low_a condition_n to_o which_o our_o money_n be_v almost_o general_o reduce_v and_o the_o necessary_a use_n thereof_o in_o daily_a occasion_n and_o particular_o in_o the_o way_n of_o trade_n upon_o which_o this_o nation_n depend_v more_o at_o this_o time_n than_o it_o do_v former_o i_o do_v not_o see_v how_o the_o prudence_n of_o our_o ancestor_n which_o in_o many_o constitution_n relate_v to_o the_o exchequer_n and_o the_o mint_n appear_v to_o have_v be_v transcendent_a and_o admirable_a especial_o in_o matter_n of_o charge_n and_o discharge_v and_o prevent_v fraud_n and_o abuse_n upon_o the_o crown_n can_v without_o the_o devise_v new_a or_o additional_a mean_n and_o method_n be_v make_v applicable_a to_o a_o present_a work_n of_o new_a coin_v the_o silver_n money_n and_o supply_v currant_n coin_n for_o the_o commerce_n and_o for_o the_o payment_n of_o tax_n and_o revenue_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n if_o therefore_o the_o king_n to_o who_o regality_n the_o power_n of_o coin_v money_n and_o determine_v the_o weight_n fineness_n denomination_n and_o extrinsic_a value_n thereof_o do_v solely_n and_o inherent_o appertain_v shall_v judge_v it_o necessary_a to_o have_v the_o old_a or_o present_a species_n of_o silver_n coin_n or_o so_o much_o thereof_o as_o have_v be_v clip_v or_o otherwise_o dimnish_v to_o be_v melt_v down_o and_o recoined_a i_o humble_o conceive_v new_a mean_n and_o method_n for_o do_v the_o same_o must_v be_v devise_v and_o in_o regard_n money_n which_o some_o lawyer_n have_v call_v firmamentum_fw-la belli_n &_o ornamentum_fw-la pacis_fw-la be_v most_o certain_o of_o the_o great_a importance_n to_o his_o majesty_n in_o supply_v the_o tax_n revenue_n and_o loan_n for_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n and_o support_v his_o royal_a estate_n as_o also_o to_o his_o subject_n with_o relation_n not_o only_o to_o their_o trade_n and_o commerce_n but_o also_o to_o all_o other_o ordinary_a mean_n of_o livelihood_n the_o say_v mean_n and_o method_n for_o re-establish_a the_o coin_n and_o the_o many_o weighty_a thing_n depend_v thereupon_o aught_o to_o be_v well_o excogitated_a and_o to_o be_v consider_v and_o adjust_v by_o person_n of_o the_o great_a judgement_n and_o sagacity_n and_o if_o i_o have_v not_o be_v enjoin_v by_o your_o lordship_n i_o shall_v scarce_o have_v adventure_v upon_o a_o subject_a so_o very_o difficult_a and_o curious_a i_o have_v employ_v my_o thought_n chief_o upon_o such_o matter_n as_o be_v reduceable_a to_o the_o follow_a head_n viz._n first_o concern_v the_o standard_n of_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n coin_n and_o the_o establishment_n of_o a_o just_a and_o reasonable_a foot_n for_o the_o course_n of_o the_o same_o second_o concern_v the_o present_a state_n and_o condition_n of_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n coin_n three_o whether_o it_o be_v or_o be_v not_o absolute_o necessary_a at_o this_o time_n to_o re-establish_a the_o same_o four_o the_o propose_v of_o mean_n that_o must_v be_v obtain_v and_o the_o proper_a method_n to_o be_v use_v in_o and_o for_o the_o amendment_n of_o the_o silver_n money_n five_o to_o consider_v what_o must_v supply_v the_o commerce_n pay_v tax_n etc._n etc._n whilst_o the_o clip_v money_n be_v under_o its_o new_a fabrication_n as_o to_o the_o particular_n first_o of_o the_o standard_n this_o proper_o bring_v under_o consideration_n two_o matter_n relate_v to_o the_o coin_n namely_o the_o degree_n of_o fineness_n and_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o piece_n in_o treat_v upon_o which_o i_o shall_v humble_o take_v leave_n to_o observe_v this_o method_n first_o to_o explain_v what_o be_v mean_v by_o sterling_a money_n second_o to_o set_v down_o historical_o the_o proportion_n of_o fine_a gold_n and_o fine_a silver_n with_o the_o respective_a allay_v which_o the_o master_n or_o worker_n of_o the_o mint_n have_v be_v hold_v to_o observe_v in_o the_o fabrication_n of_o the_o money_n of_o this_o realm_n by_o their_o respective_a indenture_n which_o i_o have_v find_v out_o begin_v with_o 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to_o be_v make_v as_o aforesaid_a together_o with_o my_o reason_n for_o the_o same_o to_o be_v also_o ground_v upon_o the_o experience_n of_o former_a time_n and_o a_o due_a consideration_n of_o present_a circumstance_n all_o or_o most_o of_o which_o point_v be_v of_o great_a moment_n to_o be_v well_o weigh_v in_o this_o affair_n i_o do_v humble_o pray_v your_o lordship_n that_o i_o may_v discuss_v they_o several_o first_o it_o be_v believe_v by_o some_o author_n and_o not_o without_o reason_n that_o in_o the_o most_o ancient_a time_n when_o money_n be_v first_o coin_v within_o this_o island_n it_o be_v make_v of_o 5._o pure_a gold_n and_o silver_n like_o the_o money_n now_o currant_n in_o some_o other_o