Pope 15 Paul V. Pope Dies 37 Peace betwixt France and Spain 17 Betwixt Spain and England 31 With Oliver Cromwell 70 Concluded 89 Concluded with Portugal 94 Penol in Africk taken 19 Perfidious Act of Portugueses 70 Pemambuco taken by the Dutch 38 Perpignan taken by the French 43
French and Aragonians at variance Henry K. of Castile dies Castile divided betwixt the Rightful Princess Joanna and Elizabeth the Usurper 1475. Ferdinand received in Castile Marquess de Villena his double Dealing Nobles of Castile join with Portugal in favour of the Rightful Heiress Ferdinand labours to gain the Nobility of Castile Alonso K. of Portugal proclaimed King of Castile being Contracted to the Rightful Heiress French and Portuguese Forces against Castile 1476 John Pr. of Portugal comes to his Fathers assistance into Castile Fight betwixt the Portugues and Castilian Armies Defeat of the Portugueses Great Disorders throughout Casile Factions in Navarre Alonso King of Portugal goes over into Africk and thence into France Endeavours to pacifie Navarre Toro surprized by the Castilians King Ferdinand chose Master of Santiago in trust Moores of Granada invade Murcia Noblemen secure to themselves all the strong holds Disorders in Sicily and Sardinia The King of Portugal resolves to go in Pilgrimage to Hierusalem and resigns his Crown to his Son John Prince of Portugal restores the Crown to his Father 1478 Sardinia reduced Birth of Prince John of Castile Inquisition first settled in Spain Actions on the Frontiers of Castile and Portugal Peace betwixt Castile and France 1479. John King of Aragon dyes Factions continue in Navarre Heretical oppinions condemned in Spain Counâ—ess of Medellin a turbulent-Woman Overthrow of the Portugueses King Ferdinand goes into Aragon Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Portugal 1480. Grants made by King Henry declared void by the Cortes The Turks take Otranto in Italy 1481. Ferdinand's Son sworn Heir of Castile Aragon and Catalonia Alonso King of Portugal dies John II. of Portugal Three great Men die 1482. Francis Crowned King of Navarre 1483. The young K. of Navarre dies Traitors punished in Portugal 1483. Ratifications of the Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal Luis XI King of France dies The famous War with the Moors of Granada 1481. Zahara surprized by the Moors 1482. Alhama taken by the Christians Alhama in vain besieged by the Moors Preparations for War with the Moors Loxa besieged by the Christians without success The War with the Infidels put off for some time Troubles Galicia 1483. Slaughter of the Christians Two Moorish Kings at Granada destroy one another Defeat of the Moores Moorish King taken Moorish King set at Liberty Rebellion in Navarre 1484. Pope Sixtus dies Innocent the 8th succeeds Alcara taken from the Moores Boabdil the Moorish King flies to Cordova Ronda taken Christians defeated Rebellion in Naples Tumults in Aragon and Catalonia 1482. Azamor in Africk submits to the Portugueses Divisions among the Infidels Loxa and other Places taken 1487. King Ferdinand takes Malaga and other Places Discoveries of the Portugueses Troubles in Aragon stop the progress of the War of Granada 1488. Several Places taken from the Moores The Moores recover the lost Towns Masterships of Military orders annexed to the Crown 1489. Three Cities and othe small Towns taken from the Moores 1490. The Moorish King submits Elizabeth Princess of Castile married to Alonso Prince of Portugal Death of Prince Alonso and King John his Father The Moorish King besieged by his own People The Plain of Granada wasted War with the Moors renewed 1491. Description of the City Granada K. Ferdinand builds a Town to lie in during the Siege of Granada A Phanatick Moor. Granada surrendered to K. Ferdinand Character of K. Ferdinand and Q. Elizabeth 1492. Affairs of Britany in France Jews banished Spain Pope Innocent VIII dies Alexander VI. succeeds Navarre pacified Discoveries and Conquests in the West-Indies Controversies betwixt Castile and Portugal about their Discoveries Roussillion and Cerdagne restored to King Ferdinand Palma one of the Canary Islands conquered Mastership of the 3 Military Orders inseparably annexed to the Crown Original of the Neapolitan War 1494 Ferdinand King of Naples dies French Invade Naples Luis Sforcia Duke of Milan French King at Rome 1495. Alonso King of Naples abdicates League against the French French King returns home Venetians overthrown by the French Ferdinand King of Naples successful against the French John II. King of Portugal dies Agreement between the Duke of Milan and French King 1496. Progress of the Affairs in Italy Ferdinand of Spain called Catholick King by the Pope Emanuel King of Portugal settles the Government England enters into the league against France Ferdinand King of Naples dies The Emperor Besieges Leghorn in vain The Pope Invades the Lands of the Urfini Duke of Gandia Murdered Proposals concerning the Kingdom of Naples Progress of the Portuguses discoveries 〈…〉 Mozambique discovered Description of India Vasco de Gama at Calicut Vasco returns to Portugal Account of the Navigation of Vasco de Gama 2 Daughters of K. Ferdinand matched 1497. John Prince of Castile dies Prince of Salerno expelled Naples Accord betwixt France and Spain 1498. Charles VII King of France dies Luis XII succeeds him Hierome Savanarola a famous Preacher in Florence burnt King of Portugal sworn