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a_o apology_n for_o the_o east-india_n company_n with_o a_o account_n of_o some_o large_a prerogative_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n ancient_o exercise_v and_o allow_v of_o in_o our_o law_n in_o relation_n to_o foreign_a trade_n and_o foreign_a part_n by_o w._n a._n barrister_n at_o law_n author_n of_o the_o first_o answer_n to_o the_o late_a chief_a justice_n herbert_n defence_n of_o the_o dispense_v power_n qui_fw-la judicium_fw-la fecerit_fw-la parte_fw-la inauditâ_fw-la alterâ_fw-la aequum_fw-la licet_fw-la statuerit_fw-la haud_fw-la aequus_fw-la est_fw-la judex_n london_n print_v for_o the_o author_n 1690._o a_o apology_n for_o the_o east-india_n company_n introduction_n the_o substance_n of_o what_o follow_v be_v intend_v to_o be_v speak_v by_o i_o before_o a_o committee_n of_o the_o late_a house_n of_o commons_o but_o my_o ancient_n at_o the_o bar_n think_v it_o better_a to_o rely_v upon_o the_o suppose_a defect_n of_o proof_n for_o the_o matter_n allege_v against_o the_o 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forfeiture_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o good_n with_o which_o they_o interlope_v and_o that_o according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o england_n as_o it_o have_v be_v take_v ever_o since_o foreign_a trade_n appear_v to_o have_v fall_v under_o its_o regard_n that_o the_o company_n be_v charter_n and_o proclamation_n thereupon_o prohibit_v interlope_v upon_o such_o penalty_n be_v not_o deny_v so_o that_o the_o only_a question_n here_o be_v what_o countenance_n such_o prohibition_n have_v in_o our_o law_n commerce_n object_n i_o meet_v with_o a_o objection_n in_o the_o beginning_n as_o if_o such_o a_o restraint_n be_v against_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n of_o which_o some_o suppose_v it_o to_o be_v a_o maxim_n that_o commerce_n ought_v to_o be_v free_a which_o be_v not_o imply_v in_o the_o public_a use_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o shores_n allow_v in_o the_o civil_a law_n to_o some_o purpose_n but_o 5._o be_v it_o so_o care_n must_v be_v take_v for_o such_o a_o interpretation_n that_o one_o maxim_n do_v not_o thwart_v another_o wherefore_o since_o according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n of_o those_o thing_n to_o which_o all_o have_v equal_a right_n special_a property_n be_v acquire_v by_o occupancy_n or_o premier_n seize_v the_o rule_n for_o liberty_n of_o commerce_n must_v be_v qualify_v so_o as_o not_o to_o prejudice_v that_o property_n which_o have_v be_v acquire_v and_o improve_v at_o the_o expense_n of_o other_o according_a to_o which_o in_o our_o law_n no_o man_n can_v use_v his_o own_o to_o the_o damage_n of_o his_o neighbour_n property_n first_o settle_v wherefore_o though_o we_o say_v cujus_fw-la est_fw-la solum_fw-la ejus_fw-la est_fw-la usque_fw-la ad_fw-la coelum_fw-la yet_o a_o man_n may_v not_o by_o building_n upon_o his_o own_o ground_n stop_v up_o his_o neighbour_n more_o ancient_a light_n nor_o yet_o can_v he_o use_v his_o own_o to_o the_o injury_n of_o the_o public_a and_o therefore_o can_v turn_v 199._o his_o land_n into_o a_o park_n chace_n or_o warren_n without_o licence_n from_o the_o king_n who_o be_v entrust_v for_o the_o public_a to_o see_v that_o all_o or_o a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o the_o land_n usual_o plough_v be_v keep_v in_o tillage_n but_o as_o to_o commerce_n there_o be_v no_o ground_n for_o the_o belief_n that_o it_o ought_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n to_o be_v absolute_o free_a either_o between_o nation_n and_o nation_n or_o for_o all_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o same_o nation_n for_o this_o we_o must_v judge_n either_o according_a to_o natural_a equity_n or_o the_o common_a practice_n of_o nation_n the_o first_o be_v certain_o against_o reap_v the_o benefit_n of_o another_o cost_n or_o labour_n and_o the_o practice_n of_o nation_n agree_v with_o it_o impose_v tax_n upon_o good_n import_v or_o export_v and_o prohibit_v person_n and_o merchandize_n as_o they_o see_v cause_n and_o thus_o it_o be_v with_o the_o ancient_a roman_n who_o have_v their_o comites_fw-la commerciorum_fw-la 40._o supervisor_n of_o commerce_n who_o be_v to_o see_v that_o none_o trade_v beyond_o the_o bound_n or_o with_o other_o merchandize_n than_o be_v allow_v by_o the_o government_n and_o what_o freedom_n of_o trade_n soever_o may_v be_v allowable_a where_o it_o depend_v only_o upon_o a_o liberty_n grant_v by_o one_o prince_n to_o the_o subject_n of_o another_o all_o stand_n in_o equal_a capacity_n as_o subject_n yet_o where_o the_o circumstance_n be_v such_o that_o the_o trade_n must_v be_v maintain_v by_o garrison_n and_o arm_a force_n send_v by_o the_o trader_n there_o can_v be_v no_o reason_n for_o other_o to_o have_v any_o liberty_n till_o they_o have_v allow_v their_o proportion_n of_o the_o charge_n nor_o monopoly_n can_v this_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o monopoly_n odious_a in_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o law_n till_o it_o be_v prove_v to_o be_v a_o restraint_n of_o such_o trade_n as_o other_o be_v entitle_v to_o by_o law_n but_o to_o come_v to_o those_o plain_a authority_n in_o law_n which_o support_v the_o company_n charter_n