nisi regni haeredibus coÌ„â—ingere solet Qu. Anne was â—herefore crowned beâ—ause it is an honour soâ—y conferred vpon such whose issue are capable of â—â—ccessioÌ„ wherby it is proâ—able that the Kings purâ—ose was to adnihilate and â—â—tinguish the Title of his â—aughter Mary and to â—aue the Crowne and digâ—â—ty Royall to the sole â—eires of Q. Anne For this â—use were the two young â—adies brought vp apart â—hich may be a reasoÌ„ why â—ey were after so different in their dispositions and so opposite in theiâ— Religions both of them though not sucking thâ— milke yet as well imitaâ—ting the mindes as following the steps of their moâ—thers Queene Katharinâ— liuing and dying a conâ—stant Romane Catholique Queene Anne both in heâ— life and death resolute 〈◊〉 the defence of the Reforâ—med Religion which 〈◊〉 the most probable conieâ—ctures haue left to vs vpâ—on file was by the instigaâ—tion of some Romists theâ— powerfull with the Kingâ— who was not then fully seâ—â—led in those tenents whicâ— he after made his maximâ— the prologue to her fall anâ— â—â—ues Catastrophe which 〈◊〉 long after hapned On May day A no 1536. â—as a great iusting held at â—â—eenewich in the which â—â—e chiefe challenger was â—â—e Lord Rochford brother 〈◊〉 the Queene and the deâ—â—ndants were one Henry â—orrice of the Kings Bedâ—amber with others they â—aÌ„naged their armes with â—eat dexterity and euery â—urse which they ranne â—me off with the lowd apâ—â—â—ause of the people insoâ—uch that the King at first â—â—ght seemed in outward â—ewe to be wonderously â—lighted but about the â—iddle of the triumph â—e a storme in the midst â—a quiet Sea the King arose suddenly from hâ—â— seat and attended with 〈◊〉 persons only tooke Bargâ—â— and was row'd to Westmiâ—â—â— leauing no small amazâ—â—ment behinde him euâ—â—ry one wondring and coâ—â—iecturing as their affectâ—â—ons led them what migâ—â— be the occasion thereoâ— All things were with 〈◊〉 night husht vp and in qâ—â—â—et no appearance of dâ—â—content eyther in King 〈◊〉 Courtier perceiued bâ— no sooner did the day peâ—â—â— out but the King 's discoâ—â—tent appeared w th it Geoâ—â— Bulleine Lod Rochford 〈◊〉 Queenes brother and Heâ—â—ry Norrice the defendaâ—â— were saluted with a coâ— breakfast next their heaâ—◠〈◊〉 their beds both conâ—eyed to the Tower the â—ewes being brought to â—he Queene struck as cold â—o her heart and hauing â—ast ouer dinner with difâ—ontent â—ecause the King 〈◊〉 his custome was had â—ent none of his waiters to â—id Much good doe it her 〈◊〉 the Table but perceiâ—ing her seruants about â—er some with their eyes glazed in teares but all with looks deiected on the earth it bred strange conâ—epâ—ions in her yet being â—onfident in her own innoâ—â—ency bred in her rather â—mazement then feare The same day entred inâ—o her chamber Sr Thomas â—udley L. Chancellor the Duke of Norfolke Thomas Cromwell Secretary and â— dâ—â—â—â—â—ce after them Siâ— William Kinsman Constabâ—e of the Tower at their first apppearance her apprehension was that they were sent from the King to comfort her about the imprisonment of her brother but obseruing them to looke more austerely vpon her then vsually they were accustomed shee beâ—gan to mistrust their message but casting her eye beyond them and espying the Constable of the Tower to accompany them in their vnwelcome visit she grew then confident that her death was now approaching and that these were the Heralds to preâ—are it so expressing more â—odesty then Maiesty â—oth in her behauiour and â—ountenance she prepared â—er selfe to attend their â—essage which the Chanâ—ellor deliuered vnto her in â—ew words telling her â—hat it was his Maiesties â—oÌ„mand that she must inâ—antly be conveyed from â—hence to the Tower there â—o remaine during his â—ighnes pleasure to which â—he answered that her inâ—ocence and patience had â—â—med her against all adâ—ersities what soeuer and 〈◊〉 such were his Maiesties â—ommand and pleasure â—hey both should with all â—umility be obeyed so â—ithout change of habit or any thing necessary foâ— her remooue shee put herâ— selfe into their safe custody and by them was conueyed into her Barge Iust vpon the stroke oâ—fiue she entred the Towerâ— the Lords with the Luieâ—tenant brought her to heâ— Chamber to whome aâ— their departure she spokâ— these few words following falling vpon her knees I beseech God Almighty to 〈◊〉 my assistance and helpe onely so farre forth as I am nâ—â—guiltie of any iust crime that may be layd against me theâ— turning to the Lords I inâ—treat you to beseech the King in my â—ehalfe that it wilâ— please him to be a good Lorâ— vnto mee which wordâ— were no sooner vttered but they departed The fifteenth of the same moneth the Lords of the Councell met at the Tower the Queene was called toâ— to the Barre and arraigned before the Duke of Norfolk who sate as Lord high Steward the Lord Chancellor on the right hand and the Duke of Suffolke on the left hand with diuers others Marquesses Earles and Barons the Earle of Surrey sonne to the Duke of Norfolke sate directly before his father a degree â—ower as Earle Marshall of England the Queenâ— sitâ—ing in a chaire diuers accusations especially touching inconstancy were obiected against her to all which she answered punctually with such grauity and discretion that it appeared to her Auditory she could not bee found guilty of any aspersion whatsoeuer But when in their fauourable censures they were readye not without great applause to acquit her The Iury brought in a contrary verdict by which shee was convicted condemned and had her iudgement to be burned or else her head to be cut off at the Kings pleasure The Sentence being denounced the Court arose and she waâ— conueyed backe againe to her Chamber the Laâ— Bullein her Aunt and the Lady Kinsman wife to the Constable of the Tower onely attending her Two dayes after were brought vnto the Tower-Hill George Lord Rochford Henry Norris Marke Smeton Medlin Brierton Francis Weston all of them of the Kings Priuy Chamber who seuerally suffered and had their heads stricken off no other account of their sufferings being giuen out abroad but that they deseruedly dyed for matters concerning the conuicted Queene Two dayes after the Queene was brought to the greene within the Tower and there mounted on a Scaffold where were present most part of the Nobility 〈◊〉 Lord Mayor of London with certaine Aldermen and many other Spectators her last words were these My honourable Lords and the rest here assembled I beseech you all to beare witnesse with me that I humbly submit my selfe to vndergoe the penalty to which the Law hath sentenced me as touching my offences I am sparing to speak they are best knowne to God and I neither blame nor accuse any man but commit them wholly to him beseeching God that knowes theâ— secrets of all hearts to haue mercy on my Soule next I beseech the Lord Iesus to blesse and saue my Soueraigne Master