Heir of Castile Queen of Portugal being delivered of a Son dies 1499. Perplexity of King Ferdinand 1499. The Duke of Milan expelled his Dukedom University of Alcalá Founded Moors in the Mountains Rebell Ferdinand assists the Venetians Birth of the Emperor Charles the 5th The Fr. posses themselves of the Duke and Dukedom of Millan 1500. Great Year of Jubilee Peace betwixt Fr. and Spain Cefalonia taken from the Turks Double-dealing of K. Ferdinand Disagreement betwixt the French and Spaniards Descripti-of the Kingdom of Naples Frederick King of Naples puts himself into the hands of the French French perish by Pestilence and Stress of Weather The Arch duke comes into Spain The Great Captain's Actions at Naples Disagreement about the Division of Naples Conference of the French and Spanish Generals Archduke and Princess sworn Heirs of Aragon Archduke returns to Flanders War betwixt the French and Spaniards at Naples A notable combat of Eleven on each side Several losses of the French Marquess del Gasto comes over to the Spaniards 1503. Great booty taken by the Spaniards Combat betwixt 13 French and as many Italiuns Several losses of the French Marquess del Gasto comes over to the Spaniards Archduke concludes Peace betwixt Spain and France The peace takes no effect Succours from Spain land in Naples Lord of Aubigni defeated and taken The Battel of Cirinola Almost all Naples subdued by the Great Captain Reception of the Great Captain at Naples St. German taken Gaeta besieged Practices of the Spaniards The French in Roussillon Pius III. Elected Pope Progress of the Siege of Saulses Ninetten Sail of Infidels destroyed Siege of Saulses raised Julius II. Pope French Army marches through Italy Mutiny in the Spanish Army Defeat of the French Notable Valour of a Spaniord Defeat of the French again Gaeta surrendred to the Great Captain Prefect of Rome submits to Spain Nobility of Naples swear Fidelity to Spain Several Cities of Italy Sue for Protection of Spain Truce for 3 Years betwixt France and
Spain Great Famine and Earth-quakes Perfidiousness of Duke Valentin The great Captain contrary to his faith given sends Duke Valentln into Spain The great Captain ill represented to the King The Emperor Archduke and King of France join in League League against the Venetians Calamities of Princes Frederick King of Naples dies Elizabeth Queen of Spain dies Differences about the Government of Castile 1505. King Ferdinand becomes odious to the People The Emperor and King Philip of Castile ratifie the Peace with France K. Ferdinand agrees with the French King Mazaliquivir in Africk taken Nobles in Castile for and against K. Philip. Accord twixt the 2 Kings Ferdinand and Philip 1506. King Philip in England Little Faith in King Fernand A bloody mutiny at Lisbon King Ferdinand Marries Queen Joanna King Philip lands in Spain King Philip declares against the Treaty with King Ferdinand Christopher Columbus dies Flemmings and Spaniards disagree Forces raised by Ferdinand Many forsake Ferdinand Ferdinand forced to quit Castile Interview of the Two Kings A League Defensive and Offensive betwixt the Two Kings of Spain Jealousie the cause of King Philip's Queen's Distemper New Troubles in Castile King Ferdinand and his Queen at Zaragoça Jealousies raised against the Great Captain King Philip dies Confusions upon the death of King Philip. Government settled for the present King Ferdinand in Italy He comes to Naples Uncertain Government of Castile Q. Joanna wholly unfit to Govern Embassies to K. Ferdinand at Naples Practices of the Emperor 1507. Q. Joanna delivered of a Daughter Mutiny at Toledo Duke Valentine slain K. John of Navarre subdues his Rebellious Subjects Treaty betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand Affairs of Naples setled Fâ—ench King in Italy Interview of the two Kings King Ferdinand returns to Castile The Emperor disgusted with Ferdinand The Emperor proceeds against Milan Malecontent in Andaluzia Punishment of the Mutiniers Penon in Africk taken by the Spaniards Portugueses sustain loss at Azamor but relieve Arzila Conspiracies in Castile discovered League of Cambray Soldans Fleet worsted in India Death of Henry the VII of England Henry the VIII succeeds him Oran in Africk taken Venetians set upon on all sides Venetian Army routed Padua recovered by the Venetians Navarrois and Arragonians make War Accord betwixt the Emperor and K. Ferdinand Ferdinand desires Peace with Venice 1510. Bugia and other places taken by the Spaniards Goa in India taken by the Portugueses Vincenza taken by the Imperialists The Pope seizes the Lands of the Duke of Ferrara Cortes or Parliament held at Monçon Investiture of Naples granted to K. Ferdinand D. Garcia de Toledo sent with Forces into Africk Rout of the Spaniards in Africk King Ferdinand assists the Pope Cardinals fall of from the Pope Jealousies of Princes 1511. The Pope pressed to call a general Council Agreement betwixt K. Ferdinand and the K. of England The Emperor cannot be separated from France Success of the Portugueses in India The Pope in vain labours for an accommodation with France League for defence of the Church The War in Italy King of England prepares to invade France Bergamo and Bressa return to the Obedience of the Venetians Venetians overthrown by the French King and Queen of Navarre excommunicated The French advance towards the Confederates Preparations for the Lateran Council Swissers