it_o will_v appear_v person_n first_o that_o at_o common_a law_n the_o king_n may_v prohibit_v any_o person_n or_o person_n from_o go_v beyond_o sea_n and_o be_v judge_n of_o the_o ground_n the_o ne_fw-fr exeat_fw-la regnum_fw-la be_v serve_v only_o upon_o particular_a person_n but_o fitz-herbert_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o subject_n may_v be_v prohibit_v by_o proclamation_n as_o well_o as_o by_o writ_n and_o the_o regum_fw-la reason_n give_v extend_v to_o all_o because_o every_o one_o be_v bind_v to_o defend_v the_o king_n and_o his_o realm_n wherefore_o this_o be_v right_o explain_v in_o dyer_n where_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v agree_v by_o fitz-herbert_n that_o the_o â—_o king_n may_v by_o his_o general_n proclamation_n or_o special_a prohibition_n restrain_v his_o subject_n from_o go_v beyond_o sea_n there_o be_v indeed_o a_o query_n put_v upon_o the_o suggestion_n in_o the_o writ_n which_o in_o dyer_n be_v think_v
not_o to_o be_v traversable_a 2_o the_o statute_n which_o except_v notable_a merchant_n from_o need_n of_o licence_n to_o go_v beyond_o sea_n 1._o give_v no_o power_n against_o a_o prohibition_n nor_o 2._o be_v any_o merchant_n notable_a in_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o law_n but_o those_o of_o the_o staple_n which_o at_o the_o beginning_n be_v only_a foreigner_n as_o appear_v not_o only_o by_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la 3._o which_o provide_v for_o no_o other_o merchant_n but_o more_o particular_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o staple_n which_o prohibit_v english_a irish_a and_o welsh_z from_o carrying_z staple_n commodity_n out_o of_o the_o realm_n prerog_n this_o the_o king_n have_v dispense_v with_o but_o our_o merchant_n denizen_n not_o think_v that_o sufficient_a warrant_n obtain_v a_o act_n 34_o ed._n 3._o to_o give_v they_o the_o same_o liberty_n with_o foreigner_n which_o be_v a_o manifest_a departure_n from_o the_o ancient_a policy_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o bring_v foreign_a merchant_n with_o their_o money_n hither_o other_o second_o the_o king_n may_v at_o common_a law_n erect_v society_n or_o company_n for_o the_o maintenance_n enlargement_n or_o order_v of_o any_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n and_o none_o to_o have_v liberty_n to_o trade_n in_o such_o commodity_n or_o to_o such_o part_n as_o be_v limit_v but_o those_o that_o be_v free_a of_o such_o society_n or_o license_v by_o 3._o they_o this_o appear_v in_o the_o statute_n of_o monopoly_n which_o except_v such_o company_n out_o of_o that_o law_n and_o the_o east-india_n company_n have_v existence_n then_o be_v manifest_o within_o the_o exception_n this_o power_n of_o erect_v such_o society_n exclusive_a 6._o of_o other_o appear_v more_o ancient_o 12_o h._n 7._o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n of_o several_a part_n of_o england_n petition_v the_o king_n in_o parliament_n set_v forth_o the_o liberty_n they_o have_v to_o trade_n to_o many_o place_n in_o league_n and_o amity_n with_o the_o king_n but_o that_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n of_o london_n exact_v of_o they_o 40_o l._n fine_a for_o liberty_n to_o buy_v and_o sell_v at_o the_o mart_n the_o act_n give_v they_o free_a passage_n resort_v course_n and_o recourse_n to_o the_o mart_n in_o flanders_n holland_n zealand_n brabant_n and_o the_o place_n adjoin_v thereto_o pay_v only_o ten_o mark_n to_o the_o company_n this_o give_v no_o large_a liberty_n only_o lessen_v the_o payment_n for_o it_o and_o but_o to_o such_o place_n as_o be_v specify_v in_o the_o act._n 4._o the_o case_n of_o the_o tailor_n of_o ipswich_n and_o other_o of_o the_o like_a nature_n wherein_o restraint_n of_o trade_n by_o the_o by-law_n of_o company_n have_v be_v condemn_v come_v not_o within_o this_o for_o 1._o they_o be_v of_o inland_a trade_n 2._o in_o that_o case_n no_o man_n be_v to_o exercise_v the_o trade_n but_o such_o as_o the_o master_n and_o other_o of_o the_o company_n shall_v approve_v of_o which_o may_v occasion_v a_o total_a restraint_n staples_n three_o the_o king_n may_v erect_v staple_n or_o treasury_n for_o commodity_n of_o home-growth_n or_o manufacture_n and_o no_o man_n can_v without_o the_o king_n licence_n engross_v quantity_n of_o these_o to_o carry_v elsewhere_o than_o to_o domestic_a or_o foreign_a staple_n nor_o sup._n as_o appear_v by_o the_o forego_n head_n can_v carry_v to_o the_o last_o unless_o he_o be_v a_o merchant_n of_o the_o staple_n or_o license_v by_o they_o foreign_a staples_n depend_v upon_o the_o king_n treaty_n with_o foreign_a prince_n and_o upon_o any_o inconvenience_n arise_v either_o the_o king_n be_v grant_v of_o the_o staple_n 5._o his_o treaty_n with_o the_o prince_n or_o the_o prince_n ambassador_n reside_v here_o be_v to_o be_v consult_v and_o the_o statute_n 18_o ed._n 3._o show_n that_o the_o king_n alone_o have_v grant_v a_o staple_n at_o bruges_n which_o grant_v they_o do_v not_o in_o the_o least_o question_n but_o pray_v redress_n upon_o some_o inconvenience_n which_o have_v arisen_a by_o a_o infra_fw-la ordinance_n make_v in_o flanders_n till_o the_o staples_n come_v to_o be_v fix_v in_o parliament_n the_o king_n of_o his_o own_o authority_n appoint_v they_o within_o his_o own_o dominion_n as_o be_v evident_a by_o