Iconoclasts HEre are some Authors of whose Works we will speak more at large when we treat of the Acts of the seventh Council Some Greek Authors Tarasius Photius's great Uncle who from the Emperor's Secretary was made Patriarch of Constantinople anno 785. and died in 806. wrote a Circular Letter about Images two Letters directed to Pope Adrian and an Apologetick Oration upon his Election Epiphanius Deacon of Catana in Sicily recited a Panegyrick in the seventh Council Basil of Ancyra offered a Confession of Faith to the same Synod Theodosius Bishop of Ammorium made a Writing upon the same Subject ELIAS Cretensis THis Author made some Commentaries upon S. Gregory Nazianzen's Works which are printed in the second Volume of that Father's Works He hath done the same also upon the Works Elias of some other Greek Fathers which are found Manuscript in Libraries He wrote Answers to Dionysius the Monk's 8 Questions which are extant in Greek and Latin in the fifth Book of the Greek and Roman Law l. 5. p. 194. GEORGE SYNCELLUS and THEOPHANES GEORGE SYNCELLUS of the Patriarch Tarasius made a Chronicon from the Creation of the World to the Reign of Maximinus and Maximinianus anno 300 which hath George c. been continued by Theophanes a Monk to the Reign of Leo Armericus anno 813. they are printed the one at Paris 1652. and the other 1655. Councils held in the Eighth Century The Assembly of Barkhamstead in the Kingdom of Kent WIGHTHRED King of Kent held an Assembly Anno 697. which Birchwald Bishop of Canterbury assisted at and Gebmond Bishop of Rochester with Assembly of Barkhamstead several of the Clergy and Laity which made some Ecclesiastical and Civil Laws The 1st ordains That the Church shall be free and enjoy her Courts of Justice Revenues and Pensions that they shall pray for the Prince and voluntarily submit to his Orders The 2d That the Fine for infringing the Justice of the Church shall be 50 Pence as that of the King's Justice is The 3d ordains That the Adulterers of the Laity shall be put to Penance and they of the Clergy shall be deposed The 4th That Foreigners guilty of that crime shall be expelled the Realm The 5th and 6th That those of the Nobility overtaken in that sin shall be fined in 100 Pence and the Peasant in 50. The 7th permits an Ecclesiastical Person guilty of Adultery if he break off that habit to continue in the Priesthood provided that he have not maliciously refused to administer Baptism or that he be not a Drunkard The 8th imports That if one with the Tonsure that is a Monk do not keep his Rule he shall retire into an hospitium with permission The 9th That the Slaves affranchised before the Altar shall enjoy their liberty and be capable of Succession and of the other Rights of Free Persons The three next Canons punish with pecuniary Mulcts those who set their Slaves to work or to go a Journey on a Sunday The four following appoint Corporal Punishments or Fines against those who sacrifice to Devils The 17th imports That the Bishop's and the King's word ought to be believed without any Oath The 18th That Abbots shall swear as Priests do and that the Priests shall swear before the Altar by saying simply I speak the truth in Jesus Christ and I lie not that the Deacons shall take the same Oath The 19th That other Clerks shall take four persons more with them to clear themselves by Oath and that they shall lay one of their hands upon the Altar The 20th That strangers shall not be obliged to bring other persons with them The 21st That the Peasants shall present themselves with four persons more and shall bow the head before the Altar The 22d declares That the Causes of the Bishops Clients belong to the Ecclesiastical Court The 23d ordains That if any body impeach a Slave his Master may purge him with his bare Oath provided he take the Eucharist but if he taketh it not he must put in Bail or submit to the Penalty The 24th That a Clergy-man shall purge his Slave with his bare Oath The 25th That he that kills a Robber is not liable to pay any Sum for that Death The 26th That he that shall be catched carrying something away shall be punished with Death Banishment or Fine according to the King's will That he that got hold on him shall have half the Fine but if he kills him he shall be fined in 70 Pence The 27th That he that helps the flight of a Slave who hath robbed his Master shall be fined in 70 Pence and he that killeth him shall pay the worth of him The 28th That the Strangers and Vagabonds which run up and down the Country without blowing the Horn or crying aloud shall be used as High-way-men These Laws are followed with some Canons concerning the Pecuniary Compensation of the Wrongs done to the Church or the Priesthood They were found in the same Monument but it is not known whose they are nor at what time they were written Councils held in England about the matter of Wilfrid FEW Men have been more molested and cross'd in their Life than Wilfrid Abbot of Rippon and afterwards Bishop of York He was a Native of Northumberland born towards the year Councils of England 634. He left his Country to go to Rome where he was instructed in the discipline of that Church Thence he returned to Lyons and there he received the Tonsure from Delphin Bishop of that City who was murder'd soon after by Ebroin's order After his death Wilfrid was called home by Alfrid eldest Son of Oswi King of Northumberland who gave him the Monastery of Rippon founded by him in the Bishoprick of York He was ordain'd Priest by Hagilbert Bishop of Dorcester He was present at the Conference held at Streneshall before the King about the difference between the Church of Rome and the ancient British and Irish Churches about easter-Easter-day and there he maintain'd the usage of the Roman Church against Colman an Irish Man Afterward he was nominated to the Arch-bishoprick of York and passed over into France to get himself ordain'd there being then but one Bishop in England He was consecrated by Angilbert Bishop of Paris and Eleven Bishops assisted at that Ceremony During his absence they that stood for the usage of the Irish Churches perswaded King Oswi to put into the Church of York Ceadde Abbot of Listinguen who was consecrated by one English and two British Bishops S. Wilfrid after his return did immediately retire into his Monastery and after that he was called out into Mercia where the King gave him Lichfield to erect a Bishoprick or a Monastery there After the death of Adeodatus Bishop of Canterbury he perform'd for some time the Episcopal Functions in that Church till Theodorus obtained that See This Man re-established S. Wilfrid in the Arch-bishoprick of York and deprived Ceadde who did very patiently bear
their own Hands reading and prayer 7. He prohibits Incestuous Marriages with Nuns or near Relations 8. He recommends Peace and Union 9. He enjoyns the Observation of the Solemn Fasts of Lent of the Ember-Weeks of Wednesday and Friday and the Celebration of Divine Service on Sundays and Festivals Lastly He recommends the payment of Tythes There is also a Pastoral Letter written by this Archbishop and directed to his Suffragans which is related by William of Malmsbury Edmund being kill'd in the year 946. his Brother Elred took possession of the Throne We have An Assembly of Bishops at London A. C. 948. no Laws enacted by this Prince only the Charter of a considerable Donation made by him to the Monastery of Crowland in favour of Turketulus who had been formerly Chancellor of the Kingdom and to whom he gave that Abbey This was done in an Assembly of Bishops and Lords held at London in the year 948. After the death of Elred which happen'd in 955 Edwin the Son of Edmund was proclaim'd King but sometime after part of England Revolting Edgar the Brother of Edwin got a share of his Dominions and upon his Brother's Death obtain'd the sole Possession of the whole Kingdom This Prince being more Religious than his Predecessors entirely re-establish'd the Purity of Discipline in the Church of England and brought the Monastical Course of Life into Repute by the Advice of S. Dunstan who may be call'd the Restorer of thâ— Ecclesiastical Discipline in England This Saint was born in the Country of the West-Saxons in the first year of King Ethelstan's Reign A. C. 923. He enter'd into Holy Orders very young and after having compleated his Studies S. Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury made application to Athelm Archbishop of Canterbury who introduc'd him into the Presence of King Ethelstan Afterward having fall'n into some disgrace at Court he retir'd to Elfeg Bishop of Winchester who advis'd him to embrace the Monastical Life which he accordingly did and continued in his Retirement till the Reign of King Edmund when he was invited to Court by that Prince He did not remain long there without being obnoxious to the Envy and Hatred of several Persons who misrepresented him to the King insomuch that he was oblig'd to retire to his Solitude of Glassenbury where he took up his Abode altho' he was restor'd to the Favour of King Edmund who had always a great respect for him granted considerable Revenues to his Monastery and continu'd to follow his Counsels not only in the management of Civil Affairs but also of Ecclesiastical He was no less esteem'd by King Elred who determin'd to nominate him to the Bishoprick of Winchester but Edwin having receiv'd a severe Reprimand for his Irregularities from this Abbot banish'd him and pillaged his Monastery However King Edgar recall'd him immediately after his Accession to the Crown and made him not only Bishop of Winchester but also conferr'd on him the Government of the Church of London At last the Archbishoprick of Canterbury being vacant in the year 961. by the death of Odo Elfsin Bishop of Winchester who was appointed to supply his place dying in a Journey he made over the Alps to Rome to fetch the Pall and Berthelim who was substituted in his room having refus'd to accept that Dignity Dunstan was Invested with it a few days after and went to Rome to receive the Pall. At his return he apply'd himself altogether to the Reformation of the Clergy of England and took upon him to Expel all those who refus'd to lead a Regular Course of Life and to Restore the Monks to their former Station This Saint had for his Fellow Labourers and Imitators of his Zeal Ethelwold Bishop of Winchester and Oswald Bishop of Worcester who founded a great number of Monasteries and took much pains in Reforming the Clergy and Extirpating the Vices that were predominant in England The former dyed in the year 984. before S. Dunstan who foretold his approaching Death as well as that of the Bishop of Rochester in a Visit which those two Prelates made him but the latter did not dye till after this Archbishop viz. in the year 992. As for S. Dunstan he surviv'd King Edgar who dy'd in 975 and maintain'd the Right of the young Prince Edward against the Pretensions of Alfride who endeavour'd to transfer the Crown to her Son Ethelfred but Edward being Assassinated Three years after by the Treachery of that Queen Dunstan was constrained to Crown Ethelfred and foretold the Calamities that should befall England and the Family of this young Prince as a Punishment for his Crime and that of his Mother At last S. Dunstan dy'd laden with years and honour A. C. 988. In his time and apparently by his Direction King Edgar in 967. not only publish'd Laws like to those of his Predecessors for the preservation of the Revenues of the Church for the Payment of Tythes and S. Peter's Pence and for the Solemn Observations of Sundays and Festivals but also divers Ecclesiastical Constitutions relating to the Manners and Functions of Clergy-men to the Celebration of the Mass to the Confession and Pennances that ought to be impos'd on those who commit Sin c. Indeed these Canons may serve as a kind of Ritual for the Use of Curates It is affirm'd that they were made in the year 967. by King Edgar but this does not appear to be altogether certain and perhaps they are of a later date The Discourse which this King made to Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury and to Oswald and Ethelwold Bishops of Worcester and Winchester is much more certain He there inveighs against the Irregularities and Disorders of the Clergy and pathetically Exhorts those Bishops to joyn their Authority with His to repress their Insolence and to oblige them to apply the Ecclesiastical Revenues to the Relief of the Poor for which Use they were design'd To the end that this Order might be put in Execution he granted a Commission to those three Prelates to take the Matter in hand and gave them power to turn out of the Churches such Clergy-men as liv'd dissolutely and to Substitute others in their room By virtue of this Injunction S. Dunstan held a General Council A. C. 973. in which he ordain'd A general Council of England in the year 973. that all the Priests Deacons and Subdeacons who would not lead a sober Life should be Expell'd their Churches and caus'd a Decree to be made to oblige them to Embrace a Regular and Monastick Course of Life or to Retire And accordingly these three Bishops turn'd the old Clergy-men out of most part of the Churches and put Monks in their place or else forc'd them to assume the Monastical Habit. S. Dunstan did not only shew his Constancy and Zeal with respect to the Clergy but was also as zealous in treating Kings and Princes For he sharply reprov'd King Edgar for abusing a young Maid whom he had sent for out of
well as the Monks 3. Upon account that the others were at liberty to quit that course of Life whereas these last profess'd to live always after the same manner and they were positively forbidden to do otherwise The latter Canons liv'd in common under an Abbot Superiour or Provost and made profession as the Monks of Poverty Constancy and Obedience altho' they were not as yet bound by an express Vow neither were they only employ'd in serving the Church or Monastery where they resided but they were also taken sometimes out of their House to receive a Cure and to exercise other Ecclesiastical Functions Ives afterwards Bishop of Chartres establish'd this strict Reform in the Monastery of St. Quentin A. D. 1078. Afterward that Religious House supply'd France with many other Convents of regular Canons and in the beginning of the following Century the Congregations of St. Rufus and St. Norbert were instituted insomuch that the Order of regular Canons became very numerous and extended very far within a short space of Time Chronological TABLES And other Necessary INDEXES and TABLES A. D. Popes Western Emperors and Kings of France and Italy Eastern Emperors Ecclesiastical Affairs Councils Ecclesiastical Writers 1001 Silvester II. III. Otho III. VI. The Revolt of the Romans against Otho who retires to Rome Basil and Constantin XXVI   St. Fulbert becomes Professor of Divinity in the School of the Church of Chartres 1002 IV. Otho dies in the Month of Jan. Henry I. Duke of Bavaria is put in his place by the Princes of Germany and crown'd at Mentz by the Archbishop I. XXVII   Burchard Bishop of Worms 1003 V. Sylvester II dies May 12. John XVI sirnam'd the Lean who is chosen in his place possesses the See of Rome only during 5 Months and John XVII succeeds him II. XXVIII Almost all the old Churches are demolish'd to build new ones   1004 I. III. XXIX Leutheric Archbishop of Sens is reprov'd by King Robert for making use of the Eucharist as a Trial.   1005 II. IV. XXX  A Council at Dortmund in Westphalia  1006 III. V. XXXI Alphegus Archbish. of Canterbury goes to Rome to fetch the Pall. The erecting of the Bishoprick of Bamberg in the Council of Francfurt A Council at Francfurt on the Mayn  1007 IV. VI. XXXII St. Fulbert succeeds Rodulph in the Bishoprick of Chartres   1008 V. VII XXXIII Wigbert Bishop of Mersburg dying Dithmar is chosen to succeed him in that Bishoprick   1009 VI. John XVII dies in the Month of July Sergius IV. is substituted in his room in the mon. of August VIII XXXIV The Eastern and West Churches still maintain'd a kind of mutual Communion one with another The Church of Jerusalem is destroy'd by the Prince of Babylon and afterward re-establish'd Adelbold is chosen Bishop of Utrecht   1010 I. IX XXXV The Tryal of the Archbishop of Hamburg at Rome about a certain Parochial Church A Council held at Renham in England in this Year William Abbot of St. Benignus at Dijon Godehard Bp. of Hildersheim Gosbert Abbot of Tergensee Meginfroy Monk of Fulda Erchinfroy Abbot of Melck 1011 II. X. XXXVI   Syrus Monk of Cluny Osbert or Osborn Chanter of Canter Adelbold Bp. of Utrecht Rupert Abbot of Mount Cassin Dithmar Bp. of Mersburg 1012 III. Sergius IV dies May 13. A Schism after his death between Benedict VIII and Gregory during which the former retired to the Emperor Henry I. XI XXXVII  A Council at Leon in Spain The Laws of Ethelred King of England  1013 Henry marches to Rome re-establishes Benedict and is crown'd Emp. the next year in the month of May. II. XII XXXVIII   Leo the Grammarian 1014 III. XIII XXXIX  A Council held at Pavia after that year  1015 IV. XIV XL.    1016 V. XV. XLI    1017 VI. XVI XLII The Heresy of the Manichees reviv'd in France and suppress'd by King Robert A Shower of Blood in the Province of Aquitaine A Council at Orleans against the Manichean Hereticks Guarlin or Gauslin Archbishop of Bourges 1018 VII XVII XLIII   The Death of Dichmar Bishop of Mersburg 1019 VIII Benedict goes to Bamberg in Germany XVIII XLIV Sergius Patriarch of Constantinople who succeeded John dies and Eustachius is substituted in his room   1020 IX XIX XLV   Tangmarus Dean of Hildesheim 1021 X. XX. XLVI    1022 XI XXI The Emperor Henry arrives in Italy XLVII   Guy Aretin Abbot of Croix-Saint Leufroy 1023 XII XXII Henry returns to Germany XLVIII  A Council at Selingenstadt Briv◠Archbishop of Mentz 1024 Benedict dies in the end of the Month of Feb. and John xviii his Brother succeeds him I. The death of Henry Conrad is chosen Emperor in his stead I. XLIX An Embassay of the Greeks to Rome to obtain a Grant of the Pope that the Church of Constantinople may be styl'd the Catholick or Universal Church The French Prelates oppose their Proceedings and William Abbot of St. Benignus at Dijon writes a Letter to John XVIII to divert him from his Design  William Abbot of St. Benignus at Dijon 1025 II. II. L. Basil dies and Constantin reigns alone Alexius is advanc'd to the Patriarchal See of Constantinople A Council at Arras  1026 III. III. I.   The death of Burchard Bp. of Worms 1027 IV. IV. Conrad is crown'd Emperor at Rome II.   The death of Adelbold Bishop of Utrecht 1028 V. V. III.   The death of St. Fulbert Bishop of Chartres 1029 VI. VI. Constantin dies and Romanus is chosen to supply his place I. Robert King of France holds an A Council Assembly of Bishops at Orleans for at Limoges the Dedication of the Church of St. Aignan which he had built   1030 VII VII II.   Berno Abbot of Richenaw Ademar or Aimar de Chabanois Monk of S. Cibar Hugh Arch-deacon of Tours Arnulphus Monk of Emmeran 1031 VIII VIII III. Hugh Monk of Cluny is made Bishop of Langres Canut King of England takes a Journey to Rome where he is honourably receiv'd by the Pope and the Emperor and obtains certain Privileges for his Subjects The Pope's Letter which attributes the Quality of an Apostle to St. Martial St. Martial is plac'd among the Apostles in the Councils of Bourges and Limoges The Abbey of Beauleau usurp'd by a Secular Abbot is reform'd by the Council of Limoges A Council held at Bourges Nov. 1. A Council at Limoges on the 18th day of the same Month. Odoran a Monk of St. Peter le Vit. Agelnothus Arch-bishop of Canterbury Eberard St. Harvic's Pupil The death of Aribo Archbishop of Mentz 1032 IX IX IV.  The Laws of Canut King of England  1033 X. Pope John dies Nov. 7. and Benedict IX a young Child the Son of Alberic Count of Frescati is substituted X. Conrad arrives in Italy and
the 〈◊〉 Chapters Six Books of 〈◊〉 's Ecclesiastical History Some Letters of St. Gregory and his 〈◊〉 Life of St. Marius compos'd by Dinamius Acts of the Councils of Rome held under Syâ—…chus Acts of the Council under Boniface Archb. of Carthage Acts of a Council of Rome under Boniface II. Acts of the Council of Constantinople under Mennas Acts of the fifth Council History of some other Councils Political Works Five Poems of Avitus upon the beginning of Genesis A Poem of Virginity An Admonition to the Faithful written by Orâ—…ius Nicetius's Treatise about Watching and Psalmody Hâ—â— two Letters History of the Acts in Verse by Arâ—tâ—â— His Letter to Count Parthenius A Description of the Temple of Sancta Sophia by Paulus Silentiarius The Life of St. Martin and other Works by Fortunatus The Life of St. Radegâ—â—da by Bandoniâ—ia Moral Pious and Spiritual Works Letters and Sermons by St. Fulgentius Collection of Passages out of St. Austin by Eugippius A Letter of Ferrandus to Reginus Sermons of Laurentius Sermons of Caesarius of Arles A Letter of St. Germanus to Queen 〈◊〉 A Treatise of the Cardinal Vertues by Martin of Braâ—… Lamentation of Gildas for the Miseries of England Homilies of Sedâ—… Chrysippus Homilies of Penance by John the younger Six Sermons of Anastasius Sinaita and particularly of Preparation for the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper Morals of St. Gregory upon Job Homilies by the same His Pastoral The Lives of Saints See Historical Works Works about a Monastick Life The Rule of St. Benedict The Rule of Caesarius for Nuns His two Letters The Rules of Aurelianus The Rule of Tetradius Sentences of some Greek Monks translated by Martin of 〈◊〉 and Paschasius the Deacon The Rule of Ferreolus A Scale of the Cloister by John Climacus His Letter to John Abbot of Raithu A Commentary of John of Raithu upon the Scale of the Cloister and a Letter to St. John Climacus The Dialogues of St. Gregory and many of his Letters The Letter of St. Leander to his sister Florentina A Letter of Eutropius about the Reformation of Monks AN Alphabetical INDEX OF THE Principal Matters contain'd in the Fifth Volume A ABbot Qualities of an Abbot 85 Acacius The Letter of Symmachus against Acacius 3 Acacius of Constantinople condemn'd by the Western Bishops 132 Adrian Author of an Introduction to Scripture 24 Adrian Bishop of Thebes His cause 77 Africa A Regulation of the Rank of the Provinces of Africa 119 120 Agapetus Bishop of Rome His Life and Letters 31 Came to Constantinople and Ordain'd Mennas 133 Agnellus What we know of this Author 59 Alms. Bishop's oblig'd to assist the Poor 144 Altars Altars of stone only to be consecrated 116. Consecration of Altars by the Unction of the Chrysm and by the Sacerdotal Benediction 111 Anastasius Sinaita Circumstances of his Life 67. Abridgment of his Extracts 67 68 Andrew Bishop of Fundi His Miracles 99 100 Andronicianus A Treatise against the Eunomians 106 Anonymous Author upon the Octateuch 35 Anthimus Agapetus would not suffer him to be Bishop of Constantinople 32. Condemn'd by Agapetus 133. In the Synod under Mennas his Process was made and he condemned ibid. Aprigius A Judgment upon the Work of that Author 51 Arator Judgment upon his Poems ibid. Arch-deacon His Dignity and Office 80 Aretas Author of a Commentary upon the Revelation 52 Arles Contest between the Bishops of Arles and Vienna concerning Ordinations 2. Regulated by Pope Symmachus ibid. Priviledges attributed to the Bishop of Arles by Symmachus 3. Pallium Vicariat granted to the Bishop of Arles by Vigilius 48 Asylum Right of Asylum granted to the Church confirmed with Restrictions 113. Restrictions upon the Law of Sanctuary 117 129 Augustine Monk History of his Mission into England 90 91 Avitus His Life 4. Writings 5. c. Aurelianus His Rules for Monks 50 Austerities Examples of surprising Austerities 10. c. B BAndoninia A Writing of this young Woman 62 Baptism That no Salvation can be attain'd without the Sacrament of Baptism except to those that shed their Blood for Jesus Christ 19. Baptism without Faith signifies nothing to the Adult 20. It is useless to baptize the Dead ibid. Faith without Baptism cannot save according to St. Fulgentius ibid. Baptism sufficeth without the Eucharist ibid. The Effect of Baptism 73. It is indifferent to use three Dippings or one ibid. It may be given extraordinarily to Jews ibid. No Person must be forced to receive it ibid. The Baptism of Hereticks valid if it be given in the name of the Trinity ibid. In an uncertainty whether one has been baptized or no he must be baptized ibid. When it is to be administred to the Adult and to Children 115. Children ought to be brought to the Church twenty days before Easter that they may be Exorcis'd 151. Baptism forbid to be administred but in Easter 115 152. Baptism forbid on Festivals 154. Baptism given by the Apostles in the Name of the Trinity 53. A Woman with Child may be baptized 93. Catechumens must not be prayed for that died without Baptism 148. Rebaptization forbid 118 Basil of Cilicia Judgment of Photius upon this Author 28 L. de Bassompiere Bishop of Santones Praise of that Bishop 102 Benefices Plurality of Benefices condemned 116 St. Benedict His Life and Miracles 45 99. Abridgment of his Rule 45 Bigamists Cannot be Ordain'd 75. Prohibitions to ordain them 110 116 119 Bishops The Obligations Bishops are under 83. Instructions concerning the Obligations of Bishops and Pastors drawn from the Pastoral of St. Gregory 97. It is forbidden to Bishops to undertake any thing in prejudice of their Brethren 118 119. Humility of Bishops 98. They ought to have a Clerk with them as witness of their actions 9. Translation of Bishops 87 Bishopricks Union of Bishopricks 86 Blessedness In what the Soveraign Happiness consists 26 Blood If Christians may eat the Blood of Beasts and when the Church ceased to forbid it 64 Boethius His Life 26. his Writings ibid. Boniface II. His Ordination 30. Letter that is falsly attributed to him ibid. Letter to Caesarius genuine ibid. Boniface Monk Multiplies Wine 99 C COuncil of Cnalcedon defended by Leontius 60 Cardinal What that Quality was in the time of St. Gregory 79 Carthage Primary and Jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Carthage over Africa 119 120. Preheminence of the Bishop of Carthage 33 Cassiodorus His Life and Writings 43 Celibacy St. Gregory Ordain'd that for the future the Sub-deacons shall be obliged to Cicily as elsewhere but he obliged not those that had been Ordained before that Law 81. The Punishment of the Bishops and Clerks that observe not Celibacy ibid. Those that are in Orders are obliged to it 92 Celibacy of the Clergy The Laws of Pope Innocent and Siricius confirmed 111. Clerks obliged to Celibacy are forbidden to cohabit with their Wives 115 Caesarius Bishop of Arles His Life and Writings 49 Chappels The Bishop ought to choose the Clerks that serve in them 129.