perplexed with the newes of the Proclamation of the Lady Iane as Queene of England but more especially vnderstanding that it was done by the consent of the whole Nobility herevpon the Suffolke men assemble themselues about her not liking such shuffling in State profer'd their free and voluntary seruice towards the attaining of her lawfull inheritance this being bruited at Court the great Duke of Northumberland hauing a large Commission granted and sigâ—ed with the great Seale of England by the vertue thereof raised an Army with purpose to suppress and surprize the Lady Mary the designe was no sooner aduanced and on foote but the Lords in generall repenting them of so great an iniurie done to the Kings Sister and the immediate Inheritrix sent a Countermand after him the Nobility forsooke him the Commons abandon'd him so that being come to Cambridge he with his Sons and some few seruants were left alone where notwithstanding he and his associates proclaimed the Lady Mary Queene of England in the Market-place yet for all this hee was arrested of high treason in the Kings Colledge from thence brought to the Tower and on a Scaffold on the Hill the 12. day of August lost his head This was the end of the great Duke of Northumberland Now those two great opposing Dukes Somerset and Northumb whose vnlimited Ambitions England the gouernement therof could not satiate one peece of ground containes them They lye quietly together in one small bed of earth before the Altar in St. Peters Church in the Tower betwixt two Queenes wiues of K. Henry the 8th Queene Anne and Queene Katherine all foure beheaded All their greatnesse and magnificence is couered ouer with these two narrow words Hic iacet Northumberland oâ—erthrew Somerset and â—aised himselfe vpon his Ruines Mary who was friend to neither but indifferent to both easily dispenced with the cutâ—ing off Northumberland thinking her selfe to stand more firme by his fall and ruine The Lady Elizabeth residing at her Mannour in â—he Country much lamented the death of her Brother being strangeâ—y perplexed in her mind as not knowing by any probable coniecture what these strange passages of State might come to but considering that amongst these tempestuous stormes her Sister Marie's and her owne were now at an Aduenture in one bottome she resolutely first ayded her Sister with 500. men her selfe the formost Prima ibi ante omnes then the storme being ouer shee attended her Maiestie in her Barge to the Tower where was released the Duke of Norfolke the Lord Courtney and Dr. Gardiner soone after diuers Bishops suspended in the dayes of her Brother Edward were restored viz. Dr. Gardiner to Winchester and Iohn Poynet put out Dr. Bonner to London and Nicholas Ridley confind ' â—ohn Day to Chichester â—nd Iohn Scory excluded Dr. Tonstall to Duresme Dr. Heath to Worcester â—ohn Hooper excluded â—nd committed to the Fleete Dr. Vesey to Exeâ—er and Couerdaleâ—ashier'd â—ashier'd The miseraâ—le face of a wretched Kingdome began now â—o appeare They that â—â—oulâ— dissemble their Religion tooke no great are how things went â—ut such whose consciâ—nces were ioyned to â—uth perceiuing that â—e Lamps of the Sanctuâ—y began to shine dim â—eing those bright Taâ—ers pull'd out of their â—ckets and extinguiâ—shed concluded that coles were now kindled which would proue the destruction of many a good Christian which accordingly happened From the Tower of London the Queene rode through the City towards her Pallace at West-minster The Lady Elizabeth to whom all this while shee shewed a pleasant and gracious out-side rode in a Chariot next after her drawne with sixe Horses trapt in cloath of siluer the Chariot being couered with the same wherein sate only to accompany her the Lady Anne of Cleue The fifth day of October shee was crown'd at West-minster by Stephen Gardiner Bishop of Winchester Dr. Thomas Cranmer being at that time in the Tower The Lady Elizabeth was most Princely attended at her Sisters Coronation fiue dayes after began the Parliament wherein besides the supplantation of the reformed Religion Guilford Dudley and the Lady Iane his wife lately proclaymed Queene were both arraigned and conuicted of treason As for the Lady Iaâ—e how vnwilling shee was to take the imperiall dignitie vpon her doth appeare by this letter following sent to her Father a little before her death FAther althoug it hath pleased God to hasten my death by you by whom my life should rather haue been lengthened yet can I so patienâ—ly take it that I yeeld God more hearty thanks for shortning my wofull dayes than if all the world had beene giuen into my possessions with life lengthened at my owne will And albeit I am very well assured of your impatient dolours redoubled many wayes both â—â—bewaâ—ling our owne wo â—nd espâ—cially as I am informed my wofull estate yet my deare father if I may without â—ffence reioyce in my owne mishaps herein I may account my selfe blessed that washing my hands with the innocence of my fact my guiltless blood may cry before the Lord mercie to the innocent And yet though I must needes acknowledge that being constrained and as you know well enough continually assayed yet in taking vpon me I seemed to consent and therein grieuously offended the Queene and hâ—r Lawes yet do I assuredly trust that this my offence towards God is so much the lesse in that being in so Royall estate as I was my enforced honour neâ—uer mingled with mine innocent heart And thus good father I haue opened vnto you the state wherein I presently stand my death at hand althought to you perhaps it may seeme wofull yet to mee there is nothing that can bee more welcome than from this vale of misery to aspire to that hâ—â—uenly thrâ—ne of all ioy and pleasure with Christ my Sauiour in whose stedfast faith if it may be lawfull for the daughter so to write to the father the Lord that hath hitherto strengthened you so continue to keepe you that at the last wee may meet in heauen with the Father Son and holy Ghost I am Your obedient Daughter till death IANE DVDLEY Shee was no way conscious of those illegall proceedings practised against the Queene by her owne and her husbands father much griefe there was for the Lady Iane the Queene her selfe tooke the sadnesse of her estate into consideration gaue her leaue to walke in the Queenes Garden not debarring her of any pleasant prospect belonging to the Tower and had not her father after first offence remitted ran headlong into a second it is generally conceiued shee would haue pardoned her life his mis-councelled rashnes hasten'd the deaths of these 2 Innocents Guilford and Iane The Statists of that time especially such as were addicted to the Romish faction held it not policie to suffer any that were addicted to the contrary faction to liue especially if they could entrap them being fallen into any lapse of the law therfore vpon the
