the Emperour and all his Court. At length in August following the peace was concluded at Passau the Landgrave of Hesse was enlarged liberty of Conscience granted to all the banished Ministers recalled and the Interim was abolished THE HISTORY OF THE Council of TRENT BOOK V. JULIUS III. THE Pope finding himself eased of a Burthen that had lain heavy upon him by the breaking up of the Council resolved with himself to keep out of the Briars The Pope has enough of Councils neither does the Emperour care for them and not to run into such straits again Nevertheless to perswade the world that he was concerned at that Rupture or rather to convince them what a useless thing a Council was he himself undertook the Reformation of the Church and for that end appointed a numerous Congregation of Cardinals but this as all the other designs of Reformation presently vanished it produced nothing but a great many Debates so that within a few Months it was wholly laid aside Nor was there any more talk of reassembling the Council which was at this time interrupted for almost ten Years Charles the V. who had been the great stickler for the Convocation of the Council had not now the same interests to prompt him his main design was the greatness of his Family and he had made it his business to render the Empire hereditary as the Kingdom of Spain and his other Dominions were He thought to have accomplished his ends by depressing the Protestant Princes and the Pope and that the Council of Trent was the fittest instrument for that purpose And indeed this Emperour had got so great an Ascendant over the minds of all of his Family that he could perswade them to any thing even contrary to their own interests his Brother Ferdinand was King of the Romans and by consequence apparent Emperour and he had prevailed with him that the Empire should be shared betwixt him and his Son Philip as the Antonins had done heretofore Mary Queen of Hungary their Sister who was wholly at Charles his Devotion for reasons perhaps not fit to be named had perswaded Ferdinand to admit of that partnership but Maximilian Ferdinand's Son perceiving that by that design he was like to be frustrated of the hopes of succeeding his Father in the Empire defeated all the intrigues So that the Prospects of Charles being at an end with his hopes the Council was no more in his thoughts and Julius cared far less for it than he It is true the Rupture of the Council and the peace of Passau had quite exstinguished the Pope's hopes of ever seeing the revolted Germans reduced again to the obedience of the holy See But to comfort himself for the loss of the Germans he drew from a remote Corner of the World I know not what a kind of subjects who submitted themselves to the Authority of his See Sultacan who call'd himself Patriarch of the People which inhabit betwixt Euphrates and the Indies comes to Rome to render homage to the Pope The same course had been taken by Pope Eugenius IV. who whilst they were undermining the Foundations of his Dominions in the Council of Basil on the other hand fed his vanity and underpropt his tottering Dignity by the vain homages of the Greeks who in the Council of Florence came to submit to him and by a counterfeit Pomp of pretended Armenians who desired instruction from him this is a kind of Comedy that takes mightily at Rome Paul III. during his Pontificate had also with great Solemnity and Ceremonies received the homages of one Stephen who had taken the name of Patriarch of Armenia the greater and who came to Rome attended by an Archbishop and two Bishops upon design of recognising the Pope for head of the Church and now under Julius a certain man named Simon Sultacan who called himself Patriarch of all the People that inhabit betwixt the River Euphrates and the Indies came to demand the Confirmation of his Patriarchship from the Pope as from the Vicar of Jesus Christ The Pope made him a Bishop and then gave him the Patriarchal Pall that happy accident was loudly proclaimed abroad and the great encrease that the holy See received by the submission of so many People who owned its Authority was made a matter of great triumph but to these Apparitions of Grandure there succeeded somewhat more substantial for the Glory of the See of Rome year 1553 Edward VI. King of England died the sixth of July 1553. His Father Henry VIII had shaken off the Yoke of the Pope's Power without any innovation in Religion Edward King of England dies his Sister Mary succeeds to him and restores the Catholick Religion 1553. And Edward under the Regence of the Duke of Sommerset had compleated what his Father began and introduced a Reformation into the Church of England But he lived not long enough to establish and confirm that great Work by his last Will he had disinherited his two Sisters Mary and Elizabeth the Daughters of his Father Henry the former Daughter of Catharine of Aragon who was divorced and the second Daughter of Anne Bullen whom Henry had caused to be beheaded He had appointed the Lady Jane Gray his Cosin and Daughter to a Sister of Henry to be Heir of the Crown Jane was proclaimed Queen but her Reign was of short continuance and cost her her Life Mary was advanced to the Crown both by the Privilege of her Birth and by the Will of her Father who had appointed that if Edward should die without Children Mary should succeed and that Elizabeth should succeed to Mary Mary being in the Throne pretended at first that she would alter nothing in Religion though she professed herself to be a Catholick but great hopes were conceived at Rome that this Queen might be usefull in reducing that Kingdom to its ancient Obedience And therefore Julius presently named Cardinal Pool for the Legation of England But the Cardinal durst not undertake the Journey without great Circumspection because he had been banished the Kingdom and degraded of his honour and therefore he wrote to the Queen and negotiated his return by Giovanni Francisco Commendone and having received a favourable answer he set out on his Journey The Parliament of England being called declared the Marriage of Henry VIII with Catharine of Aragon the Queens Mother valid and by consequence pronounced the Divorce unlawfull And the Acts made in the Reign of Edward were Repealed and Religion reinstated in the same condition it was in when Henry died The confirmation of the Marriage of Henry was a great step towards an accommodation with Rome seeing the Marriage of Henry and Catharine could not be declared lawfull without admitting the Dispensation of Julius II. who had dispensed with Henry to Marry his Brother's Widow So that the Parliament by that procedure owned that the Pope has Power to dispence with the Laws of God and by consequence acknowledged him Head of the