descend into Italy Grounds of the War in Navarre The Duke of Alva enters Navarre Navarre 〈…〉 Ferdinand French decline in Italy Florence Siena and Luca join with the Confederates Great Captain forbid to pass into Italy 〈◊〉 invaded by the French 〈…〉 Bressa taken by the Viceroy Duke Maximilian Sforcia recovers Milain 1513. Pope Julius dies Leo X. chosen Peace betwixt France and Venice A Truce betwixt France and Spain Actions in Navarre Revolutions at Gema Rendezvouz of French at Aste Swisse rout the French K. Henry of England takes Theourenne and Tournay Azaomr taken by the Portugueses Venice Canonaded Queen of France dies Truce betwixt Spain and France prolonged Preparations of the Turk against Italy An Ambassador from Ethiopia arrives in Portugal Luis King of France dies 1515. Alonso de Albequerque his Actions in India 4000 Portugueses slain in Africk Milan recovered by the French Overthow of the Swiss Great Captain ordered to be apprehended Barbarossa besieges Bugia in vain Great Captain dies 1516. K. Ferdinand dies French K in Italy Swiss routed Spaniards expelled Millan K. Ferdinand dies Navarre pacified Henry King of Navarre Mary Qu. of Portugal dies Cardinal Adrian K. Charles in Spain Downfal of the Sultans of Egypt Heresy of Martin Luther K. Charles his Sister married to Emanuel K. of Portugal Maximilian dies Charles the Fifth chosen Emperor Charles the Fifth Crowned Rebellion in Spain Navarre over-run by the French French in Biscay Emanuel K. of Portugal dies Pope Leo dies Adrian chosen Pope Return of the Emperor into Spain K. Christiern expell'd Denmark Death of Pope Adrian Leo the X. chosen Pope Overthrow of the French John King of Portugal marries the Emperors Sister Francis K. of France taken by the Imperialists Accord betwixt Spain and France K. Francis released The Emperormarries the Sister of the K. of Portugal Practices against the Emperor Turks over run Hungary Rome sacked Medicis expelled Florence Prince Philip sworn Heir of Castile Naples besieged Doria quits the French tervice Composition betwixt Fra. and Spain Agreement with Portugal Vienna besieged Coronation of the Emperor Diet at Ausburg Medicis restor'd to Florence Ferdinand chosen K. of the Romans Inundations in Flanders Change of Religion in England CivilWars in Swisserland The Emperor arms a-against the Turks Pope and Emperor meet at Bolonia Pope and King of France meet at Marseilles Pope Clement dies Paul III. succeeds Tuncz taken by the Emperor French invade Savoy Emperor in France Three things remarkable Diet at Worms Diu besieged by the Turks League against the Turks Truce for 10 Years French K. and Emp. meet The Empress dies Rebellion of Ghent Ebora made an Archbishoprick Jesuits confirmed By the Pope Disputes about Religion in Germany Council of Trent Swarms of Locusts Prince Philip Governour of Spain French and Turks take Nice A great Eclipse Barbarussa ravages the Coasts of Italy Emperor and King of England in League against France Marriage of Prince Philip. Proceedings against Hereticks Council of Trent opened Martin Luther's death Disputes betwixt Catholicks and Hereticks Death of two Kings and a Qu. Overthrow of the Saxons Council of Trent breaks up Concessions for reducing Hereticks Maximilian Governour of Spain Rise of the Xerifes in Africk Pope Paul dies Julius III. Elected Council of Trent again summoned War in Flanders Hereticks at the Council of Trent S. Francis Xaverius Turkish Fleet at Naples Siena expells the Imperialists Edward K. of England dies Birth of Prince Sebastian of Portugal Mary Qu. of England Marries Philip Pr. of Spain Julius dies Marcellus succeeds he dies and Paul IV. is chosen Pope Siena surrendred to the Emperor Abdication of the Emperor Truce betwixt France and
Spain Siena given to the Duke of Florence War renewed betwixt France and Spain John III. King of Portugal dies Battel of S. Quintin Great Floods Plague Calis taken Dauphin of France Marries the Queen of Scots Battel of Graveling Mary Qu. of England dies Elizabeth Queen of England Peace betwixt Fra. and Spain K. Philip Marries his third Wife Philip returns into Spain Pius IV. chosen Pope Spaniards worsted by the Turks Rebellion in France Disputes about Religion in France Council of Trent again opened 22 Gallies cast away Duke of Guise murder'd by the Hugonots Spaniards at the Council of Trent Calvin and Beza Penol in Africk taken Malta besieged by the Turks Synods in Spain Pius V. chosen Pope Solyman dies before Sigeth Rebellion of the Low Countries Queen of Scots Imprison'd Duke of Alva Governor of the Low-Countries Rebels in France besiege Paris Prince of Orange heads the Rebels in Holland Morisco's Rebel in Spain Hugonots twice over thrown Qu. Elizabeth Excommunicated Jesuits murder'd Cosmo created D. of Tuscany Earthquake Christian League against the Turk Battel of Lepanto Pope Pius dies French K's Sister married to the Prince of Navarre Several Places in the Low-Countries revolt League against the Turk dissolved Venetians make Peace with the Turk D. John of Austria at Tunez A Comet A new Governor in the Low-Countries King of France dies D. John made Vicar of Italy Archb. of Toledo condemned The Low-Countries conspire against Spain Antwerp plunder'd D. John in the Low Countries Catherine Q. of Portugal dies A Comet Birth of P. Philip. Sebastian K. of Portugal slain with all his Army in Africk General Defection of the Low Countries D. of Alenson in the Low Countries