wither the King feeling himself dangerously sick many infirmities growing more and more vpon him cal'd his Councell about him made his last will and Testament part of which so much as concernes this present Discourse shall be deliuered as it hath been extracted out of the originall Coppie still reserued in the Treasury of the Exchequer Dated the Thirtieth day of December 1546. Item I giue and bequeath vnto our two Daughters Mary and Eliâ—abethâ— if they shall be marâ—â—ed to any outward Potenâ—â—tes the Summe of tennâ—â—housand pounds a peecee â—nd that to be paid them by â—he consent of our Councell 〈◊〉 Money Plate Iewels and Houshold-stuffe if wee beâ—â—ow them not in our life â—ime or a larger Summe â—t the discretion of our Exâ—cutors or the most part of â—hem And both of them vpon our blessing to be ordeâ—ed aswell in marriage as â—ll other lawfull things by â—he aduice of our fore said Councell and in case they will not that then those Summes are to be diminiâ—hed at our Councels pleasure Further our will is that from the first houre of our death vntill such time as they can prouide either of them or both of an honourable Marriage they shall haue either of them or both of them three Thousand pounds vltra Reprisas to liue vpon I haue knowne many a Noble Man's Daughter left as great a Legacie nay a larger Dower who neuer had any claime or alliance to a Crowne but so it pleased the King at that time Vpon the nineteenth day of Ianuary following the King lying vpon his death-bed euen when hee was ready to giue an accompt to God for the aboundance of bloud already spilt when hee knew himselfe was no longer able to liue hee â—imprisoned the Duke of Norfolke the Father signed a warrant for the execution of the Earle of Surrey the Sonne within nine dayes after he himselfe expired and on the eighteenth of February following was with great State and magnificence interred at Windsore On the same day wherin the Father deceased was the Sonne inauguraâ—ed King of England by the name of Eâ—ward the â—â—xth being of the age of 9. yeares on the nineteenth of February following he rode with his Vncle the Lord Protector Duke of Sommerset through the Citie of London and the next day ensuing was anoynted King at West-minster by Thomas Cranmer Arch-bishop of Canterbury whoâ— that day administred the holy Eucharist together with sundry other Ceremonies appropriated for such Solemnities Great is the person oâ— a King reigning heereâ— vpon earth amoÌ„gst men hee is a liuely Embleme of the high and glorious Maiesty of God in heauen The King was no â—ooner crowned but the Lady Elizabeth gaue â—ay to his State there â—as now a discontinuâ—nce of that frequent â—nd priuate familiarity â—suall betwixt them â—ormerly she loued him â—s a Brother now she hoâ—ours him as her Soueâ—aigne Honour and Royalty make difference â—etwixt the Sonne and â—he Father the degrees â—f State distinguish beâ—wixt brother and Sister â—hey which liued sociaâ—ly in all familiarity together now doe not so â—uch as talke but at a distance The death of â—he Father which raysed him to the Crowne remoued her from the Court set him in the Throne sent her downâ— into the Countrey iâ— which retirement being nobly attended as welâ— by diuers voluntary Ladies and Gentle-womeâ— as her owne traine anâ— houshould Seruants shâ— led there though a morâ— solitary yet a much more contented life as hauinâ— now more leisure houre to contemplate and ruminate on those Rudiments and Exerciseâ— wherein she had for merly beene conuersant Diligence is the breeâ—eâ—â— and productor of Arts but practise and exercisâ— doth nourish and cherish them She in her great discretion made gainfull vse of tâ—is Soliâ—ude as is apparant by â—he future Being setled in the Country to adde vnto her Reuenue shee had many gifts and visits â—ent her from the King who was very carefull â—oth of her honour and â—ealth shee liued under â—he charge of a noble â—nd vertuous Lady who â—as stil'd her Gouerâ—esse scarce was she yet â—ull fourteene yeares of â—ge when one of her Vncles then in great office and place about the King brought vnto her 〈◊〉 Princely Suitor as great in means as comeâ—â—y in Person A stranger richly habited and nobly attended whose name my Author giues notâ— he after much importunitie both from himselfe and friends yet at last crost in his purpose by modest repulses and cold answeres and finding her immutable disposition solely addicted to a single life as not enduring the name of a husband setled in his mind though not satisfied in her denyall retyred into his Countrey for though it may be said of women in generall that they are spare in their answeres and peâ—â—remptory in their demands purposes thaâ— their affections are stil in â—e extreames either so â—assionate as by no counâ—ell to be redressed or so counterfeit to be by no man beleeued and again â—f they are beautiful they are to be won with prayâ—es if coy with prayers if â—roud with gifts if coâ—etous with promises yet â—his sweet L. tho her beauâ—y were attractiue yet by â—o flattery could be reâ—oued froÌ„ her setled reâ—olution and being concious neither of Pride â—oyness or couetousnes â—ould not be easily drawn â—ithin the compas of any â—â—btile temptation This â—â—rst vnwelcome motion â—f Marriage was a 〈◊〉 why shee liued afterwards more solitary and retyred If at any time the King her Brother vpon any weighty or important occasion had sent to enioy her company at Court she made no longer Residence then to know his highnesse pleasure and to make humble tender of her duty and allegiance That done with all conuenient returned backe into the Country where she spent the entire season of her Brothers Raigne The King had 3 Vncles left him by the Mothers side Edward Thomas and Henry Seymour Edward was Lord Pro-Protector and Thomas high Admirall of England These two Brothers being knit and ioyned together in amity were like a Bunch of Arrowes not easily broke asunder but once dispersed distracted betwixt themselues they made but way for their Aduersaries how to assaile them with little disaduantage The two great Dukes of Northumberland and Suffolke Dudley and Gray murmuring that his Maiesties two Vncles should beare such great sway in the Kingdome by which their glory seem'd to bee eclipsed and darkned sought all meanes how to oppose this great vnited strength of Fraternall loue but finding that there was no other way leâ—t to cast this yoake from off their necks which their Ambition held to be intolerable but onely by making a disiunction of that brotherly loue which had so long continued and doubting how to worke it by their Seruants tooke a neerer course to effect it by their wiues and so to draw their ruines out of their owne bosomes and most successiuely to their owne purposes thus it happened Sir Thomas Seymour