ever 5 22. Rules about the Duty and Life of Clergy-men 116. a Relaxation of the Discipline in respect to Priests fallen into Adultery 125. how Priests Abbots and Clerks ought to perform their Oaths ought to be judged by their Bishop ibid. Duties of Clergy-men 140. how they ought to be Cloathed ibid. the Qualifications that Priests ought to have 45. Rules for the Lives of Clergy-men 96. a direction for their Converse and their Obligations 85 86. Celibacy of Clergy authorized by the Council of Egara 53. and by other Councils 55. Rules for their Lives and Duties 148. the Virtues and Duties of Clergy-men 59. Rules for their Life and Behaviour ibid. and 60. Communion the Greeks Communicate every Sunpay the Latins not obliged to it 48. some reasonable Opinions about frequent Communion 35 36. Communion frequent and why 128. every Sunday 124. frequent Communion ibid. the manner how the People and Clergy communicate 59. Councils General S. Isidore counts but four 2. the form of holding them 58. Confession of two sorts 1. of Praises c. of Sins 2. Theodorus's Opinion about the necessity of Confession 48. private Confession of Sin in use 9. Confession 149. the Canons Regular Confessed their Sins twice a year 107. an exhortation to the Confession of all manner of Sins 106. to be made at the beginning of Lent 107. Confirmation by the Hands of a Bishop only 5. belong to a Bishop 46. not to be repeated 97. Constantinople Priviledges reserved to that Church 26. Corruption whether the Body of Christ were Corruptible 12. questions about Corruptibility and Incorruptibility ibid. Covetousness Condemned by a Miracle 31. Creed the Apostles Authors of it according to Isidore 2. Cross Signs of the Cross in saying Mass Worship due to the Cross 100. D. Deacons Offices forbidden to Deacons 45. Dead Opinions concerning the Dead 43. Prayers and Masses for the Dead 46. for whom Masses may be said ibid. Discipline divers rules of Discipline see the Canons of the Councils 97. Dispensation Holy See will not dispense contrary to the Canons 99. E. Easter the Opinion of the Irish about the Celebration of Easter forbidden by S. Columbanus 7. the Custom of the Irish condemned 46. 52. approved 49. the day for keeping this Feast is to be appointed by the Metropolitans 58. 83. Communion at Easter 58. the Contest with the Ancient Inhabitants of England about the day of the Feast 78. Eucharist the real presence of Christs Body and Blood acknowledged by the Councils of Constantinople and Nice about Images 138. whether it may be called an Image 137. the reality of the Body of J. Christ 104. the real Presence 25 30. Miracles related by J. Moschus proving the reality of the Body of J. Christ 19. ought not to be given to the Dead 88. the Bread and Wine ought to be suitable 124. the Opinion of the Church of France about the Eucharist 142. they give it to Infants ibid. Excommunication whether we may Communicate with Bishops of an evil Life 93 94. Exorcisms used in S. Isidores time 4. F. Fasting for devotion between Easter and Whitsontide 3. on H. Friday till Sun-set 58. forbidden on Saturday among the Greeks 87. how used in Lent 124. in Ember-weeks Felix and Elipandus the Error of these Bishops about the Incarnation 123. opposed by Etherius 123. and Paulinus of Aquileia 124. condemned in the Council of Ratisbon 150. Felix maintains his Error afresh ibid. his Letter condemned and confuted ibid. he is condemned in the Council of Frankfort ibid. and in the Council of Rome under Leo III. ibid. and lastly in the Council of Aix-la-Chappelle 151. he recants ib. Festivals the number of Festivals celebrated in France in the 8 Century 120. the Festivals of S. Gregory and S. Austin in England 128. Free-will acknowledged by the Church of France 143. the condemnation of such persons as assert that the Commandments of God are impossible ibid. G. Grace S. Colurabanus's Opinion about Grace is agreeable to S. Austin's Doctrine about Grace 7. acknowledged with Free-will 143. Germany Establishment of the Churches in Germany 93. H. Hallelujah forbidden to be sung in Lent 58. Hereticks divers sorts of them 105. how to be received 88. Bishops fallen into Heresie and returning again to the Church upon what conditions to be received 134. Heretical Books to be secured 140. Hermites who to be owned for such 62. 87. Honorius condemned in the 8 Council 12. rightly Condemned and as an Heretick 72 73. Hospitals Lay-men may Govern them 117. I. Jacobites their Original and Errors 50. Iconoclasts see Images John of Lappa how persecuted 30. Images they that honour them do not honour the matter of them according to Anastasius 102. and S. John Damascene 104. Leo Isaurus undertakes to Demolish Images 131 132. Gregory II. German and S. J. Damascene Defend the Worship and use of them ibid. Leo banishes them by an Edict 132. Irine calls a Council to restore the Worship of Images 133. Adrians Letter for it 134. proofs of the Worship of Images examined 135 136. proofs against Images confuted 137. their Worship and Use defined by the Council of Nice 138 139. the use of the Church of France concerning Images to have them but not Worship them 141. the Bishops of France defend their Opinion and oppose the Council of Nice ibid. they allow no other Honour to be given to them than such as is given to the Sacred Vessels the Cross c. 142 143. they are to blame in that ibid. Adrian answers the French 145. the Worship of Images is Condemned in the Council of Frankfort ibid. Constantin abrogates the use of them in the East ibid. Leo V. his successor seconds him ibid. Michael Balbus sent Embassadors into the West about it ibid. The question was debated anno 824 in an Assembly met at Paris ibid. they establish the usage of France by several Authorities ibid. Images of the God-head forbidden 148. what had been in done in France not approved at Rome 146. the Worship of Images restored in the East by Theodora the Empress ibid. The History of the Use and Worship of Images abridged ibid. c. some reflections upon that History ibid. the Story of a Monk who had said he would not Worship Images any more 19. the Honour to be given them 40. Incarnation Some Questions about certain Expressions concerning this Mystery 83. The Explication of it 103 104. Judgment the explication of it 44. divers sorts of Judgments ibid. Jews several Canons concerning them 60 61. 77. 84. Justinianople a superiority independent on any other granted to the Bishop of this City 87 K. Kings what Obedience and Fidelity due to them 45 61 76 78 81 82 83 84 85. L. Litanies Ordained 62 85. Love of God and our Neighbours the fundamental Vertues of a Christian Life 6. 27. M. Marriage affinity both Spiritual and Carnal Impediments of it 87. a Doubt about the Impediment by spiritual Affinity 94. the degrees of Consanguinity within which it
the end of twenty days John IX is substituted in his room XVII  Nicolas Patriarch of Constantinople is depos'd by Leo's order for refusing to approve his fourth Marriage and Euthymius is set up in his place  Solomon Bishop of Constantz Bonno or Bavo Abbot of Corbie in Saxony 902 II. XVIII The Incursions of the Huns or Hungarians in Italy subdued by Berenger John replies to Hervè Archbishop of Rheims about the Conversion of the Normans  Hervé or Hervaeus Archbishop of Rheims Adalbero Bishop of Augsburg 903 III. XIX  Stephâ—n Abbot of Loâ—â—s is orâ—…'d Bishop oâ— Liegâ— Â Â 904 IV. John IX after having crown'd Berengâ—r retires to Ravenna and declares Lambert Emperor XX. Lewis the Son of Boson is taken by Berenger who causes his Eyeâ— to be put out and himself to be crown'd Emperor Lambert contends with him for that Dignity aâ—d is own'd by the Pope and by the Italians Argrin Bishop of Langres is restor'd to his Bishoprick by Pope John IX Lambert is acknowledg'd Emperor in the Council of Rome to the exclusion of Berâ—nger and in that quality he confirms the ancient Priviledges of the Church of Rome in the Council of Ravenna Councils at Rome and Ravenna in favour of the memory of Pope Formosus The Council of Cantâ—rbury under King Edward and Phlegmond Archbishop of that Province Hatto Archbishop of Mentz and Theotmar Metropolitan of Bavaria write to Pope John IX Stephen Abbot of Lobes and afteâ—ward Bishop of Liege 905 V. The death of John IX Benedict IV. succeedâ— him I. XXI    The death of Waldramnus Bishop of Straâ—burg 906 II. The death of Benedict 4. Leo V. is substituted in his room expell'd 40 days after and imprison'd by Christophilus who usurps the See of Rome XXII   The Laws of Edward King of England  907 Chrâ—stophilus is turn'd out seven months after by Sergius made Antipope in the time of Formosus XXIII     908 II. XXIV     909 III. XXV   A Council at Trosly under Herve Archbishop of Rheims  910 IV. Sergius dying Anastasius is plac'd on the See of Rome I. XXVI Lambert is kill'd by Treachery Berenger remains the sole Master of Italy The founding of the Abbey of Cluny by William Count of Auvergne and Duke of Aquitain  Rathodus Bishop of Utrecht 911 II. XXVII The death of the Emperor Leo June 11. Alexander's Brother is declar'd Tutor to his Son Constantine Porphyrogenneta I.  Nicolas Patriarch of Constantinople is recall'd some time before Leo's death Euthymius Patriarch of Constantinople is banish'd and dies in exile a little while after  Letters written by Nicolas Patriarch of Constantinople 912 III. The death of Pope Anastasius Lando succeeds him In the end of the same year John X. is chosen Pope by the intrigues of Theodora II. Alexander being dead Nicolas the Patriarch is chosen Tutor to the young Emperor Conrad is elected King of Germany after the death of Lewis IV. John Deacon of Ravenna is chosen Bishop of Bolonia leaves that Bishoprick to be made Archbishop of Ravenna and at last aspires to the Papal Dignity  The death of Notger the Stammerer 913 I. III. II.    914 II. IV. Zoe the Emperor's Mother turns out the Patriarch Nicolas and assumes the administration of the Government III.    915 III. V. IV.    916 IV. VI. V.    917 V. VII VI.    918 VI. VIII VII The death of Conrad who leaves for his successor Henry sirnam'd the Fowler the son of Otho Duke of Saxony   The death of Raâ—bodus Bishop of Utrecht 919 VII IX Zâ—â— is banish'd from the Court Romanus associated to the Empire by Constantine I.   The Death of Solomon Bishop of Constantz 920 VIII X. II. Nicolas Patriarch of Constantinople is re-establish'd a second time A Treaty of Agreement between the Partisans of Nicolas and Euthymius A Contest about the Bishoprick of Liege between Hilduin and Richerus Another Contest touching the Arch-bishoprick of Narbonne between Agius and Gerard. A Council at Constantinople about the fourth Marriage Odilo Monk of S. Medard at Soissoins The death of Stephen Bishop of Liege Letters by King Charles the Simple in favour of Richerus against Hilduin 921 IX XI III.  A Council at Trosly under Harvé Arch-bishop of Rheims  922 X. XII IV. Robert is elected and and crown'd K. of France in opposition to Charles the Simple The Decree of John X. in favour of Richerus ordain'd Bishop of Liege by that Pope Hilduin depos'd and excommunicated Seulfus succeeds Hervaeus in the Arch-bishoprick of Rheims A Council at Coblentz The death of Hervaeus Archbishop of Rheims 923 XI XIII V. Robert is kill'd in battel but his Son Hugh causes Raoul K. of Burgundy to be chosen K. of France Charles the Simple is apprehended sent Prisoner to Chateau Thierry The Queen his Wife retires to Engl. with her Son Lewis  A Council at Rheims under Seulâ—us Archbishop of that City The Laws of Ethelstan King of England The death of Gauthier Archbishop of Sens. 924 XII XIV VI. Berenger is kill'd and Raoul Duke of Burgundy remains Master of Italy A Decree made in the Council of Trosly in favour of Stephen Bishop of Cambray against Count Isaac S. Ulric iâ— ordain'd Bishop of Augsburg A Council at Trosly under Seulfus Archbishop of Rheims  925 XIII XV. VII Hebert Count of Vermandois causes his Son Hugh aged only 5 years to be chosen Archbish. of Rheims after the death of Seulfus   926 XIV XVI VIII The beginning of the Reign of Hugh Count of Arles in Italy    927 XV. XVII IX  A Council at Trosly  928 XVI John is put in Prison by Guy the Brother of Hugh dies there Leo VI. succeeds him and dies six months 15 days after XVIII X.    929 Stephen VII succeeds Leo. I XIX XI The death of Charles the Simple Oct. 7.    930 II. XX. XII Nicholas Patriarch of Constantinople dies and Stephen Arch-bishop of Amasia is substituted in his room  Eutychius Patâ—iarch of Alexandria Odo Abbot of Cluny 231 III. The death of Stephen John XI the Son of Sergius and Marosia succeeds him I. XXI XIII King Raoul causes Artoldus to be chosen Archbishop of Rheims  Ratherius made Bishop of Verona in this year compos'd several Writings 932 II. XXII XIV Arnulphus of Bavaria wages war with Hugh in Italy is repuls'd Hugh is invited to Rome by Marosia and seizes on the Castle of S. Angelo Manasses Archbishop of Arles passes into Italy where he gets possession of several Bishopricks Ingram Dean of S. Medard at Soissoins is ordain'd Bishop of Laon. A Council at Erfordt  933 III. John is imprisoned by Aâ—beric XXIII XV. Alberic re-takes the Castle S. Angelo and makes himself Master of Rome
against John XII  964 II. After Otho's departure Leo VIII is expell'd and John XII re-enters Rome where he dies May 14. The Romans substitute Benedict V. in his room II. XXVIII The Restoration of Pope John XII in a Council at Rome which declares Leo VIII depos'd and excommunicated and his Ordinations void The Restoration of Leo VIII in another Council at Rome A Decree of the later Council by which the Investitures are A Council at Româ— Febr. 26. in favour of Pope John XII A Council held at Rome in the Month of June for the Restoration of Leo VIII  Otho returns to Rome deposes Benedict and re-establishes Leo.   granted to the Emperor   965 III. Benedict dies in exile at Hamburg and Leo VIII at Rome John XIII is chosen Pope with the Emperor's consent I. III. XXIX Otho returns to Germany   The death of Bernerus Monk of S. Remy at Rheims The death of Bruno Archbishop of Cologn 966 II. John is turn'd out by the Romans and re-establish'd by Otho IV. XXX Ratherius leaves the Bishoprick of Verona and retires to France  The death of Flodoard Canon of Rheims 967 III. V. XXXI Otho comes to Rome and causes his Son to be crown'd Emperor Otho confirms the Donation of the Ecclesiastical Revenues of Rome made by Pepin and Charlemagn Herold Archbishop of Salezburg is depos'd and excommunicated in the Council of Ravenna and Frederick chosen to supply his place The Erection of the Archbishoprick of Magdeburg in the same Council A Council at Ravenna held on Easter Day A Council at Constantinople in which the Emperor proposes to declare such Soldiers as are kill'd in the Wars Martyrs The Laws and Constitutions of Edgar King of England  968 IV. VI. XXXII Luitprand is sent a second time to Constantinople S. Adalbert is made Archbishop of Magdeburg after having converted the Sclavonians The Erection of the Bishoprick of Capua into an Arch-bishoprick The death of Odalric Archbishop of Rheims who left Adalbero his Successor  The death of William Archbishop of Mentz 969 V. VII Nicephorus Phocas is kill'd and John Zemisces advanc'd to the Imperial Dignity I. XXXIII The Erection of the Bishoprick of Benevento into an Arch-bishoprick   970 VI. II. XXXIV Polyeuctes Patriarch of Constantinople dies and Basil is chosen to supply his place  Roger Monk of S. Pantaleon at Cologn The death of Thierry Archbishop of Trier 971 VII III. XXXV    972 VIII John XIII dies Sept. 6. Donus succeeds him dies at the end of three Months Benedict VI reckoning the Anti-Pope Benedict for the fifth of that Name is advanc'd to the Papal Dignity IV. XXXVI Notger a Monk of S. Gal is chosen Bishop of Liege A Council held at Mount S. Mary by Adalbero Archbishop of Rheims A Council at Ingelheim which Censures the Conduct of Adalbero the Nephew of S. Ulric The death of Ratherius Bishop of Verona 973 I. Benedict is taken Prisoner by Cincius and strangled in the Castle of S. Angelo V. XXXVII Otho the Great dies May 7. His Son Otho II. reigns sole Emperor I. Henry succeeds S. Ulric in the Bishoprick of Augsburg A General Council in England under S. Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury The death of Ulric Bishop of Augsburg 974 Boniface usurps the See of Rome The Romans set up Benedict VII in opposition to him VI. II. A Council at Canterbury under King Edgar and S. Dunstan  Roswida a Nun of Landersheim 975 II. Boniface is forc'd to escape by flight to Constantinople VII John Zemisces dies Decemb. 4. Basil and Constantine the Sons of III. Basil Patriarch of Constantinople is depos'd and Antonius Studita substituted in his room The death of Edgar King of England A Council at Rheims under Adalbero Archbishop of that City A Council held at Winchester in the beginning of the year S. Ethelwold Bishop of Winchester The death of Utho Bishop of Strasburg  the Emperor Romanus are plac'd on the Throne  who leaves Edward his Successor Reginaldus succeeds Stigand in the Bishoprick of Eichstadt   976 III. I. Bardas revolts against the two Emperors IV. Antonius Studita voluntarily abdicates the Patriarchal See of Constantinople which remains vacant four years   977 IV. II. V. Edward King of England is assassinated and Ethelfred succeeds him   978 V. III. VI.    979 VI. IV. VII    980 VII V. VIII   Adso Abbot of Deuvres Ghilperic Monk of S. Gal writes his Treatise of the Calendar Fulcuin Abbot of Lobes Reginald Bishop of Eichstadt 981 VIII VI. IX The death of Antonius Studita Nicolaus Chrysoberge is advanc'd to the Patriarchal See of Constantinople The death of Adalbert the first Arch-bishop of Magdeburg  Funeral Orations made by Antony Patriarch of Constantinople for Nicephorus the Philosopher 982 IX VII X.    983 X. VIII XI The Emperor Otho II. dies at Rome Decemb. 6. his Son Otho III. succeeds him    984 XI Benedict dies July 10. and leaves John XIV his Successor IX I.   The death of S. Ethelwald Bishop of Winchester 985 Boniface returns to Rome confines John XIV in the Castle of S. Angelo where he dies Boniface dies likewise four Months after John XV. is advanc'd to the Papal Dignity He retires to Toscany to avoid the Persecution of Crescentius and is recall'd by the Romans I. X. II. Lotharius K. of France causes his Son Lewis to be crown'd    986 II. XI III. Lotharius K. of France dies Lewis the Faint-hearted hisson succeeds him    987 III. XII IV. The death of Lewis the Faint-hearted June 22. Hugh Capet is elected and proclaim'd K. of France about the end of May and crown'd at Rheims July 3.   Berthier Priest of Verdun 988 IV. XIII V. Hugh Capet likewise causes his Son Robert to be crown'd at Orleans Jan. 1. Charles D. of Lorrain wages War with them to for the Kingdom An Assembly of the French Noble-men at Orleans for the Coronation of King Robert Luitolphus is made Bishop of Augsburg  The death of S. Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury 989 V. XIV VI. Adalbero Archbishop of Rheims dying Hugh Capet causes Arnoul or Arnulphus natural Brother to Charles Duke of Lorrain to be chosen to supply his place A Council at Charroux against the Usurpers of the Revenues of the Churches and of the Poor A Council at Rheims A Council at Senlis against Adalger a Clerk of the Church of Rheims  990 IV. XV. VII   Hâ—riger Abbot of Lobes The death of Fulcuin Abbot of Lobes Gerard the Pupil of S. Ulric 991 VII XVI VIII Charles D. of Lorrain is taken Prisoner at Loan convey'd to Senlis and from thence to Orleans where he is confin'd in a Tower till his death   Ussin a Monk of Werthin 992 VIII XVII IX Arnold or Arnulphus Archbishop of Rheims is
had cited to the Synod to be held at Rome the beginning of the next Lent Sigefroy Arch-bishop of Mayence and the Bishops of Bamberg Strasbourg and Spires to give an account of their advancement to the Episcopacy and of their Morals He desires that he would oblige them to come and send Deputies along with them who should give in their Testimony of their Lives and Conversations This Letter is dated December 7th 1074. There is likewise another Letter of the same date directed likewise to Henry wherein he expresses a great deal of Affection to him and prays him not to hearken to their Counsels who were willing to sow Dissensions between them He tells him of the Afflictions which the Eastern Christians labour'd under and assures him that he had provided several Italian Lords to go to their Assistance and that he had already Fifty thousand Men who were ready to follow him if he would Head them and March as far as our Saviours Sepulcher That he is the more inclin'd to undertake this because it would be a means of reuniting the Greek Church to the Latin and of reducing the Armenians and all the other Orientals into the Bosom of the Church But forasmuch as it was a business of great Consequence he ask'd his Advice and Assistance and declares that if he should go he would leave him Protector of the Church of Rome These two Letters are the Thirtieth and one and Thirtieth of the Second Book Some Days before this the Pope had summon'd to the Synod of Rome by the Twenty eighth and Twenty ninth Letters of the Second Book Liemar Arch-bishop of Breme Sigefroy Arch-bishop of Mayence Otho Bishop of Constance Garnier of Strazbourg Henry of Spires Herman of Bamberg Imbric of Augsburg and Adelbert of Wirtzbourg The Pope's Decree against those who were guilty of Simony and against the Clerks who either kept Concubines or were Marry'd remov'd in Germany Italy and France a great many Ecclesiasticks out of their Places who were found guilty of Simony or of having unlawful converse with Women These Men not only complain'd of this Yoke which the Pope would impose upon them but they likewise inveigh'd against him and accused him of advancing an insupportable Error and such as is contrary to the Words of our Saviour who says that all Men are not able to live continently and contrary to the Words of the Apostle who enjoins those who cannot live continently to Marry They added that this Law he would impose on them which oblig'd them to live like Angels by offering force to the ordinary course of Nature would be the Cause of great Disorders That moreover if the Pope persisted in his Resolution they had rather renounce the Priesthood than Marriage and let him see if he could get Angels to take care of their Flocks since he would not make use of Men. This was the Language of these corrupted Ecclesiasticks according to the account of an Historian of that time But the Pope for his part press'd the Execution of his Decree and wrote very warm Letters to the Bishops to oblige them to take strict care of it The Arch-bishop of Mayence doing his utmost therein found how difficult it was to root out an Abuse so inveterate and so general as this was and before he proceeded against the Refractory he gave them six Months time to reclaim Lastly having call'd a Synod at Erford in October he told them in express Terms that he was oblig'd to put the Pope's Decree into Execution and that they were oblig'd either to renounce their pretended Marriages or else their Attendance on the Altar When they found they could not by their Prayers prevail upon him to alter his Resolution they withdrew from the Council in a great Rage threatning the Arch-bishop either to turn him out or to kill him The Arch-bishop to pacify them order'd them to be call'd back again and promis'd when an Oportunity should offer he would send to Rome and endeavour to work the Pope over to another Mind The next Day he proposed to them the Question about the Tenths The Decree of Gregory met with no less opposition in France Flanders England and Lombardy than it did in Germany as we are inform'd by several Letters sent by this Pope to the Princes and Bishops of these Countries and this opposition rose so high at Cambray that they caus'd a Man to be Burnt who had asserted that those who were guilty of Simony and the Marry'd Priests ought not to celebrate Mass or any Divine Office and that no Man ought to assist them therein This we find related in the Twentieth Letter of the Fourth Book This Opposition did not discourage Gregory VII in the least on the contrary he wrote several Letters to the Bishops and Princes whereby he enjoyns them to put his Decree in Execution and not to tolerate Clerks guilty of Simony nor such as were Marry'd or kept Concubines Upon this Head we may consult the Thirtieth Letter of the First Book directed to the Arch-bishop of Salzbourg dated November 15 1073. the Five and fortieth of the Second Book directed to Radulphus Duke of Saubia and to Berthold Duke of Carinthia dated January 11 1075. the Sixty first directed to Dietwin or Theodwin Bishop of Liege whom he charges with Simony The Sixty second directed to Sicard Bishop of Aquileia dated March 23. The Sixty sixth to Burchard Bishop of Halberstat of the same Month The Sixty seventh to Anno Arch-bishop of Cologn The Sixty eighth to the Archbishop of Magdebourg bearing the same date The Tenth and Eleventh of the Fourth Book directed to the Count and Countess of Planders dated November 2 1076. the Twentieth of the same Book Lastly he order'd an Apology of his Decree to be issued out in the nature of a Manifesto wherein he very much exalts the Authority of the Holy See and the Decretals of his Predecessors The Synod call'd at Rome by the Pope the Year before was held there about the end of February this Year He therein Excommunicated Five Persons belonging to King Henry's The Council of Rome in the Year 1075. Court who were the Instruments of that Prince in selling of Benefices He suspended from their Episcopal Functions Liemar Arch-bishop of Breme Garnier Bishop of Strazbourg Henry of Spires and Herman of Bamberg He likewise therein suspended William Bishop of Pavia and Cunibert Bishop of Turin and depos'd Dennis of Placentia without any hopes of being reestablish'd Some of these Bishops went to Rome for Absolution The Bishop of Bamberg was likewise in the way thither and sent Deputies beforehand by Presents to corrupt the Bishops who were his Judges but seeing he had no hopes left he return'd again after promise made of retiring into a Monastery Upon his return instead of performing his promise he enter'd again into the possession of his Church and committed there new irregularities This oblig'd the Pope to renew his sentence of Condemnation issu'd out against him and