Cardinal Henry K. of Portugal Mount Etna Henry K. of Portugal dies Duke of Alva reduces Portugal Queen of Spain dies Alenson Heads the Rebels in the Low Countries Prince of Orange wounded Synod at Toledo Gregorian Account The Empress in Spain Antony the Bastard of Portugal vanquished Pr. James of Spain dies Alençon returns into France Prince of Orange killed Pr. Philip sworn Heir of Spain Duke of Savoy in Spain Pope Gregory dies Sixtus V. chosen Prince of Parma successful against the Rebels in the Low-Countries Conspiracy against the French King Q. of Scots murder'd Sr F. Drake attempts Cadiz 30000 Germans in France Spanish Armada against England destroyed Duke of Guise put to Death Henry III. King of France murder'd by Clement Antony the Bastard with the English Fleet at Portugal Escuriall finish'd Death of two Popes Mortality Antony Perez his Sufferings Mutiniers punish'd Tumults in Aragon appeas'd K. Philip aspires to the Crown of France Quiroga Archbishop of Toledo Archduke Albertus governs the Netherlands Valladolid made a Bishoprick Sir Francis Drake plunders the Coasts of America Cadiz plundred by Drake Amiens taken by the Spaniards Netherlands given to the Princess Elizabeth K. Philip the 2d dies Marriage of K. Philip the 3d. Great Jubilee The Court at Valladolid Birth of the Princess Ann. Final betrayed Embassy into England Peace betwixt Spain and England concluded Pope Clement dies Leo the 11. succeeds Birth of P. Philip. Princess Mary born A great Tax P. Philip sworn heir of Spain Truce with the Dutch Rebels St. Ignatius beatified Henry IV. King of France murder'd Alarache in Africk taken Morisco's banish'd Queen of Spain dies Marriages of Princes An Earthquake Mamora taken War of Savoy and Mantua Pr. Philip Marries the French K's Sister New Passage into the South-Sea Victory over the Hollanders Duke of Lerma leaves the Government K. Philip in Portugal Pr. Ferdinand Archbishop of Toledo Philip III. dies Pope Paul dies Gregory 15th succeeds Philip the 3d dies Philip 4th succeeds Two Sea Fights Rod. Chalderon beheaded Martyrdoms in Japan P. Gregory dies Vrban the 8th chosen Charles P. of Wales in Spain Ormuz taken by the Persians Discovery of Cathay and Tibet Conversion of Ethiopia Dutch in Brasil Dutch and Turks defeated Jubilee at Rome Breda taken Brasil recovered Cortes of Aragon Floods Persecution in Japan Cazal besieged Birth of P. Balthasar Theatines in Spain War in Italy Gustavus Adolphus French in Lorain Pernambuco taken by the Dutch Conversion of Chaldeans A Fire at Madrid Gustavus Adolphus kill'd Death of the Princess Governess of Flanders Duke of Feria in Alsace Wallestein Executed Monstrous Birth War betwixt Fra. and Spain Spaniards take Towns in Picardy Places in Guienne taken Storm of Wind and Rain Defeat of the French in Sardinia Ships taken Landresi taken by the French Marquis de Leganez in Savoy Dukes of Savoy and Mantua die Commotions in Portugal Dutch routed French twice over thrown An Earthquake Roussillon invaded by the French Catalonia rebels Portugal follows the Example The French join with the Rebels Perpignan taken by the French Great Floods Lerida recovered Elizabeth Q. of Spain dies Cortes of Aragon Valencia A hard Winter Cortes of Castile Olivença taken from the Portugueses Spaniards overthrown in Catalonia Castle of Termes taken Overthrow of the French French in Italy Places in the Low-Countries taken by the French Pr. Balthasar dies D. John of Austria at Sea Prince of Conde in Catalonia Montferrat invaded by the Spaniards Truce with Holland Rebellion of Naples Troubles of France Actions in Portugal Courtray taken Ipres delivered to the French Cambray relieved Charles K. of England murder'd Cromwel's Embassador in Spain killed Portolongone taken English Fleet before Lisbon Catalonians return to their Duty Tortosa taken Leopold the Archduke in Champagne Year of Jubilee Castle of Alcaraz surprzed Spanish Ambassador received by the Rebels in England French decline in Catalonia Queen of Spain delivered of a Daughter D. John of Austria at the Siege of Barcelona Feast of S. Rosalia Barcelona recovered Portugueses worsted Cazal taken Taking of Gravelin Dunkirk also gained Turenne overthrown by Conde Succours sent the French Rebels by the Spaniards French invade Catalonia with the Rebels Small Encounters in Portugal Repulfe of the French Pantheon finished French pass the Pyreneans Bulls for Portugues Bishops refused by the Pope Prince of Conti takes Ville Franche Duke of Lorrain apprehended Portugues Ambassador's Brother in England beheaded Pope Innocent X. dies Duke of Guise set at liberty Turks before Candia Perfidious Act of the Portugueses Peece with Oliver Cromwell English invade Hispaniola Ships taken Galleons destroyed Berga in Catalonia recovered D. John of Austria takes Solfona Pope Alexander VII chosen D John of Austria sent for Flaudert Defeat of the French at Valenciennes D. John takes S. Gillain French and English join Montmidy surrendred to the French Plague at Naples French obliged to quit the Siege of Alexandria Exploits of Mallorquins Spanish West India Fleet burnt by Blake Dunkirk taken by the French and English Great Floods Embassie from a Black King Marquess of Mortara attacks the French and is repulsed Duke of Ossuna makes an Irruption into Portugal Badajoz besieged by the Portugueses Badajoz relieved Posture of Affairs in Flanders Cessation of Arms betwixt France and Spain Conferences