Admirall the younger Brother married the Queene Dowager whose hap it was of all the rest to suruiue her husband she contested with her Sister in Law for precedence and priâ—ority of place both were priuately encouraged both swell'd alike with spleene neither would giue way to other the one claim'd it as she had beene once Queene the other challeng'd it as she was the present wife of the Protector the two Dukes were as suell to â—his fire new kindled beâ—â—â—wixt the women Dudâ—ey incenseth the one priâ—tely Gray encourageth the other secretly The wiues set their husbands at odds by taking their parts the Gordian knot of brotherly loue is therevpon dissolued Northumberland and Suffolke take hold of this aduantagious occasion insomuch that within a short time after the Admirall was questioned for Treason by consent of his brother condemned in Parliament and his head struck off at the Tower-hill March 20. 1549 his Brother the Protector with his owne hand signing the warrant for his death The one being thus remoued there was now lesse difficulty to supplant the other in the same month of Febr. in which his brother lost his head was the Protector coÌ„mitted to the Tower by the Lords of the Councell many Articles especially touching the gouernment of the State were commenced against him but the yeare after upon his submission to the Lords and intercession made for him by the King hee was released this proued but a Lightning before death his great and potent Aduersaries still prosecute their malice against him insomuch that not long after calling him to a second accompt when he had acquit himselfe of all such Articles of Treason as could bee inferred against him hee was in a tryall at Guild-hall conuicted of Felony and on the 22. of Ianuary was beheaded on the Tower-Hill These two next Kinsmen to the King the proppes and stayes on which the safety of his minoritie leaned the hinges on which the whole State turned being thus cut off it was a common feare and generall presage through the whole Kingdome that the two Vncâ—es being dead the Nephew would not suruiue long after and so accordingly it happened for now all such Gentle-men and Officers as the Protector had preferred for the Kings attendance were suddenly remoued and all such as were the Fauourites of the two Dukes onely suffered to come neere his person In the Interim was the Match concluded betwixt the Lord Guilford Dudley Son to the Duke of Northumberland the Lady Iane Gray daughter to the Duke of Suffolke Not long after the King fell sicke and dyed the 6. of Iuly in the 7th yeare of his Priâ—cely gouernment and oâ— the tenth of the same month was proclaymed Queene the Lady Iane It is to this day a question both how he dyed and where hee was buryed yet others say hee lyes buried at Westminster he was a Prince of that hope that it would seeme improper thus to leaue his honour in the dust vncharacterized Hee was studious for the propagation of the Gospell the refining and establishing of true Religion the foundation whereof his Father had proiected Images hee caused to be demolished and as Idolatrous to be taken out of all Churches within his Domininions the learned men of his time hee encouraged and commanded them to open and expound the Scriptures caused the Lords Supper to bee administred in both kinds vnâ—o his people In the third yeare of his Reigne by Parliamentall Decree hee abolished the Masse commanded the Liturgie to be made and our Common prayer and Seruice to be read in the English tongue hee was acute in witt graue in censure mature in Iudgement all which concurring in such tender yeeres were beyond admiration In the liberall Arts so frequent that he appeared rather innate and borne with them then either acquired by teaching or study All the Port-Townes and Hauens in England Scotland and France hee had adâ— vnguem not the least punctilio of any State affaires past beyond his obseruation nor did hee commit such obseruations to memory but had a chest euery yeare for the reseruation of such Acts as past the councell board himself keeping the key hee would appoynt certain hours to sit with the Master of Requests only to â—ispatch the cause of the Poore hee was the Inchoation and Instauration of a glorious Church and Common-weale hee was perfect in the Latine Greeke Italian French and Spanish tongues and as Cardanus reports was well seene in Logicke and the Principles of naturall Philosophy no stranger to Musicke singing at first sight in Melancthon's common-places hee was câ—â—uersant and all Cicero's workes with a great part of Titus Liuius two of Isocrates Orations hee translated out of the Originall into Latine hee was facetious and witty as may appeare in the fourth yeare of his reign thirteenth of his age being at Greenewich on S. Georges day comming from the Sermon with all the Nobility in State correspondent for the day said My Lords I pray you what Saint is S. George that wâ—e so much honour him heere this day The Lord Treasurer made answere If it please your Maiesty I did neuer in any History read of S. George but onely in Legenda aurea where it is thus set downe that S. George out with his sword ran the Dragon through with his speare The King hauing something vented himselfe with laughing replyed I pray you my Lord and what did hee with his sword the while That I cannot tell your Maiesty said hee To conclude hee was so well qualified that hee was not onely the forwardest Prince of all his Auncestors but the sole Phoenix of his time Dic mihi musa virum shew me such another As hee began and continued hopefully so hee ended Religiously being fallen sicke of a Plurisie some say consuÌ„ption of the lungs hauâ—ng made his peace with God and the world he lifted vp his eyes and hands to heauen prayed to himselfe thinking none to haue heard him after this manner Lord deliuer mee out of this miserable life and take me among thy chosen howbeit not my will but thy will be done Lord I commit my Spirit to thee O Lord thou knowest how happie it were for me to be with thee yet for thy chosens sake send me life and health that I may truly serue thee Oh my Lord God blesse thy people and saue thine inheritance Oh Lord God saue thy chosen people of England defend this Land from Papistry and maintaine thy true Religion that I and thy People may praise thy holy name for thy Sonne Iesus Christ's sake to which hee added Oh I faint haue mercy on me O Lord and receiue my Spirit With which eiaculation his life ended not without suspition of poyson deliuered him in a Nose-gay but the diuilish Treason not being enquired after neuer came to light The Lady Mary being at the time of the Kings death at Hunsdon in Hertfordshire was much