nation_n particular_o in_o hungary_n and_o barbary_n where_o they_o have_v piece_n of_o gold_n call_v ducat_n and_o sultaness_n and_o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o industan_n where_o they_o have_v piece_n of_o silver_n call_v rupee_n which_o i_o have_v see_v and_o wherein_o as_o i_o be_o inform_v there_o be_v little_a or_o no_o alloy_n and_o that_o afterward_o it_o be_v find_v convenient_a in_o the_o fabrication_n of_o the_o money_n to_o have_v a_o certain_a quantity_n or_o proportion_n of_o base_a metal_n to_o be_v mix_v with_o the_o pure_a gold_n and_o silver_n the_o word_n sterling_n be_v introduce_v and_o have_v ever_o since_o be_v use_v to_o denote_v the_o certain_a proportion_n or_o degree_n of_o fineness_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v retain_v in_o the_o respective_a coin_n compose_v of_o such_o mixture_n as_o aforesaid_a there_o be_v some_o author_n that_o fancy_v this_o word_n sterling_n take_v its_o name_n from_o a_o castle_n in_o scotland_n as_o if_o it_o be_v first_o coin_v there_o some_o have_v derive_v it_o from_o a_o star_n or_o astracism_n which_o they_o imagine_v to_o have_v be_v impress_v thereupon_o there_o be_v those_o that_o fetch_v it_o from_o the_o name_n of_o a_o ancient_a indenture_n or_o bond_n which_o be_v take_v by_o the_o jew_n those_o old_a usurer_n for_o security_n of_o their_o debt_n and_o which_o be_v call_v the_o jew_n star_n but_o other_o think_v it_o come_v from_o the_o name_n of_o a_o people_n call_v easterling_n as_o the_o first_o worker_n of_o it_o in_o england_n of_o which_o latter_a opinion_n be_v the_o author_n of_o a_o very_a old_a treatise_n concern_v money_n enter_v at_o large_a in_o the_o red_a book_n abovesaid_a in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o for_o my_o own_o part_n i_o do_v not_o believe_v the_o word_n sterling_n denote_v the_o degree_n of_o fineness_n or_o goodness_n as_o aforesaid_a be_v know_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o conqueror_n in_o regard_n there_o be_v no_o mention_n thereof_o in_o libro_fw-la judiciario_n or_o the_o doomsday_n book_n which_o value_v every_o manor_n as_o it_o be_v worth_a in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o confessor_n and_o conqueror_n respective_o in_o money_n ad_fw-la numerum_fw-la or_o ad_fw-la pensam_fw-la or_o ad_fw-la pondus_fw-la but_o not_o in_o sterling_a money_n and_o yet_o the_o denomination_n of_o sterling_n be_v soon_o after_o introduce_v because_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o twenty_o five_o of_o edward_n the_o three_o refer_v to_o ancient_n sterling_n and_o so_o do_v the_o old_a indenture_n of_o the_o mint_n and_o the_o ancient_a entry_n concern_v money_n by_o read_v of_o which_o it_o seem_v evident_a to_o i_o first_o that_o a_o sterling_a or_o easterling_n in_o a_o restrain_a sense_n signify_v nothing_o but_o a_o silver_n peny_n which_o at_o first_o be_v about_o three_o time_n as_o heavy_a as_o a_o penny_n be_v now_o and_o be_v once_o call_v a_o lundress_n because_o it_o be_v to_o be_v coin_v only_o at_o london_n and_o not_o at_o the_o country_n mint_n second_o that_o the_o word_n sterling_a and_o standard_n be_v synonimous_a term_n three_o that_o the_o ancient_n sterling_n of_o england_n mention_v in_o
a_o report_n contain_v a_o essay_n for_o the_o amendment_n of_o the_o silver_n coin_n london_n print_v by_o charles_n bill_n and_o the_o executrix_n of_o thomas_n newcomb_n decease_v printer_n to_o the_o king_n most_o excellent_a majesty_n 1695._o to_o the_o right_n honourable_a the_o lord_n commissioner_n of_o his_o majesty_n treasury_n may_v it_o please_v your_o lordship_n in_o obedience_n to_o your_o lordship_n command_n i_o have_v endeavour_v to_o inform_v myself_o of_o divers_a matter_n which_o concern_v the_o gold_n and_o silver_n money_n and_o of_o the_o most_o practicable_a method_n for_o new_a coin_v the_o latter_a and_o supply_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n sufficient_a coin_n to_o pay_v the_o king_n tax_n and_o revenue_n and_o to_o carry_v on_o the_o public_a commerce_n and_o i_o do_v humble_o represent_v to_o your_o lordship_n that_o i_o have_v make_v diligent_a search_n into_o several_a record_n book_n and_o write_n to_o see_v what_o act_n or_o thing_n have_v be_v former_o do_v or_o practise_v which_o may_v serve_v for_o precedent_n or_o give_v any_o light_n for_o the_o re-establishment_n of_o the_o coin_n that_o shall_v now_o go_v and_o have_v course_n as_o the_o lawful_a money_n of_o the_o kingdom_n it_o be_v true_a as_o i_o find_v in_o a_o book_n of_o great_a authority_n remain_v in_o the_o exchequer_n call_v the_o black_a book_n write_v by_o gervase_n of_o tilbury_n in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o second_o that_o there_o be_v ancient_o falsifier_n and_o clipper_n of_o money_n for_o when_o king_n william_n the_o first_o