the_o statute_n of_o 2_o e._n 3._o which_o say_v that_o the_o staple_n ordain_v 2._o by_o king_n in_o time_n past_a shall_v cease_v at_o least_o as_o this_o be_v explain_v by_o subsequent_a parliamentary_a proceed_n 17._o the_o commons_o 47_o e._n 3._o petition_n that_o the_o staple_n may_v be_v at_o calais_n and_o that_o no_o patent_n or_o grant_v be_v make_v to_o the_o contrary_n res_fw-la the_o king_n will_v appoint_v the_o staple_n as_o by_o counsel_n he_o shall_v think_v best_a 3._o yet_o it_o appear_v that_o before_o the_o 50_o the_o the_o king_n have_v of_o his_o own_o authority_n appoint_v it_o at_o calais_n for_o the_o commons_o then_o in_o their_o complaint_n against_o evil_a counsellor_n desire_v it_o may_v be_v inquire_v of_o such_o of_o the_o king_n council_n as_o transport_v staple-ware_n and_o bullion_n to_o other_o place_n than_o calais_n nay_o though_o it_o seem_v it_o have_v be_v discontinue_v he_o have_v by_o assent_n of_o his_o council_n appoint_v it_o at_o calais_n restraint_n before_o the_o 47_o the_o for_o in_o the_o 41_o sy_n recite_v such_o his_o establishment_n he_o give_v special_a licence_n to_o some_o to_o carry_v good_n elsewhere_o and_o the_o statute_n of_o 25_o e._n 3._o c._n 2._o take_v special_a care_n to_o preserve_v the_o staple_n at_o calais_n by_o a_o save_n to_o that_o act._n 53._o in_o the_o 50_o the_o of_o e._n 3._o the_o country_n of_o lincoln_n etc._n etc._n pray_v that_o the_o staple_n may_v be_v at_o lincoln_n as_o it_o be_v at_o the_o first_o ordinance_n and_o not_o at_o st._n botolph_n it_o be_v answer_v it_o shall_v continue_v at_o botolph_n at_o the_o king_n pleasure_n 61._o the_o resolution_n 1_o eliz._n that_o a_o grant_v for_o malmsy_a to_o be_v import_v only_o at_o southampton_a be_v void_a be_v not_o contrary_a to_o this_o power_n of_o the_o king_n in_o confine_v trade_n to_o a_o particular_a place_n because_o it_o be_v by_o a_o express_a act_n of_o parliament_n make_v lawful_a to_o carry_v 6._o wine_n to_o any_o port_n and_o i_o be_o treat_v here_o only_o of_o a_o suppose_a liberty_n at_o common-law_n and_o the_o restraint_n of_o such_o liberty_n inference_n if_o then_o the_o king_n can_v prohibit_v trade_n to_o any_o part_n of_o the_o world_n but_o where_o he_o fix_v his_o staple_n unless_o the_o trade_n be_v open_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o yet_o may_v license_v some_o to_o trade_n elsewhere_o much_o more_o may_v he_o prohibit_v trading_n in_o or_o to_o some_o one_o place_n yet_o license_v other_o to_o trade_n there_o for_o a_o prohibition_n of_o trade_n to_o any_o place_n but_o one_o or_o some_o few_o certain_o argue_v a_o great_a power_n than_o to_o prohibit_v only_o in_o relation_n to_o some_o particular_a place_n staple-ware_n four_o as_o the_o king_n may_v prohibit_v the_o carry_v out_o staple-commodity_n elsewhere_o than_o to_o the_o staple_n so_o he_o may_v when_o he_o see_v cause_n prohibit_v even_o the_o carry_v such_o thither_o fland._n thus_o though_o wool_n be_v a_o staple_n commodity_n i_o find_v a_o pardon_n for_o the_o exportation_n of_o prohibit_v merchandise_n of_o wool_n upon_o submission_n and_o fine_a to_o the_o king_n but_o because_o this_o may_v possible_o be_v for_o trade_v elsewhere_o than_o to_o the_o staple_n this_o power_n will_v not_o full_o appear_v till_o we_o come_v to_o that_o exception_n for_o the_o king_n prohibition_n which_o as_o i_o shall_v show_v run_v through_o those_o statute_n which_o be_v the_o most_o in_o favour_n of_o merchant_n yet_o it_o be_v admit_v in_o the_o argument_n of_o sand_n case_n against_o the_o company_n that_o in_o time_n of_o plague_n or_o when_o the_o commodity_n be_v needful_a here_o the_o king_n may_v prohibit_v the_o export_v even_o those_o of_o the_o staple_n staple_n five_o the_o king_n may_v prohibit_v the_o exportation_n or_o importation_n of_o any_o commodity_n not_o of_o the_o staple_n as_o appear_v beyond_o contradiction_n from_o the_o petition_n of_o the_o commons_o 1_o h._n 5._o with_o the_o king_n answer_n to_o it_o 5._o the_o commons_o pray_v that_o all_o merchant_n may_v export_v to_o any_o place_n or_o import_v from_o any_o place_n any_o good_n except_o good_n of_o the_o staple_n at_o their_o pleasure_n notwithstanding_o any_o proclamation_n to_o the_o contrary_n this_o be_v deny_v for_o the_o answer_n be_v le_fw-fr roy_fw-fr voet_n estre_fw-fr advice_n this_o indeed_o some_o will_v have_v to_o be_v occasion_v by_o a_o embargo_n in_o time_n of_o war_n but_o it_o appear_v by_o the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o time_n that_o there_o be_v none_o then_o or_o any_o immediate_a preparation_n for_o one_o beside_o if_o there_o be_v war_n