it fell out iust about midnight the difficulty alleadged was lest that being in the darke shee might perhaps be rescued therefore the next day being Palme-Sunday they repaired vnto her Lodging againe and desired her to prepare her selfe for that was the latest houre of her liberty she must to the Barge presently whereunto shee answered The Lords will be done since it is her Highnesse pleasure I am therewith very well contented passing through the Garden and the guard to take water shee looked backe to euery window and seeing none whose lookes might seeme to coÌ„passionate her afflictions said thus I wonder whither the Nobility intends to leade me being a Princesse and of the Royall bloud of England Alasse why being an harmeles innocent woman am I thus hurryed to captiuity the Lord of Heauen knowes whither for I my selfe doe not Great hast was made to see her safe in the Barge and much care to haue her passe by London vnseene which was the occasion that both she and they were engaged to remarkable danger the Tyde being young the Barge-men fear'd to shoot the Bridge but being forced to it against their wils the sterne struck against one of the Arches and wanting water grated against the Channell with great hazard to be ouerwhelmed but God in his mercy preseru'd her to a fairer fortune Shee was landed at the Tower-stayres the same intended for Traytors loath she was to haue gone ashore there laying open her innocent and loyall behauiour both towards the Queene and present State but being cut short by the churlish reply of one who was her conuoy shee went ashore and stept short into the water vttering these words I speake it before thee O God hauing no friend but thee in whom to put my confidence heere landeth as true a subiect being Prisoner as euer landed at these stayres since Iulius Caesar laid the first foundation of this structure Well if it proue so said one of the Lords it will be the better for you as shee passed along the warders then attending bade God blesse her Grace for which some were rebuked in words others by a mulct in the purse She was then deliuered to the charge of the Constable of the Tower who receiued her as his Prisoner and told her that hee would shew her to her Lodgings but shee being faint began to complaine the good Earle of Sussex seeing her colour began to faile she ready to sinke vnder his armes call'd for a Chayre but the Constable would not suffer it to be brought â—en shee sate downe vpon a faire stone at which time there fell a great shower of raine the Heauens themselues did seeme to weepe at such inhumane vsage Sussex offered to cast his Cloake about her but she by no means would admit it Then the Lieftenant M. Bridges entreated her to withdraw her selfe from the violence of the storme into some shelter to whom she answer'd I had better to sit here then in a â—orser place for God knoweth not I whither you intend to lead me At which words looking vpon heâ— Gentleman-Vsher and seeing his eyes full oâ— teares shee told him he did not well to disconâ—oâ—â— late her with his sorrow who had so much griefâ— of her owne that sheâ— doubted whether sheâ— had strength enough 〈◊〉 support it Being lock'd and bolted in her Lodgings with some of her seruants she was much daunted and perplexed but called to her Gentle-woman for her booke desiring God not to suffer her to lay her foundation vpon the sands but vpon the Rock whereby all blasts of blustering weather might not preuaile against her whereunto shee added The skill of a Pilot is vnknowne but in a tempest the valour of a Captaine is vnseene but in a battell and the worth of a Christian is vnknowne but in tryall and temptation this earthly Globe O Lord is but a Theater on which thou hast placed vs to get some proofe from hence of our sufficiencie death will assaile vs the world will entice vs the flesh will seeke to betray vs and the Diuell ready to deuoure vs but all this and much more shall neuer deiect my spirits for thou O King of Kings art my Spectator and thy Son Christ my Sauiour Iesus hath already vndergone these tryals for my encouragement I will therefore come boldly to the throne of Grace there it is I am sure that I shall find comfort in this time of neede though an Hoast should encampe against mee my heart shall not feare though warre should rise against mee in this will I be confident Thou Lord art my light and my saluation whom shall I feare thou Lord art the strength of my life of whom shall I be affraid In this Interim the Lords tooke aduice about a more strict watch and ward to be set vpon her all agreeing that it should be exactly performed but the good Earle of Sussex was very passionate to heare all this and said My Lords my Lords let vs take heede and doe no more then our Commission will well beare consider that â—he was the King our Maâ—ters Daughter and therefore let us vse such dealing 〈◊〉 may hereafter proue answerable the other Lord agreed to his words saying it was well spoke of him and so for that time departed Two dayes after Gardiner making vse of the Queenes name and authority caused Masse to bee inforcedly said and sung before her which seemed to be the greatest tryall shee had till that time endured but necessity hauing no law shee was forced to giue way to it and not vnaduisedly that spirit is prodigious which rather than shake hands with inconueniencie would cast it self into the iaweâ— of danger shee with 〈◊〉 setled countenance swallowed downe vpon extremity the bitter potion of indignity shee would rather bow then breake rather strike sayle then perish in the storme the greatnesse of her mind gaue place to the weakenesse of her meanes because shee could not harbor where shee would she anchored where shee might with best security Philip of Spaine being interressed in this Story as one whom God vsed for an instrument to preserue the Lady Elizabeth All those that interposed his comming into the Kingdome being cut off namely the Duke of Suffolke Sir Thomas Wâ—at with all his consederacie and the much suspected Lady Elizabeth being vnder safe custody in the Tower I hope it will not bee impertinent to impart somwhat of his landing Marriage and Coronation On the twentieth day of Iuly Anno 1554. hee arriued at South-hampton and was there honourably met and receiued by the Queenes Counsell and the greatest part of the Nobility at his first setting foote on Land the Garâ—er was presented to him and fastned about his Legge before hee would enter into any house hee went first to the Church of Holy-Rood there to giue thankes for his prosperous and successfull Voyage hauing spent about halfe an houre in deuotion