Leo X. of the House of Medicis was chosen in his place the eleventh of March 1513 who quickly re-united the separated Cardinals and reconciled the King of France to the holy See Leo X. had many good qualities for a Prince but few of those that are requisite for a good Pope he was liberal generous gentile civil courteous and a lover of men of learning but he was not over Devout nor much addicted to the affairs of Religion He was magnificent and very expensive insomuch that for a supply to this profusion he was soon forced to betake himself to the means often practised by the Court of Rome for raising of Money Leo X. sends Indulgences into Germany I mean the emission and publication of Indulgences Laurence Pucci Cardinal of Santiquatro advised him to this expedient The original of the tribute of Indulgences and it was a kind of Tribute that took its rise in the Church after the eleventh Century and owes its original to the Croisades which were made at that time for the expedition and conquest of the Holy Land Urban II. granted Indulgences to all that would list themselves under the Cross and engage in that expedition In subsequent Croisades the same Indulgences were granted to those who not being able to goe in person did send a Souldier to the Holy War at length those who desired the benefit of the Indulgences but would neither goe nor send to the War purchased their exemption by money In process of time whensoever the Court of Rome stood in need of money they published a distribution of Indulgences in favour of all that would contribute to their necessities Then were Rates set on Sins and he that had a mind to compound knew what he was to pay for the Crime he desired a Pardon for Leo X. caused therefore a Sale of these Pardons to be published in all the Provinces subject to the Church of Rome and gave to his Sister Magdalene married to Francesco Cibo Natural Son to Pope Innocent VIII the profits that did accrue from the distribution of these Indulgences in the Province of Saxony and a great part of Germany Magdalene for raising of this Tribute made use of one Arembold who from a Genoese year 1520 of the Lutherans from the Church of Rome for on the one hand the Universities of Louvain and Cologne burnt the writings of Luther Luther burns the Pope's Bull and the Book of Decretals and on the other Luther assembled the University of Wittemberg and obtained a sentence whereby not onely the Pope's Bull but all the Decretals were condemned to the flames which was accordingly executed At the same time for his own Justification he published a Manifesto wherein he accuses the Pope as a Tyrant for having usurped a Supremacy over Kings and Princes and corrupted the Doctrine of the Church the Pope was thought to have raised this storm by his Precipitance and by an unseasonable and ill weighed Zeal nor indeed could the more moderate approve the Bull of Leo they thought it violent and were amazed that with so little formality he had ventured to decide matters of so great importance And as every one had a lash at that Bull so the Grammarians were pleased to play upon a Period in it consisting of four hundred words inserted betwixt these two inhibentes omnibus and these other nè praefatos errors asserere praesumant The Emperour Charles the Fifth after the Death of his Grandfather Maximilian being in the Year 1520 chosen Emperour next year after held a Diet at Wormes concerning the Affairs of Religion Luther cited to Wormes before the Emperour Charles the Fifth Luther was cited thither came under safe conduct of the Emperour and appeared before him on the 17th of April there he was exhorted to burn his Books and to recant but he answered with the same resolution that brought him thither for his friends had done all they could to divert him from that Journey and had no other answer from him but that if year 1521 all the Devils in Hell had conspired against him yet would he not be hindered from going thither from appearing and maintaining his opinions all that can terrifie a man or daunt a heart was employed against Luther in that Diet but without any success He would neither recant nor condemn his Doctrine for no more could be obtained from him but an acknowledgment that his manner of writing was too eager and violent which he promised to mend for the future they were about to secure his Person notwithstanding the Emperour 's safe conduct according to the procedure of the Council of Constance in relation to John Huss but the Electour Palatine withstood it and Charles the Fifth himself being unwilling either to stain his reputation or violate his promise by such a Treachery sent him home resolving to prosecute him by fair means and to give him his hands full on 't in an open Trial. Accordingly he was the same year and in the same Assembly accused and sentenced by an Edict past the 8th of May whereby Luther's writings were condemned to be burnt The Edict of Wormes against Luther his Person to be seized within twenty days and committed to prison with strict prohibition to all Princes and States to harbour or relieve him but for all this the Electour of Saxony secured him in a Castle where he continued Nine months no man knowing where he was And now did every one reckon it an honour to appear in publick against him the University of Paris condemned his Doctrine Henry the Eighth of England Henry VIII King of England writes against him who had followed his Studies in order to have been Archbishop of Canterbury before the Death of his Elder brother wrote likewise against him for the seven Sacraments and the Authority of the Pope Leo X. was gratefull to that Prince and in recompence gave him the Title of Defender of the Faith which the Kings of England bear to this day Luther answered all these writings not sparing Henry the Eighth whom without any respect to his dignity he answered with much sharpness and severity All Europe was presently full of these writings and the heat of the controversie and quality of those who engaged in the quarrel excited the Curiosity of many every one was willing to know and pry into the matter under debate and that was the reason why many espoused the Party of those who condemned Corruptions and demanded the Reformation of the Church Zurich receives the reformation of Zuinglius At the same time Zuinglius made great Progresses at Zurich The Bishop of Constance having sent thither the Pope's Bull and the Edict of the Emperour exhorted the Senate to banish Zuinglius and to continue in Submission and Obedience to the Church of Rome but Zuinglius wrote back to the Bishop concerning that matter and to all the Cantons of Suisserland The Senate at length appointed an Assembly of