for_o the_o better_a pay_n of_o his_o warrior_n cause_v the_o firme_v which_o till_o his_o time_n have_v for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v answer_v in_o victual_n to_o be_v convert_v in_o pecuniam_fw-la numeratam_fw-la he_o direct_v the_o whole_a from_o every_o county_n to_o be_v charge_v on_o the_o sheriff_n to_o be_v by_o he_o bring_v into_o the_o exchequer_n add_v that_o the_o sheriff_n shall_v make_v the_o payment_n ad_fw-la scalam_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la as_o the_o aforesaid_a author_n expound_v it_o solveret_fw-la preter_fw-la quamlibet_fw-la numeratam_fw-la libram_fw-la sex_n denarios_fw-la and_o the_o money_n afterward_o decline_v and_o become_v worse_o it_o be_v ordain_v that_o the_o firme_v of_o manor_n shall_v not_o only_o be_v pay_v ad_fw-la scalam_fw-la but_o also_o ad_fw-la pensam_fw-la which_o latter_a be_v the_o pay_v as_o much_o money_n for_o a_o pound_n sterling_n as_o weigh_v twelve_o ounce_n troy_n so_o that_o payment_n of_o a_o pound_n de_fw-fr numero_fw-la import_v twenty_o shilling_n ad_fw-la scalam_fw-la import_v twenty_o shilling_n six_o penny_n and_o ad_fw-la pensam_fw-la import_v so_o much_o as_o weigh_v twelve_o ounce_n and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o second_o when_o the_o bishop_n of_o salisbury_n be_v treasurer_n who_o consider_v that_o though_o the_o money_n do_v answer_v numero_fw-la &_o pondere_fw-la it_o may_v nevertheless_o be_v mix_v with_o copper_n or_o 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exchequer_n and_o reduce_v to_o the_o fineness_n of_o standard_n silver_n or_o instead_o thereof_o he_o pay_v to_o the_o king_n twelve_o penny_n to_o the_o pound_n by_o way_n of_o addition_n but_o the_o most_o remarkable_a deceit_n and_o corruption_n find_v in_o ancient_a record_n to_o have_v be_v commit_v upon_o the_o coin_n of_o the_o kingdom_n by_o offender_n be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o when_o there_o be_v import_v a_o sort_n of_o light_a money_n make_v with_o a_o mitre_n another_o sort_n of_o light_a money_n with_o lion_n upon_o it_o a_o three_o sort_n of_o copper_n blanch_v to_o resemble_v the_o money_n of_o england_n a_o four_o sort_n of_o light_a money_n resemble_v that_o of_o king_n edward_n a_o five_o kind_n that_o be_v plate_v and_o the_o crime_n of_o round_v money_n which_o i_o take_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o clip_v be_v then_o in_o fashion_n all_o which_o be_v do_v out_o of_o england_n and_o the_o merchant_n to_o avoid_v the_o search_n at_o dover_n and_o sandwich_n conceal_v the_o parcel_n in_o bail_n of_o cloth_n and_o bring_v they_o in_o by_o other_o port_n les_fw-fr queux_fw-fr choses_fw-fr si_fw-fr elles_fw-fr suissent_fw-la longent_fw-la so_o effert_n say_v the_o book_n else_o mettere_n yent_n la_fw-fr money_n d'englitere_fw-mi a_o nient_a and_o the_o chief_a remedy_n then_o apply_v be_v first_o to_z cry_z down_o all_o money_n that_o be_v not_o of_o england_n ireland_n or_o scotland_n second_o that_o such_o as_o arrive_v from_o beyond_o sea_n shall_v show_v the_o money_n they_o bring_v with_o they_o to_o the_o king_n officer_n three_o and_o not_o hide_v it_o in_o fardel_n upon_o pain_n of_o forfeiture_n four_o that_o the_o light_a money_n and_o the_o clip_v money_n may_v be_v bore_v through_o without_o contradiction_n five_o and_o that_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v receive_v and_o pay_v by_o weight_n at_o a_o certain_a rate_n and_o that_o the_o person_n have_v such_o clip_v or_o light_a money_n shall_v bring_v the_o same_o to_o the_o king_n changer_n who_o be_v settle_v in_o several_a great_a town_n in_o the_o kingdom_n to_o be_v new_o coin_v and_o by_o what_o i_o have_v read_v in_o libro_fw-la rubeo_n which_o be_v in_o the_o upper_a exchequer_n concern_v the_o changer_n who_o as_o well_o as_o the_o master_n of_o the_o mint_n have_v several_a office_n erect_v in_o divers_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n namely_o at_o london_n canterbury_n bristol_n kingston_n upon_o hull_n newcastle_n and_o exeter_n a_o principal_a business_n of_o these_o changer_n be_v to_o buy_v in_o the_o silver_n of_o the_o bad_a money_n que_fw-fr les_fw-fr pollard_n &_o crockards_n &_o les_fw-fr autres_fw-fr mauvaises_fw-fr money_n contrefaits_n soront_v abatue_n and_o there_o be_v a_o writ_n then_o direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n to_o prohibit_v the_o importation_n of_o clip_v or_o counterfeit_n money_n and_o the_o use_v thereof_o in_o merchandize_v or_o negotiate_v under_o severe_a penalty_n and_o command_v those_o that_o have_v such_o money_n to_o boar_n it_o through_o and_o to_o bring_v it_o to_o the_o king_n change_n to_o be_v new_o coin_v and_o i_o find_v by_o a_o indenture_n in_o the_o three_o year_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n at_o which_o time_n