he mounted on a goodly Iennet richly Caparison'd sent to him that morning froÌ„ the Queen and rod backe againe to his Lodging neere adioyning to the Water-gate The Monday following he left South-hampton and being most honourably attended by the Nobility and Gentry of England hee rode toward Winchester but by reason of much raine that fell that day the iourney seemed lesse pleasant The next day betwixt sixe and seauen in the Euening hee was there receiued magnificently and rode to Church before hee saw his Lodgings lowd Musicke sounded at his alighting The Bishop of that Sea with foure others met him at the Church-dore with Priests Singing-men and Choristers attired in rich Copes with three faire Crosses borne before them At his first entrance into the Church hee kneeled downe to pray which done he arose and went vnder a Canopye from the West dore vp to the Quire perceiuing the Sacrament hee put off his hat to doe it reuerence then entred into a goodly trauerse hung with rich Arras there kneeled againe till the Chancellour began Te Deum and all the Quire seconded that done hee was brought thence by Torch-light going on foote to his Lodgings where the Queens guard attended on him all the way as he passed along he turned himselfe to the people on both sides w th a pleasant countenance After Supper certaine of the Councell brought him to the Queene by a priuate way shee receiued him both graciously and louingly they had conference together about halfe an houre in the Spanish tongue which ended he tooke his leaue and was conducted back to his Lodging Vpon Tuesday following about three in the afternoone he came from his Lodging on foot accompanyed by the Lord Steward the Earles of Derby and Pembrooke with other Lords and Gentlemen as well strangers as English hee was all in blacke Cloath he shewed himselfe freely and openly to all men at his entrance into the Court lowd Musique plaid the Queene met him in the great Hall and kissed him in the presence of all the people and taking him by the right hand they went vp together into the great Chamber of Presence and talked together about a quarter of an houre hee then tooke his leaue of her Maiesty â—ent to the Cathedrall to heare Euen-song from thence was conueyed to his Lodgings with torch-light On St. Iames day being the Tutelary Saint of Spaine Iuly 25. the King and Queene came from their Lodgings towards the Church all on foote richly attired in gownes of Cloth of gold set with Stones and Iemms hee with his Gard and shee with hers each of them hauing a sword borne before them that of hers by the Earle of Derby the other of his by the Earle of Pembrooke being come into the Church he went to one Altar and she to another both hanged with Curtaines of Cloth of gold which being after drawn it was thought that they were there shriuen then they resumed their places and being met courteously saluted each other hee being at that time bare-headed Sixe Bishops went to the place prepared for the Ceremony the King was on the left hand and shee on the right Winchester celebrated the Nuptials first in Latine then in English the marriage Ring was a plaine hoop Ring of gold without any Stone the Ceremonies being consummate they both went hand in hand together comming to the Altar they both kneeld a while with each of them a lighted Taper in their hand After the Masse was ended the King of Heralds openly in the Church proclaimed their Maiesties King and Queene with their Stiles and Titles as followeth PHilip and Mary by the Grace of God King and Queene of England France Naples Ierusalem and Ireland Deâ—fendors of the Faith King and Queene of Spayne Sicilia Leon and Arragon Arch-Dukes of Austria Dukes of Millaine Burgundie and Brabant Countees of Hasborough Flanders and â—irroll Lords of the Ilands of Sardinia Maiorca Minorca of the Firme-land and the great Ocean Sea Palatines of Henault and the holy Empire Lords of Freezeland and Ireland Gouernours of all Asia and Affrica The Trumpets ceasing the King and Queene â—ame forth hand in hand royally attended and dyâ—ed together openly in the Hall at one Table On the eighteenth of August they came to Suffolke place in Southwarke there they dined after dinner roade ouer the Bridge and so through London to Wâ—st-minster great Triumphes met them by the way with the presentation of diuers Pageants Shewes hauing reference to theiâ— Persons and the great ioy conceâ—ued of their Royall Marriage Heere is one Sister in her Maiesty the other iâ— misery the one vpon her Throne the other iâ— the Tower euery day expecting some neweâ— or other of her deathâ— it would make a pittifulâ— and strange Story to relate what examinations and rackings of poore men there was to finde but out that knife which might cut her throat Gardiner with diuers others of the Councell came to haue a second examination of her demanding what conference shee had with Sr. Iames Acrofts being then a Prisoner in the Tower and brought into her presence on set purpose to confront her alleadging that the speech which they had priuately was about her remouall froÌ„ Abridge to Dunnington Castle At the first shee was somewhat amazed not remembring that shee had any such House but hauing recollected her selfe I doe remember my honourable Lords that I haue such a House but me thinkes you doe me great iniury thus to presse examine and produce euery petty meane Prisoner against mee if they haue beene Delinquents and donâ— ill let them at their owne perill answer it but neither number mee nor ioyne mee with such malefactors and offendors as touching my Remoue to Dunnington my officers and you Sir Ia. Crofts being then present can wel testifie whether any rash or vnbeseeming word did at that time passe my lippes which might not haue well become a faithfull and loyall Subiect but what is all this to the purpose my Lords might I not without offence goe to my House at all times when I best pleased At which words the E. of Arundell kneeling downe said Your Grace saith truth and for mine owne part I am much greeued that you should bee thus troubled about matâ—ers of no greater moment â—ell my good Lords said â—he you sift me very narâ—owly but you can doe no â—ore vnto me then God in â—is diuine prouidence hath â—ppointed and to him oneâ—â— will I direct my prayers 〈◊〉 forgiue you all Sr. Iames Crofts kneeled vnto her being heartily sory that euer hee should see that day to bee a witnesse against her taking God to witnesse that hee neuer knew any thing by her worthy of the least suspition yet notwithstanding there appeared noâ— the least probability oâ— any fault nothing buâ— meere suspitions sugâ—gestions could bee obieâ—cted shee was still kepâ— close Prisoner the Conâ—stable of the Tower theâ— L.