to Henry Arthur being dead the Father with a dispensation from Pope Julius II. gave her to his second Son by whom she had onely one Daughter alive called Mary Henry who passionately desired to have Male issue sought to Divorce her under colour of invalidity in the dispensation This afforded matter for a long and tedious process which depended from the year 1528. to 1534. In the beginning of this year 1534 affair the Pope being in War with the Emperour gave orders to Cardinal Campeggio his Legate in England so to manage the Trial that the procedures might run in favour of Henry thereby vex Charles V. but a reconciliation being pieced up betwixt the Pope and the Emperour the case of the Divorce betwixt Henry and Catharine changed countenance because the Pope intended to oblige Charles by favouring his Aunt This change provoked Henry so that he prohibited all his Subjects to pay any Peter-pence to the Receivers and the Pope by and Evocation brought the Trial to Rome where the business went very slowly on Henry who could no longer indure these delays published his Divorce with Catharine of Spain and in the year 1535. Married Anne Bullen Sometime after News whether true or false was brought to Rome that there had been a Comedy Acted before the King of England wherein the whole Court of Rome the Pope and Cardinals had been shamefully expos'd and turned into ridicule This was News indeed that over-heated the spleen of all those who thought themselves concerned and set them on revenge which made them out-run the constable in pronouncing Sentence the 24. of March whereby the Marriage of Henry and Catharine was declared good and valid and upon that account Henry ordained to adhere to her and in case of refusal that he should ipso facto be Excommunicated Henry on the other hand took the alarm as hot as they when he had seen this Sentence Well said he let the Pope be Bishop of Rome and for my part I 'll be Master within my own Kingdom And so he was as good as his word for he issued out a Proclamation wherein he declared himself head of the Church of England prohibited the paying of Peter-pence to the Pope's Receivers and got this Declaration confirmed by Act of Parliament though in all other things he retained the Roman Religion and afterwards published severe Proclamations against the Doctrine of Luther In Germany the State of affairs was nothing better they began to take up Arms for King Ferdinand had seised the Dutchy of Wittenberg from Prince Ulrich and the Landgrave of Hesse had by Force of Arms retaken and restored it to its lawfull Master The Emperour who feared that things might not stop here was in good earnest angry with the Pope for starting so many difficulties to obstruct the holding of a Council and thereupon wrote expostulatory Letters to Rome But within a few days after the receipt of these Letters Clement fell sick of a Distemper that carried him out of the world about the end of September 1534. PAUL III. Pope Clement dies Paul III. succeeds him Cardinal Farnese succeeded to him and was chosen the same day the Conclave was shut up At first he took the name of Honorius V. but at his Inauguration he quitted that and took the name of Paul III. He wanted not Vertue though the character he went under was of a reserved and slye man Besides all his other qualities he was consummated in the knowledge of affairs having been Cardinal under six Popes and all along employed in important Negotiations he was also chief of the Cardinals as being Dean of the Sacred College which advantages did not a little facilitate his year 1537 The Pope in the beginning of his Pontificate gave some signs of his intentions to reform the Church but little came on 't Also in the year 1536. Fruitless attempts of Paul III. for the reformation of the Court of Rome he made a Bull for a Reformation and named Cardinals to act in it This also was without effect In fine well perceiving that he would be accused of having made all these steps without any design of touching the abuses of the Court of Rome for his own Justification he resolved to renew his design of reformation He named four Cardinals and five Prelates to whom he gave commission to make an exact collection of all the abuses that deserved amendment They observed four and twenty abuses in the administration of Ecclesiastick affairs and four in the Government of Rome of which they gave the Pope a particular account These articles were examined in a Consistory but Nicolas Schomberg a Jacobin Cardinal of Santo Sixto withstood that reformation and having made use of the same reasons which Francis Soderini Cardinal of Volterre had used in the time of Adrian he had the same success that is to say he took the Pope off from all these designs of Reformation year 1538 The Pope calls a Council in the Town of Vicenza where the Legates goe but no body appears So that Paul III. having now no other affair to mind but that of a Council published a new Bull for convocating it in the City of Vicenza under the Dominion of the Venetians and that the Prelates might have time to repair to the place he appointed the first of May 1538 for the opening of the Assembly Henry King of England who slipt to occasion of exercising his pen against Rome wrote against that Bull as well as against the former and made the same declarations as he had done before protesting year 1538 that he no more owned the Assembly at Vicenza for a true Council than he had done that which was to have been held at Mantua the Legates in the mean time went to Vicenza to make the overture of the Council on the day prefixt And the Pope An interview of the Pope Emperour and K. of France being at Nice where the Emperour and the King of France were come to see him and to confer about means of restoring peace to their subjects endeavoured to perswade them to send their Prelates to Vicenza but both desired time to consult their Bishops about the matter So that the Legates who were to preside in the Council to wit Campeggio Simmonetto and Alexander stayed three Months at Vicenza expecting the Prelates who never came of this they gave the Pope an account who was fain to recall them by a Bull dated July 28. 1538. and to defer the opening of the Council till Easter following This was the year wherein Paul III. The Pope thunders a Bull of Excommunication against Henry VIII King of England losing all patience towards Henry King of England let fly a Bull of Excommunication against him The Pope had entertained hopes of reclaiming him by patience and besides that he was loath to let that thunder go out of his hands which men were grown now almost proof against But Henry proceeded so incorrigibly that there was now no