it_o be_v high_o improbable_a that_o the_o commons_o will_v pray_v a_o general_a liberty_n of_o trade_n but_o far_o to_o confirm_v this_o power_n in_o relation_n to_o commodity_n which_o be_v not_o staple_n butter_n and_o cheese_n have_v be_v commodity_n of_o the_o staple_n but_o distaple_v by_o reason_n of_o not_o be_v able_a to_o bear_v the_o 3._o charge_n incident_a to_o the_o staple_n though_o leave_n be_v give_v to_o carry_v they_o to_o any_o place_n in_o amity_n there_o be_v a_o express_a proviso_n that_o the_o king_n may_v restrain_v the_o same_o when_o it_o shall_v please_v he_o fancy_n now_o whereas_o man_n fancy_n that_o at_o common-law_n every_o man_n have_v a_o entire_a liberty_n to_o trade_n to_o any_o part_n let_v we_o consider_v the_o true_a state_n of_o trade_n and_o it_o will_v appear_v that_o if_o the_o statute_n do_v not_o help_v which_o i_o shall_v soon_o consider_v merchant_n denizen_n have_v no_o pretence_n to_o liberty_n especial_o against_o the_o king_n prohibition_n unless_o it_o be_v to_o place_n where_o trade_n be_v open_v by_o particular_a statute_n 6._o as_o to_o the_o dominion_n of_o spain_n france_n portugal_n etc._n etc._n or_o to_o staples_n which_o be_v at_o first_o erect_v by_o the_o king_n be_v sole_a authority_n till_o the_o statute_n 34._o e._n 3._o they_o can_v not_o trade_v abroad_o in_o person_n even_o with_o any_o staple_n commodity_n other_o trade_n must_v be_v carry_v on_o with_o gold_n or_o silver_n or_o with_o good_n and_o manufacture_n not_o staple_n 7._o the_o exportation_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n the_o king_n may_v have_v prohibit_v at_o their_o pleasure_n till_o 15._o car._n 2._o and_o it_o appear_v by_o the_o statute_n of_o 2._o h._n 6._o that_o the_o staple_n at_o calais_n take_v in_o all_o merchandise_n from_o hence_o beside_o woollen_a cloth_n and_o herring_n for_o woollen_a cloth_n the_o staple_n be_v at_o flanders_n so_o that_o herring_n seem_v the_o only_a trade_n at_o liberty_n which_o however_o be_v victual_n be_v within_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o provision_n in_o the_o statute_n of_o 18._o h._n 6._o concern_v butter_n and_o cheese_n and_o the_o common_a course_n of_o restraint_n by_o the_o king_n proclamation_n victualia_fw-la thus_o i_o find_v a_o proclamation_n in_o the_o 40_o the_o of_o ed._n 3._o against_o carry_v corn_n or_o other_o victual_n from_o the_o isle_n of_o wight_n d._n another_o afterward_o against_o carry_v wine_n out_o of_o england_n prerog_n and_o a_o indictment_n in_o the_o 36_o the_o for_o carry_v corn_n beyond_o sea_n against_o the_o king_n proclamation_n prohibit_v six_o the_o general_a course_n of_o the_o statute_n express_v or_o imply_v the_o king_n power_n of_o prohibit_v good_n and_o person_n 30._o this_o do_v magna_n charta_n itself_o very_o plain_o and_o so_o as_o to_o serve_v for_o a_o explanation_n unto_o all_o other_o statute_n concern_v merchant_n let_v all_o merchant_n say_v it_o unless_o they_o be_v public_o prohibit_v before_o have_v safe_a and_o sure_a conduct_n to_o go_v out_o of_o england_n come_v to_o england_n and_o stay_v and_o go_v through_o england_n as_o well_o by_o land_n as_o by_o water_n to_o buy_v and_o sell_v without_o evil_a toll_n unless_o in_o time_n of_o war_n or_o that_o they_o be_v of_o the_o enemy_n land_n this_o as_o the_o lord_n coke_n right_o observe_v in_o this_o particular_a relate_v only_o to_o merchant_n stranger_n which_o show_v that_o no_o other_o be_v then_o know_v if_o it_o take_v in_o denizen_n than_o letter_n of_o safe_a conduct_n or_o other_o licenses_fw-la be_v requisite_a for_o they_o to_o apply_v for_o before_o they_o can_v have_v such_o liberty_n according_a to_o which_o i_o find_v letter_n of_o free_a trade_n and_o safe_a conduct_n to_o merchant_n come_v into_o england_n tam_fw-la indigenis_fw-la quam_fw-la alienigenis_fw-la as_o well_o native_n as_o angl._n foreigner_n 50._o h._n 3._o though_o merchant_n denizen_n be_v not_o take_v notice_n of_o as_o trade_n by_o sea_n 9_o h._n 3._o it_o seem_v by_o the_o 50_o the_o they_o who_o have_v use_v to_o enrich_v themselves_o by_o the_o money_n of_o foreigner_n fall_v to_o foreign_a trade_n themselves_o and_o for_o aught_o appear_v to_o the_o contrary_a do_v this_o by_o virtue_n of_o letter_n of_o free_a trade_n from_o the_o crown_n nor_o be_v trade_n whole_o 9_o enlarge_v 2o._o e._n 3._o when_o it_o be_v enact_v that_o merchant_n stranger_n and_o privy_a may_v go_v and_o come_v with_o their_o merchandize_n into_o england_n after_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o great_a charter_n which_o refer_v whole_o to_o the_o charter_n leave_v it_o as_o it_o be_v before_o indeed_o there_o be_v likewise_o a_o provision_n that_o staples_n shall_v cease_v but_o that_o be_v but_o temporary_a no_o more_o be_v necessary_o imply_v in_o the_o word_n cease_v 9_o however_o this_o can_v reach_v no_o far_o than_o to_o staple_n appoint_v before_o that_o time_n without_o restrain_v future_a appointment_n which_o appear_v not_o only_o from_o the_o import_n of_o the_o word_n but_o by_o the_o constant_a practice_n after_o whatever_o liberty_n the_o great_a charter_n give_v it_o be_v to_o such_o as_o take_v letter_n of_o conduct_n or_o at_o least_o have_v not_o be_v public_o prohibit_v but_o the_o lord_n coke_n must_v needs_o be_v under_o a_o mistake_n where_o he_o make_v the_o public_a prohibition_n to_o be_v no_o other_o than_o by_o parliament_n for_o unless_o he_o suppose_v all_o staple_n to_o be_v take_v away_o absolute_o by_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la contrary_a to_o the_o express_a allowance_n of_o follow_a statute_n the_o king_n prohibit_v staple_n good_n to_o be_v carry_v elsewhere_o than_o to_o the_o staple_n be_v a_o lawful_a public_a prohibition_n within_o that_o statute_n and_o whatever_o prohibition_n be_v lawful_a must_v be_v public_a within_o the_o statute_n for_o otherwise_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a but_o they_o that_o argue_v against_o the_o company_n be_v charter_n admit_v that_o