downe in thy Booke of preseruation with thine owne hand Oh read thine owne hand writing and saue mee spare me that speake vnto thee pardon mee that pray vnto thee the Griefes I endure enforce me to speake the calamities I suffer impells mee to complaine if my hopes were in this Life only then were I of all people most miserable it must needes be so that there is aâ—nother Life for here they liue many times the longest liues who are not worthie to â—iue at all Heere the Israelites make the Brickes and the Aegyptians dwell in the houses Dauid is in want and Nabal abounds Syon is Babâ—lons Captiue hast thou nothing in store for Ioseph but the Stocks for Esay but a Saw will not Elias adorne the Chariot better then the Iuniper-tree will not Iohn Baptists head become a Crowne as well as a Platter Surely there is great Retribution for the iust there is fruit for the Righteous thou hast Palms for their hands Coronets for their heads white Robes for their Bodies thou wilt wipe all teares from their eyes and shew them thy goodnesse in the land of the liuing Oh good and desirable is the shadow of thy wings Lord Iesus there is the safe Sanctuary to flye vnto the comfortable refreshing of all sinne and sorrow whatsoeuer Cups of affliction this Life propines vnto me is nothing to those bitter draughts thou hast already drunke vnto me helpe me O thou my strength by which I shall bee raised come thou my light by which I shall be illuminated appeare thou glory to which I shall bee exalted hasten thou life through which I shall bee hereafter glorified Amen Amen Thus did shee both deuoutly and religioâ—sly make vse of all afflictions imposed vpon her shee euer laid her Foundation vpon that Primum quaerite which is the chiefe Corner-Stone both of Diuinitie and Philosophy but being ouer-whelmed with an inundation of Sorrow and Feare she humbly petition'd the Councell that they would admit her to write to the Queene which at first was prohibited but afterwards most louingly permitted Sir Henry Benningfield brought her Pen Paper and Inke and would not so much as depart the Roome whilst shee had Pen to Paper and euer when shee was weary of writing hee carried her Letteâ—s away and brought them again at his pleasure but hauing finished her Letters hee said that hee would carry them to Court No said shee one of my owne shall carry them I will trust neither your selfe nor any that belongs to you therein wherunto he replyed You are a Prisoner to the Queene I hope there is none of your Seruants dares be so bold as to deliuer any Letters of yours to her Maiestie you being in that case Yes quoth shee I haue none that are so dishonest but will be as willing to doe for me in that behalfe as euer they were That 's true said he but my Commission is to the contrary I can by no means suffer it her Grace replying againe said You charge mee very often with your Commission I pray God you may hereafer answer the cruell dealing vsed towards mee then hee kneeling downe desired her Grace to consideâ—â— that hee was but a Seruant put only in trust by her Maiesty to keepe her safe protesting that if the Case were hers hee would as willingly obserue her Grace as now hee did the Queenes Highnesse For his answer shee returned him thankes beseeching God that shee might neuer stand in need of such seruants as he was giuing him further to vnderstand that his actions towards her were neither good nor answerable nay such as the beâ—t friends he had could neuer maintaine I doubt not said hee but to make good account of my Actions there is no remedy but that I must answer them and so I wil wel enough I 'le warrant you being angred and vexed with her Graces speeches hee kept the Letters foure dayes after they were dated but in conclusion hee was faine to send for her Gentleman-Vsher from the Towne of Woodstocke and asked him whether hee durst deliuer his Mistris Letters to the Queene Yes said hee that I dare and will withall my heart then Sir Henry halfe against his stomacke deliuered them vnto him Not long after her Grace fell sicke which the Queene no sooner heard of but shee sent D. Owen and D. Wâ—ndye to visite her being come to Woodstocke they carefully administred vnto her let her bloud and in sixe dayes set her on foote againe and so taking their leaue of her Grace return'd to Court and made a large report both to the Queene and Councell of her humble behauiour and allegiance towards them The Queene no sooner heard it but reioyced at it her aduersaries looked black in the mouth not knowing how to mend themselues but onely by ininciting the Queene against her telling her that they much wondred that shee did not submit her selfe hauing offended her Highnesse In the Interim her Grace was much solicited by diuers pretended friends to submit her selfe to the Qu. informing her that it would be well taken and bee very conducible to her benefit and further inlargement the words were no sooner vttered but shee most resolutely made answer in this manner I will neuer submit to any one whom I neuer offended in all my life If I am a delinquent and haue offended Currat Lex let the Law take course I craue no mercy at all the law is iust and will not condemne me my Keeper that locketh mee vp day and night doth continually molest mee if I were but as free from the one as I am from the other I should thinke my selfe most happy howsoeuer God in his good time will either mollifie his heart or moue some other to procure my further inlargement The Counsell board especially the aduerse party were no sooner possess'd with the constancie of her resolution but they sent vp for Sir Henry Benning field her Keeper no way was vnattempted which might make for their ends great Consultation was held about a Marriage for her the Spaniards thought it most convenient to bee with some Stranger that she might haue her Portion and so depart the Land some thought that not to bee the safest course to send her abroad but one Lord and Gardiner resolued vpon a more speedy one the one said that the King would neuer haue any quiet Common-wealth in England till her head were struck off from her shoulders the other My Lords we haue but all this while beene stripping off the leaues and now and then lopped a branch but till such time as wee strike at the Roote of Heresie meaning the Lady Elizabeth nothing to purpose can bee effected God forbid replyed the Spaniards that our K. and Mr. should once conceiue a thought to consent vnto such a mischiefe and from that day forward they did not let slip the least opportunity to solicite the King on her behalfe informing him that
Anne The Reason of Qu. Annes so sudden coronation The different dispositions of Elizabeth and Mary The preparation to Queene Annes faâ—ll The Qu. Brothers with other sent to the Tower Queene Anne commanded to the tower Qu. Anne entreth â—heâ—owuer Qu. Anne arraâ—gned Q. Anne quit in the opinion of the Lords but found guilty by the Iury. The Queens Brother with others beheaded Queene Annes death Her Speech at her death The Birth of Pâ—iâ—ce Edwardâ— The death of Qu. Iane in Child-bed Young Edward Prince of Wales c Dr. Coxe and Sr. Iohn Cheeke Tutors to P. Edward and L. Elizabeth The Industry of the Prince and L. Eliz. The Prince La. Elizabeth not ingratefull to their Tutors The last Wilâ— and TestameÌ„t of K. Henry the eighth K. Henry dyeth K. Henry buried at Windsor Edward the 6. crowned L. Elizabeths obseruance to the King her brother L. Elizabeth goeth into the countrey A Princely Husband offered to the L. Elizabeth L. Elizabeth will not by any meanes marry The Kings 3. Vncles Northumberland and Suffolke worke a dâ—uision betwixt the two Bâ—rothers The. L. Admiral beheaded The Protector questioned The Protector quit of treason The Protector found guilty of Felonie beheaded A Match betwixt Northumberlands Son and Suffoâ—kâ— Daughter The King dyetâ— La. Iane proclaymed