accused of having favoured the Lutherans and had much adoe to justifie himself and to get off A fourth interview betwixt the Pope and the Emperour After the conclusion of the Diet the Emperour went to Italy and had an interview with the Pope in the City of Luca where the matter they chiefly treated of was the holding of a Council The Pope had heretofore called one at Vicenza but he was forced to suspend the Convocation first till Easter in the year 1539. and afterwards by a Bull of the 13th of June the same year the suspension was prolonged untill it should please the Pope to take it off In the Conference of Luca the Pope and the Emperour remained stedfast in their resolution of holding the Council at Vicenza but the Venetians to whom this City belonged recalled the consent they had given They were afraid of offending the Turk with whom they had just concluded a Peace because in that Council Overtures were to be proposed of making War against the Infidels This is the reason that was alledged but the true reason perhaps was that they were not very willing the City should be in a manner abandoned to so many Strangers as must needs flock thither upon account of the Council The Pope declares that he will call the Council at Trend but it is retarded by the War betwixt the Emperour and the King of France The year 1541. being thus spent next year after a Diet of the Empire was held The Pope sent thither John Morone Bishop of Modena and declared that since he could not agree neither with the Duke of Mantua nor the Venetians about holding of a Council either at Mantua or Vicenza he was resolved it should be held at Trent The Protestants would not accept that proposition however the Pope published his Bull dated January 22. and appointed the opening of the Council to be the first of November following About the same time the War broke out between the Emperour and the King of France This last declared War the same year and published reproachfull Manifesto's against the Emperour which War prevented the effect of the Bull of Convocation In the mean time the Pope sent his Legates to Trent and the Emperour his Ambassadours but after they had continued there seven months they were fain to separate because no Prelates came except some of the Kingdom of Naples and of the Ecclesiastick state whom the Pope and the Emperour had sent with their Ambassadours Francis the first King of France foreseeing that it would be imputed to him as a great crime to have obstructed the holding of a Council by so unseasonable a declaration of War to excuse himself with the Pope made Edicts against the Protestants of his Kingdom which he caused to be rigorously put in execution The Pope in the mean time as common Father both to the Emperour and the King of France endeavoured to make them friends but could not succeed in it He had another interview with the Emperour betwixt Parma and Piacenza A fifth interview of the Emperour and Pope but no talk then of a Council or the affairs of Religion The interest of the Emperour obliged him to draw the Pope to his side against the King of France which he attempted to doe and even to procure money of him for the charges of the War On the other hand the Pope had an eye upon the Dutchy of Milan which he desired might return to his Family year 1543 and would have had the Emperour give the investiture of it to Octavio Farnese his Nephew who had married Margaret natural Daughter to Charles the fifth They broke off without concluding any thing being jealous one of another and parted seemingly very well satisfied because both well understood the art of disguising their thoughts The Emperour having no assurances of the Pope addressed himself to Henry King of England and made a League with him against France That incensed the Pope extremely who complained publickly that a Prince who ought to be Protectour of the Church should make alliance with an Excommunicate King He added moreover that since the beginning of the Troubles Charles had carried it with an extreme tenderness towards the Protestants and to render that conduct of the Emperour the more odious he compared it with that of the King of France who had made so many severe Edicts and rigorous Laws against the Innovatours for maintaining the Religion and Papal authority This War and these mutual misunderstandings put a stop to all thoughts of a Council for that year 1543. The year following there was a Diet held at Spire A Diet at Spire where the Emperour gives a new Edict of liberty till the next Council wherein the Emperour represented the pains he had taken for obtaining a Council telling them that it had been called but that the Arms of France hindred its sitting Endeavours were there used to compose the affairs of Religion and the result was that the Emperour who had need of the Protestants made and Edict of Pacification to last till the sitting of the Council That Edict allowed the Lutherans not onely year 1544 the liberty of their Religion but also the peaceable possession of the Benefices which they enjoyed in the Church and ordered Memoirs to be made and presented to the next Diet wherein a form of Reformation should be stated that so all men might know what they were to take for matters of Faith untill the meeting of the next Council The Pope was touched to the quick at the proceedings of this Diet which were very favourable to the Protestants and thereupon wrote smart Letters to the Emperour telling him that he plainly wronged his Conscience and endangered his Salvation by adventuring to judge of matters of Faith and to call Assemblies that might be taken for National Synods by no other authority but his own That these Assemblies were invasions upon the authority of the Holy See since that consisting onely of Lay-men they notwithstanding decided matters of Religion without the power or concurrence of the Pope He besought him to annull all that had been done and in case of refusal threatned to force him to it by other and more severe courses THE HISTORY OF THE Council of TRENT BOOK II. PAUL III. THE War between the Emperour and King of France had hitherto hindered the opening of the Council but that War which lasted not much above a Year The Peace between the Emperour and K. of France revives the proposals of a Council being ended by the Peace that was concluded at Crespy December 24. 1544. both Princes obliged themselves to use their best endeavours for the preservation of the ancient Religion and Union of the Church and for the Reformation of the Court of Rome And that they might the better succeed in these three great Designs they concluded it necessary to press the convocation of a Council The Pope willing to have all the Honour of it alone so soon as