there_o be_v base_a money_n that_o have_v be_v coin_v by_o public_a authority_n that_o it_o be_v ordain_v that_o fleetwood_n under_o treasurer_n for_o the_o upper_a house_n of_o the_o mint_n in_o the_o tower_n shall_v take_v in_o by_o number_n and_o tale_n the_o base_a money_n therein_o mention_v at_o such_o rate_n or_o value_v as_o be_v appoint_v by_o a_o proclamation_n in_o that_o behalf_n give_v bill_n to_o the_o party_n under_o his_o hand_n for_o the_o receipt_n thereof_o and_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o mint_n be_v to_o melt_v down_o and_o repay_v the_o same_o in_o sterling_a money_n to_o the_o party_n or_o their_o deputy_n show_v and_o deliver_v their_o bill_n have_v regard_n to_o the_o time_n when_o every_o man_n bring_v in_o his_o money_n and_o the_o base_a money_n receive_v and_o the_o sterling_a money_n repay_v be_v to_o be_v enter_v in_o two_o leger_n one_o to_o be_v keep_v by_o the_o say_a under-treasurer_n and_o the_o other_o by_o the_o teller_n and_o the_o comptroller_n and_o assay-master_n be_v to_o keep_v several_a book_n of_o refine_v and_o melt_v the_o base_a money_n to_o the_o intent_n they_o may_v be_v voucher_n to_o the_o say_a under-treasurer_n who_o be_v to_o account_v to_o the_o queen_n for_o the_o whole_a these_o or_o such_o like_a provision_n may_v serve_v well_o enough_o in_o those_o time_n when_o there_o be_v not_o much_o money_n and_o but_o little_a trade_n or_o occasion_n for_o it_o and_o when_o the_o species_n then_o in_o be_v which_o one_o will_v think_v consist_v ancient_o of_o penny_n or_o piece_n of_o small_a denomination_n be_v not_o corrupt_v or_o diminish_v to_o that_o degree_n as_o they_o be_v at_o this_o day_n but_o consider_v the_o present_a
into_o thirty_o three_o pound_n by_o tale_n to_o wit_n thirty_o three_o sovereign_n at_o twenty_o shilling_n apiece_o or_o sixty_o six_o half-sovereigns_a at_o ten_o shilling_n apiece_o or_o one_o hundred_o thirty_o two_o crown_n at_o five_o shilling_n apiece_o or_o two_o hundred_o sixty_o four_o half-crown_n and_o a_o pound_n weight_n of_o the_o old_a sterling_a silver_n to_o wit_n eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n fine_a and_o eighteen_o penny_n weight_n alloy_n be_v coin_v into_o three_o pound_n by_o tale_n of_o half-shilling_n groat_n quarter-shilling_n half-groat_n three-half-peny_n piece_n penny_n and_o farthing_n by_o indenture_n between_o the_o queen_n sir_n thomas_n standly_n and_o other_o eliz._n john_n lonison_n master_n and_o worker_n covenant_v to_o coin_v a_o pound_n of_o gold_n of_o the_o old_a standard_n into_o seventy_o two_o angel_n at_o ten_o shilling_n apiece_o one_o hundred_o forty_o four_o half-angel_n at_o five_o shilling_n apiece_o or_o two_o hundred_o eighty_o eight_o quarter-angel_n amount_v in_o tale_n to_o thirty_o six_o pound_n and_o a_o pound_n weight_n of_o old_a sterling_a silver_n into_o half-shilling_n threepence_n three-half-peny_n piece_n or_o three-farthing_n piece_n to_o make_v three_o pound_n by_o tale._n richard_n martin_n covenant_v to_o coin_n gold_n eliz._n as_o in_o the_o last_o and_o a_o pound_n of_o silver_n into_o sixty_o shilling_n or_o into_o three_o pound_n by_o tale_n in_o any_o of_o the_o denomination_n mention_v in_o the_o last_o indenture_n a_o commission_n to_o he_o to_o coin_v the_o pound_n troy_n of_o old_a standard_n gold_n into_o forty_o eight_o noble_n at_o fifteen_o shilling_n apiece_o 26._o or_o twenty_o four_o double_a noble_n at_o thirty_o shilling_n apiece_o make_v thirty_o six_o pound_n the_o same_o to_o coin_v the_o pound_n weight_n of_o gold_n of_o twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a 35._o and_o two_o carat_n allay_v into_o thirty_o three_o sovereign_n at_o twenty_o shilling_n apiece_o or_o sixty_o six_o half-sovereigns_a or_o one_o hundred_o thirty_o two_o crown_n or_o two_o hundred_o sixty_o four_o half-crown_n make_v thirty_o three_o pound_n by_o tale._n the_o same_o to_o coin_v the_o pound_n weight_n of_o old_a standard_n gold_n into_o seventy_o three_o angel_n at_o ten_o shilling_n apiece_o 43._o or_o one_o hundred_o forty_o and_o six_o half-angel_n or_o two_o hundred_o ninety_o two_o quarter_n angel_n make_v thirty_o six_o pound_n ten_o shilling_n in_o tale_n and_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o gold_n of_o twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a and_o two_o carats_n alloy_n into_o thirty_o three_o sovereign_n and_o a_o half_n at_o twenty_o shilling_n apiece_o or_o sixty_o seven_o half-sovereigns_a or_o one_o hundred_o thirty_o four_o crown_n or_o two_o hundred_o sixty_o eight_o half-crown_n make_v thirty_o three_o pound_n ten_o shilling_n in_o tale_n and_o the_o pound_n weight_n of_o old_a standard_n silver_n into_o three_o pound_n two_o shilling_n by_o tale_n namely_o into_o crown_n half-crown_n shilling_n six-pence_n twopence_n penny_n and_o halfpence_n 