Qu. A true Character of K. Edward the 6. He that shalâ—but peruse the History of S George now written by M. Heylin may soone goe beyond the L. Treasurers answer to the King The Kings Prayer at his death L. Mary vexed at the Proclamation of Q. Iane. Suffolke men ayde the Lady Mary Northumberland opposeth the L. Mary Lady Mary proclaimed Queene L. Elizabeth lamenteth her Brothers death The L. Eliz. in policy graced by the Queene Protestant Bishops put off Popiâ—h restored Q Mary crowned Guilford Dudley and L. Iane conuicted of treason The Q. pittieth the Lady Iane. No Proteâ—tant thought fit to liue The La. Iane her speech at her death Lady Ianes death A memorable note of Iudge Morgan Lady Iane thought to be with child at her death A true Character of the L. Iane. The L. Ianes Workes Suffolke betrayed by his Seâ—uant The Duke of Suffolke beheaded The beginning of Qu. Elizabeths Troubles Gardiner a bitter enemy to the L. Elizaâ—eth The Lady Elizabeth sent for out of the Countrey Lo. of Tame Sir Edward Hastings Sir Thomas Cornewallis sent for the La. Elizaâ—eth L. Eliz. very sicke Vnciuill intrusion La. Elizabeths loyalty L. Elizâ—beth remoueth towards London The Peoples loue to the L. Elizabeth L. Elizabeth kept close at Court La. Elizabeth brought before the CouÌ„ceâ—l La. Elizabeth answereth all obiections The La. Eliz. left alone at the Councel-board La. Elizabeth commanded to the Tower La. Elizabeth affraid of the Tower La. Eliazbeth her Speech to the Councell The Earle of Sussex a fast friâ—nd to the L. Eliz. La. Elizabeth commanded to the Tower Earle of Sussex continues a fast friend to the L. Eliz. La. Elizabeth writeth to the Queene La. Elizabeths speech at her departure out of the Court. La. Elizabeths danger in shooting London-Bridge L. Eliz. landed at the Traitors staires La Elizabethâ—â—peecâ— â—peecâ— at her and 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 Tower La. Elizabeth deliuered vp to the Constable of the Tower The inhumanity of the Constable towards the L. Elizabeth The Earle of Sussex loue to the L. Eliz. The Lieftenants courtesie to the La. Eliz. La. Elizabeth lockt vp close in the Tower The La. Eliz. speech being lockt in her Chamber The Lords take aduice about a watch to keepe the L. Eliz. safe Masse said â—ung in the La. Elizabeths Chamber Phiâ— of Spaine landeth The deuotion of K. Phil. Philip commeth to Winchester Phil. brought into the presence priuately The courteous behauiour of Philip to the people Q. Maryes entertainment â—o Philip. The Marriage solemnized between Philip and Q. Mary Philip and Q. Mary proclaimed King Qu. of England c. Philip and Q Mâ—ry dine together at one Tabâ—e Philip and Q. Mary passe through London in State Gardiner examineth the L. Eliz. in the Tower La. Elizabeths answer to the obiections of Gardiner Arâ—â—dels kind reply to the L. Eliz. The seuerity of the Constable of the â—ower to the L. Elizabeth Lo. Shandois moueth the Lords of the Councell on the behalfe of the L. Eliz. La. Elizabeth suffered to haue a Cazement open in her Chamber A Warrant for the Lady Elizabeths death Mr. Bridges made a happy instrument to preserue the L. Elizabeth The Constable of the Tower discharged Sir Henry Benningfield put in trust with the La. Elizabeth La. Elizabeth remoued to Woostockâ— La. Elizabeth afraid of Sir Henry Benningfield 〈◊〉 â—liazbeth feareth to be murthered at Richmond La. Elizabeth râ—ceiueth comfort from her Genâ—leman Vsher. La. Elizabeths meditations The noble resolution of the Lord of Tame The Countreyes loue to the L. Eliz. in her passage to Woodstocke La. Elizabeth caâ—leth Sir Hen Benningfield her Gaâ—ler Tanquam ouis As a sheep to the slaughter L. Elizabeth lodgeth at the Lord of Tames house The saucy rude behauiour of Sir Hen. Benning L. Eliz. lockt and boked vp in Woodstockâ— The Keeper of Woodstocke attempted to kill the La. Elizabeth La. Elizabeths liberty to walke in the Gardens La. Elizabeths meditaâ—ious as she walked in the Garden La. Elizabeth almost burned in her bed La. Elizabeth thankfull to God for her deliuery out of the fire La. Elizabeths prayer in the midst of her sorrow La. Elâ—zabeth desireth to write to the Queene S. Henry Benningfield will not suffer any one but himselfe to conuey the La. Elizabeths Letter to the Qu. Sir Heâ— Benningfield keepeth L. Eliz. Letters foure dayes after they were dated La. Elizabeth sicke The Qu sendeth two physitians to the La. Elizabeth The Physitians returne a good report of the L. Eliz. to the Qu. Diuers tamper with the L. Elizabeth to haue her to submit her selfe to the Queene La. Elizabeths answer concerning her submission Sir Henâ— Benningfield sent for to the Councell-board Consuâ—tation what to doe with the La. Elizabeth One of the Lords and Gardiners sodaine aduice The Spaniards loue to the L. Eliazbeth A great danger escaped A great conspiracie against the L. Elizabeth La. Elizabeth wisheth her selfe a Milke-maide Queene Mary bruited to bee with Child K. Philip fauoureth the La. Elizabeth La. Elizabeths farewell written in the glass window at Woodstocke The La. Eliz. commanded vp to Court Sir Hen Benningfield câ—uelty to the L. Eliz. The L. Wil. Howard comforteth the La. Eliz. Gardiner Arondell Shrewsbury Peter present themselues louingly to the Lady Elizabeth L. Elizabeth speech to the Lords Gardiners answer to the L. Elizabeth L. Elizabethsâ—â—solute â—â—solute answer to Gardiner Gardiner with other Lords repaire to her lodging the next day La Elizabeth lock'd vp seuen dayes in Court before she spake with the Qu. K. Philipsâ—riendship â—riendship to the L. Elizabeth L. Elizabeth commeth before the Qu. L. Elizabeth protesteth loyalty to the Queene â—he Queene sharpely answereth the L. Elizabeth L. Elizabeth committed to her louing friends Gardiners purâ—suit in mischeiâ—e Foure Gentlwomen of the L. Elizabeth coÌ„mitted to prison at once Fox acts and Monuments A iust iudgement vpon Gardiner Gardiner had enflamed many Martyrs and hath now his body enflamed Diuers of the Ladies Aduersarie drop away Reports spred abroad that Queene Mary was deliuered of a Sonne but afterwards proued false K. Philip resolueth for the low-Countreis K. Philips stay the Pâ—pists opportunity L. Elizabeth troubles compared with those of her raigne The malice of Cardinall Poole Bonner anothers 2â—â— put to death in Qu. Mariâ—s raigne The bones of Martin Buâ—er and Paulus Phagius burnt The cause of Qu Maries death On a Thursday died King Henry the eight an◠〈◊〉 the sixth Qâ— Mary c. 〈…〉 Mâ—n of blood shaâ—â— not liue halâ—e their dayes Psal 55. La. Elizabeth proclaimed Queene of England Q. Elizabeth passeth thorow London Q. Elizabeths pâ—ayer comming out of the Tower Qu. Elizabeths answer to the Speaker Qu. Elizabeth receiueth thâ— Bible louingly Q. Elizabeths speech to the City Q. Elizabeths grand-fathers fathers was a Lord Maior of London Q. Elizabeth pleased with the sight of the Children of Christs Hospitall