by Pope Urban but his Residence in that City being inconvenient by reason of the excessive Heats he retir'd to a Village near Capua where the Pope soon gave him a Visit upon his arrival at the Siege of Capua which Place was invested by Roger Duke of Apulia After the raising of the Siege the Pope held a Council at Bari in which St. Anselm assisting disputed earnestly against the Greeks about the Procession of the Holy Ghost and entreated the Pope and the Bishops not to excommunicate the King of England When the Council was concluded he accompany'd the Pope to Rome and some Days after the King of England to whom Urban had written that he ought to re-establish St. Anselm in his Metropolitan See sent thither an Ambassador who obtain'd a Demurrer till the Festival of St. Michael St. Anselm being inform'd of the matter determin'd to go to Lyons but the Pope oblig'd him to stay in order to be present in a Council which was to be held at Easter in the Year 1099. Thus he resided during six Months at Rome and was very highly esteem'd in that City The Writer of his Life observes that certain English Men who came to visit him being desirous to Kiss his Feet as it was usually done to the Pope's he would not sufâ—er them to do it and that the Pope admir'd his Humility in that particular Lastly St. Anselm having assisted in the Council of Rome A. D. 1099. in which Laicks who took upon them to give Investitures and those Clergy-men who receiv'd them from their Hands were excommunicated he took leave of the Pope and retir'd to Lyons where within a little while after he was inform'd of the Death of Urban II. and afterward of that of William II. King of England which happen'd in the Month of August A. D. 1100. Henry I. his Successor immediately recall'd St. Anselm to England where he was no sooner arriv'd but he had new contests with that Prince about the Investitures and the Oaths of Allegeance and Supremacy which he refus'd to take Forasmuch as this Affair was regulated at Rome it was requisite that the King should make application to that Court to endeavour to cause the Resolution which had been taken there to be chang'd However St. Anselm reâ—us'd to ordain the Bishops who had receiv'd Investiture from the King and nothing could be obtain'd from Rome Afterward this Arch-bishop being perswaded by the King to take a Journey to Rome to find out some Expedients for the adjusting of that Affair went thither accompany'd with an Ambassador Upon their Arrival the Matter was debated A. D. 1105. in the presence of Pope Paschal II. to whom the Ambassador peremptorily declar'd That the King his Master would sooner be prevail'd upon to part with his Kingdom than with his right to the Investitures The Pope reply'd That he would sooner lose his Life than suffer him to retain it However at last it was agreed upon That the King of England should enjoy certain Privileges which were in his possession but that he should lay no manner of claim to the Investitures Therefore the Excommunication which he was suppos'd to have incurr'd by granting the Investiture of Benefices was taken off but it was ordain'd That those Persons who had receiv'd them from his Hands should remain excommunicated for some time and that the giving them Absolution for that Offence should be reserv'd to St. Anselm The Affair being thus determin'd the Ambassador and St. Anselm set forward in their Journey but when they were arriv'd near Lyons the Ambassador declar'd to him in his Master's name that he was forbidden to return to England unless he would promise him to submit to the Custom which prevail'd in that Kingdom without having any regard to what had been ordain'd to the contrary by the Pope St. Anselm refusing to enter into such an Engagement stay'd some time at Lyons and having pass'd from thence into Normandy at last came to an Accommodation with the King of England on condition that the Churches which King William II. had first made subject to the Payment of a certain Tax should be exempted from it and that his Majesty should restore what he had exacted of the Clergy and every thing that was taken from the Church of Canterbury during the exile of the Arch-bishop After this Agreement which was concluded A. D. 1106. between the King and the Arch-bishop at Bec Abbey St. Anselm return'd to England was re-establish'd in his Arch-bishoprick and enjoy'd it peaceably till his Death which happen'd three Years after in the 16th since his advancement to that Dignity and the 76th of his Age A. D. 1109. St. Anselm is no less famous for his Learning and the great number of his Writings than for his Conduct and the Zeal he shew'd in maintaining the Rights of the Church The largest Edition of his Works is the last published by Father Gerberon and it is that which we shall follow being divided into three Parts The First of these containing Dogmatical Treatises bears the Title of Monologia that is to say a Treatise of the Existence of God of his Attributes and of the Holy Trinity It is so call'd by reason that it is compos'd in form of the Meditations of a Man who reasons with himself to find out Divine Truths and who explains them accordingly as they are discover'd by him It is a very subtil Work and contains a great Number of Metaphysical Arguments He continues to Treat of the same Subject and observes the same method of Writing in the Prostogia where the Person who reason'd with himself in the first Work making his Addresses to God Discourses of his Existence Justice Wisdom Immensity Eternity and of his being the Summum Bonum or Soveraign Good A certain Monk nam'd Gaunilon having perus'd this Treatise could not approve the Argument which St. Anselm makes use of therein to prove the Existence of God taken from the Idea of a most perfect Being We have says he at least the Idea of a most perfect Being therefore this Being of necessity Exists Gaunilon not being able to comprehend this Argument which seems to be a Sophism or meer Fallacy to those who are not endu'd with a sound and penetrating Judgment to discern the force of it wrote a small Tract on purpose to refute it in which he objects every thing that is most subtil and plausible to overthrow this Ratiocination St. Anselm return'd a very solid Answer in which he enervates his Adversary's Objections and makes it appear that his Argument is Rational and Convincing The Treatise of Faith of the Holy Trinity and of the Incarnation Dedicated to Pope Urban II. was written against a French Clergy-man nam'd Rocselin Tutor to Abaelard who undertook to prove That the three Persons of the Trinity are three different Things because otherwise it might be said That the Father and the Holy Ghost were Incarnate St. Anselm being as yet Abbot of Bec began a Treatise to confute
maintain'd That that Yoke ought not to be laid equally on all People because there were some who were not able to undergo it by reason of the weakness of their Bodies neither perhaps did their Transgressions deserve so severe a Chastisement and there were others in respect of whom this Satisfaction is not proportioned to the haynousness of their Offences That it were more expedient to follow the Canonical Rules in the imposing of Pennances and that much less ought the People to be constrain'd by an Oath to observe this Abstinence since that were by such means to expose them not only to the hazard of breaking a Commandment but also of incurring Perjury The same Prelate did not think fit that the Bishops should be concern'd in Military Affairs and the bearing of Arms saying That it is the Province of Kings to take cognizance of those matters and not that of Clergy-men 'T is a thing very observable that a great number of Bodies of Saints and abundance of Relicks were brought into those Councils and that 't was generally believ'd that many Miracles were wrought therein There were also held at the same time divers other particular Councils either for the dedicating of Churches or for the granting of Privileges to Monasteries or for the determining of private differences among the Bishops about the limits of their Diocesses or to put an end to other Contests which are mention'd by the Writers of that Time but do not deserve to be insisted upon in this Place The Council of Rheims held in the Year 1049. HERIMAR Abbot of St. Remy at Rheims having invited over Leo IX to consecrate his new Church that Pope arriv'd there in the Month of October A. D. 1049. accompany'd The Council of Rheims in 1049. with the Arch-bishops of Trier Lyons and Bezanson and the Bishop of Porto and after having perform'd the Ceremony and that of the Translation of the Body of St. Remy to this new Church he held a Council therein which continu'd during some Days It was compos'd of the Arch-bishops of Rheims Trier Lyons and Bezanson of the Bishops of Soissons Terouane Senlis Mets Langres Coutances Lisieux Bayeux Auranches Verdun Nevers Anger 's Nantes and Porto and of a Bishop of England with divers Abbots and other Clergy-men to the number of Fifty Peter Deacon of the Church of Rome open'd the Council declaring That it was requisite to treat about the reformation of many Abuses which had crept into the Churches of France particularly Simony the seizing of Churches by Laicks forbidden Marriages the Apostacy of Clerks and Monks c. But above all things he admonish'd the Bishops to declare under pain of an Anathema whether they were ordain'd for Mony or otherwise The Arch-bishops of Trier Lyons and Bezanson protested that they were not but the Metropolitan of Rheims desired time to return an Answer Among the Bishops there were only Four who were not able to clear themselves viz. those of Langres Nevers Coutances and Nantes The Abbots being ask'd the same Question many of them protested themselves innocent and others own'd their Fault by their silence The Abbots of Poitiers was accused of Incontinency by the Bishop of Langres and not having sufficiently clear'd himself was depos'd In the end of this Session it was prohibited under the penalty of an Anathema to attribute the Title of Universal Primate of the Church to any but the Bishop of Rome The next Day the Arch-bishop of Rheims after having had a private Conference with the Pope and some other Prelates entreated the Bishop of Senlis to speak in his favour who accordingly declar'd that the Arch-bishop was not guilty of Simony but the Pope order'd that he should clear himself by Oath whereupon he sued for longer time which was granted on condition that he should appear in a Council to be held at Rome in the middle of April in the following Year The determination of the Cause that was depending between that Arch-bishop and the Bishop of Toul about the Abbey of Monstier-Randy was referr'd to the next Day Afterward certain Clerks of the Church of Tours brought an Accusation against the Bishop of Dol for assuming the Quality of Arch-bishop and withdrawing himself with the seven Bishops of Bretagne from the Jurisdiction of the Metropolitan of Tours It was order'd that he should be summon'd to the Council of Rome in the Month of April following Then the Bishop of Langres was accused of Simony of bearing Arms and committing Murders of tyrannizing over his Clergy and of perpetrating other more notorious Crimes One of his Clerks depos'd that the said Bishop took away his Wife whom he had whilst he was as yet a Lay-man and after having abus'd her made her a Nun A certain Priest gave in evidence that he caus'd him to be kept in Custody under a Guard and to endure much hardship on purpose to extort Mony from him The Bishop of Langres demanded Counsel and made application to the Arch-bishops of Lyons and Bezanson The latter going about to plead for him falter'd in his Speech and the other acknowledg'd that the Bishop had expos'd the sacred Orders to Sale and exacted a Sum of Mony of that Priest but deny'd that he caus'd him to be misus'd On the third Day the Bishop of Langres not daring to appear and being summon'd thrice and sought for to no purpose was at last excommunicated The Bishop of Nevers own'd that his Relations had given a Sum of Mony for his Bishoprick but that he was altogether ignorant of what they had done nevertheless he declar'd that he design'd to leave it and even at the same time laid down his Crosier-Staff at the Pope's Feet who caus'd him to take it up again after he had taken an Oath that that Mony was paid without his knowledge Then an ancient Copy of a Privilege granted to the Church of Rheims was read which made it appear that the Abbey of Monstier Randy belong'd to its Jurisdiction and it was accordingly adjudg'd to that Church The Bishop of Coutances confess'd that his Brother had laid out a Sum of Mony to get him advanc'd to the Episcopal Dignity but having taken an Oath that it was done without his knowledge he was declar'd innocent The Bishop of Nantes was not so favourably treated for having own'd that he succeeded his Father in his Bishoprick after having disburs'd a certain Sumn of Mony he was depos'd and only permitted to exercise the Office of a Priest Lastly a Sentence of Excommunication was denounc'd against the Prelats who were summon'd to this Council but did not appear and the following Constitutions were agreed upon viz. 1. That none shall be promoted to Ecclesiastical Dignities but by the election of the Clergy and People 2. That none shall buy or make Sale of the Sacred Orders Ecclesiastical Offices or Altars 3 That Laicks shall not retain Spiritual Livings 4. That none but the Bishop or some Person deputed by him shall be empower'd to levy any
held in the beginning of the year against Henry An Assembly at Quintilineburg held against Henry after Easter An Assembly at Mentz for Henry held in the Month of May. Deusdedit Cardinal 1085    Herman and Ecbert of Saxony are likewise excommunicated in that Council The death of Robert Guiscard Duke of the Normans of Apulia   1086 Desiderius Abbot of Mount Cassin is made Pope under the Name of Victor III. I. XXX VI. Hugh Archbishop of Lyons the Archbishop of Aix and the Bishop of Marseille aspire to the Papal Dignity The Archbishop of Lyons in vain endeavours to oppose the Election of Victor St. Bruno institutes the Order of Carthusian Monks Philip King of France divorc'd from Bertha his Wife who is banish'd to Monstreuil  The death of Anselm Bishop of Lucca The death of Alphanus Bishop of Salerno Marianus Scotus a Recluse dies at Mentz 1087 II. Victor is consecrated at Capua May 9. and dies Sept. 16. at Mount Cassin after having nominated Otho Bishop of Ostia for his Successor XXXI VII The Anathema denounc'd against Guibert the Antitope is renew'd in the Council of Benevento The Archbishop of Lyons and the Bishop of Marseille are likewise excommunicated in that Council A Council at Capua A Council at Benevento against Guibert  1088 Otho Bishop of Ostia is ordain'd Pope May 12. under the Name of Urban II. Guibert is expell'd by the Romans and oblig'd to renounce all manner of Claim to the Popedom I. XXXII VIII The death of Berenger which happen'd Jan. 6. The death of William I. siâ—nam'd the Conqueror King of England on Septemb. 9. The Pope confirms the Primacy of the Church of Toledo and sends the Pall to Bernard Archbishop of that Metropolitan See  Hildebert Arch-deacon of Mans. The death of Durandus Abbot of Troâ—…n 1089 II. XXXIII IX The Pope confirms in the Council of Rome all the Proceedings of Gregory VII against Guibert the Anti-pope the Emperor Henry and their Adherents He revives in that of Melfi the Decrees against Persons guilty of Simony and abolishes the Institution of Clerks call'd Acephali who were retain'd in the Service of the great Lords or depended on them A Council at Rome A Council at Melfi The death of Lanfranc Archbishop of Canterbury on May 8. 1090 III. XXXIV X. A Grant of the City of Tarragona to the See of Rome by Berenger Count of Barcelona A Council at Toulouse Lambert Bishop of Arras Raynold Archbp. of Rheims Thierry Abbot of St. Trudo Peter Chartophylax of the Church of Constantinople 1091 IV. Guibert returns to Rome takes the Castle St. Angelo and becomes Master of the City XXXV XI The death of St. Wolphelin Abbot of Bruvilliers in the Diocess of Colen The Pope grants the Archbishoprick of Tarragona to Berenger Bishop of Vich A Council held at Benevento against Guibert Ingulphus Abbot of Croyland 1092 V. XXXVI XII St. Anselm is chosen Archbishop of Canterbury Mar. 6. and consecrated on the 4th day of Decemb. following Roscelin a Clerk of the Church of Compeigne is oblig'd to make an Abjuration of his Error in the Council of Soissons but having maintain'd it again afterwards he was banish'd from France and England Lambert nominated Bishop of Arras is ordain'd at Rome by the Pope Ives is likewise install'd Bishop of Chartres by the Pope at Capua in the end of the year in the place of Geffrey who was depos'd The Pope's Discourse to Ives of Chartres after his Consecration Richer Archbishop of Sens cites Ives Bishop of Chartres to an Assembly held at Estampes to give an Account of his Ordination and that Assembly having determin'd to restore Geffrey Ives of Chartres appeals to the Pope who forbids Richer the use of the Pall till he desist from further Prosecution Philip King of France marries Bertrada the Wife of Foulques le Rechin Count of Anjou The Bishop of Senlis performs the Nuptial Ceremonies for the Revenue of certain Churches conferr'd upon him Ives Bishop of Chartres vigourously opposes that Marriage A Council at Soissons against Roscelin A Council at Rheims St. Anselm Simeon the younger Georgius Cedrenus Roscelin a Clerk of the Church of Compeigne Paul Provost of Benrieden 1093 VI. XXXVII Conrad the Son of Henry revolts against XIII Ives Bishop of Chartres is put in Prison for declaring against King Philip's Marriage A Council at Troia in Apulia  1093  his Father and is crown'd at Milan by Anselm Archbp. of that City     1094 VII XXXVIII XIV The Pope's Bull for the Restauration of the Bishoprick of Arras Praxeda the Wife of the Emperor Henry appears in the Council of Constance and makes a Confession of many infamous Practices which she had been constrain'd to commit by her Husband Hugh Archbishop of Lyons the Pope's Legat excommunicates King Philip in the Council of Autun by reason of his Marriage with Bertrade but the Pope suspends the execution of that Sentence A Council at Constance A Council held at Autun Octob. 16.  1095 VIII XXXIX XV. Pope Urban II. gives Audience in the Council of Placentia to the Ambassadors of the Emperor of Constantinople who desir'd Succours against the Infidels King Philip sends Ambassadors to that Council who obtain some respit as to the Sentence of Excommunication which was denounc'd against him The Pope forms in the same Council the Project of the Crusade which was absolutely resolv'd upon in that of Clâ—â—mont The Condemnation of Berenger's Opinions is reviv'd in the Council of Placentia Hugh Archbishop of Lyons is suspended for neglecting to make his appearance and to send any one to excuse his Absence The Empress Praxeda makes the same Declaration against her Husband in that Council as she had before exhibited in the Council of Constance The Council of England declares that Urban should not â—e acknowledg'd as Pope â—or St. Anselm as Primat of England so long as he took part with him The Pope publishes a Sentence of Excommunication against King Philip and against Bertrade his Concubine in the Council of Clermont He likewise renews in that Council the Anathema's against the Emp. Henry and Guibert de Antipope A Council held in Lent at Placentia A Council held in England April 21. A Council at Clermont in the Month of Novemb. A Council at Limoges in the Month of Decemb. The death of Gerard Abbot of S. Vincent at Laon. 1095    Upon the Remonstrances of Peter the Hermit a Gentleman of Picardy near Amiens and upon the receipt of the Letters sent by Alexius Emp. of Constantinople and Simeon Patriarch of Jerusalem the Levantine Crusade is resolv'd on and publish'd in the same Council The Mark of the Soldiers listed for that Expedition was a red Cross sow'd on their left Shoulder and the Watch-word 'T is the Will of God A Confirmation of the Primacy of the Archbishoprick of Lyons in that Council The Bull of that Confirmation dated Septemb. 1. The Pope forbids
were sincere in his desires of the Peace it was requisite he should remit the Investitures but that he would not thereby diminish the least of his Prerogative because then the Case would be the same as it was in France where though the Bishops neither before nor after Consecration received their Investiture from the King yet they were not thereby dispens'd from discharging their Duties to him whether in paying Taxes or contributing towards the Soldiery or any other Dues whatsoever The Emperor said that he desired nothing more provided the Pope would do him Justice and restore to his Subjects the Lands which they had lost during the War These two Deputies having gain'd this Concession from the Emperor went to wait upon the Pope who was hard by Paris and propos'd the Business to him He immediately sent the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and another Cardinal to finish the Treaty with him They met the Emperor between Metz and Verdun and agreed with him in Writing about the same things and for a compleat consummation of this Affair the Emperor promis'd to meet the Pope at Mouzon on the 24th of October The Council of Rheims open'd on the 21st of October The Pope and Lewis King of France were personally present at it and it consisted of fifteen Arch-Bishops above 200 Bishops of France Spain The Council of Rheims in the Year 1119. Germany and England and a great many Abbots and other Ecclesiasticks The Pope made a Discourse on the Gospel for the Day and Conon made another upon the Pastoral Care In this Council King Lewis preferr'd several Complaints against Henry King of England Geofrey Arch-Bishop of Roan undertook to answer him but was forc'd to be silent by the Noise that arose in the Assembly Afterwards Hildegarda Countess of Poictiers appear'd in the Council and complain'd that her Husband had left her and marry'd another Woman The Bishop of Saintes and other Prelates of Aquitain undertook the Defence of their Prince and excus'd him for not appearing because he was sick The Pope accepted of this Excuse and put off the Tryal of this Cause till another time The Contest which afterwards was started between Audin Bishop of Eureux and Amaury who had turn'd him out of that Bishoprick rais'd a great Heat between the French and the Normans The Pope to lay it made a Discourse on the Advantages of Peace and Unity and declar'd that the Emperor had propos'd an Accommodation and that he was to meet him at Mouzon to put an End to it that he desir'd the Prelates to stay till his Return which should be very speedy The Cardinals who had waited upon the Emperor the Bishop of Chalons and the Abbot of Clugny gave an Account of their Negotiation to the Council On the morrow the Pope took his Leave of the Assembly recommended them to put up their The Negotiation between the Pope and the Emperor Prayers and Wishes for the Peace and the next day set out for Mouzon He arriv'd there on the Thursday and after he had conferr'd with the Prelates whom he had brought along with him and read over again the Projects of the Accommodation he sent the Deputies who had already commenc'd this Negotiation to the Emperor That Prince at first deny'd that he had made any such promise afterwards they debated how the Pope should receive him in giving him Absolution but could come to no agreement On the morrow the Emperor desir'd farther time and the Pope perceiving that he sought to procrastinate the Business retir'd to a Castle belonging to the Count of Troyes with an Intention of returning back again The Emperor desir'd time till Munday but the Pope would not grant it and after he had order'd him to be told that if he were sincerely intent upon Peace he was ready to grant it him either in or after the Council He set out on Sunday Morning and return'd with all expedition to Rheims The next day being fatigued by his Journey he could not stay long in the Council he only gave them an Account of his Proceedings at Mouzon On Tuesday he was not there at all but on Wednesday he appear'd At first they debated of a great many private matters and afterwards the Pope publish'd five Canons The first was against the Simoniacal who either bought or sold any Ecclesiastical Goods The second was against Investitures The Third against those who either seiz'd or detain'd the Revenues of Churches The Fourth against those who left them to their Heirs by way of Succession and against the Priests who exacted Money for the Administration of the Sacraments or for Burial And the fifth against the Priests Deacons and Sub-deacons who had Wives or Concubines The Canon concerning Investitures made a great Noise in the Council It was drawn up in these Terms We absolutely forbid the receiving the Investiture of Churches or any other Ecclesiastical things from the hands of Laicks Several were of opinion that this Canon thus express'd took away from the Ecclesiasticks the Tenths and Benefices which they held or receiv'd from Laicks so that the Contest arising upon this Article hinder'd the Council from determining any thing about it that day On the Morrow the Pope remov'd this Difficulty by mending the Canon and drawing it up in these Terms We absolutely forbid the receiving the Investiture of Bishopricks and Abbeys from the hands of Laicks Afterwards they brought in 427 Candles which were given to the Assistants who rose up and held them Lighted whilst the Pope solemnly Excommunicated the Emperor Henry the Anti-pope Burdin and all their Adherents He likewise declar'd all the Emperor's Subjects dissolv'd from their Oath of Alliegance to him and forbad them to obey him till he return'd to his Duty and had made the Church satisfaction Thus the Council broke up The next year Calixtus went into Italy with a Design of going to Rome He was joyfully receiv'd Calixtus Il. is receiv'd into Rome and Burdin shamefully divested every where and enter'd Rome as in Triumph The Anti-pope Burdin being drove out of that City retir'd to Sutri from whence he made several Excursions to the very Gates of Rome Calixtus to rid himself of this Enemy went into Apulia to desire assistance from Duke William and having rais'd a Considerable Army he march'd to invest Sutri The Inhabitants of this City perceiving they should be taken by Storm siez'd upon Burdin and deliver'd him up to the Normans who by way of derision cloath'd him with a Goat's-Skin made in the form of a Cope set him on a white Camel with his face towards the Tail which serv'd him for a Bridle and in this manner led him through the whole City heaping affronts upon him Afterwards he was shut up in a Castle and confin'd in a Monastery of Cava where he spent the rest of his days in a forc'd Penance After this Victory the Pope becoming absolute Master of Rome where he caus'd the Forts of the The Treaty between