Church A motion was made of Marrying the Queen who was already forty years old and three Matches were proposed Cardinal Pool who was of the Bloud Royal the Lord Courtenay Cozin to Henry VIII and Philip Prince of Spain Mary chose Philip and the Emperour fearing lest Cardinal Pool who had been his Son's Competitor might by his presence cross his Marriage with Mary did all he could not make him delay his Journey and not being able to perswade him sent Don Diego de Mendoza to stop him in the Palatinate by Force and Authority The Cardinal complained of this as of an action that did violate the Majesty of the holy See and an affront done to the Pope and his Legates So that Charles having detained him sometime was forced to give him his liberty and sent him to Brussels But he found a means to amuse him in Brabant under colour of engaging him in a negotiation of Peace betwixt the King of France and himself untill the Marriage was accomplished In the beginning of the year 1554. The Emperour sent four Ambassadours into England for concluding the Treaty betwixt the Queen of England his Son and himself Mary in the mean while who with much prudence went gradually on in the re-establishment of Religion made new Proclamations restored the use of the Latin Tongue in Divine Service renounced the Supremacy in the Church gave it back to the Pope and so annulled the Acts of her Father The matter was brought before the Parliament where it met with opposition amongst the Lords because of the Church Lands possessed by the Nobles which they must be obliged to give back again So that the Pope's Supremacy past not at that time Prince Philip that he might not seem inferiour to Mary in Dignity took the Title of King of Naples and consummated his Marriage at London the twenty fifth of July being St. James his day the Patron of Spain The Parliament met again in the month of November following and Cardinal Pool was therein restored to all his rights and honours Two Members of Parliament were sent to bring him over into England and he arrived at London the twenty third of November with the Silver Cross carried before him Being brought into the House of Lords where the King and Queen were present he made a Speech to that Illustrious Assembly thanking them for the favour they had done him in restoring him to his Honours and Countrey He earnestly exhorted them to return again to the obedience of the holy See wherein he prevailed and the Ceremony of Reconciliation was performed the last day of November for the Authority of the King and Queen had obliged all the dissatisfied Members to silence which silence was taken as a consent The Queen caused a Petition to be framed wherein the Parliament begg'd Pardon of the Pope for having withdrawn themselves from under his obedience This Petition was presented to the King and Queen who rising immediately from their Chairs of State went to the Legate and besought him to grant the Parliament the Pardon which they begg'd The Legate standing up and all the Members of Parliament kneeling before him made a Speech concerning the Joy that the repentance of sinners causes in Heaven and then having prayed over them he gave them absolution The Members rose up and the whole Parliament went in body to the Church where Te Deum was Sung Next day three Ambassadours were named to goe render homage to the Pope in name of the whole Nation and this success caused so great Joy at Rome that the Pope proclaimed a Jubile the twenty fourth of December to render thanks to God for so great a blessing The Parliament of England sitting till the middle of the next year Philip and Mary got all the Ancient Laws against Here-ticks to be revived All Acts to the contrary year 1554 made in the time of Henry and his Son Edward were Repealed and afterward the rigour of the Laws that were now again in force was put in execution against the Protestants One hundred threescore and sixteen persons of Quality besides inferiour people were by Mary's Order that year put to death amongst whom Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury and the rest of the Bishops who had been the Authors of the Reformation were burnt It was put to their choice either to dye or to recant but none of them would save their Lives by a Recantation This persecution extended to the very Graves and the ashes of the dead the bodies of Bucer and Paulus Fagius who had been dead some four years were taken up and burnt So that the Protestants went to pot in all places for at the same time Henry the II. caused a great many of the reformed Religion to be burnt in France not so much out of Zeal as to satisfie the insatiable avarice of Diana of Poictiers Dutchess of Valentinois his Mistress to whom he had given the forfeitures of all that should be condemned for Heresie On the other hand Ferdinand King of the Romans published an Edict whereby he strictly charged all his Subjects not to make any innovation in matters of Religion and banished above two hundred Ministers out of Bohemia Several of his most considerable Nobility prayed him that he would at least permit the use of the Cup but he refused it and caused a Catechism to be made according to which all School masters should instruct their Scholars But this Edict did not altogether please the Pope who complained that a Prince should have undertaken to make a Formulary of Faith year 1555 The same year being 1555. a Diet was called at Ausbourg for composing the troubles of Religion Ferdinand made a long Speech in it 1555. A Diet at Ausbourg during which the Pope dies wherein he reckoned up the mischiefs that had been occasioned in Germany by those controversies in Religion and the horrid corruption of manners that these debates had drawn after them Divers means were proposed for taking up these differences and amongst others a conference of the learned of both sides but the Pope who had an aversion to any thing that bore the name of conference approved not that expedient he caused Cardinal Morone his Legate in Germany to represent to the Diet that all conferences ought to be avoided and that the onely way to put an end to controversies was that which was taken in England to wit to return again to the obedience of the holy See But Cardinal Morone was not long at Ausbourg before he heard of the death of Julius which happened in February 1555. He therefore returned to Rome to assist at the Election of a new Pope and found the business done before he came MARCEL II. Marcello Cervino Cardinal of Santa Croce was created Pope on the eighth of April 1555. It is observed as a thing singular in him that he would not change his name as others do This custome of changing of names upon promotion to the Papacy came from the Germans whose names