the_o king_n may_v prohibit_v exporting_a good_n when_o needful_a for_o the_o kingdom_n and_o in_o time_n of_o plague_n and_o the_o like_a wherefore_o such_o prohibition_n be_v sufficient_o public_a but_o to_o say_v that_o the_o king_n may_v in_o such_o case_n but_o not_o otherwise_o be_v either_o a_o give_v up_o the_o question_n of_o public_a prohibition_n or_o else_o a_o beg_v it_o in_o suppose_v that_o other_o though_o as_o public_a be_v not_o within_o the_o prohibition_n the_o great_a statute_n rely_v on_o for_o liberty_n of_o foreign_a trade_n be_v 18._o e._n 3._o the_o word_n of_o which_o in_o the_o 3._o print_n be_v these_o every_o man_n as_o well_o stranger_n as_o privy_a from_o henceforward_o may_v buy_v wool_n according_a as_o they_o may_v agree_v with_o the_o seller_n as_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o do_v before_o and_o that_o the_o sea_n be_v open_a to_o all_o manner_n of_o merchant_n to_o pass_v with_o their_o merchandize_n where_o shall_v please_v they_o to_o show_v how_o little_a warrant_n there_o be_v for_o what_o man_n will_v gather_v from_o the_o print_n it_o will_v be_v requisite_a to_o set_v down_o the_o word_n of_o the_o record_n 5._o item_n prie_fw-fr la_fw-fr dite_fw-fr com_n que_fw-fr come_v nre_fw-fr snr_fw-fr le_fw-fr roy_fw-fr eit_fw-mi grantz_n as_o gent_n de_fw-mi flanders_n qle_v estaple_n desleyn_n scient_a en_fw-fr la_fw-fr will_v du_fw-ge brugge_n au_fw-fr temps_fw-fr de_fw-fr quet_n grant_v tote_fw-la manere_fw-la dez_fw-fr merchandz_n cest_fw-fr ascavoir_fw-fr lombard_n genevys_n cataloyens_fw-fr espainol_n et_fw-fr autres_fw-fr que_fw-fr la_fw-fr plus_fw-fr grand_fw-fr part_n des_fw-fr leyns_n soloient_fw-fr achater_n at_o per_fw-la la_fw-fr ou_fw-fr ill_n voloient_fw-fr horse_n de_fw-mi terr_v de_fw-fr flanders_n per_fw-mi terr_v et_fw-la per_fw-la mire_n a_o lour_v voluntee_fw-mi amesner_n a_o grant_n profit_n et_fw-fr encreas_n du_fw-fr pris_fw-fr des_fw-fr leyn_n illoques_fw-la venantz_n la_fw-fr ont_fw-fr les_fw-fr vill_n de_fw-fr brugge_n gant_n et_fw-fr ipre_n denovel_n ordeniz_fw-fr pur_fw-mi lour_v profit_n que_fw-fr nul_v leyn_n venantz_n a_o le_fw-fr staple_n scient_a venduz_n as_o estrangers_n gentz_n ne_fw-fr carriez_fw-fr horse_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr dit_fw-fr tere_o de_fw-fr flanders_n si_fw-mi come_v ill_n soloient_fw-fr estre_fw-fr en_fw-fr damage_n de_fw-fr marchantz_n d'_fw-fr d'angleterre_fw-fr et_fw-fr de_fw-fr tote_fw-la la_fw-fr com_n dont_fw-fr ill_n prient_v remede_o resp._n quant_fw-fr au_fw-fr quint_fw-la article_n il_fw-fr est_fw-fr avis_fw-fr as_o roialmque_fw-la la_fw-fr petition_n est_fw-fr reasonable_a et_fw-fr outre_fw-fr assentuz_fw-fr est_fw-fr que_fw-fr chescun_fw-fr merchant_n aussi_fw-fr bien_fw-fr estranger_n come_v privez_n peusse_fw-fr achater_n leyns_n en_fw-fr engleterre_fw-fr aussi_fw-fr come_v ils_fw-fr soloient_fw-fr fair_a et_fw-fr sur_fw-fr se_fw-fr soient_fw-fr faitz_fw-fr breif_n as_o viscount_v the_o fair_a ent_a proclamation_n also_o the_o say_a commons_o pray_v that_o since_o our_o lord_n the_o king_n have_v grant_v to_o the_o people_n of_o flanders_n that_o the_o staple_n for_o wool_n be_v in_o the_o
town_n of_o bruges_n at_o the_o time_n of_o which_o grant_v all_o manner_n of_o merchant_n viz._n lombard_n genoeses_n catalonian_o spaniard_n and_o other_o who_o use_v to_o buy_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o wool_n carry_v they_o from_o thence_o whither_o they_o will_v out_o of_o the_o land_n of_o flanders_n by_o land_n and_o sea_n at_o their_o pleasure_n to_o the_o great_a profit_n and_o increase_v of_o the_o price_n of_o wool_n come_v thither_o the_o town_n of_o bruges_n gant_n and_o ipre_n have_v late_o ordain_v for_o their_o profit_n that_o no_o wool_n come_v to_o the_o staple_n be_v sell_v to_o stranger_n nor_o carry_v out_o of_o the_o say_a land_n of_o flanders_n as_o they_o use_v to_o be_v to_o the_o damage_n of_o the_o merchant_n of_o england_n and_o of_o all_o the_o commons_o whereof_o they_o pray_v remedy_n answ_n as_o to_o the_o 5_o article_n it_o be_v agree_v by_o the_o prelate_n lord_n and_o commons_o of_o the_o realm_n that_o the_o petition_n be_v reasonable_a and_o moreover_o it_o be_v assent_v that_o every_o merchant_n as_o well_o stranger_n as_o privy_a may_v buy_v wool_n in_o england_n as_o they_o use_v to_o do_v and_o of_o this_o let_v there_o be_v writ_n make_v to_o the_o sheriff_n to_o make_v proclamation_n thereof_o upon_o which_o it_o be_v observable_a 1_o sy_n that_o the_o king_n power_n of_o erect_v staple_n be_v allow_v and_o the_o staple_n of_o his_o erect_n be_v continue_v by_o this_o statute_n for_o though_o leave_n be_v give_v to_o buy_v woolsany_n where_o in_o england_n bruges_n still_o remain_v the_o foreign_a staple_n to_o which_o all_o wool_n that_o be_v export_v be_v to_o be_v convey_v 2_o dly_z that_o this_o be_v only_o a_o liberty_n to_o buy_v wool_n in_o england_n do_v not_o in_o the_o least_o imply_v a_o liberty_n for_o merchant_n to_o pass_v abroad_o with_o their_o merchandize_n where_o it_o shall_v please_v they_o for_o that_o will_v be_v whole_o to_o destroy_v the_o foreign_a staple_n which_o be_v by_o no_o mean_n take_v away_o wherefore_o if_o either_o the_o writ_n to_o the_o sheriff_n or_o the_o proclamation_n thereupon_o mistake_v the_o liberty_n there_o mention_v which_o merchant_n