for Peace Peace Concluded A Bell Rings of it self K. Philip goes with the Princess his Daughter to the Frontiers Ceremony of Contracting the Princess The marriage of the Princess D. John of Austria commands against Portugal He takes Aronches and other Places Enterprizes on the Frontiers of Portugal Duke of Ossima his Actions in Portugal Prince Philip dies A terrible Storm Riches of the Spanish Fleet. Marquess de Leganez destroys many Moors about Oran War betwixt the Venetians and Tarks Turks enter Transilvania A Prodigy D. John of Austria enters Portugal He takes Borba and Juramenha D. John takes Evora and i◠afterwards routed Duke of Ossuna again in Portugal The K.'s Daughter Margaret married to the Emperor War betwixt the Emperor and the Turk Slaughter of the English Garison at Tangier Marques de Caracena General against Portugal K. Phil IV. dies K. Charles II of Spain proclaimed Overtures of Peace betwixt Spain and Portugal Queen Regent of Portugal dies Alarache in vain attempted by the Moors A murder committed by a Woman Turkish Fleet beaten The French begin the War in Flanders French Kingtakes Towns in Flanders Pope Alexander the 7th dies Clement the 9th chosen Rogusa destroyed by an Earthquake Peace concluded with Portugal Alonso K. of Portugal imprisoned by his Brother K. Alonso of Portugal sent to the Island Tercera D John of Austria Ld. Lieutenant and Capt. General of Aragon F. Nitard sent from Court Collation rf great Officers
Riches and Prosperity he shall be very Devout of a virtuous Inclination and a great Defender of Christianity Amidst so many Virtues considering human Frailty there could not be wanting some Allay of Vice Avarice which is laid to his Charge may be well excused with the lowness of the Revenue The Wickedness of those Times was the cause of the Severity and Rigour he is blamed for Foreign Writers accuse him of a wicked Craft and that he valued not his Word where it was for his Advantage to break it I will not dispute how true this is He contracted Affinity with the Greatest Princes in all Christendom as the Kings of England and Portugal and the Dukes of Austria Several other Princes were near of Kin to him for he was Unkle to Anne Dutchess of Britany as Brother to her Grandmother by the Mother's side He was Cousin German to Ferdinand King of Naples and great Unkle to Catherine Queen of Navarre as brother to her Grandmother This particularly is laid to his Charge That without any regard of Kindred only thro' Ambition of enlarging his Dominions he thrust this Lady and her Husband out of their Kingdom and obliged them to retire to France Others excuse him upon pretence of Religion and the Pope's Command but that is a weak Defence Great Troubles ensued hereupon Henry d' Albret Son to that Queen endeavoured to recover his Kingdom with more Valour than good Fortune He had by the Lady Margaret Sister to Francis King of France one Daughter and Heiress called Joanna who married Anthony of Bourbon Duke of Vendosme and was Mother to that Henry who married Margaret the Sister of Three Kings of France viz. Francis II. Charles and Henry who all dying without Issue he inherited that Crown as next of the Male Line Notwithstanding the People of France pretended he could not inherit because he had embraced the then new-broached Heresies that spread abroad in France But let us leave this to put an end to the Affair of Granada King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth having taken possession of that City by the special Providence of God the Moors remaining in that part of Spain were for ever after brought under the Dominion and Government of the Christians This solemn Entry was upon Friday the 6th of January 1492. and according to the Arabian Account the Year 897 of the Hegira on the 8th of the Month which they call Rahib Haraba Which Day as it is a Feast of great Solemnity throughout the Christian World as being the Epiphany of our Lord so was it particularly Joyful and Fortunate to all Spain and no less unhappy to the Moors For by their Extirpation the Honour of Spain was restored and a great Province added to the Christian Dominions All other Provinces of Christendom were made Partakers of this Joy and particularly Pope Innocent had a large account given him of the Reduction of all Spain to its former Obedience to the Church In all Parts there were Bonfires and Sports celebrated in token of Joy and Men Women and Children went in Procession to the Churches to give Thanks to Almighty God for so signal a Mercy Rome was rejoycing for the Peace concluded betwixt the Pope and King of Naples when John de Estrada King Fedinand's Ambassador brought this happy News In token of their great Satisfaction the Pope Cardinals and People of Rome went in Procession to the Spanish Church of Santiago there the Divine Office was performed with great Solemnity and a Sermon suitable to the Occasion preached in which the Preacher highly extolled the King and Queen and magnified the Valour of and Victories obtained by the Spanish Nation The End of the 25th BOOK The History of SPAIN BOOK XXVI CHAP. I. The Affairs in Britany The Jews expelled Spain Pope Innocent VIII dies Alexander VI. succeeds him Navarre pacified AFter putting so Honourable an end to the War of Granada and totally subverting the Kingdom of the Moores in Spain King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth bent their thoughts upon greater and more