baptiz'd by a Laick under this form I Baptize you in the Name of God and of the Holy and true Cross whether the Baptism had been Valid or whether providing the Child had liv'd it must have been Baptiz'd again St. Bernard is of the mind that it had been well Baptiz'd because he cannot think that the difference in words can prejudice the Truth of the Faith and the good Intention of him that Baptiz'd it His reason is because under the word God the Trinity is comprehended and by Adding the Holy and True Cross he had made mention of our Saviour That when one is baptiz'd according to the Custom of the Church in the Name of the Father Son and Holy Ghost and as we may read in the Acts of the Apostles that some were baptiz'd in the Name of Jesus Christ only it cannot be doubted but that those who have been baptiz'd in the Name of the Holy Cross have been sufficiently sanctify'd insomuch that the Confession of the Cross implys the Confession of Jesus Christ Crucify'd Moreover that in respect of him who had baptiz'd his simplicity and good Intention excus'd him but nevertheless that if any should endeavour to Introduce this manner of Baptism they would be Inexcusable This Opinion of St. Bernard disagrees with that of the Divines who maintain that Baptism of this kind is ipso facto Null and Void The Four Hundred and Fourth is Address'd to Albert a Recluse Monk who desir'd of St. Bernard that he might fast after his own fashion and Permit Women to enter into his Cell St. Bernard Answers that he has no power to Command him but that he has several times Advis'd him to Eat at least once a day to receive no visits from Women and to live by hard Labour In the Four Hundred and Fifth he takes Notice to an Abbot that one of his Monks was qualify'd to be Profess'd and therefore he ought not to dispense with him The Four Hundred and Sixth is Address'd to the Abbot of St. Nicholas in the Woods to whom he recommends a certain Monk In the Four Hundred and Seventh he blames Odon Abbot of Beaulieu for not having paid a Legacy to a Poor Man and tells him he had better have Sold a Chalice from the Altar than have suffer'd this Person to want In the Four Hundred and Eighth he recommends to William Abbot of the Regular Canons of St. Martin of Troyes a Clerk who had a mind to retire from the World and who was not able to undergo the way of Living at Clairvaux In the Four Hundred and Ninth Address'd to Rorgon Abbot of Abbeville he makes him a compliment upon his desiring to see him and desires him to bestow a spare piece of Ground belonging to his Abby to the Monks of Alchy In the Four Hundred and Tenth he recommends to Gilduin Abbot of St. Victor of Paris Peter Lombard who was come from Bulloign in France and had been recommended to St. Bernard by the Bishop of Lucca The Four Hundred and Eleventh is written to Thomas Provost of Beverlake in England and contains Exhortations to a Holy Life The Letter following is written upon the same subject to a young Man who had enter'd into a Vow to embrace a Monastick Life In the Four Hundred and Thirteenth he recommends a Probationary Monk to Rainaud Abbot of Foigny Advising him to send him back after he had corrected his Faults In the Letter following he blames a Monk of this Monastery for having Oppos'd the return of this Person By the Four Hundred and Fifteenth he exhorts a Man to perform the Vow he had made to become a Monk of Clairvaux In the Four Hundred and Sixteenth he Answers a certain Person who had complain'd to him that he had had no share of the Alms given by Count Thibaud that he was not concern'd in the Distribution of them The Two following Letters contain nothing remarkable These are all the Letters which are most commonly Ascrib'd to St. Bernard tho' Father Mabillon has Added some others which are doubtful and might very probably have been written by other Persons He also adds some Charters which may reasonably admit of the same doubt all which nevertheless continue the foregoing Numbers The Four Hundred and Nineteenth is An Exhortation to Probationers the which Father Mabillon believes does not belong to St. Bernard by reason that the Stile is more restrain'd and contains Maxims unlike those of St. Bernard such as this That we must Praise God even for our Damnation It likewise appears to me that this Letter differs in stile from those of St. Bernard The Two following Letters are also Unlike the stile of St. Bernard The Four Hundred and Twenty Second is only a short Billet Address'd to King Lewis The Four Hundred and Twenty Third is a draught of a Letter concerning the Croisade which might probably be his as well as the Letter following He therein recommends the Son of Count Thibaud going to the Holy War to Emanuel Commenes Emperour of Constantinople The Four Hundred and Twenty Fifth is a Copy of the Twenty Sixth Letter of St. Bernard The Four Hundred and Twenty Sixth is a Judgment by Arbitration pronounc'd by St. Bernard between Hugh Bishop of Auxerre and William Count of that City The Four Hundred and Twenty Seventh is a Letter from Geofrey Bishop of Chartres to Stephen Bishop of Paris by which he advises him to Refer himself to St. Bernard touching the dispute he had with Stephen de Guarlande The Four Hundred and Twenty Eighth from Bernard Abbot of St. Anastasius to St. Bernard Abbot of Clairvaux concerning a disobedient and haughty Monk The Four Hundred and Twenty Ninth is an Elogium of St. Bernard sent to him by Hugh Metellus a Regular Canon of St. Leon. The Four Hundred and Thirtieth is a Letter from the same written to St. Bernard which contains an Apology for his Monastery The Four Hundred and Thirty First is also from the same written in the Name of Siebaud Abbot of St. Leon to Abbot William to excuse him for having Answer'd the Calumnies of Herbert with too great severity The Two following Letters are written by Haimon Arch-Deacon of Chalons to St. Bernard In the First he acquaints him with his sickness and in the other he sends to him for his Sermons The Four Hundred and Thirty Fourth is a Letter Address'd to St. Bernard to excuse Thierri Bishop of Amiens from his Voyage to the Holy Land The Four Hundred and Thirty Fifth is a Charter by which Sampson Arch-Bishop of Rheims gives to the the Congregation of Clairvaux the Church of Mores which he had Obtain'd from the Monks of St. Denys there to Build a Monastery of his Order By the Four Hundred and Thirty Sixth Henry Bishop of Troyes makes the like Gifts of the Church of Billencourt to the Abby of Clairvaux The Four Hundred and Thirty Seventh is a Letter of Hugh Cardinal Bishop of Ostia to the general Chapter of Cisteaux concerning
had been his Pupils were call'd to Witness on his behalf among whom were Raoul or Radulphus Bishop of Evreux and Ives Doctor of Chartres who declar'd that they never heard him assert any thing of the like nature Therefore to convict him his Adversaries demanded that his Commentary on Boethius's Book of the Trinity might be produc'd in which as they averr'd those Errors were laid down in divers places But this Book not being to be found certain Propositions were alledg'd taken out of the loose Papers of his Scholars and amongst others That as Man is call'd Wisdom by reason of the Form of Wisdom after the same manner God is said to be his Goodness his Wisdom c. St. Bernard oppos'd that Expression and Gillebert continu'd to deny that he ever taught or wrote That the Godhead was not God or that there was in God any Form or any Essence that was not God himself He prov'd what he said by the Testimony of the two Persons but now mention'd and nevertheless maintain'd in the heat of the Dispute That that which constituted God the Father was different from that which constituted him God This Expression gave Offence to Josselin Bishop of Scissons Gillebert was likewise censur'd for calling the three Divine Persons in a Prose or Hymn on the Trinity three SINGULARS and Hugh III. Arch-bishop of Rouen on the contrary affirm'd that it ought to be said That God was a SINGULAR The Pope wearied with these Disputes which continued two days and not having at hand Gillebert de la Porree's Book that was call'd in question thought fit to refer the determination of that Affair to the Council of Rheims which was held in Lent in the following Year In the mean while Gillebert sent his Commentary on Boethius's Book of the Trinity to Pope Eugenius who deliver'd it to be examined by Gotescalchus Abbot of Mount St. Eloy of the Order of Premontre afterwards ordain'd Bishop of Arras who having carefully perus'd it made an Extract of some Propositions which he judg'd to be erroneous and annex'd to them certain Passages of the Fathers contrary to those Opinions He presented this Memorial to the Pope with Gillebert de la Porree's Book Alberic Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Legate of the See of Rome in Aquitaine in like manner made an enquiry into Gillebert's Life and Conversation and about the Errors that he had spread abroad but he died before the meeting of the Council of Rheims In that Council the Propositions contain'd in the Memorial which A Council at Rheims the Abbot Gotheschalchus had drawn up were examin'd but in regard that he had not a ready Tongue the Pope caus'd the said Paper to be put into St. Bernard's Hands The Council was compos'd of the Pope the Cardinals and divers Bishops of France Germany England and Spain the chiefest among those of France were Geffery de Loroux Arch-bishop of Bourges Gillebert's Metropolitan Milo Bishop of Terouane Josselin Bishop of Soissons and Suger Abbot of St. Denis who had the Administration of the Government in the absence of King Lewis the Young during his Expedition in the Holy Land These Prelates publickly condemn'd Gillebert de la Porree's Propositions except Geffrey who acted more cautiously because he had heard it given out that the principal Cardinals were inclin'd to be favourable to the accus'd Party On the first day of the Assembly Gillebert caus'd large Volumes of his Works to be brought saying That his Adversaries only produc'd a few mutilated and mis-interpreted Passages taken The Condemnation of Gillebert de la Porree in the Council of Rheims out of them Then a certain Proposition found in his Book was alledg'd viz. That the Name of God does not signify the Substance that is but that by which he is When that Proposition began to be debated St. Bernard told Gillebert de la Porree That 't was not necessary to enter upon such Disputes and that the Scandal proceeded only from hence that many were persuaded that he was in an Error and that he gave it out That the Essence or the Nature of God his Godhead Wisdom Goodness and Omnipotence is not God but the Form by which he is God Now declare said he to him whether this be your Opinion or not Gillebert had the boldness to reply That the Form of God or the Godhead by which he is God is not God himself Then St. Bernard said we have an Answer to our Question let this Declaration be committed to Writing The Pope order'd the same thing and Henry of Pisa Cardinal brought Pen Ink and Paper Gillebert as he was writing cry'd out to St. Bernard Write that the Godhead is God St. Bernard answer'd without any hesitation Yea let it be written with a Steel-pen and on a Diamond or let it he engrav'd on Stone That the Divine Essence Form Nature Godhead Goodness Wisdom Virtue Omnipotence and Greatness is truly God Afterwards that Proposition was debated and St. Bernard press'd Gillebert de la Porree telling him That if the Form of God were not God it would be more perfect than God He likewise cited divers Proofs out of St. Augustin's Works which he sent for from the Library of the Church of Rheims in which that Saint assures us That the Goodness Omnipotence and other Attributes of God are not different from God himself Geffrey afterwards Abbot of Clairvaux objected against Gillebert that he disown'd the preceding Year the same Proposition that he now asserted Gillebert reply'd That whatever he said then he maintain'd it at present Afterwards they pass'd from that Proposition to a second viz. That one God is not the three Persons nor the three Persons one Thing altho' they be one God by the same Godhead as far as they are one by the same Thing This Proposition was likewise committed to writing and St. Bernard oppos'd divers Passages of the Fathers The next day they continued to produce many other Testimonies of the Fathers contrary to that Doctrine and then the other two Articles were propos'd and written viz. That the Personal Properties and the Eternal Attributes of God are not God and that it cannot be said That the Divine Nature assum'd the Humane Nature but that it ought to be said That the Person of the Son took our Nature When they had disputed for a long time about those Propositions the Cardinals declar'd in the end of the Assembly that after having duly consider'd what was alledg'd on both sides they would decide the Matter and determine what ought to be believ'd The Arch-bishops and Bishops being justly offended that the Cardinals should take upon them arbitrarily to pass their Judgment in that Affair and fearing lest they should acquit Gillebert de la Porree whom they apparently favour'd went the next day to meet St. Bernard Then they drew up with his Advice a Writing that contain'd Gillebert's Propositions as also a contrary Confession of Faith and after having Sign'd it put it into the
Chancellor of England A. D. 1158. and obtain'd the Administration of the publick Affairs of the whole Kingdom At last he was nominated by the King to the Arch-bishoprick of Canterbury in 1161. after the Death of Theobald and was ordain'd on Whit-sunday in the same Year This Prelate was no Election of Thomas Arch-bishop of Canterbury sooner advanc'd to that high Station but he vigorously apply'd himself to the maintaining of the Interests and Liberties of the Church In the beginning of his Government he found means to wrest the Ecclesiastical Revenues out of the Hands of the Noble-men who had usurp'd them and persuaded the King to fill up the Episcopal Sees of Hereford and Worcester which had been vacant for a long time But it was difficult for him who had undertaken stifly to maintain the Rights of the Church to avoid falling out with his Prince about particular Interests upon which account he was oblig'd to resign the Office of Chancellor After that step he made a demand again with much resolution of the Revenues and Rights which he pretended to belong to the Church of Canterbury and which were in the possession of the King and of the Nobility He vehemently oppos'd the Outrages and Exactions with which the great Lords were wont to oppress the People and the Clergy He endeavour'd to abolish the Custom that was introduc'd in England of adjudging to Princes the Revenues of vacant Churches and of deferring to supply those Churches with Ministers in order to enjoy them longer and he asserted That Clergy-men guilty of Misdemeanours were not under the Jurisdiction of Civil Magistrates but that they ought to be brought before the Bishop to be degraded and condemned to Ecclesiastical Penalties without delivering them up to the Secular Power nevertheless if in process of time they committed new Crimes the Temporal Justice might then apprehend them because they were no longer to be look'd upon as Clergy-men The obstinate defence of the last Article chiefly caus'd Thomas to incur the King's displeasure The original of the Contests between the King of England and Thomas Becket and gave occasion to the Quarrel For a Canon of Bedford nam'd Philip Brock having abus'd one of the King's Officers before whom he was summon'd that Prince determin'd to bring him to condign Punishment The Arch-bishop suspended the Canon from his Ecclesiastical Functions and Benefice for several Years but the King not being satisfied with those proceedings requir'd that he might be put into the Hands of the Secular Justice Upon the Arch-bishop's refusal to do it the King held an Assembly of the Bishops of his Kingdom in the Abbey of Westminster where he made a Remonstrance that it was expedient for the publick Benefit that Clergy-men should be tryed by the Civil Magistrates and condemned to afflictive Punishments by reason that the scandal of Degradation did not at all move those whom the Sanctity of their Function could not restrain from the committing of Crimes Thomas who was at the Head of that Assembly after having debated with the other Bishops reply'd to the King That the Bishops could not relinquish a Right which was granted to them by Henry I. his Grand-Father and confirm d by the solemn promise of King Stephen and that they entreated his Majesty to call to Mind the Oath that he took on the Day of his Coronation to maintain the Church in its Liberty and Rights Whereupon the King demanded whether they were disposed to observe the Customs and Constitutions of his Kingdom 〈◊〉 Thomas reply'd that they were ready to do it provided their Rights were secur'd Salvo Ordine Suo and all the Prelates made the same Answer except the Bishop of Chichester nam'd Henry who chang'd the last Words and said that he would punctually observe those Customs King Henry was extremely incens'd at the restriction they put on their Promise after he had so often press'd them to no purpose to engage absolutely to observe the Customs of the Kingdom without any limitation and left the Assembly quite transported with Anger The next Day he sent to demand of the Arch-bishop of Canterbury the Grants for all the Governments that were conferr'd on him whilst he was Chancellor of England and speedily departed from London shewing evident marks of his high displeasure against the Bishops Insomuch that their dread of his Anger and of the ill effects that it might produce and the sollicitations which that Prince caus'd to be made induc'd many of them to yield to give satisfaction to his Majesty and these us'd their utmost endeavours to bring the others to the same Temper Thomas stood to his Resolution for a long time but being at last overcome by the frequent and pressing entreaties of the Prelates and of his best Friends he suffer'd himself to be prevail'd upon went to meet the King at Oxford and promis'd to observe the Customs of the Kingdom for the future without any manner of Restriction The King to render this Declaration more Authentick call'd an Assembly of the Bishops An Assembly at Clarendon and Noble-men of the Kingdom at Clarenden A. D. 1164. in which he oblig'd the Arch-bishop of Canterbury and the other Prelates to take an Oath that they would carefully observe the Customs of the Kingdom and at the same time caus'd a verbal Process to be drawn up containing the Articles of those Customs that were to be acknowledg'd by the Bishops and which were sixteen in Number The First imports That when any Contests arise between the Laity and Clergy about the presentation to Benefices they ought to be regulated in the King's Court The Second That the Revenues of Mannors depending on the King's Demeans cannot be made over to Churches without his Majesty's Concession The Third That the Clergy-men acqused or impeached by the King's Officers shall be oblig'd to repair to his Court to the and that enquiry may be made whether they ought to be tried there or whether they ought to be sent back to the Ecclesiastical Courts of Judicature and that being thus sent back the King 's Chief Justice shall depute a Person to be Witness of the Proceedings of that Court That if the Clergy-man be convicted or confess his Crime the Church cannot have a Right any longer to protect him The fourth Article declares That the Arch-bishops Bishops and the King 's other Subjects cannot depart the Kingdom without his Majesty's leave and in case it be granted they shall give him good assurance that they will not act contrary to his Interest The Fifth That excommunicated Persons shall not be obliged to give security for their continuing in the Country but only to stand to the Judgment of the Church when it shall be thought 〈◊〉 to grant them Absolution The Sixth That no other Informers or Witnesses shall be admitted against Laicks but such as are allow'd by the Laws The Seventh That all those who hold any Lands of the King or are of the number of his Officers cannot
other Prelates except the Bishop of Winchester were of the same Opinion Thomas would not hearken to that proposal but to be set at Liberty he express'd his desire to speak with two Lords who were with the King when they were come he desir'd that he might be allow'd time till the next day and said that then he would make such an Answer as God should direct him Whereupon the Assembly deputed the Bishops of London and Rochester to deliver that Message to the King but the former said that the Arch-bishop was desirous to have time in order to look over his Papers and to prepare to give an account to his Majesty The King being satisfy'd with that Declaration sent him word by the two Lords with whom he desir'd to speak That he was willing to grant him the time he sued for provided that he kept his word in giving an account of the things that were committed to his Charge Thomas forthwith declar'd that he never made such a promise However he was permitted to depart and that very Night he was seiz'd with a violent fit of the Colick which hindred him from rising the next Morning The King sent two Lords of his Court to enquire whether he were Sick and at the same time to give him a Summons He excus'd himself for the present by reason of his Indisposition of which they were Witnesses and promis'd to appear the next day In the mean while a report was spread abroad that if he went to the Royal Palace he would be Assassinated or arrested the next day several Bishops us'd their utmost endeavours to perswade him to make a resignation of his Arch-bishoprick and of all his Possessions to the King in regard that they were much afraid lest he should lose his Life if he did not submit He did not seem to be at all concern'd at their Remonstrance but forbid all the Bishops to assist at the Proceedings that were to be carried on against him and declar'd that he appeal'd to the Holy See The Bishop of London protested against the Prohibition â—he then made and retir'd with all the Bishops except those of Winchester and Salisbury who continu'd with Thomas Becket However that Prelate after having Celebrated Mass went to the Palace bearing his Crosier Staff himself The King refus'd to admit him into his Presence and retiring into a private Chamber sent for the other Bishops and made great complaints to them against Thomas Becket The Bishops approv'd the King's Resentments avouching that that Arch-bishop was a perjur'd Traytor and that it was requisite to proceed against him as guilty of High Treason However they durst not bring him to a Formal Tryal but only sent him word by Hilary Bishop of Chichester That forasmuch as after having promis'd Obedience to the King and Sworn to observe the Customs of the Kingdom he acted contrary to his Oath they did not take themselves to be any longer obliged to obey him that therefore they put their Persons and Churches under the Popes Protection and cited him to his Tribunal The King likewise sent him word by Robert Earl of Leicester that he expected an account Thomas Becket's Retreat to France of the Things committed to his Charge Thomas protested that he was discharg'd by the King's Son when he was made Arch-bishop of Canterbury Afterwards he refus'd to submit to the Judgment of the King Bishops and other Lords of the Kingdom declar'd that he would acknowledge no other Judge but the Pope and cited the Bishops before him After having made this Declaration he went out of the Palace the Doors of which he open'd with the Keys that were found hanging on the Wall and was accompanied to his House by a crowd of poor People On that very Night he took a resolution to retire and to the end that it might be done more secretly he feign'd an inclination to lie in the Church and made his escape having chang'd his Cloaths and Name but before he embark'd he took some turns about the Coasts of England to avoid being apprehended Then he pass'd over into Flanders arriv'd at Graveline and retir'd from thence to the Abby of St. Berthin where he discover'd himself and sent Deputies to Lewis VII King of France to inform him of his present distress and to entreat his Majesty to permit him to stay in his Kingdom They were prevented by the Deputies of the King of England but the French King did not receive them favourably and declar'd on behalf of Thomas Becket even before the arrival of his Deputies These last were kindly entertain'd and the King promis'd all manner of Protection to the Arch-bishop in his Kingdom and said that in that Point he only follow'd the Custom of the Kings his Predecessors who by a very peculiar Privilege were always in a capacity to afford a Sanctuary in their Dominions to Persecuted Bishops and to defend them against all their Enemies The Deputies of the King of England and those of the Arch-bishop went to the Pope The Pope's Declaration in his Favour who was then at Sens The former brought over some of the Cardinals to their side but the Pope stood for the Arch-bishop nevertheless he gave Audience to the Deputies of the King of England who press'd him to oblige the Arch-bishop to return to England and entreated him to send a Legate a latere to take cognizance of that Affair and to accommodate it or to determine it without Appeal The Pope refus'd to do any thing till the Arch-bishop arriv'd in Person and having declar'd his resolution to the Deputies they departed very much dissatisfy'd A little after Thomas Becket accompanied by the Arch-bishop of Trier and the Abbot of Berthin came to Soissons where King Lâ—wis admitted him into his Presence and re-iterated the promises he had made to his Deputies Afterwards he went to Sens to meet the Pope whom he soon made sensible of the Justice of his Cause by shewing him the Articles that were drawn up at Clarendon which with common consent were found contrary to the Interest and Liberty of the Church The next day he proffer'd to quit his Metropolitical Dignity and entreated his Holiness to nominate another Person to supply his place But the Pope would by no means allow it order'd him to keep his Arch-bishoprick and recommended him to the Abbot of Pontigny into whose Monastery he retir'd The King of England being informed of the Pope's Answer by his Deputies consiscated the wâ—ole Estate and Goods of the Arch-bishop of Canterbury with those of his Relations and Friends banish'd them from his Kingdom and publish'd new Ordinances more prejudicial to the Liberty of the Church than the former Thomas Becket wrote to him as also to some Bishops of England about that Matter but those Remonstrances prov'd ineffectual However he propos'd a Conference in which the Pope was to assist but his Holiness being return'd to Rome the King sent Deputies to him whom he caus'd to pass through