1._o sir_n richard_n martin_n knight_n and_o richard_n martin_n his_o son_n master_n and_o worker_n covenant_v to_o coin_v a_o pound_n weight_n of_o gold_n of_o twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a and_o two_o carats_n alloy_n into_o thirty_o seven_o pound_n four_o shilling_n by_o tale_n viz._n into_o unite_v go_v for_o twenty_o shilling_n double-crown_n at_o ten_o shilling_n britain-crown_n at_o five_o shilling_n thistle-crown_n at_o four_o shilling_n and_o half-crown_n at_o two_o shilling_n sixpence_n apiece_o and_o a_o pound_n weight_n of_o silver_n of_o the_o say_v old_a standard_n into_o sixty_o two_o shilling_n by_o tale_n namely_o into_o shilling_n six-pence_n twopence_n penny_n halfpence_n crown_n and_o half-crown_n 1._o a_o pound_n weight_n of_o gold_n of_o the_o old_a standard_n of_o twenty_o three_o carat_n three_o grain_n and_o a_o half_n fine_a be_v coin_v into_o forty_o pound_n ten_o shilling_n by_o tale_n to_o wit_n into_o rose-riall_n at_o thirty_o shilling_n apiece_o spur-riall_n at_o fifteen_o shilling_n and_o angel_n at_o ten_o shilling_n apiece_o there_o be_v a_o proclamation_n for_o raise_v gold_n two_o shilling_n in_o every_o twenty_o shilling_n 9_o a_o pound_n weight_n of_o the_o old_a standard_n gold_n be_v to_o be_v coin_v into_o forty_o four_o pound_n by_o tale_n to_o wit_n rose-riall_n spur-riall_n and_o angel_n and_o a_o pound_n weight_n of_o gold_n of_o twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a be_v coin_v into_o forty_o pound_n eighteen_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n to_o wit_n into_o unite_v at_o twenty_o two_o shilling_n double-crown_n at_o eleven_o shilling_n british-crown_n at_o five_o shilling_n and_o sixpence_n thistle-crown_n at_o four_o shilling_n and_o four_o penny_n three_o farthing_n or_o half_a british_a crown_n at_o two_o shilling_n and_o nine_o penny_n apiece_o a_o pound_n weight_n of_o gold_n 1._o of_o the_o old_a standard_n of_o twenty_o three_o carat_n three_o grain_n and_o a_o half_n fine_a and_o half_o a_o grain_n allay_v be_v coin_v into_o forty_o four_o pound_n ten_o shilling_n by_o tale_n to_o wit_n into_o rose-riall_n at_o thirty_o shilling_n apiece_o spur-riall_n at_o fifteen_o shilling_n apiece_o or_o angel_n at_o ten_o shilling_n apiece_o and_o a_o pound_n weight_n of_o crown_n gold_n of_o twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a and_o two_o carats_n alloy_n into_o forty_o one_o pound_n by_o tale_n to_o wit_n into_o unite_v at_o twenty_o shilling_n double-crown_n at_o ten_o shilling_n or_o british-crown_n at_o five_o shilling_n apiece_o and_o a_o pound_n of_o silver_n of_o the_o old_a standard_n of_o eleven_o ounce_n two_o penny_n weight_n fine_a into_o sixty_o two_o shilling_n by_o tale_n namely_o into_o crown_n half-crown_n shilling_n half-shilling_n twopence_n penny_n and_o halfpence_n by_o indenture_n between_o the_o king_n and_o sir_n robert_n harleigh_n the_o like_a both_o for_o gold_n and_o silver_n money_n 2_o by_o indenture_n between_o the_o king_n and_o sir_n ralph_n freeman_n a_o indenture_n between_o the_o king_n and_o henry_n slingsby_n master_n and_o worker_n 22._o to_o coin_v crown_n gold_n twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a and_o two_o carat_n allay_v into_o forty_o four_o pound_n ten_o shilling_n by_o tale_n to_o wit_n into_o piece_n to_o run_v for_o ten_o shilling_n twenty_o shilling_n forty_o shilling_n or_o five_o pound_n apiece_o and_o a_o pound_n of_o silver_n of_o the_o old_a standard_n into_o three_o pound_n two_o shilling_n by_o tale_n to_o wit_n into_o crown_n half-crown_n shilling_n half-shilling_n groat_n half-six-pence_n half-groat_n and_o penny_n a_o pound_n weight_n of_o gold_n 2_o twenty_o two_o carat_n fine_a and_o two_o carats_n alloy_n to_o be_v coin_v into_o forty_o four_o pound_n ten_o shilling_n by_o tale_n and_o a_o pound_n weight_n of_o silver_n of_o the_o old_a standard_n into_o sixty_o two_o shilling_n by_o tale_n just_a as_o the_o precede_a indenture_n and_o thomas_n neale_n esq_n be_v master_n and_o worker_n m._n the_o like_a by_o the_o careful_a observe_v of_o which_o deduction_n here_o make_v from_o the_o indenture_n of_o the_o mint_n for_o above_o four_o hundred_o year_n past_a many_o of_o which_o be_v yet_o extant_a and_o have_v be_v see_v and_o examine_v by_o i_o it_o do_v evident_o appear_v that_o it_o have_v be_v a_o policy_n constant_o practise_v in_o the_o mint_n of_o england_n the_o like_a have_v indeed_o be_v do_v in_o all_o foreign_a mint_n belong_v to_o other_o government_n to_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o coin_n in_o its_o extrinsic_a denomination_n from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o any_o exigence_n or_o occasion_n require_v and_o more_o especial_o to_o encourage_v the_o bring_n of_o bullion_n into_o the_o realm_n to_o be_v coin_v though_o sometime_o when_o