his Nuncio's in all places that they should exhort the Princes to have their Arms in readiness to constrain the Rebels to return into the bosome of the Church for it was not so much his thought to hold a Council for deciding of Controversies as to take from Princes all pretext of dealing with Protestants in the way of Lenity and Mildness The opinions of the Princes were extremely divided as to that particular The King of Spain approved both the Council and the choice of the place but the French refused the City of Trent and proposed Treves Constance Wormes or Haguenau The Emperour was of the same mind affirming that the Lutherans did abominate the Council which was begun that it would be impossible ever to induce them to come or to submit to the Council if a new one were not called He added that he could not undertake for the Empire before he had assembled a General Diet and that for his hereditary Dominions it would be hard for him to make them come to the Council if the Cup and Marriage of Priests were not again allowed them These proposals did not please the Pope he declared that he would never suffer the matters which had been already decided at Trent to be examined over again if it should cost him his life that as to the Restitution of the Chalice and the Marriage of Priests which were onely of positive right he should refer himself to the Council but that he would act nothing of himself alone though he had Authority to doe so The Assembly at Fontainebleau where it is resolved that a National Council shall be called in France and Severities in the mean time cease The Protestants multiplied in France and the dissentions encreased also The King was therefore obliged to call a numerous Assembly of the chief of the Kingdom to meet at Fontainebleau the twentieth of August in the same year 1560. Jean de Mouluc Bishop of Valence who was no Enemy to the Protestants and who wished for some Reformation in the Church gave his Judgment there for a national Council and for the forbearance of Persecution affirming that People were amazed at the Constancy of those that suffered which made them inform themselves about their Religion he was seconded by a great many more and Admiral Coligny himself presented to the King Petitions that had been delivered to him in Normandy which begg'd that a stop might be put to all Severities untill the Cause should be tried He added that having enquired whence these Petitions came they had made him answer that fifty thousand were ready to set their hands to them The Duke and Cardinal of Guise opposed these opinions and rejecting a national Council voted for the continuance of Severities The conclusion of the Assembly was an Edict ordaining the States to meet at Meaux the tenth of December ensuing and that if a General Council were not called the Bishops of France should assemble the thirteenth of January following that they might take their measures for holding of a national Council and that in the mean time Severities should cease That Assembly of Fontainebleau gave the Pope fresh Jealousies and he was the more afraid of the National Council because he found that the Protestants likewise demanded it He sent therefore orders to the Cardinal of Tournon his Legate in France to endeavour what lay in his power to prevent the Assembly of the Bishops and pressed the affair of calling the General Council He proposed it once again to the Ambassadours and represented to them the disorders that would be occasioned by a National Synod but he could not forbear discovering the true reason of the hatred which he bore to these National Synods in which he had not the absolute power They pretend said he to subject the Pope and Court of Rome to a Council but I am ready to lay down my life rather than to suffer it Pro fide religione volumus mori He would have the Ministers of Princes to give their opinions concerning that affair The Emperour's Ambassadour according to his Master's intention was of the mind that the matter should not be hastened too much that a Diet might be assembled to consult about it but the other Ambassadours consented to a speedy Convocation of the Council according to the intentions of the Pope In the mean time the Politicians looked upon all this eagerness of the Pope to be a kind of Comedy For they thought it a clear case that if he could not avoid a Council he would at least endeavour to put it off untill he had enriched his Family and his Nephews and that afterwards he would be willing to give others good Examples of frugality and moderation and bear more easily with the Reformations that might be made in the Council About the beginning of November Letters came to Rome from the Emperour's Court still pressing that the Council might not be called at Trent and that that Convocation might not pass for a Continuation of the former Council because the Place and that Continuation would be stumbling blocks to the Lutherans and would raise difficulties never to be surmounted France continued likewise in the same mind and the Union of those two great Powers in the same Sentiments put the Pope into a great deal of perplexity and made him thereupon hold several Congregations At length he resolved to pass over all these difficulties he minuted the Bull of Convocation The Pope formes the Bull of Convocation of the Council and still chuses the City of Trent and devised a form that might give content to all as well those who were onely for removing the Suspension of the Council as the rest who desired a Council to be called anew He gave this title to his Bull The Indiction of the Council of Trent which seemed to insinuate that it was to be a new Council but in the body of the Bull he said that he removed the Suspension and made use of the word Continue This middle way contented no body and displeased both parties However the Pope did all he could to perswade Princes to be satisfied and sent orders to his Ministers in France to endeavour to remove all Scruples about the word Continue because that should not hinder but that the affairs which had been decided under Paul and Julius III. might be reviewed if the Council thought it expedient year 1561 The opening of that Assembly was appointed to be on Easterday in the year 1561. And the Pope dispatcht the Bull into all places with Nuncio's to invite not onely Catholick Princes to the Council but all Protestant Princes also He sent the Abbot Martinengo to the Queen of England but she forbid him to enter her Dominions though the Kings that were in alliance with her had used all their interests to perswade her to receive him He had likewise designed to have sent a Nuncio into Muscovy to invite the Czar who is of the Greek Church to come to