glorious Undertakings Lest the great number they had of brave and expert Soldiers should be debauched with Luxury and Ease since nothing remained to Conquer at home they sent them to subdue Kingdoms abroad Thus the Dominion and Name of the Spaniards till then confined within the bounds of their own Country was not only spread abroad through France Italy and Barbary but extended to the utmost bounds of the Earth I am sensible the Work that lies before me is too great for my weak Capacity and might startle the greatest Wits For this Reason in the Preface to my Latin History I said I would conclude with the War of Granada but several Learned People have perswaded me this Work would be imperfect ending there that the Actions since performed are so glorious they will be an Ornament to all the rest and that every one is more delighed with Modern History than with that which its Antiquity makes dubious I have therefore resolved to continue this History some years longer in which the Spaniards performed the most glorious Actions that were ever done not only by them but by any People in the whole World Before we enter upon those mighty Exploits it will not be amiss to put the Reader in mind of some things we have hinted before Francis Duke of Britany Married Margaret Daughter to Ellenor Queen of Navarre and Niece to King Ferdinand They had no Issue Male but only two Daughters Ann and Elizabeth Many Princes were ambitious to Marry those Ladies and especially the Eldest Among the rest Charles VIII King of France was he that stood fairest notwithstanding he was before Contracted to Margaret Daughter to Maximilian King of the Romans who being now a Widdower Treated of Marrying the same Lady Ann. The King of France sought to gain by force what he feared not to compass by fair means and therefore upon pretence that the Duke of Orlcans was protected against him in Britany he made War upon that Country The Duke applied himself for Succour to the English Germans and Spaniards To this purpose as has been said Alan d' Albret Father to the King of Navarre hoping to Marry the Lady Ann came to King Ferdinand then at Valencia and prevailed with him to send a Fleet and Land Forces under the Command of John Gralla into Britany These Forces and the Dukes were defeated by the French in the Month of August 1488. After this the King of France and Duke of Britany were reconciled the Duke promising not to Marry his Daughters without that King's Consent which he performed for he died the following year leaving them both Maids He appointed the Mareschal of Britany Tutor to his Daughter and Governour of the Province who favoured the Pretentions of Monsieur d' Albert but the Earl of Dunois and the Chancellor opposed and the Prince of Orange who was her near Kinsman seized upon the Dutchess and her Sister The Mareschal obtained Succours
out of England The Prince of Orange had recourse to the Kings of the Romans and of Spain King Ferdinand sent 1000 choice Horse under the Command of D. Peter Gomez Sarmiento Earl of Salinas who landed in Britany at the beginning of the year 1490. This Succour did nothing there and d' Albret despairing of success upon promise of being made Constable of France resolved to change Parties and accordingly delivered up Nantes the chief City of that Dukedom to the French King Ferdinand seeing his Forces were of no use in Britany and upon hopes given him of being restored to Russillon and Cerdaigne called them home Luis XI King of France had ordered that Restitution to be made in his Will being perswaded so to do by F. Francis de Paula Founder of the Minims whom he sent for out of Italy before his death The Spaniards being gone the King of France soon possessed himself of the greatest part of Britany and presently after Married Ann the Dutchess This Marriage so increased the Power and confirmed the Affairs of France that all Divisions being at an end the French had leasure to invade Italy In Spain King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth having ended the War with the Moors resolved to banish the Jews out of all their Dominions To this purpose they ordered a Proclamation to be set forth at Granada where they then were in the Month of March 1492 commanding all that Nation to depart the Kingdom within four months leave being given them either to sell their Goods or carry them with them In the month of April F. Thomas de Torquemada the first Inquisitor General published an Order forbidding all Christians after that time to Entertain or Conceal them under severe Penalties This caused an infinite number of those People to transport themselves to several places Some went over to Africk others to Italy and many to the Eastern Countreys where their Descendents still use the Spanish Tongue A great number of them stayed in Portugal upon Leave granted by King John II. yet so that each of them should pay Eight Crowns in Gold for their Reception and depart the Kingdom within a certain time limited After the expiration whereof all such as stayed should be made Slaves Many of them were accordingly brought into Servitude and afterwards set free by King Emamul at the beginning of his Reign What number of Jews went out of Spain cannot be positively affirmed Most Authors say there were 170000 Families and some say they made up 800000 Souls A vast Multitude which caused many to condemn this Action of the King 's as a great loss to his Kingdoms these