Germany where they assisted in the Assembly of Wurtzburg against Pope Alexander and bound themselves by an Oath with the Bishops of Germany to stand for Paschal the Antipope nevertheless they did not forbear to continue their Journey and to meet Alexander to whom they deliver'd the Letter of their Prince who threaten'd to withdraw himself from his Obedience if he did not give him satisfaction as to the affair of Thomas Becket The Pope to advance a Person whom the King thought fit to depress constituted him Legate Thomas Becket maâ—e Legate of the Holy See in England of the Holy See throughout the whole Kingdom of England except the Province of York Thomas being Invested with this new Dignity thought himself obliged to shâ—w the effects of it Therefore he condemn'd and abolish'd the Customs that were publish'd at Clarendon Excommunicated all those who observ'd e'm or caus'd 'em to be observ'd by others sent word to the Bishops that they were by no means oblig'd to the Oath they had taken and threaten'd the King of England with an Anathema On the other side the King to prevent him appeal'd to the Holy See by the advice of the Prelates of Normandy and dispatch'd John of Oxford to Rome to entreat the Pope to send a Legate a latere into England to the end that they might determine or make up the Business However he threatn'd the Monks of Cisteaux to destroy all the Monasteries that they had in his Dominions if they entertain'd the Arch-bishop any longer at Pontigny Therefore he was forc'd to depart from thence and made choice of the Monastery of St. Columba in the City of Sens for the place of his abode He Excommunicated many Persons of the Kingdom of England and some Bishops more especially the Bishop of London his greatest Enemy In the mean while John of Oxford having gain'd the favour of part of the Court of Rome by his Presents assur'd the Pope That the King of England would no longer inâ—ist upon the John of Oxford's Negotiation at Rome Customs that he caus'd to be receiv'd in the Assembly of Clarendon and procur'd William Cardinal Bishop of Pavia to be nominated Legate to determine the Affair of the Arch-bishop of Canterbury but in regard that he might be surpriz'd by reason of the intimate Correspondence that there was between him and the King of England the Pope appointed Cardinal Otho to be his Collegue He also gave Absolution in particular to John of Oxford whom Thomas Becket had Excommunicated granted him the Deanry of Salisbury and Suspended Thomas's Authority till the arrival of his Legates These advantages which it seems the King of England obtain'd at the Court of Rome startled the Arch-bishop of Canterbury and his Friends insomuch that Peter Lombard wrote about it to the Pope as well as Thomas Becket who excepted against the Judgment of the Cardinal of Pavia These two Legates being arriv'd in France inform'd the Arch-bishop of the occasion of their being sent by the Pope and the Cardinal of Pavia told him that he came to put an end to the Difference between him and the King of England Thomas had prepar'd a very sharp Answer but he suppress'd it by the advice of William of Salisbury and wrote to him with greater Moderation The two Legates could not immediately execute their Commission by reason that they were oblig'd to mediate a Peace between the Kings of England and France The Cardinal The Negotiations of the Pope's Legates in England of Pavia openly maintain'd the Interest of the former and gave occasion of complaint to the other nay the Pope upon his sollicitation prohibited Thomas to pronounce any Sentence of Excommunication against the Person of the King of England or of Suspension against his Dominions At last the Legates gave notice to the Arch-bishop to make his appearance on Novemb. 10th A. D. 1168. on the Frontiers of the two Kingdoms but he desir'd and obtain'd a delay for seven days to get together again the Companions of his Exile At last he appear'd with a numerous retinue at Gisors the place appointed for the Conference and there met with the two Legates accompanied by the Arch-bishop of Rouen who represented to him the inflexibility of the King of England and the Calamities that the Church endur'd by the Persecution of which he was the Cause Afterwards they insisted upon the Grandeur and Power of that Prince the Kindness and Respect that he always express'd for the Holy See and the extraordinary Favours that he had Conferr'd on the Arch-bishop of Canterbury They related with exaggeration the complaints that he made against him accusing him of having induc'd the King of France and the Count of Flanders to make War with his Majesty Lastly they exhorted the Arch-bishop to humble himself and to testifie his Obedience to his Sovereign by making a voluntary submission and by suppressing his Anger and the fierceness of his natural Disposition Thomas Becket resolutely made his defence and clear'd himself from the suspicions that the King of England had conceiv'd against him and more especially as to the particular accusation that he had excited the War between that Prince and the King of France who condescended so far as to give Testimony to his Innocence by declarâ—ng upon Oath that it was not true that he sollicited him to undertake that War The Aâ—ch bishop of Canterbuâ—y added that he was well persuaded that a Bishop ought not to have recourse to those sorts of means That he was ready to shew to the King all manner of submission and deference provided that the Glory of God the Honour of the Aposâ—olick See the â—iberty of the Church the Dignity of the Priesthood and the Church-Revenues might receive no detriment They propos'd that he should promise the King to observe all the Customs that were in use in the time of the Arch-bishops his Predecessors or at least that he should tolerate them and conceal his resentments But he would not engage to do either no not so much as to keep silence Then they insisted that he should resign his Archbishoprick in case the King could be prevail'd with to renounce the Customs that were contested but he likewise rejected that Proposal Lastly the Legates asked him whether he were willing to acknowledge them as competent Judges for the deciding of the Differences between him and the King or not He was somewhat perplex'd at this Demand for on the one side he was unwilling openly to disown their Authority and on the other side he did not look upon it as safe that he should be tryed in any other Tribunal but that of the Pope himself Therefore he reply'd That when the Goods and Chattels of which he was depriv'd were restor'd to him he would readily submit to the Judgment of the Pope or to that of any other Persons to whom he should grant a Commission to be his Judges Thus ended this Conference which had no effect Thomas Becket gave
of Exhortations and gentle Admonitions and the other of severe Reprimands and Threats with Orders to deliver the former at first and in case he obstinately persisted in his Resolution to add the second These two Legates conducted the Arch-bishop to the Place appointed for the Interview where the two Kings were Present and admonish'd him to humble himself before his Sovereign He followed their Advice and only insisted that the Glory of God might be secur'd in these Terms Ad honorem Dei King Henry was offended at that Expression and requir'd That the Arch-bishop should promise and bind himself by Oath as a Priest and a Bishop in the presence of the whole Assembly sincerely to observe the Customs that were follow'd by the Reverend Arch-bishops under the Kings his Predecessors which he had also engag'd to do upon another occasion The Arch-bishop promis'd to be faithful to him in every particular as far as it was possible Salvo ordine suo and added That for Peace sake he would engage to observe as far as his Dignity would allow such Customs as were in use amongst his Reverend Predecessors The King peremptorily insisted That he should promise to observe the Customs of his Kingdom without any manner of Restriction but the Arch-bishop would by no means consent to it and upon that refusal his Majesty departed out of the Assembly The Legates having exhorted him to re-admit the Arch-bishop to his Favour and to Restore him to his Church he reply'd That perhaps he might one day be prevail'd upon to do the latter but that he would take care never to make him his Confident During a second interview between the two Princes they presented to King Henry the Pope's menacing Letter but he was not at all concern'd at it and always insisted upon the Promise that the Arch-bishop of Canterbury had made to act conformably to the Customs of the Kingdom which the Arch-bishops his Predecessors had observ'd before him Thomas Becket made Answer That he was ready to obey his Majesty as far as it could be done without infringing the Privileges of his Dignity and thus this Negotiation took no more effect than the others insomuch that the Pope being wearied with the delays of the King of England revok'd the Suspension of the Arch-bishop's Authority and left him at liberty to act as he should think fit Some time after King Henry designing to Crown his eldest Son appointed the Arch-bishop of York to perform that Ceremony but the Pope being inform'd of his Intention prohibited that Arch-bishop and all others under pain of Suspension to make any attempt upon a Right that apparently belong'd to the Arch-bishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket likewise wrote to the Arch-bishop of York and to his Collegues to notifie to them the same Prohibition whereupon the King was so extremely incens'd that he took a resolution to oblige his Subjects to take an Oath That they would not obey the Pope nor the Arch-bishop of Canterbury and caus'd his Son to be actually Crown'd by the Arch-bishop of York at Westminster in a Church belonging to the Jurisdiction of Canterbury The young King in like manner took an Oath to observe the Customs of the Kingdom that were publish'd at Clarendon In the mean while the Pope being press'd by the Remonstrances of the King of France of the Arch-bishop of Canterbury and of William Arch-bishop of Sens declar'd the Arch-bishop of York suspended from all manner of Ecclesiastical Functions and pronounc'd the same Sentence against all the Bishops who assisted at that Ceremony He sent word at the same time to Rotrou Arch-bishop of Rouen and to Bertrand Bishop of Nevers to meet the King of England in order to admonish him the last time in his Name to make Peace and in case he refus'd to do it to suspend all his Dominions from Divine Service that were situated on the hither side or beyond the Sea At the same time he dispatch'd a smart Reprimand to the King of England requiring him in the Name of God and by Virtue of the Apostolick Authority to be reconciled with the Arch-bishop of Canterbury and to give Peace to the Church if he design'd to avoid an Anathema like to that which was pronounc'd against the Emperor Frederick insomuch that those urgent Threats oblig'd King Henry to bethink himself seriously of an Accommodation and personally to entreat the Legates to use their utmost endeavours to procure it Whereupon Thomas Becket went to meet the King accompanied with the Arch-bishop of The King of England reconciled to Thomas Becket Sens and his Majesty receiv'd him with such particular Marks of Kindness as he never shew'd him since their falling out The Arch-bishop demanded Justice for the Indignities put upon the Church of Canterbury and more especially for the injury he had lately done him by the Coronation of his Son The King promis'd to give Orders that that Prince should be Crown'd again and then Thomas Becket caus'd Intercession to be made by the Arch-bishop of Sens who began to speak that his Majesty would vouchsafe to restore to him the Church of Canterbury with all the Revenues belonging to it and to do him Justice as to what relates to the Coronation of the Prince his Son he for his part engaging at the same time to yield to his Majesty all the Respect Obedience and Submission that is due from an Arch-bishop to his Sovereign Prince according to the Ordinance of God The King accepted of those Terms and thus the Peace was at last effectually concluded Afterwards the Arch-bishop of Canterbury humbly entreated the King his Master that he might have liberty to take leave of the King of France to return Thanks for the many signal Favours he had receiv'd from him He also continu'd some time longer in France with a design not to pass over into England till he had receiv'd Information that those Persons were actually put in Possession of the Revenues of the Church of Canterbury whom he sent thither for that purpose In the mean while the Arch-bishop of York and the Bishops of London and Salisbury us'd all possible means to break off the Agreement and further to incense King Henry against the Arch-bishop At that time one Renulphus who was the Minister of the Arch-bishop of York's Fury made no difficulty to pillage the Revenues of the Church of Canterbury but neither that Injury nor the Coldness with which the King then treated Thomas Becket were sufficient to divert him from the resolution he had taken to return to England notwithstanding the Advice of his Friends to the contrary and the Threats of his Enemies Therefore he embarked at Calice in the end of the Year 1170. and arriv'd at Sandwich but Thomas Becket ' s return to England before his departure he sent into England the Letter that the Pope had directed to him and which he kept till that time By vertue of that Letter his Holiness suspended the Arch-bishop of York with the
same Punishment shall be inflicted on their Adherents The Fourth forbids Princes and Lay-men to possess Tithes Oblations Monasteries or other Revenues belonging to the Churches The Fifth prohibits to make Slaves of Free-men The Sixth ordains That Clergy-men shall not be oblig'd to perform any manner of Service to Laicks for Church-Revenues The Seventh That none shall seize on the Fourth Part of the Offerings which belong to the Bishop The Eighth That neither Bishops nor Priests nor any other Ecclesiastical Persons shall be permitted to leave their Benefices to their Heirs as an Inheritance by Right of Succession The Ninth That nothing shall be exacted for the consecrated Oyls Holy Chrism or the Burial of the Dead The Tenth That the Monks Canons or Clerks who quit their Profession shall be Excommunicated The Council of London held in the Year 1125. IN the Year of our Lord 1125. John de Crema Legate of the See of Rome William Archbishop The Council of London in 1125. of Canterbury Turstin Archbishop of York Twenty Bishops and about Forty Abbots assembled at London made Seventeen Decrees in which they prohibit Simony to give or to receive any Thing for Ordinations to receive a Spiritual Living from the Hands of Laicks to chuse a Successor to such Livings to confer them on Persons who are not in Orders to deprive a Clergy-man of a Benefice without a Legal Sentence passed against him by his Bishop to ordain One who belongs to another's Diocess to entertain One who has been excommunicated by his Bishop Clerks are likewise forbidden to cohabit with strange Women and to follow Usury Witchcraft is condemned and Marriages are prohibited between Relations to the seventh Degree but it is declar'd that Husbands who endeavour to get their Wives divorced under pretence of Consanguinity are not allow'd to make proof of it by Witnesses The Council of London held in the Year 1127. WILLIAM Archbishop of Canterbury held another Council at London Two Years after the The Council of London in 1127. former in which he renew'd the most part of those Constitutions adding some others against the Plurality of Benefices also concerning the Restitution of Tithes and the Plainness that ought to be observ'd by the Abbesses in their Habits and Attire The Council of London held in the Year 1138. PArt of the same Constitutions were reviv'd in the Council held at London A. D. 1138. during The Council of London in 1138. the Vacancy of the See of Canterbury by Alberic Cardinal Bishop of Ostia the Pope's Legate in England This Council was compos'd of Eighteen Bishops and about Thirty Abbots and in it were published Seventeen Canons of which the following are not comprehended in the preceding Councils viz. The Second which forbids the keeping of the consecrated Elements in the Eucharist above Eight Days and ordains that they shall be reverently carry'd to the Sick by the Priests or Deacons and even by Lay-men in Case of Necessity The Fourth which prohibits a Bishop who is sent for by another Bishop to consecrate a Church to exact any Thing besides his Right of Procuration The Tenth in which is referr'd to the Pope the giving of Absolution to those who have misus'd Priests or Persons consecrated to God The Twelfth being a Prohibition to build a Chappel without a Licence from the Bishop The Thirteenth in which Church-men are forbidden to engage in Warlike Affairs and to bear Arms The Fourteenth prohibiting Monks to quit their Profession The Fifteenth which forbids Abbesses to be attir'd and to have their Heads dressed after the manner of Secular Women And the Seventeenth which imports That School-masters shall not be permitted to let out their Schools to others for Money Lastly Theobald Abbot of Bec was chosen Archbishop of Canterbury in this Council and divers means were treated of for the making Peace between the Kings of England and France The Council of Rheims held in the Year 1131. POpe Innocent II. as it has already been declar'd held a Council at Rheims A. D. 1131. in The Council of Rheims in 1131. which he Crown'd Lewes Sirnam'd the Young King of France and published Seventeen Canons very advantageous to the Church but since they are recited in the Second General Council of Lateran it were needless to produce an Extract of them in this Place The Council of Rheims held in the Year 1148. THis Council conven'd by Pope Eugenius III. March 22. A. D. 1148. published Eighteen Canons The Council of Rheims in 1148. which are all among those of the Second General Council of Lateran We have already given an Account of the Transactions therein relating to the Condemnation of Gillebert de la Porré◠The Council of Tours held in the Year 1163. THis Council held at Tours by Pope Alexandâ—r III. on the 28. Day of April was compos'd of The Council of Tours in 1163. Seventeen Cardinals 127 Bishops and of a very great Number of Abbots and other Ecclesiastical Persons Arnulphus Bishop of Lifieux made an excellent Discourse before mention'd Alexander renew'd his Bulls of Excommunication against Octavian and the Ten following Canons were publickly set forth The First forbids the dividing of Prebends and the changing of Dignities The Second condemns Usury more especially that by virtue of which the Interest of Things left in pawn by poor People amounts to a greater Sum than the Principal In the Third Clergy-men are forbidden to bestow Churches Tithes or Offerings on Laicks The Fourth is against the Albigeois which we have already recited in discoursing of those People The Fifth prohibits the letting out of Churches to Priests for an Annuity or yearly Rent The Sixth forbids the exacting of any Thing for admission into Orders for Nominations to Benefices for the Burial of the Dead for the Holy Chrism and for the consecrated Oils The Seventh is a Prohibition to Bishops to grant Commissions to Deans or to Arch-Priests for the carrying on of Judiciary Proceedings in their room or instead of Arch-deacons By the Eighth Monks are forbidden to go out of their Cloisters in order to study or to become Professors of the Civil Law or to practise Physick The Nâ—nth declares the Ordinations made by Octavian and by the other Schismaticks or Hereticks to be void and of none Effect The Tenth proposes new Methods for maintaining the Revenues and Liberty of the Churches and ordains That whenever the Chaplains who reside in the Castles perceive any Injury to be done the Church they shall make an Address to the Lord of the Castle to demand Restitution and if he neglect to do it within the space of Eight Days the Celebration of the Divine Offices shall be suspended in the Castle except that of Baptism Confession and the Communion in case of Danger of Death Only it is permitted to say Mass privately once a Week in a neighbouring Village to consecrate the Host It is added That if the Inhabitants of the Castles continue in their obstinacy Forty
of la Cava quitted that Dignity 3 Months after to become a Hermit Maginulphus who succeeded him under the Name of Sylvester IV. died a little after Henry IV. Emperor XLIV Philip I. K. of France in the 40th Year of his Reign William Rufus King of England and Robert his Brother Duke of Normandy William is kill'd in hunting and Henry the youngest of the Three Brothers succeeds him in the Kingdom of England Alexis Comnenus XX. Hugh Abbot of Flavigny who was expell'd by his Monks is restor'd to his Abbey by the Council of Valence A Council at Valence held in the Month of September A Council at Poitiers assembled on the Octave of St. Martin in which Philip I. King of France is excommunicated A Council at Etampes in which Philip Bishop of Troyes is cited A Council at Anse in which 't is debated concerning the Pilgrimage to the Holy Land St. Bruno Leo Cardinal Deacon Robert Monk of St. Remy Domnizon Ives of Chartres Marbodus Bishop of Rennes Bruno Bishop of Segni 1101 II. XLV The Death of Conrad Son of the Emperor Henry XXI Leo of Marsi Bishop of Sessa is made Cardinal Bishop of Ostia St. Bruno dies on the 6th of October and Lauduinus succeeds him in the Priory of La Grande Chartreuse  Leo of Marfâ— Cardinal Bishop of Ostia Geffrey Abbot of Vendome Hildebert Bishop of Mans. 1102 III. XLVI Lewes the Gross made King of France in his Father's life-time assumes the Administration of the Government The Emperor Henry obliges himself by a Vow to take a Journey to Jerusalem XXII The Pope abolishes the Bishoprick of Lavello and confirms the Rights of the Church of Melfi A Council at Rome in which the Emperor Henry IV. is Excommunicated A Council at London Baudry Bishop of Noyon Sigebert a Monk of Gemblours 1103 IV. XLVII Robert Duke of Normandy is depriv'd of his Dukedom and taken Prisoner by his Brother Henry who causes his Eyes to be put out He dies in Prison XXIII Gauterius is made Bishop of Maguelone in Languedoc   1104 V. XLVIII XXIV Godfrey Abbot of Nogent is chosen Bishop of Amiens in the Council of Troyes and Guibert succeeds him in that Abby The Privileges of the Church of St. Peter of Troyes and the Abbey of Molesme are confirm'd in the same Council A Council at Troyes held the 27th of March where Hubert Bishop of Senlis being accus'd of Simony clears himself by Oath A council at Beaugency July the 30th concerning the Divorce of King Philip from Bertrade Rainoldus of Semur Arch-bishop of Lyons Guibert Abbot of Nogent 1105 VI. XLIX Henry 5th having Revolted against his Father is Receiv'd and Proclaim'd King by the Saxons He feigns a Reconciliation with his Father whom he afterwards causes to be Imprison'd in the Castle of Bingen and thence to be convey'd to Ingelheim where he makes his escape and retires to Liege XXV Henry V. banishes Erlong Bishop of Wurtzburg and Substitutes Robert in his Place Henry IV. being again Excommunicated in the Council of Mentz is forced at Ingelheim to Abdicate the Empire and on his Knees to implore Absolution of Bishop Albanus the Pope's Legat who denies it him and refers him to the Pope His Son Henry is Proclaim'd and Crown'd King of Germany in the same Council Henry IV. being retir'd to Liege causes a Declaration there to be publish'd to which his Son returns an Answer Odo Abbot of St. Martin at Tournay is made Bishop of Cambray but afterwards Expell'd his Bishoprick for refusing to admit the Emperor's Investiture An Assembly at Northausen May the 29th A Council at Paris November the 2d where K Philip and Bertrade are Divorc'd after having solemnly sworn to live separately A Council at Mentz held in the end of the Year against the Emperor Henry IV. Philippus Solitarius a Greek Monk Composes his Dioptron or Rule of a Christian Life Odo Bishop of Cambray 1106 VII The Pope comes into France to implore the King's Protection against the Emperor I. Henry V. succeeds his Father Henry IV. who died at Liege August 7. XXVI The Inhabitants at Liege to obtain Pardon of the new Emperor are oblig'd to dig out the dead Body of Henry IV. which is transported to Spire and laid in a Stone Coffin without the Church The Decrees against the Investitures are renew'd in the Council of Guastalla The Pope takes away from the Metropolitan See of Ravenna the Suffragan Diocesses of Aemilia in the same Council as a punishment for their Defection Gillebert or Gilbert sir-nam'd Crispin is Install'd Abbot of Westminster in this Year Petrus Alphonsus a Spanish Jew is Converted to the Christian Religion Baptiz'd at Huesca and held at the Font by Alphonsus King of Spain A Council at Guastalla Octob. 19. under Paschal II. in which are regulated Matters relating to the Churches of Germany and Lombardy that were engag'd in the Schism Gilbert Crispin Abbot of Westminster Petrus Alphonsus a Converted Jew 1107 VIII II. The Death of Edgar K. of Scotland XXVII The Deputies of the Assembly of Mentz enter into Conference with the Pope at Châlons about the Affair of the Investitures but nothing is concluded therein The Emperor sends an Envoy to the Council of Troyes which allows him a Years space to be in a capacity to plead his own Cause in Person at Rome in a General Council An Assembly at Mentz held in the beginning of the Year about the Investitures A Conncil at Troyes in Champagne held by Pope Paschal on the Festival of the Ascension concerning the Investitures and against Simony Stephen Abbot of St. James at Liege The Death of Manasses Arch-bishop of Rheims 1108 IX III. The Death of Philip K. of Fr. on July 26. Lewes the Gross his Son Crown'd at Orleans 5 days after XXIX Rodulphus is chosen Abbot of St. Trudo after the Death of Thierry  Anselm Dean of Laon. William de Champeaux Stephen Harding Abbot of Chichester 1109 X IV. XXIX   The Death of St. Hugh Abbot of Cluny April 30th The Death of Rainoldus of Semur Archbishop of Lyons 1110 XI V. Henry V. comes into Italy He is crowned King of Lombardy at Milan by the Archbishop Chysolanus XXX The Heretick Henry who began to Dogmatize in Proâ—ence with Peter de Bruis and passed from thence to Lausanna arrives this Year at Mans where he divulges his Errors for some time and whence he is at last Expell'd by Bishop Hildebert Guigue de Castre succeeds John in the Priory of la Grande Chartreuse An Assembly at Ratisbon held in the beginning of the Year in which the Emperor declares that he is resolv'd to go to Rome there to receive the Imperial Crown and to accommodate the Difference between him and the Pope A Council in Ireland held by Gilbert Bishop of Limerick the Pope's Legate to regulate the Limits of the Bishopricks of that Kingdom Anscherus Abbot of St. Riquier writes this Year the Life and Miracles of St. Angilbert Theofredus Abbot