former_o have_v to_o pass_v by_o land_n and_o sea_n from_o flanders_n as_o if_o it_o relate_v to_o pass_v from_o england_n and_o that_o through_o the_o inadvertency_n of_o the_o compiler_n of_o the_o statute-book_n be_v foist_v in_o for_o the_o act_n of_o parliament_n i_o be_o sure_a it_o neither_o be_v nor_o aught_o to_o be_v of_o any_o avail_v and_o it_o be_v further_a to_o be_v consider_v that_o even_o that_o liberty_n which_o be_v give_v by_o this_o act_n to_o buy_v wool_n any_o where_o in_o england_n be_v restrain_v by_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o staple_n nine_o year_n after_o which_o erect_v staples_n 3._o in_o several_a part_n of_o england_n to_o which_o all_o wool_n etc._n etc._n which_o shall_v be_v carry_v out_o of_o this_o realm_n shall_v be_v bring_v nor_o be_v they_o according_a to_o that_o to_o be_v export_v by_o merchant_n denizen_n nor_o do_v the_o statute_n 25_o e._n 3._o &_o 2_o r._n 2._o which_o provide_v that_o merchant_n statute_n alien_n and_o denizen_n may_v buy_v and_o sell_v all_o thing_n vendible_a of_o and_o to_o who_o they_o will_v amount_v to_o a_o general_a liberty_n for_o foreign_a trade_n for_o 1._o there_o be_v a_o save_n to_o the_o staple_n of_o calais_n 2._o the_o title_n and_o preamble_n show_v that_o it_o be_v only_a to_o buy_v and_o sell_v within_o the_o realm_n without_o disturbance_n 3._o the_o remedy_n be_v only_o against_o disturbance_n in_o town_n etc._n etc._n within_o the_o realm_n the_o only_a refuge_n that_o i_o be_o aware_a of_o be_v the_o 7._o act_n for_o encouragement_n of_o trade_n 15_o car._n 2._o and_o some_o other_o of_o the_o like_a nature_n in_o that_o there_o be_v a_o liberty_n give_v for_o export_v corn_n or_o grain_n when_o at_o certain_a prize_n into_o any_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n as_o merchandise_n but_o 1._o this_o be_v for_o merchandise_n can_v reach_v to_o no_o other_o place_n beside_o those_o who_o trade_n be_v lawful_a and_o as_o no_o man_n can_v say_v that_o by_o this_o act_n they_o may_v send_v this_o to_o a_o enemy_n country_n neither_o if_o the_o king_n may_v by_o law_n prohibit_v send_v to_o any_o other_o may_v it_o be_v send_v thither_o wherefore_o the_o public_a prohibition_n except_v in_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la must_v needs_o run_v through_o this_o act._n 2._o the_o statute_n say_v only_o notwithstanding_o any_o law_n statute_n or_o usage_n to_o the_o contrary_a but_o provide_v not_o against_o future_a public_a prohibition_n the_o clause_n which_o enact_v that_o no_o commodity_n of_o the_o growth_n production_n or_o manufacture_n of_o europe_n shall_v be_v import_v into_o any_o part_n of_o asia_n africa_n and_o america_n unless_o in_o english_a bottom_n with_o the_o master_n and_o three_o fourth_n of_o the_o mariner_n english_a give_v no_o liberty_n for_o all_o people_n to_o trade_n thither_o but_o only_o require_v the_o lawful_a trader_n thither_o to_o go_v with_o english_a ship_n and_o such_o a_o proportion_n of_o englishman_n of_o the_o same_o nature_n be_v the_o provision_n 18._o concern_v good_n or_o commodity_n of_o the_o growth_n production_n and_o manufacture_n of_o africa_n asia_n or_o america_n 12_o car._n 2._o forfeiture_n seven_o the_o king_n may_v by_o his_o prerogative_n entrust_v with_o he_o for_o the_o good_a of_o his_o people_n prohibit_v the_o exportation_n or_o importation_n of_o certain_a comodities_n upon_o pain_n of_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o good_n and_o ship_n which_o carry_v they_o dorso_fw-la edward_n the_o three_o command_v that_o no_o merchant_n denizen_n shall_v transport_v cloth_n of_o worsted_n nor_o merchant_n denizen_n or_o stranger_n coal_n sea_n stones_n fell-ware_n etc._n etc._n to_o other_o place_n than_o calais_n sub_fw-la forisfacturâ_fw-la bonorum_fw-la et_fw-la merchandizarum_fw-la under_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o good_n and_o merchandize_n this_o be_v likely_a to_o have_v be_v according_a to_o former_a precedent_n of_o staple_n for_o whereas_o the_o statute_n 2_o e._n 3._o say_v staple_n ordain_v by_o king_n in_o 9_o time_n past_a shall_v cease_v so_o it_o say_v of_o the_o pain_n thereupon_o provide_v and_o the_o 27_o the_o enact_n 27._o that_o all_o who_o shall_v be_v convict_v that_o they_o have_v bring_v wool_n leather_n and_o woolfall_v to_o the_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n against_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o proclamation_n thereof_o make_v before_o the_o make_v this_o ordinance_n shall_v be_v judge_v to_o prison_n and_o incur_v the_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o same_o wool_n leather_n or_o woolfels_n and_o all_o other_o their_o good_n and_o chattel_n and_o moreover_o be_v ransom_v at_o our_o will._n now_o i_o appeal_v to_o all_o rational_a man_n whether_o it_o be_v not_o more_o likely_a that_o there_o have_v be_v such_o a_o penalty_n in_o the_o king_n prohibition_n and_o that_o it_o be_v here_o confirm_v by_o the_o parliament_n than_o that_o they_o shall_v make_v a_o penalty_n ex_fw-la post_fw-la facto_fw-la or_o increase_v the_o penalty_n before_o set_v but_o for_o the_o king_n to_o prohibit_v upon_o pain_n of_o forfeiture_n be_v very_o frequent_a in_o that_o time_n and_o as_o here_o it_o have_v a_o parliamentary_a allowance_n so_o have_v it_o a_o judicial_a