being a Rich and Industrious People No doubt but it was a great advantage to those Countreys whither they went because they carried with them great part of the Riches of Spain True it is many of them rather than leave their Country and sustain such great loss were Baptized some sincerely others only for Protection At this time died at Rome Pope Innocent VIII The next day after his Death the Cardinals met to choose another and at last after much struggling whether by fair or soul means is not mine to decide Cardinal Roderick Borgia was Elected and took the Name of Alexander VI. Many ill things have been said of this Pope some it is likely were true but magnified through Malice because he was a Stranger as being born at Valencia When his Unckle Calixtus was chosen Pope he made haste to Rome and being created Cardinal had by a Roman Woman called Zanocia or Vanezia four Sons Peter Luis the Eldest Cesar John and Godfrey and one Daughter called Lucretia He was so rich that he bought the Dukedom of Gandia and gave it to his Son Peter Luis and after his decease to his 3d Son John whose Son and Heir was John Father to D. Francis Borgia a Holy Man for quitting that Estate he became a Jesuit Alexander was Elected on the 11th of August and Crowned on the 27th The same day he confirmed the Decree before passed for Erecting the See of Valencia into an Archbishoprick and gave it to his Second Son Cesar then Bishop of Pamplona The year following he made him a Cardinal several Witnesses being produced to Swear he was not Son to the Pope but to Dominick Arin̄ano Husband to Zanocia such was the Corruption of that Age. The youngest Son of all was Godfrey who by Contract with the King of Naples was created Prince of Esquilache Lucretia was first Married to John Sforzia then to Luis Alonso de Aragon Bastard Son to Alonso King of Naples and lastly to Alonso de Este Eldest Son to Hercules Duke of Ferrara During the Papacy of Alexander 〈◊〉 Cardinals Caps were given to Spaniards Navarre was now in an uproar for two Reasons One was that John Viscount Narbonne Unckle to the Queen of Navarre pretended he had a better Right to the Crown than she because his Eldest Brother Gaston died before his Mother Queen Ellenor and therefore he said he was to take place of the Grandchildren On the other side the Earl of Lerin disturbed the Country being possessed of Pamplona Olite and several other Places Each Party had recourse to King Ferdinand to justifie their Proceedings as to one who was so nearly concerned and might be so great a support to them As to the Viscount King Ferdinand answered he would stand by the King and Queen of Navarre their Right being undisputable He therefore took several Places in the County of Faux by force of Arms and at the same time pleaded his Title in the Parliament of Paris yet at length he compounded and gave over his Pretentions for a while For the Earl of Lerin it was ordained that he should deliver up those Places he was unjustly possessed of and be banished Navarre during his Life together with his two Sons Luis and Ferdinand To mollifie these hard Conditions the Town of Huescar in the Kingdom of Granada was given him with the Title of a Marquess This was concluded the following year and put in execution 3 years after Let us turn back to what we have left behind CHAP. II. Discoveries and Conquests of the Spaniards in the West-Indies Controversies arise betwixt the Crowns of Spain and Portugal concerning their Discoveries Roussillon and Cerdagne restored to King Ferdinand THE most Honourable and Advantageous Enterprize that Spain ever undertook was the Discovery of the West-Indies properly called The New World which hapned in this manner A Ship being drove by a violent Storm from the Coast of Africk was cast upon an unknown Land After the Storm had ceased the Master with only 3 or 4 Mariners the rest being consumed by Famine returned to the Island Madera Christopher Columbus a Genoese but Married in Portugal was then in that Island and was an able Seaman and daring Man He entertained the Master of that Ship in his House who died soon after and left Columbus his Journal of that Voyage Others
which was the Introduction to all the Disorders that afterwards happen'd in England Civil Wars broke out between the Catholick and Heretick Cantons of Swisserland They came to a Battel near Zurick in which the Catholicks had the better In this Fight Zuinglius was killed At Basle Ecolampadius was found dead in his Bed Both these were Heads of that wicked Sect of Sacramentarians Anno 1532. The Emperor assembled the Diet at Ratisbon to raise the Forces of the Empire to oppose Solyman the Great Turk who threatned Hungary Liberty of Conscience was granted to the pretended Reformed Religion whereupon the Professors of it joined with the Catholicks in raising Forces The Pope sent a Supply of Italians under the Conduct of the Cardinal Hippolito de Medicis The King of Portugal also sent Succour Thus about 20000 Horse and 80000 Foot were raised They encamp'd near Vienna whither the Turks had designed to advance The Emperor in Person commanded this Army The Infidels understanding the great Power of the Christians tho they were much more numerous durst not hazard a Battel but contenting themselves with having ravaged Hungary and part of Austria returned the same way they came At the same time Andrew Doria with the Imperial Fleet sailing into the Morea took Coron and