of the Ordinances of the Council of London A. 1125. St. Bernard composes his Treatise of the Duties of Bishops which he dedicates to Henry Archbishop of Sens and at the same time makes a Discourse to the Clergy of Paris call'd Of Conversion 1128 IV. The Pope Excommnicates Roger Duke of Sicily IV. X. The Death of Albero Bishop of Liege January the 1st Stephen Abbot of St. John at Chartres is made Patriarch of Jerusalem Drogo or Dreux Priof St. Nicaise of Rheims is constituted first Abbot of St. John at Laon by Bartholomew de Foigny Bishop of that City Peter Library-Keeper of Mount Cassin is expell'd that Monastery by the envy of his Companions and retires to the Emperor who Constitutes him his Secretary and Chaplain and employs him in several Negotiations A Council at Troyes held Jan. 13. which confirms the Institution of the Order of the Knights Templars and prescribes 'em a Rule and a Form of a White Habit upon which Pope Eugenius III. afterwards ordain'd that a red Cross should be worn St. Bernard composes this Year his Treatise of Grace and Free Will. Drogo or Dreux 1129 V. Lewes the Gross King of France causes his Son Philip to be crown'd April the 14th V. XI The Pope sends Legate to Denmark Gregory deCrescentia Cardinal of Theodorus A Council at Châlons held Feb. 2. in which Henry Bishop of Verdun resigns his Bishoprick according to St. Bernard's advice and Ursio Abbot of St. Denis at Rheims is substituted in his place The Death of Gauterius Bishop of Maguelone 1130 The Death of Honorius II. Feb. 14. INNOCENT II. is chosen the same day The Schism of Peter de Leon who assumes the Name of Anacletus Innocent is acknowledg'd in the Assembly of Etampes and goes into France I. VI. Lewes the Gross King of France magnificently entertains Pope Innocent at Orleans Henry I. K. of England receives him in the like manner and owns his Authority XII St. Bernard speaks earnestly in favour of Pope Innocent in the Council of Etampes and his judgment is follow'd by the Council Hugh a Native of Amiens and Abbot of Redding in England is made Archbishop of Roan A Council at Etampes which acknowledges Innocent as lawful Pope Eckard Abbot of Urangen Hugh Monk of Fleury Isaac an Armenian Bp writes against the Errors of the Armenians Anselm Abbot of Gemblours Ordericus Vitalis Anselm Bishop of Havelberg Hervaeus Monk of Dol. Hugh de Foliet Stephen Bishop of Paris Rainier Monk of St. Laurence at Liege Gualbert Monk of Marchiennes Pandulphus of Pisa. Fabritius Tuscus Abbot of Abendon Auctus Abbot of Valombre  1131 II. An Interview between Pope Innocent and the Emperor Lotharius at Liege The Pope visits the Abbeys of Cluny and Clairvaux at his return from Liege VII Philip the Son of Lewes the Gross is kill'd by accident and his Brother Lewes the Younger sir-nam'd the Godly is crown'd by the Pope in the Council of Rheims Octob. 25th XIII The Emperor proposes the re-establishment of the Investitures in his Interview with the Pope at Liege but St. Bernard opposes it and persuades that Prince to insist no longer upon that Demand St. Bernard refuses the Bishoprick of Châlons and causes Geffrey Abbot of St. Medard at Soissons to be chosen Bishop of that Diocess The Pope grants a Privilege to the Abbey of Même St. Bernard invites to Clairvaux Gueric Canon of Tournay An Assembly at Liege March the 2â—th A Council at Rheims held in the Month of October where the Anti-pope Anacletus is Excommunicated In this Year St Bernard composes his Treatise of Injunctions and Dispensations Albericus Canon of Aix Foucher a Monk of Chartres Gauterius the Chancellour Annas Comnenus Michâ—el Gâ—â—cas The Death of Baudry Bishop of Dâ—â— 1132 III. The Pope returns to Italy VIII XIV The Death of St. Hugh Bishop of Grenoble St. Bernard accompanies Innocent II. to Italy and by the way reconciles the Inhabitants of Genoua and Pisa and obliges 'em to declare for the Pope Albero who had succeeded another Albero in the Dignity of Primate of Mets when the latter was made Bishop of Liege is chosen Arch-bishop of Triers A Contest between the Abbey of Cluny and that of Cisteaux on occasion of a Privilege grantby Pope Innocent which exempted the Monks of Cisteaux from paying Tithes to the Abbey of Cluny Differences between Stephen Bishop of Paris and an Arch-Deacon of his Diocess who had unadvisedly Suspended his Arch-Deaconry from Divine Service with Stephen de Garlande his Adversary which is the Subject of the Letters written by that Bishop  Tâ—â—stin Arch-bishop of York The Death of Hildebert Archbishop of Tours 1133 IV. Lotharius re-establishes Pope Innocent in the See of Rome but this Prince is no sooner departed thence to return to Germany but the Anti-pope Anacletus constrains Innocent to retire a second time to Pâ—sa Roger Duke of Sicily upon the Sollicitation of Anacletus who had given him the Title of King in vain endeavours to with-draw the Inhabitants of Pisa from their Obedience to the Pope IX Lotharius is crown'd Emperor at Rome by Pope Innocent XV. The Pope ratifies the Immunities and Donations made to the Church of Pistoia in Tuscany He likewise confirms the Right of Superiority of the Archbishop of Hamburg over the Bishops of Denmark Sweden and Norway Thomas Prior of St. Victor is kill'd near Gournay by the Relations of Theobald Arch-Deacon of Paris as he was returning with Stephen Bishop of Paris from the the Abbey of Chelles where they they went to reform some Abuses This Bishop Pronounces a Sentence of Excommunication against those Murderers and retires to Clairvaux Archembald Sub-Dean of Orleans is likewise Assassinated at the instigation of John Arch-Deacon of St. Croix of the same City Robert Pullus who had pass'd from France to England in the Year 1130. and had since obtain'd the Arch-Deaconry of Rochester re-establishes the Universitiy of Oxford A Council at Joarre which Excommunicates the Assassins of Thomes Prior of St. Victor at Paris and of Archembaldâ—â— Sub-Dean of Orleans and all those that entertain'd ' em The Pope confirms this Sentence and adds in a Letter that Divine Service should cease to be celebrated in all those places where these Assassins were present and that those Ecclesiastical Persons that were abetters to these Murders should be depriv'd of their Benefices  1134 V. X. A Treaty of Peace concluded between Lotharius and Conrad by the Mediation of St. Bernard XVI St. Bernard after the breaking up of the Council of Pisa is sent to Milan to reconcile the Milaneses with the Church of Rome He is accompanied with 2 CardinalLegates Guy Bishop of Pisa and Matthew Bishop of Albano as also with Geffrey Bishop of Chartres A Council at Pisa held by the Pope against the Anti-pope Anacletus Hugh of St. Victor The Death of St. Norbert Founder of the Order of Premontré The Death of Stephen Harding Abbot of Cisteaux 1135 VI. Roger Duke of Sicily takes
Mary which those Canons had lately introduc'd Petrus Abaclardus about the same time composes his Apology Philip a Monk of Clairvaux Samson Arch-bishop of Rheims Robert Pullus William of Malmesbury Hugo Metellus Thomas de Maurigny Bernard a Monk of Cluny Ulgerus Bishop of Anger 's Antonius Melissus Waselinus Momalius The Death of Turstin Arch-bishop of York The Death of Ulric Bishop of Constance 1141 XII III. The King of France maintains a cruel War against Thobald Count of Champagne for having detain'd the Archbishop of Bourges in his Territories XXIII Albericus Archbishop of Bourges being dead Peter de la Châtre is chosen in his place and Consecrated by the Pope but the King of France refusing to admit him his Kingdom is suspended from Divine Service by the Pope who afterwards takes off the Suspension the King having acknowledg'd this Archbishop Arnold Arch-Deacon of Sees is chosen Bishop of Lisieux Gillebert de la Porrée is ordain'd Bishop of Poitiers   1142 XIII IV. XXIV The Death of Fulk King of Jerusalem Melisinda his Wife obtains the Administration of the Government during the Minority of her Son Cardinal Yves who was sometime a Regular Canon of St. Victor at Paris is sent to France by the Pope there to pronounce a Sentence of Excommunication against Radulphus Count of Vermandois who had divorc'd Petronilla the Sister of the Count de Champagne his Wife in order to Marry the Duke of Aquitaine's Daughter The Bishops Bartholomew of Laon Simon of Noyon and Peter of Senlis the promoters of this Divorce are suspended ab Officio Bernard who of Prior of Portes had been made Bishop of Belley leaves that Bishoprick to return to his Monastery  Hugh of St. Victor dies February 11. The Death of Petrus Abaclardus 1143 The Death of Pope Innocent September 24th CELESTIN II. is substituted in his place the same Day I. V. The Death of John Comnenus in the Month of April MANUEL COMNENUS succeeds him I. Yvo Bishop of Frascati is sent into England in Quality of the Pope's Legate The Death of John Bishop of Sées who has for his Successor Girard a Regular Canon The latter cannot peaceably enjoy this Bishoprick by reason that he endeavour'd to introduce into his Church Secular Canons in the place of the Regular who were in possession of it  The Death of William of Somerset a Monk of Malmesbury 1144 I. The Death of Celestin II. March 8th LUCIUS II. is chosen in his place a few days after He makes a Truce with Roger King of Sicily and implores the Assistance of the Emperor Conrad against the People of Rome who had revolted from him and proceeded to the Election of one Patricius VI. A Treaty of Peace concluded between the K. of France and the Count of Campagne by the Mediation of St. Bernard II. Pope Lucius confirms the Primacy of the Church of Toledo above all the others of Spain He grants a Privilege to the Abbey of Cluny and renders the Monastery of St. Sabas subject to that Abbey Robert Pullus who had been invited to Rome by Pope Innocent II. is made Cardinal and Chancellor of the Church of Rome by Lucius II. Hugh Abbot of Pontingy succeeds Henry in the Archbishoprick of Sens. Amedeus Abbot of Haute-Combe is ordain'd Bishop of Lausanna  Amedeus Bishop of Lansanna Potho a Monk of Prom. Henry Bishop of Troyes Herman Abbot of St. Martin at Tournay Archardus a Monk of Clairvaux 1145 II. Lucius dies February 25th EUGENIUS III. is chosen in his place and Consecrated March 4. I. VII III. Pope Eugenius exhorts the Christians to the Crusade confirms the Privileges granted upon that account by Urban II. and orders St. Bernard to Preach up the Crusade throughout all Christendom Thierry Abbot of St. Eloy at Noyon is Consecrated Bishop of Amiens by Samson Archbishop of Rheims St. John Bishop of Valence being dead Oribert Prior of La Chaise-Dieu is Elected in his place   1146 II. The Heretick Arnold of Brescia returning to Italy causes the Inhabitants of Rome to revolt against the Pope who is forced to retire into France VIII Lewes the Young King of France causes himself to be crown'd at Bourges on the Festival of Christmass before he undertakes his Voyage to the Holy Land IV. The Pope re-establishes the Bishoprick of Tournay which for above 500 Years had been United to that of Noyon and constitutes Anselm Abbot of St. Vincent of Laon Bishop of that Diocess Helias Bishop of Orleans resigns his Bishoprick according to the Advice of St. Bernard Serlo a Monk of Cerisy is chosen Abbot of Savigny It was the Custom of the Kings of France to cause themselves to be crown'd on the principal Festivals of the Year and conformably to this Custom Samson Arch-bishop of Rheims having perform'd the Ceremony of the Coronation of King Lewes at Bourges to the prejudice of the Archbishop of that City Peter de la Châtre who alledg'd that this Right apparently belong'd to him in his own Church He is depriv'd of the Use of the Pall by Pope Eugenius to whom the Archbishop of Bourges had made his Complaint A certain Monk named Radulphus Preaches to the All es engag'd in the Crusade that before their departure for the Holy Land they ought to destroy all the Jews as being greater Enemies to Jesus Christ than the Mahometans St. Bernard Preaches up the Crusade but Admonishes the Christians of France and Bavaria not to suffer the Jews to be put to death nor so much as to be persecuted A Council at Chartres held the third Sunday after Easter in which St. Bernard is chosen Chief of the Crusade for the Expedition at the Holy Land Nicolas a Moci Chaâ—vaux Simeon of Daâ—â—â—â— Gauterius 〈◊〉 Mauritania 〈◊〉 shop of Lam. Wolbero 〈◊〉 or of St. Paâ—â—â— leon at Colen 1147 III. The Pope being arriv'd in France is magnificently entertain'd at Paris by the King IX The Emperor Courad marches into the Levant with an Army for the relief of the Holy Land The King of France follows him soon after with another Army upon the same design V. The Examination of the Doctrine of Gillebert de la Porrée Bishop of Poitiers is begun in the Pope's Presence in the Councils of Auxerre and Paris and the Determination of that Affair is referr'd to a Council appointed to be held at Rheims the next Year Otho Bishop of Frisinghen accompanies the Emperor Conrad in his Expedition to the Holy Land Arnold Bishop of Lisieux in like manner accompanies the King of France into the Levant Suger Abbot of St. Denis and Regent of the Kingdom establishes Regular Canons in the Abbey of St. Genevieve in the place of the Monks that resided there St. Bernard takes a Journey to Guienne with Albericus Cardinal Bishop of Ostia the Pope's Legate and Geffrey Bishop of Chartres He there impugns the Errors of the Heretick Henry and confutes 'em by his Preaching and a great number of Miracles This Heretick endeavouring to
make his escape is seiz'd and convey'd laden with Fetters to Thoulouse and deliver'd into the Bishop's Custody The Abbey of Baume is chang'd into a Priory by the Pope by reason of the contempt that the Monks of that Abbey had shewn of the Authority of the See of Rome nevertheless this Title is restor'd some time after A Council at Etampes held on Septuagesima-Sunday concerning the Expedition of the Holy Land and the Regency of the Kingdom of France which is given to Suger Abbot of St. Denis A Council at Auxerre held in the beginning of the Year A Council at Paris held on the Festival of Easter The Death of Waselinus Momalius Prior of St. Laurence at Liege 1148 IV. The Pope after having held several Councils in France returns to Italy X. VI. Lucas Chrysobergius according to some Writers is advanc'd this Year to the Patriarchate of Constantinople but as others will have it not till An. 1155. Eon de l'Etoile a Visionary Heretick is brought before Pope Eugenius in the Council at Rheims who condemns him to close Confinement so that he dies in Prison a little while after Gillebert de la Porrée being convicted by St. Bernard in that Council retracts his Errors The Pope performs the Ceremony of the Dedication of the Church of Toul He writes to St. Hildegarda Abbess of Mount St. Robert commending her Spirit of Prophecy St. Malachy who undertook a second Journey to Rome in order to obtain the Pall of the Pope dies by the way at Clairvaux November the 2d A Council at Rheims held in the Month of March against Gillebert de la Porrée Bishop of Poitiers A Council at Triers held in the presence of Pope Eugenius which approves the writings of St. Hildegarda  1149 V. XI The King of France returning from the Holy Land invests Henry the Son of Mathilda Countess of Anjou with the Dutchy of Nomandy VII Henry the Brother of the King of France and Monk of Clairvaux is made Bishop of Beauvais Gilbert Foliot Abbot of Leicester in England is ordain'd Bishop of Hereford  St. Bernard writes his first Book Of Consideration The Death of Amedeus Bishop of Lausanna 1150 VI. Eugenius after his return to Italy having sustain'd many shocks at last makes himself Mafter of St. Peter's Church XII Lewes the Young King of France divorces his Wife Eleonor the Daughter of William Duke of Guienne whom he had marry'd in 1137. VIII Hugh Abbot of Trois-Fontaines in Champagne is created Cardinal Bishop of Ostia Henry and Roland Monks of Clairvaux are likewise made Cardinals at the same Promotion Philip Arch-Deacon of Paris the Son of King Lewes the Gross is chosen Bishop of that City but he resigns this Bishoprick to Peter Lombard sir-nam'd Master of the Sentences Godeschalcus Abbot of St. Martin succeeds Alvisius in the Bishoprick of Arras Philip who had been depos'd from the Bishoprick of Taranto A. 1139. and who had afterward retir'd to Clairvaux there to take the habit of a Monk is made Prior of the same Monastery by St. Bernard John a Monk of the Isle of Oxia is advanc'd to the Patriarchate of tioch this Year Peter de Celles is made Abbot of Celles in the same Year  St. Bernard writes his second Book Of Consideration and sends it to Pope Eugenius Arsenius a Monk of Mount Athos makes his Collection of the Canons Otho Bishop of Frisinghen Serlo Abbot of Savigny Lucius Abbot of St. Cornelius Bartholomew de Foigny Bishop of Laon. Peter Lombard Bishop of Paris Falco Henry Arch-Deacon of Huntington Hugh Cardinal Bishop of Ostia Constantinus Manasses Constantinus Harmenopulus Robert Pullus Cardinal dies this Year The Death of William Abbot of St. Thierry in the same Year 1151 VII XIII IX The Pope confirms the Rights and Privileges of the Church of Colen Jourdain des Ursins Cardinal is sent Legate into Germany St. Bernard wrote his 190th Letter against this Prelate Geffrey Arthur Arch-Deacon of St. Asaph is ordain'd Bishop of the the same Church Bartholomew Bishop of Laon after having govern'd his Church 38 Years retires to the Abbey of Foigny and there turns Monk Gauterius Abbot of St. Martin at Laon succeeds him in that Bishoprick but he leaves it three Years after and becomes a Monk at Premontré Turoldus is chosen Abbot of Trois-Fontaines in the room of Hugh made Cardinal in the preceding Year The Death of Hugh who of Abbot of Pontigny had been ordain'd Bishop of Auxerre Whereupon many Contests arise about the Succession to that Bishoprick A Council at Beaugency held on the Festival of Easter which approves the Divorce between the King of France and his Wife Eleonor by reason of their being too near of kin Gratian compleats his Collection of Canons John Patriarch of Antioch Germanus Patriarch of Constantinople Andronicus Camaterius George Arch-bishop of Corfu Lucas Câ—rysobergius Patriarch of Constantinople Robert Arch-Deacon of Ostrevant Theobaldus a Monk of St. Peter at Beze Gauterius Canon of Terouane Herbert a Monk Haimo Arch-Deacon of Châlons Herman a converted Jew of Colen Nicetas Constantinopolitanus Teulfus a Monk of Morigny 1132 VIII The Death of Conrad FREDERICK I. succeeds him I. Stephen K. of England being deceas'd the Kingdom returns to Henry II. Duke of Normandy X. Odo Abbot of St. Cornelius at Compeigne is chosen Abbot of St. Denis in the place of Suger The Pope orders the Bishop of Saintes to permit a new Church to be built at Rochel He confâ—… the Primacy of â—â—â—â—do and enjoyns the Bishops of Spain to acknowledge it He likewise ratifies the Constitutions and Privileges of the Cistercian Order  The Death of Suger Abbot of St. Denis January 15. St. Bernard finishes his other Books Of Consideration John Monk of Marmoutier Alexander Abbot in Sicily Radulphus Niger Monk of St. Germer St. Elizabeth Abbess of Schonaw St. Aâ—â—â—ed Abbot of Reverby 1153 IX Eugenius dies July 8th at Tivoli ANASTASIUS IV. is chosen in his place two days after I. II. XI Pope Eugenius grants by a Bull to the Canons of St Peter at Rome the fourth part of all the Offerings that were made in that Church Alanus a Native of Burg de Reninghen near Ypres in Flanders and Abbot of Larivoir is ordain'd Bishop of Auxerre Henry Archbishop of York being dead this Year William his Competitor who had been Chosen and Consecrated Archbishop of that Church in 1140. but before whom Henry was preferr'd by Pope Innocent takes a Journey to Rome where he obtains of Pope Anastasius the confirmation of his Archiepiscopal Dignity and the Pall. However he does not long enjoy this Archbishoprick dying in the next Year The Cardinals Bernard and Gregory the Pope's Legates in Germany depose Hâ—â—â—y Archbishop of Mentz Robert Abbot of Dunes succeeds St. Bernard in the Abbey of Clairvaux  The Death of St. Bernard August 〈◊〉 1154 II. Anastasius dies Decemb. 4th having for his Successor ADRIAN IV. Reign of Henry II. his Successor according to the truest Opinion III. The
Death of Stephen K of England and the beginning of the XII Gauterius of Mauritania is ordain'd Bishop of Laon in the place of another Gauterius the Successor of Bartholomew of Foigny Pope Anastasius confirms the Statutes of the Regular Canons of St. John at Lateran takes into the Protection of the See of Rome the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem and ratifies their Privileges  The Death of Gillebert de la Pâ—… Bishop of Poitiers 1155 I. Arnold of Brescia excites Commotions in Rome against Pope Adrian who suspends the City from Divine Service till the Romans should expel that Heretick and his Followers These last are forc'd to escape by flight to Otricoli in Tosâ—any where they are well receiv'd by the People But some time after Arnold of Brescia is taken Prisoner and deliver'd up to the Prefect of Rome who causes him to be burnt and his Ashes to be cast into the River Tiber lest the People shou'd shew any honour to his Relicks The Pope pronounces Anathema against William King of Sicily who had refus'd to receive his Letters because he did not give him the Title of King and had taken possession of some Territories belonging to the Patrimony of the Church of Rome IV. Frederick is crown'd Emperor at Rome by the Pope XIII The Contest that arose An. 1132. between the Abbey of Cluny and that of Cisteaux as to the Affair of Tithes is at last terminated by an Accommodation  Basil of Acris Archbishop of Thessalonica returns an Answer to the Letter which was writ to him by Pope Adrian to induce him to be reconcil'd to the Latin Church 1156 II. The Pope concludes a Treaty of Peace with William King of Sicily and grants him the Title of King of both Sicilies V. The Emperor being offended at the Letter which the Pope had writ to him drives the two Legates who brought it out of his Dominions forbids all his Subjects to take any Journeys to Rome and sets Guards upon the Frontiers to hinder the passage of those that shou'd attempt to enter XIV A Difference arising between Adrian IV. and Frederick concerning the Terms of a Letter writ by this Pope to the Emperor which imported that Adrian had conferr'd upon that Prince the notable Favour of the Imperial Crown The Pope is oblig'd to give another Explication of the Terms of his Letter to afford satisfaction to the Emperor but takes an occasion to complain that Frederick had prefix'd his own Name before that of the Pope in one of his Letters that he exacted Fealty and Homage of the Bishops that he refus'd to receive his Legates and that he prohibited his Subjects to go to Rome Otho Bishop of Frisinghen quits his Bishoprick and retires to the Abbey of Morimond where he liv'd a Monk before his advancement to the Episcopal Dignity and dies there in the Month of September in the same Year Philip formerly Bishop of Taranto and afterwards Prior of Clairvaux is constituted Abot of Aumône of the Cistercian Order  Hugh of Poitiers a Monk of Vezelay begins to write his History of that Monastery The Death of Peter the Venerable Abbot of Cluny on christmass-Christmass-day 1157 III. VI. XV.   The Death of Luke Abbot of St. Cornelius 1158 IV. VII XVI Thomas Becket is made Lord Chancellor of England by King Henry II. The Reformation of the Regular Canons of St. Victor at Paris is establish'd in the Monastery of St. Everte at Orleans by Roger its first Abbot   1159 V The Death of Adrian The greatest part of the Cardinals chuse ALEXANDER III. Octavian is Elected Anti-pope by others and maintain'd by the Emperor He takes the Name of Victor III. VIII The Emperor being present at the Siege of Cremona the two Competitors for the Papal Dignity present themselves before him to be supported He appoints 'em to come to Pavia there to be judg'd by a Council XVII    1160 I. Alexander who refus'd to appear in the Council of Pavia having been inform'd of what was there transacted against him excommunates the Empereror Frederick IX XVIII Thirty Persons the Followers of Arnold of Brescia call'd Publicans having taken a resolution to pass into England to divulge their Doctrine are there seiz'd on publickly whipt stigmatiz'd with a hot Iron on their Fore-heads harrass'd and at last starv'd to death with hunger and cold Arnold Bishop of Lisieux is sent Legate into England A Council at Pavia held in the Month of February which declares the Election of Alexander to be void and Excommucates him with his Adherents but confirms that of Victor A Council at Oxford in which the Publicans or Vaudois are convicted and condemn'd Hugh a Monk of Cluny Hugh Arch-bishop of Roan Michael of Thessalonica condemn'd for the Heresy of the Bogomiles retracts his Errors and makes a Confession of his Faith Philip Bishop of Taranto Odo de Deuil Gilbert Abbot of Hoiland 1161 II. X. Lewes the Young King of France marries Adella or Alix Daughter of Theobald Count of Champagne who died in 1152. XIX Alanus abdicates his Bishoprick at Auxerre and retires to Clairvaux The Kings of Denmark Norway Hungary and Bohemia as also six Archbishops twenty Bishops and many Abbots write as 't is reported Letters by way of excuse to the Assembly at Lodi by which they own Victor as lawful Pope The Death of Theobald Archbishop of Canterbury He has for his Successor in that Archbishoprick Thomas Becket Chancellor of England who is Consecrated on Whit-Sunday Dr. Gilbert Foliot is translated from the Bishoprick of Hereford to that of London An Assembly at New-Market in the Month of July in which the Election of Alexander III. is declar'd Legitimate and that of Victor Illegal An Assembly at Beauvais at the same time which passes alike Judgment with that of New-Market in favour of Pope Alexander An Assembly of the Prelates of England and France in which both Kings assisted where were present the Legates of Alex-and Victor and Deputies from the Emperor Frederick Alexander is there own'd as lawful Pope and Victor Excommunicated with his Adherents An Assembly at Lodi held June 20. in the presence of the Emperor Frederick which confirms what was transacted in that of Pavia the preceding Year in favour of Victor Peter de Roy a Monk of Clairvaux Enervinus Provost of Stemfeld Ecbert Abbot of St. Florin Bonacursius Ebrard de Bethune Michael of Thessalonica Odo a Regular Canon 1162 III. The Pope who had fled for Refuge to the Territories of William K. of Sioily waiting for a favourable opportunity to pass into France arrives there at last on the Festival of Easter and is receiv'd by the Kings of France and England who go before him upon the River Loire as far as Torey land to meet him and conduct him on the Road each holding one of the Reins of his Horse's Bridle XI An interview between the King of France and the Emperor at Avignon where the Anti-pope