one_o in_o the_o forego_n reign_n 26._o a_o charter_n have_v be_v grant_v to_o great_a yarmouth_n that_o all_o ship_n come_v within_o the_o haven_n shall_v be_v discharge_v there_o upon_o pain_n of_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o good_n this_o have_v be_v adjudge_v valid_a before_o the_o b._n council_n of_o e._n 2._o which_o being_n at_o a_o time_n when_o the_o council_n be_v choose_v in_o parliament_n carry_v as_o much_o evidence_n of_o the_o law_n of_o that_o time_n as_o any_o thing_n can_v indeed_o little_a yarmouth_n in_o the_o time_n of_o e._n 3._o insist_v upon_o the_o same_o privilege_n by_o another_o charter_n as_o it_o have_v do_v before_o the_o council_n of_o e._n 2._o the_o debate_n of_o that_o matter_n be_v adjourn_v to_o parliament_n d._n export_v corn_n from_o the_o isle_n of_o wight_n be_v prohibit_v upon_o pain_n of_o forfeiture_n 40_o e._n 3._o d._n export_v wine_n from_o england_n upon_o the_o like_a pain_n 46_o e._n 3._o 7._o and_o long_o before_o this_o foreign_a merchant_n without_o mention_n of_o any_o war_n have_v but_o 40_o day_n give_v they_o to_o sell_v their_o wine_n in_o london_n and_o as_o his_o present_a majesty_n proclamation_n prohibit_v the_o importation_n of_o french_a good_n and_o require_v the_o sale_n of_o they_o by_o a_o convenient_a time_n to_o come_v upon_o pain_n of_o forfeiture_n and_o this_o without_o any_o declaration_n of_o war_n but_o only_o for_o the_o public_a good_a be_v another_o great_a authority_n on_o the_o company_n side_n so_o the_o proclamation_n of_o 3_o
e._n 1._o be_v a_o precedent_n in_o point_n to_o justify_v the_o last_o for_o no_o man_n can_v doubt_v but_o foreign_a merchant_n have_v their_o good_n as_o much_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o our_o law_n as_o native_n have_v or_o have_v place_n but_o admit_v that_o the_o king_n can_v not_o by_o his_o proclamation_n create_v a_o forfeiture_n so_o to_o be_v adjudge_v in_o westminster-hall_n yet_o it_o be_v in_o relation_n to_o fact_n arise_v upon_o the_o high_a sea_n or_o the_o port_n beyond_o the_o sea_n fall_v within_o the_o admiralty_n jurisdiction_n and_o marine_a law_n if_o the_o king_n may_v by_o law_n prohibit_v than_o whatever_o penalty_n the_o marine_a law_n inflict_v upon_o person_n or_o good_n go_v contrary_a to_o imperial_a or_o regal_a prohibition_n the_o same_o be_v allow_v of_o in_o our_o law_n nor_o will_v it_o be_v any_o objection_n to_o say_v that_o the_o penalty_n be_v occasion_v by_o the_o prohibition_n in_o the_o charter_n for_o it_o be_v not_o suppose_v that_o bare_o trade_v thither_o be_v against_o the_o marine_a law_n unless_o such_o trade_n be_v before_o prohibit_v 666._o as_o early_o as_o the_o time_n of_o rich._n 1._o i_o find_v that_o omnes_fw-la per_fw-la mare_fw-la ituri_fw-la all_o person_n go_v by_o sea_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o admiral_n be_v jurisdiction_n 438._o and_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n be_v within_o the_o same_o the_o great_a hale_n when_o he_o be_v of_o counsel_n in_o a_o cause_n against_o the_o admiralty_n do_v not_o except_v against_o such_o will_v power_n only_o that_o a_o contract_n at_o new-england_n be_v not_o allege_v to_o be_v in_o partibus_fw-la transmarinis_fw-la but_o this_o jurisdiction_n be_v prove_v at_o large_a by_o mr._n pryn_n in_o his_o observation_n upon_o the_o four_o institute_n inst_n the_o king_n power_n at_o sea_n be_v more_o absolute_a than_o at_o land_n as_o appear_v by_o a_o memorable_a record_n 31_o 16._o e._n 1._o it_o be_v then_o agree_v by_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o and_o the_o deputy_n of_o foreign_a prince_n that_o the_o clausum_fw-la king_n of_o england_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o kingdom_n of_o england_n have_v enjoy_v the_o supreme_a dominion_n and_o empire_n in_o the_o english_a sea_n and_o the_o island_n thereto_o belong_v and_o may_v constitute_v whatever_o be_v necessary_a for_o the_o preserve_a peace_n justice_n and_o equity_n as_o well_o among_o foreign_a nation_n as_o his_o own_o subject_n and_o may_v judge_v according_o and_o do_v all_o thing_n belong_v to_o summum_fw-la imperium_fw-la 6._o the_o admiral_n be_v patent_n be_v to_o try_v secundum_fw-la legem_fw-la maritimam_fw-la according_a to_o maritime_a law_n and_o maritime_a law_n or_o law_n merchant_n be_v by_o the_o chancellor_n in_o e._n 4th_n time_n hold_v to_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n which_o b._n be_v universal_a throughout_o all_o the_o world_n wherefore_o according_a to_o this_o the_o king_n have_v in_o these_o matter_n summum_fw-la imperium_fw-la without_o the_o fetter_n of_o positive_a law_n of_o particular_a nation_n but_o as_o far_o as_o the_o provision_n reach_v the_o law_n of_o oleron_n 254._o make_v by_o r._n 1._o as_o he_o come_v from_o the_o holy_a land_n be_v the_o law_n of_o merchant_n throughout_o the_o world_n and_o d._n the_o law_n of_o nation_n â—herein_o and_o i_o find_v provision_n make_v for_o trial_n by_o the_o law_n of_o oleron_n and_o ancient_a law_n of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d and_o 4_o h._n 4._o person_n to_o be_v punish_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o 5_o port_n which_o have_v a_o collection_n of_o some_o sea_n law_n by_o the_o law_n of_o oleron_n pirate_n robber_n and_o 47._o sea-rover_n