Modon John Frederick Duke of Saxony a great Favourer of Martin Luther died and his Son of the same Name and no better a Christian than he succeeded him The Emperor having setled the Affairs of Germany passed over into Italy At Bolonia he had a Conference with the Pope concluded a League with him against the Turk and it was proposed to call a General Council to put a stop to the growing Heresies But the main Design of these Princes was to prevent the French returning into Italy for it was thought that King would never desist till he had recover'd Milan Anno 1533. It seems there was no reality in their Proceedings for as soon as the Emperor returned into Spain the Pope and King of France met at Marseilles This Meeting it was fear'd would produce new Commotions and Wars in Italy The Death of the Pope which soon after ensued broke all those Measures All that took effect was that Catharine Daughter to Laurence de Medicis was Married to Henry Son to the King of France who afterwards Francis the Dauphin his Elder Brother dying came to be Dauphin and at last King She had in Dower certain Towns in Auvergn and a great Sum of Money Anno 1534. D. Alonso de Fonseca Archbishop of Toledo died the 4th of February and the Cardinal D. Jobn de Tavera succeeded him in that Dighity Pope Clement immediately after his return out of France fell sick of a lingring Disease and having setled his own Affairs and those of the City departed this Life at Rome the 24th Day of September On the 15th of October Cardinal Alexander Farnesius born at Rome and well versed in all the Affairs of that Court was chosen his Successor took the Name of Paul the III. and govern'd the Church 15 Years and 28 Days In his younger Days he had two Children unlawfully begotten which were Peter Luis and Constance Peter Luis was Father to Alexander Farnesius Constance was Mother of Guido Sforcia Both these were made Cardinals in the first Promotion Alexander Farnesius had two Brothers Octavius afterwards Duke of Parma and Raynuncius Knight of S. John of Hierusalem and lastly a Cardinal In England this November it was by Law establish'd That the Pope should have no Spiritual Jurisdiction within that Kingdom but that the King was Head of the Church Some who would not consent and among them certain Carthusians John Fisher Bishop of Rochester and Sir Thomas Moore late Chancellor were put to Death A Famous Pyrat called Ariadenus Barbarkssa had made himself King of Argiers and being afterwards Admiral of the Turkish Fleet took the City Tunez on the Coast of Africk expelling thence Muleasse the rightful King Anno 1535. The Emperor set Sail with a powerful Fleet from Barcelona on the 30th of May to restore Muleasse who had fled to him for Protection Prince Luis of Portugal kept him Company with certain Galleons fitted out by his Brother to that purpose They had a favourable Passage and landing on the Coast of Africk at their first arrival took the strong Castle of Goletta and in the Month of July were Masters of the City of Tunez The City was delivered to King Muleasse D. Bernardin de Mendoça was left in the Castlc with a Garison of 1000 Men. This done the Emperor sailed over to Sicily and thence to Naples Mean while the King of France passing the Alpes took from Charles Duke of Savoy the City of Turin and many other Places in Piemont whence ensued great Broils To encrease which Francis Sforcia Duke of Milan dying without Issue appointed the Emperor Charles his Heir Anno 1536. From Naples the Emperor went to Rome where in the Presence of the Pope and Cardinals he grievously inveighed against the King of France and was so far transported with Passion that he challenged him to Fight hand to hand upon Easter-Monday following Soon after departing Rome he entred France with a powerful Army He advanced as far as Marseilles to which he laid Siege but was forced to return without doing any thing remarkable In this Expedition Garcilasso de la Vega the Famous Spanish Poet was killed by certain Country People from a Tower which the Emperor so highly resented that he caused the Tower to be razed and all those Men to be hanged Antony de Leyva a famous Commander and then General died also in this Undertaking Three things remarkable happened this Year The first the Death of Francis the Dauphin of France suspected to have been Poisoned The second a Provincial Council held at Cologn by Hermanus Archbishop of that City who seven years after turned Lutheran was therefore deposed by the Pope and Adolphus placed in his stead The third was the Death of Erasmus Roterodamus who departed this Life at Basle being 70 Years of Age a Person of great Learning but no good Reputation In England on the 29th of May Anne Bullen tho the King had by her a Daughter called Elizabeth was accused and convicted of Adultery and accordingly Beheaded Jean Seymour stepped into her Place but the Year after she died in Childbed Her Son lived and was called Edward After this the King Married Anne Sister to the Duke of Cleves from whom he was soon after Divorced having before establish'd a Law to allow of Divorces Thus he Married his fifth Wife Catherine Howard but her also he put to Death for Adultery and because she had lost her Virginity before she was Married to him Lastly he Married the Lady Catherine Par her he made not away for soon after he died himself Anno 1537. Duke Alexander de Medicis was murdered at Florence the 6th of January by the