Pope approves the Institution and the Constitution of the Carthusian Order   1177 XVIII An Interview between Pope Alexander and the Emperor Frederick at Venice in the Month of July where the Peace of the Church is establish'd By virtue of this Treaty William King of Sicily obtains a Truce of fifteen Years with the Emperor and the Lombards one of seven XXVI XXXV William of Champagne the Brother-in-law of the King of France is translated from the Archbishoprick of Sens to that of Rheims and made Cardinal Stephen of Tournay is translated from the Abbey of St. Everte at Orleans to that of St. Genevieve at Paris after the Death of the Abbot Aubert The Pope sends a Legate to a King of the Indies commonly call'd Prester John A Council at Venice held by the Pope September 16. in which the Peace is confirm'd and the Anathema renew'd against those that were not return'd to the Bosom of the Church  1178 XIX The Pope is re-call'd from Anagnia to Rome by the Clergy Senate and People of that City The Anti-pope Calixtus obtains Pardon upon his Prostration at the Pope's Feet XXVII XXXVI Escilus Archbishop of Lunden Primate and Legate of the See of Rome in Denmark and Sweden and Regent of both Kingdoms quits all these Dignities to turn Monk at Clairvaux where he dies four Years after Absalon succeeeds him in the Archbishoprick of Lunden Saxo Grammaticus Provost of Roschild is sent to Paris by Absalon Archbishop of Lunden to bring Monks of St. Genevieve into Denmark A great number of Dissenters from the Church of Rome are discover'd at Thoulouse who being branded with the odious Name of Hereticks are Excommunicated and Banish'd by the Pope's Legate with the assistance of some Bishops and who retire to the Country of Albigeois where Roger Count of Ally receives 'em favourably and makes use of 'em to detain the Bishop of his City Prisoner since that time these People were call'd Albigenses or Albigeois The Pope confirms the Rights â—nd Privileges of the Archbishop of Colen   1179 XX. XXVIII Lewes the Young King of France causes his Son Philip to be Anointed and Crown'd at Rheims XXXVII William Archbishop of Tyre assists in the Council of Lateran and draws up the Acts. The Albigeois or People of Alby are Condemn'd and Excommunicated in the General Council of Lateran which declares that they were call'd Cathari Parians and Publicans and that they had many other Names Laborant is made Cardinal John of Salisbury ordain'd Bishop of Chartres A III. General Council at Lateran begun March 2.  1180 XXI XXIX The Death of Lewes the Young King of France on the 10th or 20th Day of September His Son Philip Augustus succeeds him XXXIII Manuel Comnenus dies Octob. 6th ALEXIS COMNENUS succeeds him Arnold Bishop of Lisieux having incurr'd the displeasure of the King of England retires to the Monastery of St. Victor at Paris Peter Abbot of Cisteaux is ordain'd Bishop of Arras  John the Hermit writes this Year the Life of St. Bernard Thierry or Theodoricus a Monk in like manner composes his History in the same Year Richard Prior of Hagulstadt Stephen Bishop of Tournay The Death of St. Hildegarda Abbess of Mont St. Robert The Death of Philip de Harveng Abbot of Bonne Esperance The Death of Adamus Scotus a Regular Canon The Death of Nicolas a Monk of Clairvaux in the same Year 1181 XXII Alexander III. dies on the 27th day of August or on the 21. of September LUCIUS III. is chosen to supply his place XXX I. Henry Bishop of Alby having in quality of the Pope's Legate levy'd certain Troops marches into Gascogne to expel thence the People call'd Publicans who were Masters of a great number of Castles They make a shew to avoid the Storm of abjuring their Opinions but the Bishop being gone they live as before John de Bellemains is translated from the Bishoprick of Poitiers to the Archbishoprick of Narbonne and afterwards to that of Lyons Baldwin of Devonshire Abbot of Ferden is ordain'd Bishop of Winchester  The Death of Alanus at Clairvaux 1182 I. XXXI II. Peter de Celles Abbot of St. Remigius at Rheims install'd Bishop of Chartres in the place of John of Salisbury  Cardinal Laborant writes his Collection of Canons The Death of John of of Salisbury Bishop of Chartres The Death of Arnold Bishop of Lisieux August 31. 1183 II. XXXII Henry the Youngest of the three Sons of the King of England dies I. ANDRONICUS COMNENUS causes Alexis to be put to Death and Usurps the Imperial Throne Above seven thousand Albigeois are destroy'd in Berri by the Inhabitants of the Countrey   1184 III. XXXIII II.   A Council at Verona held in the presence of the Pope and the Emperor Frederick concerning the Execution of the Treaty of Peace concluded at Venice 1185 IV. Lucius III. dies at Verona Novemb. 25. URBAN III. succeeds him XXXIV III. ISAAC ANGELUS kills Andronicus and takes Possession of the Empire Contests arise between Pope Urban and the Emperor Frederick concerning certain Lands left by the Princess Mathilda to the Church of Rome about the Goods of Bishops after their Decease to which the Emperor laid claim as his Right and about the Taxes that were levy'd for the maintenance of Abbesses Baldwin of Devonshire is translated from the Bishoprick of Winchester to the Archbishoprick of Canterbury after the Death of Richard the Successor of Thomas Becket  Baldwin Arch-bishop of Canterbury Joannes Phocas a Greek Monk goes in Pilgrimage to the Holy Land and at his return writes a Relation of what he had seen and observ'd Petrus Comestor Peter of Blois Sylvester Girald Bishop of St. David 1186 I. The Pope being offended at a Letter sent by the Assembly of Geinlenbausen resolves to Excommunicate the Emperor but the Inhabitants of Verona entreat him not to publish this Excommunication in their City XXXV Henry the Son of the Emperor Frederick marries Constance the Daughter of Roger King of Sicily I. The Pope sends the Pall to Baldwin Arch-bishop of Canterbury St. Hugh Prior of the Carthusian Order is made Bishop of Lincoln An Assembly at Geinlenhausen in which a Resolution is taken to write to the Pope concerning the Rights claim'd by the Emperor Godfrey of Viterbio compleats his Universal History and Dedicates it to the Pope Hermengard John the Hermit Bernard Abbot of Fontcaud Joannes Cinnamus 1187 II. The Pope departing from Verona with a design to Excommunicate the Emperor dies October 17. before he cou'd effect it GREGORY VIII succeeds him the next day but dies two Months after December 16. XXXVI The Nativity of Lewes VIII King of France the Father of St. Lewes September 5th II. The City of Jerusalem is taken from the Christians October 2. 〈◊〉 Saladin King of Syria and Aegypt Thus at the end of 88 Years ends the Kingdom of Jerusalem A Circular Letter of Pope Gregory to all the Faithful exhorting them to the
the Pope acknowledges that the Kingdom of Sicily and Apuleia is a dependance on the Holy See and by which he had restored to the Church of Rome many Lands This Discourse being finished Thadaeus rose up and answer'd to all the Pope had advanced against his Master and in his turn accused the Pope of having done many things very injurious to him and produced some Letters of the Pope which shewed that he had not been as good to his promise as it became him and as for the Accusation of Heresy he reply'd That that Prince if he were there could easily justify himself in that but that they might judg he was a true Catholick by this that he would suffer no Usurers in his Kingdom which was says Matthew Paris A touch for the Court of Rome where ev'ry one knows there is store of this sort of Cattle He added that if his Master was in any Confederacy with the Sultan or any other Saracen Princes or if he suffered the Saracens to settle in his Dominions it was that he might make use of them in keeping under his rebellious Subjects choosing rather to expose their Persons than those of Christians and for the other thing that he had no Saracen Ladies for his Mistresses that indeed he suffered some of them in his Court but 't was for the diversion they gave him by their conversation but that he had sent them back again and that he would have no more for the future After he had done Thadaeus required time to give his Master notice and to desire him to come to the Council in person the Pope answered that he could not in wisdom allow any delay that he was afraid of some Plots which he had already narrowly escaped that if the Emperor came he must be gone that he was in danger of his life and that he did not much care for dying a Martyr or being clap'd up in Prison However the next day by the intercession of the English and French Deputies they gained five days Thadaeus having given his Master notice how things went in that Council that Prince saw plainly that the Pope was set upon it to condemn him and therefore thought it would not be wisdom in him to expose his Person in a Council that he knew were his Adversaries When the News came to Lions that Frederick would not come to Council his Enemies made triumph of it and his Friends so much discontented that they did not dare to favour his Interests openly insomuch that at the second Session of the Council which was eight days after the first one Apuleian and two Spanish Bishops made very violent Discourses against him particularly for daring to stop and imprison the Cardinals and other Prelates who were coming to assist at the Council call'd at Rome by Pope Gregory Thadaeus with a great deal of courage defended his Master and affirmed that he could not have done otherwise because that those Prelates were going to Rome to assist his Enemies in their design to depose him The Pope gave his Vote against the Emperor and this Session was wholly spent in disputes Before it rose Thadaeus demanded some longer time making them hope that Frederick himself would come The Pope put off the next Session for eight days and then being satisfied that the Emperor did not design to come the third Session was upon the appointed day They then treated of some other matters as of the means of recovering the Holy Land upon which the Pope order'd certain old Constitutions to be read and likewise confirmed all those Privileges and Rights that Emperors and Princes had granted to the Holy See The Deputies of the King of England made their complaints of the excessive Taxes that the Court of Rome raised in England and desired the Pope to take order about his Legate Martin who had taken upon him to dispose of the Benefices of that Kingdom to the Italians to the great prejudice of their Patrons and had tried a great many new devices which were very chargeable both to the Church and State He would not give them an Answer to this out of hand but put it off till another time that he might be more at leisure for Frederick's business At last Thadaeus seeing that the condemnation of the Emperor was resolved upon appeal'd in the name of this Prince to another Pope and a more General Council alledging that there were many Bishops and Deputies that were not come to the Council The Pope made answer that the Council was General enough that all the World was invited to it and that the Bishops and Princes that were absent were such as depended upon Frederick whom he would not permit to come to the Council and that consequently there was no regard to be had to the appeal of Thadaeus so as upon the account of it to forbear proceeding against the Emperor After he had made a Speech wherein he enlarged upon the friendship that had formerly been between that Prince and him and upon his rare Qualities he pronounced Sentence against him by which he deprived him of his Empire of all his Estates and all his Dignities This he afterwards put into form and made it be publickly read in the Council The substance of it was that ever since his first being raised to the Sovereign Dignity of Pope his chief business had been to reestablish the Peace of Christendom that upon this design he had sent some Cardinals to Frederick who was the Author and occasion of the War and who had been excommunicated by his Predecessor Pope Gregory with Proposals of an Accommodation and that he had by them remonstrated to him that for this he must begin with the setting all those Prelates and Ecclesiasticks and other Persons at liberty which he had taken in the Gallies of Genoa that at the same time he had assured him of his readiness to treat with him about a Peace and to hearken to any Proposals which he would please to make for the satisfaction of the Holy See in those things for which he had been excommunicated and that he had fairly offered to make reparation in case the Holy See had done him any injury that if he would stand it out that he had done no injury to the Church he would call an Assembly of the Kings Prelates and Ecclesiastical and Secular Princes to some free and safe place and willingly stand to their Determination and that if it should be the judgment of the Council that the Church had in any thing injured him he was as ready to repeal any thing that had been so acted against him as he was to receive satisfaction in case the Council should determin on the other side that Frederick would not at first hearken to any Propositions that at last he had sent the Earl of Tholouse Peter de Vignes and Thadaeus of Sessa to make Articles of Obedience and Submission and had promised with an Oath to make the Church satisfaction but that having so
set at Liberty A Council held in the Province of Narbonne against the Albigenses The Assembly of Northusa held in the Christ-mas Holy-Days William of Segnelay made Bishop of Auxerre Gautier of Coutances Arch-Bishop of Roan dies Nov. 16. 1208 XI III. Theodotus Lascaris causes a Patriarch of Constantinople Residing at Nice to be Elected Michael Autorianus is the first Philip kill'd at Bamberg Jun. 1. by Otho of Wilâ—â—pach Otho Duke of Saxony is Elected at Francfort King of Germany in his place I. Bruno causes Adolphus to be depos'd from the Arch-Bishoprick of Cologne and takes possession of it again Sifroy takes possession of the Arch-Bishoprick of Mentz after he had turn'd out Lupoldus who enjoy'd it till Philip's Death The Institution of the Order of St. Francis The Assembly of Paris wherein Gallo Cardinal Legate in France drew up several Orders Roderick Ximenes Advanc'd to the Arch-Bishoprick of Toledo 1209 XI IV. II. Otho Crown'd Emperor by Pope Innocent III. October 4. An Insurrection of the Peo of Rome against Otho The Memory of Ainaury condemn'd in the Council of Paris his Bones dug up and cast into the Common Sewer Several of his Disciples condemned also in that Council and afterwards burnt The Metaphysicks and Physicks of Aristotle newly brought from Constantinople and transtated into Latin are condemn'd to be burnt by the same Council which forbids the reading them under pain of Excommunication An Assembly of Wurtzburgh wherein the Pope's Legates approv'd of the Marriage to be contracted between Otho the Emperor and Philip's Daughter The Council of Montilly against Raymond Count of Toulouse The Council of Avignon Sept. 6. The Council of Paris  1210 XIII V. III. Otho Revenges himself of the Romans by Acts of Hostility which oblig'd the Pope to Excommunicate him and to declare him divested of the Empire in a Council ussembled at Rome  The Council of Rome against the Emperor Otho The Death of Gilbert Martin about this Year Arnold Abbot of Lubec Writes his Chronicon Vermerus Abbot of St. Blaise Peter de Vaux de Cernay William of Puilaurent Gervais of Tilbury Gautier Mapes Gilbert Alanus John Galle Bernard of Compostella These all Flourish'd 1211 XIV VI. Frederick II. Elected King of Germany I. The Pope causes the Sentence of Excommunication against the Emperor Otho to be Publish'd in Germany by Sifroy Arch-Bishop of Mentz The Institution of the Order of the Trinity or of the Redemption of Captives by John of Matha Dr. of Paris and by Felix Hermit of Valois approv'd by the Pope three Years after The Assembly of Nuremberg held about Pentecost Wherein the Emperor Otho declar'd War against the Count of Thuringa who had given shelter to the Arch-Bishop of Mentz Wilbrand of Oldemburgh writes his Itenery of the Holy Land 1211 XV. VII II. Frederick goes into Germany where he is very well receiv'd and makes great Progress against Otho  The Council of Paris Robert of Marian finishes his Chronicon 1213 XVI VIII III. Peter of Arragon kill'd September 10. His Son James I. Succeeds him  The Council of Lavaur against the Count of Toulouse and the Albigenses John of Oxford John of Fordeham Jocelin of Frakelonde John Gray Adam of Barkingen Hugh le Blanc Flourish'd 1214 XVII IX IV. Frederick Crown'd Emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle Otho is entirely routed July 15. at Bouvines by Philip Augustus King of France Alphonso King of Castile dies Octob. 〈◊〉 His Son Henry Succeeds him    1215 XVIII X. Theodorus Irenicus Coppas nominated Patriarch of Constantinople by the Greeks V. Simon Count of Montfort General of the Croisade against the Albigenses takes upon him the Name of Count of Toulouse that County being granted to him by the Council of Montpellier and the Pope The Decree of the Council of Montpellier which grants to Simon General of the Croisade against the Albigenses all the Territories of Raimond Count of Toulouse Favourer of those Hereticks with a Charge of receiving the Investiture of them from the King of France The Pope confirm'd this Decree yet reserving to the Count's Son some Demeans in Provence and 400 Marks a Year The Pope's Legate in reforming the University of Paris confirms the Prohibition of Reading Aristotle's Works but permitted the Teaching of his Logicks The Pope approves of the Order of Minor Friars which began this Year to be founded at Paris The Institution of the Order of St. Dominick The Council of Montpellier the beginning of this Year The Fourth General Lateran Council held in November Alexander Neckam is made Abbot of Exeter Conrad of Lichtenau is likewise made Abbot of Ursperg St. Francis of Assâ—sy William Deacon of Bourges then Flourish'd 1216 XIX Innocent III. dies July 16. two days after Honorius III. is Elected in his stead I. XI Henry Emperor of Constantinople dies June 10. Peter of Courtnay Count of Aâ—xerre who had marry'd his Daughter Jolanta is Elected in his stead I. VI. The Death of the Emperor Otho John King of England dies Oct. 17. Heâ—â—y III. his Son Succeeds him  The Council of Melun Anonymous Author of a Collection of the Decretals of Innocent III. 1217 II. II. Peter of Courtnay Crown'd Emperor of Constantinople by Pope Honorius III. in the Suburbs of Rome April 18. He is taken in his Journey to Constantinople by Theodorus Comnena Prince of Epirus His Wife Jolanta governs the Empire three Years VII Henry of Castile dies leaving his Sisâ—er Berengaria Queen of Leon his Heiress who gave the Kingdom to her Son Ferdinand who Succeeded his Father Alphonso in the Kingdom of Leon. The Dominicans are founded in Paris in the House of S. James from whence they were call'd Jacobines The Foundation of the Order of the Valley of Scholars in the Diocess of Langres approv'd by the Pope the Year ensuing  Matthew Paris enters into the Monastery of St. Albans 1218 III. I. Theodorus Comnena Prince of Epirus renounces the Schism of the Greeks and is reunited to the Latin Church VIII Simon of Montfort General of the Croisade against the Albigenses having laid Siege to Toulouse was kill'd in a Salley His Son Amaury Succeeds him in his Conquests The Franciscans obtain an House in Paris in which they are Establish'd  Ramond of Pemafort enters into the Order of Franciscans 1219 IV. II. IX The Franciscans go from France to establish themselves in England  Maurice made Bishop of Mans. 1220 V. III. Maximus made Patriarch of Constantinople at Nice X. Frederick Crown'd Emperor at Rome by Pope Honorius III.   William of Segnelay is translated to the Bishoprick of Paris Jourdain enters into the Order of the Dominicans Ricerus the Companion of S. Francis S. Anthony of Padua Henry of Kalva Abbot of Richenou Conrad Prior of Schur Eckethard Dean of S. Gal. William Monk of S. Denis These Flourish'd at this time 1221 VI. Robert Son of Peter of Courtnay declar'd Emperor of Constantinople I. Manuel Charitopulus succeeds Maximus in the Patriarchship of Constantinople
Kingdom made against Boniface Nogaret signified likewise that he would continue his Prosecution but Benedict having desired him by the Archbishop of Tolouse to proceed no further till he received fresh Orders from the King assuring him that he would remove this Scandal and re-establish the Union between the Church of Rome and the King of France he yielded to this Request and return'd into France to report this News and advised the King to send Ambassadors to the Pope furnished with sufficient Power to treat of this Accommodation He was joined with the other Ambassadors who were Bernard Lord of Mercoeuil William du Plessis and Peter de Belleperche but the Pope would never Treat with him His Holiness who earnestly desired Peace began with Absolving the King from the Censures he had incurred by a Bull of the 4th of April 1304. By another of the 17th of Revocation of the Bulls of Boniface VIII against France and the Colonni the same Month he revoked the Reservation which Boniface the Eighth had made to provide for all the Cathedral and Regular Churches in the Kingdom And by a Third of the 13th of May in the same Year he also gave Absolution to all Prelates Lords and other Officers who had hinder'd the King's Subjects from going to Rome and even those who had a hand in the taking of Boniface except William Nogaret He made void likewise all the Sentences and Bulls of Boniface by which he revoked the Privileges granted to the King of France and his Officers re-establish'd the Universities and in fine to extinguish intirely the whole Matter of Difference he revoked by other Bulls the Sentence given by Boniface against the Families of the Colonni and Montenigro and all their Adherents re-establish'd them to their former Condition excepting to the Dignities of Cardinal Benefices Goods confiscate and the Capacity of being advanced to the Papacy Notwithstanding all these Revocations the King's Agents insisted upon the calling of a Council and William Nogaret desired to be cleared or absolved at any rate But the Pope was so far from doing it that being at Perus he published on the 7th of June a thundring Bull wherein he declares Nogaret Excommunicate * Excommunication of Nogaret and his Assistants in taking of Boniface with all those who had assisted at the taking of Boniface and Summons them to appear before him to receive Judgment otherwise he declares that he shall proceed against them according to Law This was the last Bull of ‖ Death and Letters of Benedict XI Benedict for he died at Perusia the 8th of July following He left behind him divers Letters whereof some are mention'd by the Writers of the Annals of the Church After his Death the Holy see remain'd void for the space of three Months the Cardinals assembled at Perusia not coming to an Agreement about the Choice by reason of the Contests of two The Petitions of Nogaret and the French against the Memory of Boniface Factions of which the one was for France the other for Boniface Nogaret believing this Vacancy favour'd him with an Opportunity to do something towards his Justification passed two Acts the 7th of September before the Official of Paris One by which he sets himself against the Partisans and Adherents of Pope Boniface and Appeals to the next Council to the Church and to the next Pope to hinder the Cardinal's Electing for Pope any of that Party who are Excommunicated by the Canons The other contains his Protestations and his Excuses and a Declaration he makes that all he said against Boniface is true that he is well inform'd of it and though he demand Absolution ad cautelam he does not believe he is in any manner bound by this Pope Then he renews his old Accusations framed against Boniface and recites a History of all that pass'd as well under this Pope as under Benedict his Successor offers to justifie his Innocence before a General Council and even before the Holy See provided he may be Heard and be assured of the Safety of his Person because he cannot otherwise venture thither There are besides three other Acts of Nogaret of the same Nature and the Letters of Attorney which he gave to Bertrand d Aguassa to prosecute his Business in his Name before the Holy See and to demand safe Conduct that he might accuse the Memory of Boniface and justifie himself from the Robbing the Church Treasure which was laid to him and demand Absolution in case it were necessary The French and the Colonni did likewise make request to the King that the Process against Boniface might be hastened These latter making use of the Opportunity procured a re-establishment in their Estates and Dignities by a Decree of the People of Rome who condemned Peter Cajetan Boniface his Nephew to give Peter and James Colonni an Hundred Thousand * An Ancient Golden Coin anciently Cuâ—rant in France worth 2 S. sterling Florins of Gold or Lands of the same Value to recompence them for the Losses they had sustained made void and null all that had passed against them and ordered Poncellus Ursi to restore to the People of Rome the Town of Nepi which Sciarra Colonni had given them The Cardinals of the two Factions beginning to be weary of being confined to the Conclave The Election of Clement V. Cardinal du Prat Chief of the French Party conferred with Cardinal Francis Cajetan represented to him that they did great Injury to the Church by this delay and demanded if he had not some Expedient to bring Matters to an Agreement Cardinal Cajetan found out one That the Italian Party should chuse Three Ultramontane Archbishops and the other should chuse out of the Three One whom they pleased Forty Days after Cardinal du Prat having accepted of this Proposal Cardinal Cajetan named the Three Archbishops the first of which was Bertrand Got who had been heretofore Bishop of Comminges and was then Archbishop of Bourdeaux Born a Subject of the King of England at Villandreau in Bajodois and the King's Enemy Du Prat forthwith gave Advice hereof to Philip the Fair who wrote presently to this Archbishop and ordered him to meet him in a Wood near to St. John d' Angeli where he declared to him that 't was in his Power to make him Pope and that he would do it with a Proviso that he would Promise to do him Six Favours which he should demand of him The Arch-bishop threw himself at his Feet and said to him Sir Now I know that you love me and that you render me Good for Evil do you but Command and I will Obey The King raised him up embraced him and said thus to him The First is to reconcile me throughly with the Holy Church and to Pardon me the Mischief I may have done in causing Pope Boniface to be Arrested The Second is to restore me to the Communion of the Church and them that assisted me The Third to Grant me