may_v by_o despoil_v of_o their_o good_n without_o punishment_n if_o this_o will_v not_o reach_v interloper_n as_o sea-rover_n at_o least_o the_o civil_a law_n which_o be_v another_o guide_n to_o the_o admiral_n be_v judgement_n will_n vindicatur_fw-la if_o say_v the_o learned_a professor_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n dr._n zouch_n thing_n unlawful_a be_v put_v into_o a_o ship_n the_o ship_n be_v forfeit_v again_o he_o tell_v we_o trader_n be_v proceed_v against_o in_o judgement_n if_o they_o venture_v to_o go_v to_o buy_v or_o sell_v beyond_o place_n prescribe_v and_o the_o good_n bring_v from_o thence_o be_v to_o be_v forfeit_v and_o the_o contracter_n to_o be_v subject_v to_o perpetual_a punishment_n and_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o for_o this_o he_o have_v the_o warrant_n of_o the_o express_a letter_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n thus_o we_o find_v in_o the_o codex_fw-la prohibit_v we_o now_o command_v as_o be_v former_o do_v that_o liberty_n of_o buy_v silk_n from_o barbarian_n be_v take_v from_o all_o person_n except_o the_o supervisor_n of_o commerce_n again_o subdendum_fw-la merchant_n as_o well_o our_o subject_n as_o those_o of_o the_o king_n of_o persia_n ought_v not_o to_o buy_v or_o sell_v out_o of_o those_o place_n which_o be_v agree_v to_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o league_n with_o the_o say_a nation_n if_o this_o be_v do_v know_o by_o either_o of_o the_o contractor_n the_o thing_n sell_v or_o gain_v elsewhere_o than_o in_o these_o place_n be_v forfeit_v and_o beside_o the_o loss_n of_o these_o thing_n and_o of_o their_o price_n which_o be_v pay_v in_o money_n or_o good_n they_o be_v to_o undergo_v perpetual_a banishment_n again_o evadent_fw-la if_o any_o person_n be_v apprehend_v either_o go_n beyond_o the_o city_n mention_v in_o the_o ancient_a law_n or_o receive_v foreign_a merchant_n without_o a_o supervisor_n of_o commerce_n they_o shall_v neither_o evade_v the_o forfeiture_n of_o their_o good_n nor_o the_o penalty_n of_o perpetual_a banishment_n upon_o all_o which_o authority_n i_o think_v it_o no_o strain_a conclusion_n that_o if_o the_o king_n may_v prohibit_v foreign_a trade_n in_o any_o case_n and_o all_o must_v agree_v that_o he_o may_v in_o some_o for_o the_o public_a good_a he_o may_v in_o such_o case_n prohibit_v it_o under_o the_o penalty_n of_o forfeiture_n of_o ship_n and_o good_n especial_o if_o he_o direct_v that_o they_o shall_v be_v proceed_v against_o by_o the_o admiralty's_n jurisdiction_n which_o be_v provide_v for_o by_o late_a charter_n to_o the_o east-india_n company_n 441._o i_o must_v not_o here_o pass_v by_o the_o case_n of_o horn_n and_o jvy_n which_o seem_v to_o lie_v in_o my_o way_n there_o indeed_o the_o seize_v a_o ship_n as_o forfeit_v by_o virtue_n of_o a_o charter_n to_o the_o canary_n company_n be_v hold_v unlawful_a but_o it_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v 1._o that_o it_o be_v without_o legal_a process_n 2._o the_o justification_n of_o the_o seize_v be_v without_o warrant_n only_o by_o commandment_n from_o the_o company_n which_o can_v not_o be_v sufficient_a 3._o the_o statute_n 3_o i._n 1._o have_v enable_v the_o subject_n of_o england_n to_o trade_v free_o into_o the_o dominion_n of_o spain_n and_o the_o distinction_n take_v by_o the_o judge_n then_o that_o the_o canary_n be_v of_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n but_o not_o of_o spain_n itself_o may_v be_v true_a yet_o it_o be_v not_o likely_a that_o the_o parliament_n intend_v a_o nice_a enquiry_n into_o the_o several_a tenor_n or_o the_o title_n which_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n have_v to_o all_o the_o part_n of_o his_o dominion_n 4._o but_o be_v this_o authority_n never_o so_o express_v the_o reporter_n assure_v we_o some_o hold_v otherwise_o nor_o can_v the_o unanimous_a opinion_n of_o the_o court_n of_o king_n bench_n be_v enough_o to_o turn_v the_o stream_n of_o the_o great_a authority_n which_o i_o have_v produce_v life_n the_o power_n over_o life_n exercise_v under_o the_o king_n authority_n be_v of_o great_a sound_n but_o not_o of_o any_o high_a nature_n than_o the_o forego_n for_o according_a to_o the_o degree_n of_o power_n over_o property_n so_o it_o must_v by_o consequence_n be_v over_o person_n and_o it_o will_v be_v no_o harsh_a supposal_n that_o if_o the_o king_n be_v not_o tie_v to_o the_o rule_n of_o common_a law_n in_o relation_n to_o foreign_a trade_n neither_o be_v he_o as_o to_o the_o person_n of_o such_o trader_n but_o to_o come_v more_o particular_o to_o the_o fact_n which_o occasion_n this_o question_n they_o be_v either_o judgement_n of_o death_n upon_o trial_n have_v in_o pursuance_n of_o the_o power_n give_v by_o the_o charter_n to_o the_o governor_n upon_o the_o place_n and_o these_o power_n due_o pursue_v or_o not_o or_o else_o the_o like_a judgement_n upon_o trial_n have_v by_o particular_a commission_n for_o martial_a law_n if_o the_o power_n of_o the_o charter_n be_v due_o pursue_v than_o the_o only_a question_n will_v be_v whether_o the_o king_n may_v give_v a_o power_n to_o judge_n upon_o the_o place_n such_o as_o transgress_v the_o law_n either_o of_o england_n or_o by-law_n make_v for_o that_o place_n if_o he_o can_v do_v this_o it_o will_v be_v impossible_a to_o preserve_v any_o