England writes against Luther p. 9. Shakes off the Pope's Authority without any innovation in Religion p. 39 Is excommunicated by Pope Paul III. p. 47 Henry II. King of France succeeds to Francis I. p. 167 He clashes with the Pope and sends not his Prelates to the Council p. 193 Causes Amiot his Ambassadour to protest against the Council p. 198 Then publishes a Manifesto against the Pope p. 200 Does all that lies in his Power to ruine the Protestants in his Kingdom p. 278 His death p. 279 Herman Archbishop of Cologne is excommunicated by the Pope and obliged to resign his Archbishoprick p. 90 Of the Hierarchy of the Church p. 405 I. IAmes Lainez General of the Jesuits creates no small trouble to the Council about Precedence p. 377 His Speech against the Divine Right of Episcopacy and what it produced p. 426 Another Discourse of his in favour of the Court of Rome p. 529 The Imperialists leave the City of Rome p. 28 Indices Expurgatorii and their Original p. 313 The Inquisition setled at Naples and causes a great Sedition p. 170 The Intention of the Priest in administring the Sacraments according to the Judgment of Ambrosio Cararino p. 151 The Interim made by the Emperour at the Diet of Ausburg p. 176 Much opposition made to the Establishment of it p. 179 Interviews betwixt the Emperour and the Pope the first the second 37. the third p. 44 An Interview of the Pope Emperour and King of France p. 47 A fourth Interview betwixt the Pope and the Emperour p. 52 A fifth p. 53 Julius II. Excommunicated Lewis XII King of France p. 2 He dies ibid. Julius III. formerly named John Maria di Monte succeeds to Paul III. p. 182 He clashes with the King of France p. 193 Sends into France Ascamo della Corna his Nephew to hinder the King from protecting the Duke of Parma and from calling a national Council p. 195 At one dash creates fourteen Italian Cardinals p. 232 His Death and Successour p. 257 The Jurisdiction of Bishops is the matter as to Reformation for the thirteenth Session p. 201 The Jurisdiction of the Tribunals of the Church their Original and Progress p. 206 Gropper votes for its abolition p. 210 Divers Regulations concerning Episcopal Jurisdiction p. 225 Justification and Imputed Righteousness p. 121 K. KAtherine of Medicis Queen Regent of France assembles the States at Orleans p. 291 Her designs for Reformation p. 299 and 312 L. LAinez v. James Lainez The Landgrave of Hesse attempts an Agreement betwixt Luther and Zuinglius but without Success p. 30 Is made Prisoner by the Emperour p. 169 The Legates complain that there appeared Division in the very Session and pretend to enter upon business p. 76 Oppose the beginning with Reformation p. 78 Make a Translation of the Council upon Pretext of bad Air. p. 164 Propose the Decree of the Reformation of Princes and the Ambassadours oppose it p. 546 The more they press the mater the greater noise it makes p. 553 The Protestation of the French Ambassadours against that Decree p. 556 The Legates press the Conclusion of the Council p. 572 Leo. X. created Pope and his Character p. 2 Causes Indulgences to be published in Germany by the advice of Cardinal Santiquatro and gives a great part of the profit of them to his Sister p. 3 Publishes a Bull for the Indulgences p. 6 Thunders a Bull against Luther and his Doctrine p. 7 Lewis XII King of France excommunicated by Pope Julius II. p. 2 Forms a Party against Julius II. and gets the Cardinals to assemble at Pisa for Election of another Pope ibid. Lewis d'Avila sent by the Emperour to Rome to solicite the Re-establishment of the Council p. 183 Luigi di Catanea and Dominico à Soto differ about the Point of Grace p. 128 Luther publishes Theses against the Doctrine of Indulgences which are answered by other Theses set out by John setzel a Jacobin who caused the Theses of Luther to he burnt p. 5 He is cited to appear at Ausburg before Cardinal Cajetan p. 6 Has two Conferences with the Cardinal without success and appeals to a Council ibid. He burns the Pope's Bull and Book of Decretals p. 8 Is cited to Wormes before the Emperour Charles V. ibid. But would neither recant nor condemn his Doctrine p. 9 An Edict past against him at Wormes ibid. Confirmed by a Decree at Ratisbonne p. 18 Abstracts are made of Lutheran Writings p. 145 M. THE Malecontents pass a severe censure vpon the Decrees of the Council p. 141 Mantua chosen by Paul III. for the place of holding the Council p. 44 The Cardinal of Mantua Legate dies at Trent p. 486 Marcello II. created Pope will not change his Name according to the Custom of other Popes and whence what Custom hath arisen p. 257 His Character and death that happened by an Apoplexy two and twenty days after his Exaltation p. 258 Marriage is reduced to eight Articles p. 473 Decrees and Canons are formed concerning that matter p. 544 Clandestine Marriages occasion fresh Debates p. 548 Mary succeeds her Brother Edward to the Crown of England and restores the Catholick Religion p. 252 She is rigorous against the Protestants p. 256 Her death p. 274 Marinier a Carmelite is not of opinion that Traditions should be made a Point of Faith p. 83 Will have the Name of Justifying Faith onely giv'n to that which works by Charity p. 117 Defends with Ambrosio Catarino the opinion that one may be certain of being in the State of Grace p. 123 Mass v. Sacrifice Maurice invested by the Emperour in the Electorate of Saxony whereof his Cousin Frederick had been dispossessed p. 171 Takes up Arms for the Liberty of Germany and of Religion p. 243 Maximilian King of Bohemia and of the Romans suspected of Lutheranism p. 286 Melancthon named with Bucer and Pistorius to speak for the Protestants p. 50 Is one of twelve who were opposed to a like number of Catholick Doctours in the Conference of Wormes p. 273 Mendicant Friars raise a great Debate upon occasion of Preaching and the Pulpits which they had seized p. 91 Misunderstanding betwixt the Pope and the Council and amongst the Fathers of the Council themselves p. 337 Morone Cardinal Legate in Spain under Julius III. p. 257 Is appointed first President of the Council by Pius IV. p. 489 Comes to Trent and went to the Emperour at Inspruck p. 448 Returns to the Council p. 506 N. NAvagiero Cardinal named Legate for presiding in the Council arrives at Trent with orders to endeavour a strict Reformation p. 502 Naumburg a Town of upper Saxony where the Protestant Princes held an Assembly p. 293 Nuncio's ill received by the Protestants in Germany p. 244 Nuremberg the Place of the Diet where the Hundred Grievances were presented p. 17 O. OCtavio Farnese Duke of Parma General of the Pope's Forces p. 111 Offerings and Oblations in what manner they may be permitted p. 154 Opinions about