de Columna It is credible that he did Compose a Book of that Title but there is no reason to believe it that which is printed in the Name of Aegidius About the same time flourished John of Paris an Englishman and Canon-Regular of S. Victor John of Paris a Canon-Regular at Paris who Composed an History Intituled Historical Memoirs or the Flowers of History to the Year 1322. which is found in a MSS. in the Library of S. Victor and in some Libraries in England particularly in Bennet-College Library Mr. Duchesne hath published some Fragments of it in the First Tome of the French Historians and Miraeus has put several Parts of it into his Chronicon Thomas Joisius or Joyce an Englishman a Monk of the Order of Friars-Preachers and a Thomas Joyce Cardinal Scholar of Albertus Magnus Confessor and Counsellor of State to King Edward and at last promoted to be a Cardinal by the Title of S. Sabina in the Year 1305. by Pope Clement V. died at Grenoble Decemb. 1310. as he was going in an Embassy to the Emperor Henry We have observed in the last Age that there are several Commentaries upon Holy Scripture printed under the Name of S. Thomas which belong to this Author Besides these there is a Work printed under his own Name Intituled Opus Aureum a Golden Work upon Seven Psalms C. 27. at Venice in 1611. and a Commentary upon S. Augustine De civitate Dei or the City of God printed at Tholouse 1488. Some other Commentaries upon the Holy Scripture and other Treatises are found with his Name in the Libraries of New-College Cod. 90. Magdalen-College Cod. 47. Merton Cod. 200. and Exeter-College Cod. 25. in Oxford and Pembroke Hall Cod. 46. Peter-House Cod. 87. 99. and the Publick Library Cod. 179. at Cambridge in England Joannes de S. Geminiano a Monk of the Order of the Friars-Preachers flourished in the beginning Joannes de S. Geminiano a Monk of this Age and gave himself particularly to Morality and Preaching His chief Work is The Summ of Examples and Comparisons printed at Venice in 1577 and 1582. at Antwerp in 1583 and 1599. at Lyons in 1585. and at Cologne 1670. He also Composed some Funeral Sermons printed at Lyons in 1510. and at Paris in 1511. and some Sermons upon Lent printed at Venice in 1584. and at Cologne in 1612. Altamura in his Biblioth Praedicat reckons up other Writings of his Jacobus de Benedictis a Native of Todi in Italy of a good Family being entred into the Jacobus de Benedictis Franciscan Order of S. Francis propounded it as a Design to himself to pass for a Fool and Madman in the Eyes of Men and make himself despised which he brought to pass by delivering several strange Revelations and by publickly reproving the Life of Pope Boniface who put him in Prison in the City of Praeneste where he died in the Year 1306. He cannot be accounted an Ecclesiastical Writer but upon the account of some Hymns both in Verse and Prose which he Composed in a very uncouth Stile divided into Seven Books which have been published by Francis Fresatus a Grey-Friar who caused them to be printed at Rome in 1558. and since at Venice 1617. Some attribute to him a Piece of Prose beginning with these words Stabat mater dolorosa and another Hymn De contemptu Mundi which begins thus Cur mundus militat sub variâ gloriâ Raderus hath inserted some Sentences and wholsom Admonitions attributed to this Author in his Viridarium Sanctorum Justus an Abbot of the Cistertian Order who flourished in the beginning of this Age is the Author Justus a Cistertian of a Sermon pronounced in an Assembly of his own Order printed by it self at Paris and in the 14th Tome of the Bibliotheca Patrum put out at Cologne Joannes Duns Surnamed Scotus and called commonly Doctor Subtilis or the Subtle Doctor Joannes Duns Scotus a Grey-Friar was the Author of a New Sect of Schoolmen and taught Principles different from those of S. Thomas which were followed by the Divines of the Order of Grey-Friars of which he was himself It is disputed whether he was an Englishman Scotchman or Irishman They who hold him to have been an Englishman say he was of Dunston in Northumberland but they who make him an Irishman lay the place of his Nativity at Down a City in Ulster in Ireland and they who will have him a Scotchman make him a Native of Duns a Village Eight Miles distant from the Confines of England He entred very young into the Convent of the Grey-Friars at Newcastle in England and attended his Studies at Oxford where he taught Divinity afterward He went into France in the beginning of the Fourteenth Age and read Lectures at Paris after he had taken his Degrees Some have written That he there maintained the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary in a Publick Conference and that he defended it so strongly that the University of Paris being convinced of it made an Order that all her Members should maintain that Doctrine and engaged them by Oath so to do But this is a false Story for it is evident that the Decree of the University was not made till the Year 1496. after the Meeting of the Council of Basil and besides Scotus did not propound the Opinion of the Immaculate Conception as the certain Doctrine of his time but with some doubt about it For after he hath put the Question in his Third Distinction upon the Thirteenth Book of the Sentences viz. Qu. 1. Whether the Virgin was conceived without Original Sin He answers in Three Propositions 1. That God could have caused her to be Born without Original Sin 2. That he could have caused that she should not continue in Original Sin one moment 3. That he could have caused that she should have remained in it for some time and then in the last instant of that time have purified her from it After he has proved these three Propositions he concludes That none but God can know which of these three Things are possible to be done that it seems nevertheless most probable to him that that which is most perfect be attributed to the Virgin provided that it be not contrary to the Authority of the Church nor Holy Scripture In this manner did Scotus propound his Sentiments of the Immaculate Conception From Paris he went to Cologne where he died a little after of the Falling Sickness or rather of an Apoplexy Nov. 8. 1308. in the 43d Year of his Age according to some but 34 according to others What some write concerning him that he was Buried in a Fit of the Falling Sickness and being recovered and come to himself had turned himself in his Grave is a Fable that hath His Works in Twelve Volumes no likelihood as Waddingus hath proved who hath published his Life and Works and printed them in Twelve Volumes at Lyons in 1639. The First Tome
or no he would resign up his Papal Dignity at such time as the Council should prescribe unto him But when the Cardinal refus'd to accept of this Proposal the Bishop of Ferden appeal'd in the Name of King Robert and signify'd in his Act of Appeal That it belong'd to the King of the Romans to call the Council and declar'd That since the Council of Pisa was assembled against his Will and without his Order it could Decree nothing against Gregory This Appeal he caus'd to be fix'd upon the Gates of the Church and then retir'd suddenly and secretly The 25th of March which was the Day appointed for the meeting of the Council being come it was open'd in the Cathedral of Pisa by the Cardinals of Palestrina Albano Ostia Puy Tuzi Saluces and St. Angelo of the Obedience of Benedict and by the Cardinals of Naples Aquileia The Council of Pisa. Colonna Ursini of Brancacio Ravenna Landi and St. Angelo who were of the Obedience of Gregory The Bishop of Meaux was present there in the Quality of Ambassador from the King of France and the Bishop of Gap in the Name of the King of Sicily with two Knights and a Secretary One Knight one Doctor and one Clergy-man were present from the King of England The Cardinals were plac'd on high Seats at the right Hand of the Entry into the Quire the Bishops and Abbots on both sides of the Nave of the Church and the Deputies of Chapters and Monasteries underneath them and the Ambassadors who were not Prelats and the Doctors in the Body of the Church The Processions the solemn Mass and other usual Prayers being ended two Cardinal-Deacons two Archbishops and two Bishops together with some Doctors and Notaries went by Order of the Council to the Gate of the Church and ask'd with a loud Voice Whether Peter de Luna and Angelus Corarius Competitors for the Papal Dignity were present or any one for them And no Person appearing they made their Report to the Council who nominated some Managers or Proctors in the Name of the Universal Church to plead enquire and do whatever should be necessary or expedient for the Extirpation of Schism against the two Competitors for the Pontificat and for the Union of the Church These Officers nam'd by the Council presently accused them and requir'd that they should be declar'd Contumacious in the Matter of Schism and of Faith and that they should be prouounc'd in Contempt They caus'd to be read the Acts by which the two Competitors had been summon'd and the Verbal Process of the Citation But the Council notwithstanding the Affair was now ripe put off any further Consulation about it until the next Session which was to be held to Morrow And then the Council caus'd them to be cited again as they were at first and when no Body appear'd for them they put off this Affair until the 30th of the next Month. When this Day was come the Competitors being call'd again and no Body appearing for them they were declar'd Contumacious in Matters of Faith and of Schism and the Sentence was pronounc'd against them by the Cardinal of Palestrina otherwise call'd of Poitiers with the unanimous Consent of the Fathers of the Council and the further Prosecution of this Affair was deferr'd till the 15th of April On this Day it was ordain'd That the Cardinal of Todi should be cited as adhering to Gregory and the Cardinals of St. Sabine St. Adrian St. Mary in via lata of Flisque and Challont as adhering to Benedict and that if the two Competitors and the Cardinals should not appear at this time they should proceed further against them The Cardinals of Milan and Bar who had been at the Assembly of Frankfort arriv'd in Pisa at this Session and brought with him ninety partly Archbishops and Bishops partly Abbots and Doctors who had not been present at the preceding Sessions The Ambassadors of Robert Duke of Bavaria Elect King of the Romans appear'd at the Fourth Session and proposed several Objections against the Authority of the Council and requir'd that it should be remov'd and assembled in another place at which Gregory offer'd to appear Their Reasons were demanded in Writing and Time was given them till the 24th of the same Month to bring in their Answer Charles Malatesta of Rimini made the same Demand of the Council on behalf of Gregory and propos'd more Difficulties Two Cardinals of each Obedience were deputed to confer with him who gave him to understand that he could not hope to obtain what he demanded and answer'd his Objections Notwithstanding this Remonstrance they went on with the Process and after they had ask'd at the Church-gate if any of the two Competitors were come they were declar'd anew to be Contumacious and the next Session was put off to the 24th In this Session the Advocate of the Council alledg'd all the Facts concerning the Schism from its first beginning and from thence prov'd the Collusion the erroneous Proceedings and the unworthiness of the two Competitors in 57 Articles and requir'd in the Name of the Proctor of the Council That the Assembly should declare that the Union of the two Colleges was lawful and just that the Cardinals had Power to appoint the General Council and that the City of Pisa was a fit Place for holding the Assembly That the Citations given to the two Competitors should be confirm'd and that they should be reputed Contumacious and their Favourers and Adherents should be depriv'd of all their Dignities Benefices and Offices and that it should be lawful for the Secular Judges to punish and chastise them in case they should oppose the Decree that was to pass against them and that Kings and Princes should be absolv'd from their Oaths and from any Obligation of Obedience to the two Competitors He added That altho' the Facts alledg'd against them were notorious yet he requir'd that the Council should name Commissioners to inform themselves more fully about them The Council from this Day declar'd that the College of Cardinals being united had Power to call the Council and that in the present Circumstances they had the Right to do it That this General Council representing the Church Universal was lawfully assembled and had Power to proceed to a Definitive Sentence That the number of Prelats now assembled was sufficient That the City of Pisa was a place very commodious That Peter de Luna and Angelus Corarius had been sufficiently summon'd and cited to the Council The Remainder was put off to the next Session which was appointed to be held on the last Day of March Some time after Simon de Craâ—aut Patriarch of Constantinople the Deputies of the Universities the Ambassadors of the Dukes of Brabant Holland and Liege those of the King of England * Viz. Robert Hallum Bishop of Salisbury Henry Chichely Bishop of St. Davids and the Prior of Canterbury who were chosen Ambassadors in a Synod held as London the beginning of
Quality they were Twenty Articles were made ready this Session and the rest in the next which was held the Day after After which the Advocate of the Council mounted into a Pulpit and required in the pain of the Proctors and Managers of the Council That all the Facts alledg'd might be declar'd notorious manifest and well prov'd and that now they might proceed further The Council deferr'd the Consultation about this Demand until the 25th of the Month which was appointed for the next Session in which they agreed with the Conclusions of the Advocate the Sentence about them was publish'd and the Power of the Commissioners was recall'd The next Session was put off to the 29th of May at which they were to declare the Day when they should give a Definitive Sentence The Council was then made up of 140 partly Cardinals partly Archbishops Bishops and Mitred Abbots of 26 Doctors of Divinity of 300 Doctors of Civil and Canon Law and of Ambassadors from the Kings of France England Jerusalem Cicily Cyprus Poland from the Dukes of Brabant Austria Bavaria from the Count of Cleves the Marquiss of Brandenburgh and Moravia from the Arch-bishops of Collen Mayence and Saltzburgh from the Bishop of Utrecht the Master of the Order of Prussia from the Patriarch of Aquileia and many Princes of Italy There were also Deputies present from the University of Paris On the 29th of May the 12th Session was held in which Peter Pluen Dr. of Divinity of the Faculty of Paris mounted into the Pulpit and made a Discourse wherein he proved by many Reasons That the Church was superior to the Pope and made it appear That Peter de Luna was an obstinate Schismatick and even a Heretick that he had fal'n from the Right of the Pontifical Dignity of which the Council should immediately deprive him He said That this was the Opinion not only of the University of Paris but also of the Universities of Angiers Orleans and Tholouse An Italian Bishop Ascended after him into the Pulpit and read the Opinion of 300 Doctors of the University of Bononia which agreed with that of the University of Paris In fine the Advocate of the Council demanded That a Day might be appointed for passing the Definitive Sentence against the two Competitors and required that it might be Wednesday next being the 5th of June and that in the mean time a Congregation should be held on Saturday next to hear new Depositions against the two Competitors This was granted him and on the 1st Day of June an Assembly was held wherein the Archbishop of Pisa repeated all the Articles and upon each of them he declar'd the number and Quality of the Witnesses that depos'd it and gave publick notice That all those who would see the Depositions entire might do it on Monday or Tuesday next in the Convent of the Carmelites where they should find Carmelites that would show them to any one that desir'd it In fine at the 14th Session which was held on Wednesday being the 5th of June the Advocate of the Council demanded That they would proceed to a Definitive Sentence against the two Competitors They were call'd for again several times at the Church-gate and seeing neither of them appear'd nor any Person for them the Council order'd That the Patriarch of Alexandria should publish the Definitive Sentence against them and in pursuance of this Order this Patriarch assisted by the Patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem pronounc'd with a loud Voice in the presence of the Assembly and the People who were now suffer'd to come into the Church the Definitive Sentence which was to this effect That this Holy General Council representing the whole Church to whom belong'd the Cognizance and Decision of this Cause having examin'd all Matters relating to the Union of the Church and the Schism between Peter de Luna call'd Benedict the 13th and Angelus Corarius otherwise call'd Gregory the 12th upon mature Deliberation have declar'd with an unanimous consent That all the Facts alledg'd against them by the Proctors of the Council are true and notorious and that the two Competitors are manifestly Schismaticks Favourers of Schism Hereticks guilty of Perjury and of the Violation of their Oaths that they give a Scandal to the whole Church by their manifest Obstinateness and Contumacy that they are unworthy of all Honour and Dignity and particularly of the Pontifical and that they are fal'n from it depriv'd of it and separate from the Church ipso facto That nevertheless the Church does now deprive them by this Definitive Sentence and forbids them to use the Title of Sovereign Pontiffs declares That the Church of Rome is vacant absolves all Christians from the Obedience which they may have promis'd them and forbids any Person to obey them to help or conceal them for the future Ordains That those who shall not obey this Sentence shall be punish'd by the Secular Powers declares all the Judgments or Sentences which they have given or shall give to be Null and Void as well as the Nominations of Cardinals which have been made by them some time ago viz. those of Angelus Corarius since the 3d of May and those of Peter de Luna since the 15th of June in the Year 1408. And lastly to the end That the Decrees made by the Competitors to the prejudice of Union may be Null'd and what concerns the Promotions they have made may be Regulated the Council appointed a Session on Monday next being the 10th of June On this Day the Archbishop of Pisa read an Instrument in Writing by which the Cardinals promis'd That whoever among them should be chosen Pope should continue the Council and not dissolve it nor suffer it to be dispers'd until it had made a Reformation of the Universal Church and of its present State both in the Head and the Members and that in case any one of the Cardinals that was absent should be chosen they should bind them by a Promise of sufficient Force and Validity to execute what they had before and did now at present approve viz. the Continuation of the Council during the vacancy of the See Nothing else was done in this Session and the Council was adjourn'd to Thursday the 13th of June In this a Writing was read by which the Council consented and ordain'd That the two Colleges of Cardinals should proceed according to the usual Forms to the Election of a Pope The next Day the Ambassadors from the King of Arragon and those of Peter de Luna presented themselves to the Council The former were heard and desir'd to be inform'd of what had pass'd in the Council and tho' they protested that they did not hear with a Design to approve their Actions yet Answer was made That Deputies should be nam'd to inform them But as to the Ambassadors of Peter de Luna they were answer'd that they came too late and that they were not to be heard Nevertheless out of respect to the King of Arragon it
Bishops who assisted at the Coronation of the young King and excommunicated or suspended for divers Causes a great part of the Prelates of the Kingdom The publication of that Sentence extremely exasperated the Minds of the Prelates and English Nobility The Arch-bishop upon his arrival met with divers Persons who attempted to take away his Life and he was no sooner at Canterbury but some of the King's Officers accompanied New Broils with Renulphus and three Clergy-men came according to the Order they had receiv'd from the Arch-bishop of York and two other Prelates to require him in his Majesty's Name to absolve all the Bishops who were suspended or excommunicated alledging That what he had done against them was prejudicial to the King himself ruin'd the Customs of the Kingdom and was contrary to the Tranquillity of the State They promis'd at the same time That when the Suffragan Bishops of the Metropolitan See of Canterbury were absolved they would readily submit to his Injunctions as far as they could do it without impairing the Dignity of the Crown The Arch-bishop reply'd That it did not lie in his power to repeal a Sentence passed by the Holy Apostolick See but they persisted in pressing him more earnestly and threaten'd that if he refus'd to do it the King would revenge the Indignity on the whole Church Thomas Becket proffer'd That if the excommunicated or suspended Bishops would take an Oath in his presence in due Form to submit to what he should think fit to ordain for the sake of Peace and upon account of the Respect that he bore to his Majesty he would do all that he could in their favour But they could by no means be persuaded to take such an Oath without informing the King of its purport nor to submit in such a manner to the Will and Pleasure of the Arch-bishop of Canterbury Then the three Prelates above-mention'd went to meet the King implor'd his Assistance and represented to him that the Arch-bishop of Canterbury had disturb'd the Peace of the Kingdom by his Arrival openly accusing him of Arrogancy and Tyranny The King being highly provoked by that Discourse said in a Passion That he was unfortunate in meeting with none that could take Vengeance of one single Prelate who created him more Trouble than all his other Subjects and endeavour'd by all manner of Means to make void his Royal Authority The letting fall of these Words gave occasion to four of his Courtiers to form a Conspiracy A Conspiracy against Thomas Becket and his Death against the Arch-bishop's Life For they immediately set out and being arriv'd in England shew'd him an Order from the King to absolve the excommunicated or suspended Bishops and to take an Oath of Allegeance But the Arch-bishop having refus'd it they took up Arms enter'd the Cathedral Church of Canterbury where he was Officiating and Assassinated him at the Altar one of the last days of the Year 1170. which was the 52 of his Age and the 9th since his promotion to the Metropolitan Dignity As soon as the News of that base Act was brought to King Henry he express'd a great deal of Trouble for his Death and sent Deputies to Rome to assure the Pope That he was by no means consenting to the Fact The Pope was transported with Grief and Indignation but the King's Deputies having depos'd upon Oath that their Master was not at all accessory to that Murder and that he was ready to clear himself by Oath his Holiness contented himself only to excommunicate the Assassins and their Accomplices and sent the Cardinals Theodin of St. Vitalis and Albert of St. Laurence to receive the King's Oath and to oblige him to give Satisfaction to the Church These two Legates being arriv'd in Normandy found the King altogether dispos'd to submit to every thing that the Church should enjoyn him He took an Oath upon the Holy Gospels That he neither commanded nor was desirous that the Arch-bishop of Canterbury should be kill'd and that he was more sensible of Grief at his Death than at that of the King his Father but he confess'd that he had been in some Measure the cause of it by reason of the Animosity which he so often express'd against his Person and that therefore he was ready to undergo such Penance as the Legates should think fit to impose on him The two Cardinals order'd him 1. To maintain 200 Soldiers during a whole Year for the defence of the Holy Land 2. To revoke all Customs and Ordinances introduc'd under his Reign to the prejudice of the Church and to reform by the Pope's advice such as were establish'd 3. To restore to the Church of Canterbury all its Revenues and Territories and to make the same restitution to all others that were pillaged 4. and lastly To deliver Spain from the Oppression of the Infidels in case it were requir'd by his Holiness They likewise privately enjoyn'd him Fasting Alms-giving and some other particular Penances The King accepted of all those Conditions with the Marks of an extraordinary Humility and the Legates gave him Absolution at the Church-door The young King took an Oath to observe the same things obliging himself that if his Father died without fulfilling his Penance to perform what was ordain'd in his stead Afterwards Thomas Becket was canoniz'd for a Saint A. D. 1173. and King Henry being The Canonization of Thomas Becket His Letters attack'd by his unnatural Son who rebell'd against him implor'd his Assistance going bare-footed to his Tomb as it were an humble Suppliant There are still extant Six Books of the Letters of this Prelate and of those that were written to him during his Troubles which were collected by John of Salisbury published by Christianus Lupus and printed at Bruxels in Quarto A. D. 1682. with a Relation of his Life taken out of four contemporary Authors viz. Herbert his Clerk William of Canterbury the Abbot Alanus and John of Salisbury The Life and Actions of that famous Man sufficiently shew his Character viz. That he was resolute of an undaunted Courage and inflexible to the highest degree and his Letters that he was eloquent had the Art of stirring up the Affections and was endu'd with pious and generous Principles CHAP. XI An Account of the Lives and Writings of the principal Authors who flourish'd in the Twelfth Century GEFFREY Abbot of VENDOME GEFFREY was a Native of Anger 's descended of a noble Family was educated by Geffrey Abbot of Vendome Garnier Arch-deacon of that City and enter'd very Young into the Monastery of Vendome which was founded A. D. 1050. by Godfrey Martel Count of Anger 's A little while after he was made Abbot in 1093. being as yet only a Deacon Ives of Chartres gave him the Benediction and exacted of him an acknowledgment that he should be subject to the Jurisdiction of the Bishop of Chartres However that Abbot soon repented of what he had done and caus'd himself to be freed