the_o desire_a end_n be_v obtain_v the_o value_n have_v be_v suffer_v to_o fall_v again_o so_o that_o in_o the_o whole_a number_n of_o year_n from_o the_o twenty_o eight_o of_o edward_n the_o first_o until_o this_o time_n by_o such_o variation_n the_o extrinsic_a value_n or_o denomination_n of_o the_o silver_n be_v raise_v in_o about_o a_o triple_a proportion_n that_o be_v to_o say_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o say_a king_n edward_n the_o first_o as_o be_v plain_a by_o this_o narrative_a a_o pound_n weight_n troy_n of_o sterling_a silver_n be_v shear_v at_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o three_o penny_n and_o consequent_o two_o hundred_o forty_o three_o penny_n or_o twenty_o shilling_n and_o one_o four_o of_o a_o shilling_n or_o one_o pound_n and_o one_o eighti_v part_n of_o a_o pound_n by_o tale_n be_v then_o coin_v out_o of_o the_o say_a pound_n weight_n troy_n whereas_o at_o this_o day_n and_o for_o about_o ninety_o year_n past_a a_o pound_n weight_n troy_n of_o like_a silver_n be_v and_o have_v be_v coin_v into_o seven_o hundred_o forty_o four_o penny_n or_o sixty_o two_o shilling_n or_o three_o pound_n and_o one_o ten_o of_o a_o pound_n by_o tale_n the_o pound_n weight_n troy_n have_v then_o and_o now_o
be_v most_o plain_a that_o he_o now_o melt_v down_n for_o instance_n a_o crown_n piece_n which_o whilst_o it_o retain_v the_o image_n and_o superscription_n of_o his_o majesty_n or_o either_o of_o the_o late_a king_n be_v run_v only_o for_o five_o shilling_n can_v immediate_o sell_v the_o silver_n of_o it_o here_o for_o six_o shilling_n and_o two_o penny_n halfpenny_n and_o gain_v the_o sum_n of_o fourteen_o penny_n halfpenny_n upon_o every_o such_o melt_v piece_n by_o such_o sale_n of_o the_o silver_n here_o or_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a loss_n which_o this_o nation_n at_o present_a suffer_v in_o its_o foreign_a exchange_n or_o remittance_n he_o may_v make_v a_o great_a profit_n of_o the_o same_o silver_n by_o export_v it_o into_o foreign_a part_n if_o he_o can_v effect_v the_o same_o either_o by_o stealth_n or_o by_o elude_v the_o late_a act_n of_o parliament_n prohibit_v such_o exportation_n one_o may_v also_o foresee_v that_o continue_v the_o silver_n money_n either_o old_a or_o new_a coin_n upon_o the_o present_a foot_n whilst_o bullion_n be_v so_o much_o dear_a will_v inevitable_o produce_v consequence_n pernicious_a to_o the_o whole_a in_o effect_n it_o will_v be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o furnish_n offender_n with_o a_o species_n to_o melt_v down_o at_o a_o extravagant_a profit_n and_o encourage_v not_o a_o necessary_a but_o a_o violent_a and_o exorbitant_a exportation_n of_o our_o silver_n to_o the_o foreign_a part_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o the_o gain_n only_o till_o we_o shall_v have_v little_a or_o none_o leave_v in_o the_o kingdom_n and_o upon_o a_o impartial_a consideration_n of_o these_o matter_n we_o may_v be_v able_a to_o make_v a_o more_o mature_a judgement_n upon_o the_o suggestion_n that_o have_v be_v raise_v by_o some_o man_n namely_o that_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o our_o coin_n or_o continue_v it_o on_o the_o present_a foot_n will_v be_v the_o same_o thing_n if_o these_o gentleman_n mean_v that_o silver_n in_o bullion_n will_v always_o during_o this_o war_n be_v dear_a than_o silver_n in_o coin_n because_o of_o the_o necessity_n to_o export_v it_o for_o the_o foreign_a expense_n of_o the_o war_n and_o to_o answer_v the_o balance_n of_o trade_n occasion_v by_o the_o interruption_n of_o our_o navigation_n i_o answer_v first_o that_o this_o necessity_n may_v be_v diminish_v but_o it_o can_v in_o any_o sense_n be_v augment_v by_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o our_o coin_n second_o that_o suppose_v the_o worst_a to_o wit_n a_o further_o advance_v of_o the_o silver_n in_o bullion_n yet_o even_o in_o that_o case_n the_o offender_n before_o mention_v will_v not_o find_v so_o much_o encouragement_n or_o temptation_n when_o their_o profit_n whatsoever_o it_o be_v upon_o every_o raise_a crown_n must_v evident_o be_v less_o by_o fourteen_o penny_n halfpenny_n than_o it_o be_v at_o present_a upon_o a_o crown_n run_v in_o payment_n for_o five_o shilling_n only_o three_o it_o be_v hope_v that_o the_o exchange_n to_o holland_n which_o by_o the_o way_n have_v rise_v a_o little_a of_o late_a may_v by_o the_o success_n of_o some_o good_a design_n now_o on_o foot_n though_o the_o war_n shall_v continue_v be_v keep_v at_o a_o stand_n at_o least_o from_o fall_v much_o low_a in_o which_o case_n i_o think_v the_o argument_n of_o these_o gentleman_n will_v have_v little_a or_o no_o weight_n four_o there_o must_v be_v a_o great_a difference_n with_o regard_n to_o the_o service_n and_o disservice_n of_o the_o public_a between_o a_o