Canonical Books p. 83 Free Ordinations p. 330 The Sacrament of Orders handled and reduced to eight Articles p. 400 P. PAcieco a Spanish Cardinal with all the Imperialists oppose the Legates in the treating of the matter of Original Sin p. 95 Paul III. succeeds to Clement VII p. 41 Having made some ineffectual Propositions of a Reformation he resolves upon a Council to be held at Mantua p. 42 His fruitless attempts for the Reformation of the Court of Rome p. 46 He thunders a Bull of Excommunication against Henry VIII King of England p. 47 Declares that he will call the Council at Trent but is retarded by the War betwixt the Emperour and King of France p. 52 Appoints Legates to preside in the Council and sends them to Trent p. 57 He will not have the Bishops appear in Council by Proxy p. 64 Seeks an opportunity of breaking up the Council p. 122 Fearing the Spaniards he resolves to remove the Council to Bologna p. 161 His Death and Successour p. 182 Paul IV. of the Family of the Caraffa's succeeds to Marcello II. p. 258 He is insolent and proud to the highest Degree p. 259 Erects Ireland into a Kingdom by a fetch of State Policy ibid. He is offended at the Diet of Ausburg p. 260 Listens to the perswasion of using Carnal Arms for supporting his Authority p. 262 Creates seven Cardinals notwithstanding the opposition of the Imperialists and the sacred College p. 264 He proposes a Reformations of the Church but it has no Success p. 265 He falls into a rage upon occasion of some Demands made to him by the Ambassadour of Poland p. 266 Sends Cardinal Caraffa his Nephew Legate into France p. 267 He breaks with the Emperour and undertakes a War which proved fatal to him p. 268 Being overcome he makes Peace like a Conguerour p. 271 He revenges himself on his Nephews for the bad success of his Enterprises p. 272 Will not acknowledge Ferdinand for Emperour p. 274 His death attended with ignominious marks of the hatred that the People bore towards him p. 279 Paul Gregoriani Bishop of Zagabria in Sclavonia sent to the Council with Frederick Nausens Bishop of Vienna by the King of the Romans p. 198 Peace betwixt the Emperour and King of France revives the Proposals of a Council p. 56 A Peace concluded betwixt the Emperour and King of France is broken off by Pope Paul IV. p. 267 Penance and Extreme Vnction handled in the fourteenth Session p. 218 Opposition of the Divines to the Decrees concerning Penance of which the President takes no notice p. 221 Philip II. King of Spain labours to settle the Inquisition in the Low Countries p. 277 Erects three Archbishopricks and several Bishopricks ibid. Vses great Cruelties in Spain against Protestants p. 280 Pius IV. called before Giovanni Angelo de Medicis mounts the Pontifical Chair p. 281 Reconciles himself to the Emperour to whom he acknowledges his Predecessour had done wrong ibid. Declares his design of restoring the Council p. 282 Solicites the King of France to take Geneva p. 284 Being afraid of a National Council he resolves to call a General Council p. 285 Forms the Bull of Convocation and again chuses the City of Trent p. 290 He sends Nuncio's to the Protestants to invite them to the Council p. 293 Names the Legates who were to preside in the Council and sends them away p. 295 After many delays at length will have the Council opened p. 305 Is allarmed at the Attempts of the Spaniards and is distrustfull of his Legates p. 334 Is amazed at the Demands of the Germans proposed to the Council about Reformation and thinks of providing for his own Security p. 343 Receives an abstract of the Demands of the Germans and French concerning Reformation p. 411 Is allarmed that the King of France sends the Cardinal of Lorrain to the Council p. 419 Proceeds against five French Bishops suspected of Heresie and against the Queen of Navarre The King of France opposes it p. 566 The Confirmation of the Council is demanded of him All are not agreed in that p. 575 He falls dangerously sick which hastens the Conclusion of the Council p. 580 The Council demands his Confirmation about which some Prelates disagree ibid. He confirms it by a Bull. p. 588 Some months after makes a Promotion of nineteen Cardinals to reward those who had best served him in the Council p. 590 Pool Cardinal who had been Legate in the first Convocation of the Council is sent Legate into England p. 252 He gives the Parliament of England Absolution p. 255 Is made Archbishop of Canterbury p. 264 He dies the same day that Queen Mary died p. 275 The Pope will not permit the Bishops to appear in Council by Proxy p. 64 Popes have an aversion to any thing that bears the Name of Conference p. 257 Have a Custom of changing their Names upon their Promotion to the Papacy ibid. The Abbot Preval speaks freely as to the Popes Authority What happened to him thereupon p. 383 The Pope's Supremacy over other Bishops disputed p. 423 The Minute of a Decree made at Rome concerning the Authority of the Pope and Bishops rejected by the Bishops in Council p. 457 and 465 The Emperour consults about important points relating to the Pope and the Liberty of the Council p. 481 The Pope absolutely rejects the Propositions of the French p. 495 He obliges the Tribunal of the Inquisition to proceed against several French Bishops accused of Heresie p. 497 Vid. Adrian VI. Clement VII Julius III. Leo X. Marcel II. Paul IV. and Pius IV. Predestination is handled and the Council finding nothing to be censured among the Lutherans condemns seven Propositions of the Zuinglians p. 130 A strange opinion of Catarino about Predestination p. 132 Precedence causes a Contest betwixt the French and Spaniards p. 509 c. and 516 c. Priests whether inferiour to Bishops v Episcopacy Single Life of Priests p. 486 Protestants whence they have that Name p. 30 They present their Confession at Ausburg and depart without any accommodation though attempted p. 32 Despise Decrees of the Imperial Chamber of Spire p. 34 Assemble at Smalcalde ibid. Nine Articles of Doctrine touching Original sin which were imputed to them are debated in the IV. Session p. 98 They have a War with the Emperour and Pope p. 107 Their Army commanded by the Electour of Saxony and Landgrave of Hesse p. 110 They revenge themselves on the Pope p. 111 Promise to submit to the Council at the Diet of Ausburg p. 171 Prepare to send their Deputies to the Council p. 196 Find a Contradiction in what was concluded about the Eucharist p. 217 The Council will not hear them though the Emperour had past his word for it p. 230 Cruelties used against them in England by Queen Mary in France by Henry II. and in Germany by Ferdinand King of the Romans p. 256 and 257 They held their first National Synod in France p.