necessary_a exportation_n of_o bullion_n or_o coin_n perhaps_o the_o one_o may_v be_v as_o well_o disspense_v with_o as_o the_o other_o by_o public_a authority_n and_o to_o a_o limit_a sum_n only_o for_o the_o service_n of_o the_o war_n and_o such_o a_o exportation_n thereof_o as_o proceed_v original_o from_o the_o say_v exorbitant_a profit_n of_o the_o melter_n who_o be_v goldsmith_n refiner_n or_o other_o trader_n and_o by_o this_o mean_n and_o by_o the_o clipping_n get_v great_a quantity_n of_o molten_n silver_n into_o their_o hand_n know_v well_o enough_o though_o by_o unlawful_a or_o indirect_a mean_n to_o convey_v the_o same_o beyond_o sea_n either_o to_o buy_v gold_n there_o which_o be_v afterward_o bring_v hither_o and_o coin_v into_o guineas_n pass_v at_o thirty_o shilling_n apiece_o or_o to_o buy_v prohibit_v good_n as_o lace_v lustring_n muslin_n divers_a east-india_n good_n or_o other_o enumerated_a commodity_n or_o for_o other_o purpose_n which_o though_o unlawful_a or_o needless_a do_v all_o help_n or_o combine_v at_o this_o time_n to_o augment_v and_o enhance_v that_o balance_n of_o trade_n between_o we_o and_o our_o neighbour_n very_o much_o to_o our_o detriment_n as_o will_v be_v show_v hereafter_o five_o these_o gentleman_n consider_v only_o the_o use_n of_o our_o coin_n in_o england_n as_o it_o have_v relation_n to_o foreign_a exchange_n or_o remittance_n whereas_o it_o serve_v principal_o the_o inland_a commerce_n and_o supply_v many_o other_o occasion_n which_o will_v be_v advantage_v by_o the_o rise_n and_o plenty_n thereof_o and_o whereas_o it_o be_v apprehend_v that_o the_o propose_v advance_v of_o the_o silver_n in_o the_o coin_n will_v produce_v a_o proportionable_a loss_n in_o all_o rent_n and_o revenue_n public_a or_o private_a settle_a or_o ascertain_v by_o antecedent_n reservation_n grant_n or_o agreement_n and_o in_o all_o debt_n now_o stand_v out_o upon_o specialty_n or_o without_o specialty_n i_o humble_o conceive_v these_o apprehension_n must_v entire_o vanish_v when_o it_o shall_v be_v impartial_o consider_v that_o this_o nation_n be_v and_o have_v be_v for_o some_o time_n past_a engage_v in_o a_o necessary_a war_n which_o have_v not_o only_o cause_v a_o great_a expense_n of_o our_o wealth_n in_o foreign_a part_n of_o europe_n but_o have_v interrupt_v the_o navigation_n which_o use_v to_o supply_v we_o from_o east_n and_o west_n indies_n and_o from_o other_o part_n of_o asia_n africa_n and_o america_n with_o much_o great_a quantity_n of_o good_n than_o serve_v our_o own_o consumption_n and_o consequent_o afford_v we_o a_o large_a overplus_n which_o together_o with_o our_o own_o native_a product_n or_o manufacture_n be_v export_v to_o our_o neighbour_n nation_n in_o barter_n or_o exchange_n for_o the_o good_n we_o receive_v of_o they_o that_o reckon_n on_o the_o one_o side_n the_o value_n of_o the_o naval_a store_n linens_n silk_n salt-petre_n and_o many_o other_o enumerate_v commodity_n which_o we_o receive_v from_o our_o neighbour_n and_o add_v thereunto_o our_o foreign_a expense_n for_o the_o war_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o value_n of_o so_o much_o of_o our_o native_a manufacture_n or_o produce_v and_o the_o small_a overplus_n of_o good_n bring_v from_o the_o east_n and_o west_n indies_n etc._n etc._n as_o we_o have_v late_o export_v or_o can_v export_v into_o our_o neighbour_n nation_n of_o europe_n there_o will_v appear_v a_o great_a difference_n or_o excess_n between_o the_o one_o side_n and_o the_o other_o of_o such_o account_n or_o reckon_a which_o difference_n or_o excess_n be_v or_o may_v be_v call_v the_o balance_n of_o trade_n that_o it_o can_v be_v conceive_v how_o this_o balance_n difference_n or_o excess_n have_v be_v or_o can_v be_v answer_v by_o we_o in_o any_o thing_n other_o than_o our_o coin_n or_o bullion_n that_o to_o answer_v this_o balance_n of_o trade_n there_o have_v be_v already_o export_v a_o great_a part_n of_o our_o coin_n and_o bullion_n namely_o clippings_fw-mi which_o i_o think_v must_v have_v be_v equal_a in_o value_n to_o at_o least_o a_o four_o part_n of_o our_o whole_a species_n of_o silver_n money_n the_o molten_n silver_n of_o a_o good_a part_n of_o our_o heavy_a coin_n part_n of_o our_o heavy_a coin_n themselves_o our_o whole_a stock_n of_o foreign_a silver_n for_o i_o be_o tell_v there_o be_v little_a or_o none_o of_o that_o to_o be_v buy_v in_o england_n at_o this_o time_n and_o the_o molten_n silver_n of_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o our_o english_a plate_n and_o vessel_n which_o people_n have_v be_v induce_v to_o part_v with_o at_o a_o good_a price_n that_o by_o this_o mean_v silver_n in_o coin_n or_o in_o mass_n be_v actual_o grow_v very_o scarce_o in_o england_n that_o every_o thing_n have_v any_o value_n or_o worth_n whatsoever_o when_o it_o become_v scarce_o grow_v dear_a or_o which_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n it_o rise_v in_o price_n and_o consequent_o it_o will_v serve_v to_o pay_v more_o debt_n or_o it_o will_v buy_v great_a quantity_n of_o other_o good_n of_o value_n or_o in_o any_o thing_n else_o it_o will_v go_v further_o than_o it_o do_v before_o that_o silver_n in_o england_n be_v grow_v scarce_o as_o aforesaid_a be_v consequent_o grow_v dear_a that_o it_o be_v rise_v in_o price_n from_o five_o shilling_n and_o two_o penny_n to_o six_o shilling_n and_o five_o penny_n a_o ounce_n and_o by_o daily_a
and_o six_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n and_o if_o it_o be_v grant_v that_o four_o million_o of_o this_o sum_n consist_v of_o piece_n that_o be_v diminish_v some_o more_o some_o less_o by_o clip_v than_o it_o will_v follow_v that_o there_o remain_v in_o the_o kingdom_n about_o one_o million_o and_o six_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_n of_o heavy_a money_n a_o great_a part_n of_o which_o be_v suppose_v to_o lie_v in_o hoard_v and_o the_o rest_n currant_n chief_o in_o the_o county_n most_o remote_a from_o london_n three_o i_o be_o to_o compute_v as_o well_o as_o i_o can_v how_o far_o the_o clip_v piece_n now_o in_o be_v may_v have_v be_v diminish_v in_o their_o weight_n in_o reference_n to_o which_o your_o lordship_n may_v be_v please_v to_o be_v reminded_a that_o when_o the_o earl_n of_o rochester_n be_v lord_n treasurer_n several_a good_a order_n be_v establish_v by_o he_o for_o the_o exchequer_n one_o of_o which_o be_v to_o have_v all_o the_o bag_n of_o money_n there_o receive_v to_o 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commerce_n and_o for_o answer_v not_o only_o of_o the_o public_a but_o also_o of_o all_o private_a revenue_n rent_n debt_n and_o other_o occasion_n which_o concern_v the_o very_a existence_n of_o the_o great_a political_a body_n it_o be_v enough_o for_o i_o upon_o this_o occasion_n to_o say_v that_o the_o house_n of_o commons_o judge_v it_o necessary_a to_o have_v the_o clip_v money_n re-coined_a have_v resolve_v thereupon_o after_o many_o long_a and_o mature_a deliberation_n in_o the_o last_o session_n of_o parliament_n but_o the_o evil_n which_o for_o some_o time_n past_o have_v be_v grow_v upon_o we_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o coin_n be_v at_o length_n actual_o arrive_v and_o more_o sensible_o feel_v i_o shall_v take_v leave_n humble_o to_o state_n the_o same_o according_a to_o the_o best_a of_o my_o understanding_n and_o submit_v the_o judgement_n thereof_o to_o public_a authority_n first_o because_o such_o of_o the_o silver_n coin_n as_o be_v usual_o currant_n or_o offer_v in_o 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which_o from_o divers_a cause_n whereof_o the_o import_v of_o guineas_n be_v none_o of_o the_o least_o be_v sink_v so_o very_o low_a that_o the_o public_a lose_v about_o four_o shilling_n in_o the_o pound_n upon_o all_o the_o money_n remit_v thither_o which_o loss_n amount_n to_o a_o great_a deal_n in_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o army_n and_o the_o exchange_n to_o hamburgh_n and_o the_o east_n country_n for_o all_o naval_a store_n and_o other_o good_n be_v low_a and_o to_o all_o place_n in_o the_o mediterranean_a where_o our_o fleet_n be_v at_o present_a the_o exchange_n be_v yet_o more_o to_o our_o prejudice_n and_o in_o regard_n the_o aforesaid_a excessive_a advance_n of_o the_o guinea_n piece_n at_o least_o a_o great_a part_n thereof_o can_v be_v attribute_v as_o have_v be_v before_o observe_v to_o nothing_o else_o but_o the_o baseness_n and_o defect_n of_o the_o white_a money_n there_o be_v no_o prospect_n of_o reduce_v the_o gold_n to_o a_o more_o moderate_a or_o reasonable_a 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at_o interest_n purchase_v or_o trade_n therewith_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n or_o at_o least_o they_o may_v think_v these_o hoard_v money_n when_o the_o mischief_n of_o corrupt_v and_o diminish_v their_o coin_n come_v to_o their_o last_o extremity_n will_v particular_o stand_v those_o man_n in_o stead_n that_o have_v they_o however_o it_o be_v its_o certain_a the_o weighty_a money_n at_o present_a do_v very_o little_o appear_v abroad_o and_o it_o be_v not_o likely_a they_o will_v soon_o be_v bring_v to_o light_n without_o raise_v their_o value_n and_o recoining_a the_o clip_v money_n and_o as_o for_o the_o latter_a a_o great_a part_n thereof_o when_o offer_v in_o payment_n be_v utter_o refuse_v and_o will_v not_o pass_v and_o consequent_o do_v not_o serve_v to_o the_o end_n or_o purpose_n for_o which_o it_o be_v make_v so_o that_o both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o for_o the_o great_a part_n be_v become_v as_o it_o be_v a_o dead_a cash_n in_o the_o kingdom_n three_o in_o 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