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〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d only_o consist_v and_o we_o have_v at_o this_o day_n the_o judge_n and_o king_n council_n and_o other_o great_a lawyer_n that_o sit_v in_o the_o lord_n house_n and_o be_v assistant_n to_o the_o parliament_n when_o there_o be_v occasion_n nor_o have_v you_o yet_o bring_v any_o proof_n that_o the_o city_n or_o town_n then_o send_v their_o representative_n to_o the_o great_a council_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n by_o this_o or_o any_o other_o title_n but_o as_o for_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n though_o i_o grant_v the_o treatise_n call_v modus_fw-la tenendi_fw-la parliamentum_fw-la mention_n such_o person_n to_o have_v be_v present_a in_o parliament_n in_o the_o time_n of_o k._n ethelred_n yet_o by_o that_o word_n parliament_n so_o often_o use_v by_o the_o author_n of_o that_o treatise_n and_o divers_a other_o circumstance_n it_o may_v be_v easy_o perceive_v that_o the_o author_n live_v but_o about_o the_o time_n of_o edw._n 3._o or_o rich._n 2._o as_o mr._n selden_n in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n and_o mr._n pryn_n in_o his_o animadversion_n to_o sir_n e._n cook_n be_v four_o institutes_n have_v very_o full_o prove_v so_o that_o admit_v that_o your_o thanes_z or_o lord_n of_o town_n do_v then_o appear_v in_o those_o council_n for_o themselves_o and_o their_o tenant_n yet_o can_v they_o not_o be_v proper_o say_v to_o be_v their_o representative_n because_o as_o i_o tell_v you_o before_o they_o be_v never_o choose_v by_o they_o whereas_o now_o the_o ordinary_a freeholder_n of_o forty_o shilling_n a_o year_n and_o the_o freeman_n and_o inhabitant_n in_o city_n and_o town_n have_v the_o grâ—â—test_a share_n in_o the_o election_n of_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n and_o as_o for_o those_o thanes_z you_o mention_v they_o or_o those_o under_o who_o they_o claim_v owe_v their_o estate_n whole_o to_o the_o grant_n of_o former_a king_n and_o hold_v their_o possession_n from_o they_o by_o some_o tenure_n or_o other_o and_o by_o virtue_n of_o this_o tenure_n it_o be_v that_o all_o the_o land_n of_o england_n be_v liable_a even_o those_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o church_n to_o those_o three_o service_n ancient_o call_v trinoda_n necessitas_fw-la viz._n expediâ—â—â—_n castelli_n &_o pontis_fw-la extructio_fw-la that_o be_v military_a service_n against_o a_o foreign_a enemy_n and_o the_o repair_v of_o castle_n and_o bridge_n and_o subject_a to_o the_o common_a service_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o that_o the_o earl_n and_o chief_z thanes_z do_v hold_v their_o land_n by_o knight_n or_o military_a service_n appear_v by_o the_o relief_n of_o the_o earl_n and_o thanes_z exâ—â—rest_v in_o the_o law_n of_o king_n cnut_n in_o sir_n h._n spelman_n council_n so_o that_o if_o all_o the_o person_n who_o hold_v those_o land_n owe_v they_o whole_o to_o the_o king_n bounty_n it_o seem_v plain_a to_o i_o that_o they_o must_v likewise_o owe_v their_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n to_o the_o same_o original_a f._n i_o think_v what_o you_o have_v now_o far_o urge_v will_v be_v of_o no_o great_a moment_n against_o my_o opinion_n for_o as_o to_o the_o authority_n you_o bring_v from_o the_o addition_n to_o that_o law_n of_o edw._n the_o confessor_n it_o be_v plain_a by_o the_o word_n barones_n that_o it_o be_v add_v long_o since_o that_o time_n that_o word_n not_o be_v common_o in_o use_n till_o some_o time_n after_o the_o norman_a conquest_n but_o let_v that_o pass_n it_o be_v plain_a by_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o law_n if_o you_o will_v have_v be_v please_v to_o have_v read_v it_o out_o that_o these_o heretoches_n here_o call_v baron_n be_v no_o other_o than_o ordinary_a gentleman_n or_o thanes_z which_o then_o answer_v the_o word_n barones_n and_o these_o as_o this_o law_n itself_o express_o tell_v we_o be_v choose_v by_o all_o the_o freeman_n in_o the_o folemote_a or_o county-court_n and_o therefore_o though_o i_o grant_v they_o may_v be_v man_n of_o estate_n yet_o there_o be_v no_o necessity_n of_o their_o be_v lord_n or_o noble_a by_o birth_n nor_o be_v it_o likely_a that_o the_o people_n will_v have_v choose_v their_o earl_n or_o any_o other_o of_o the_o like_a order_n to_o command_v they_o when_o they_o have_v sufficient_a choice_n of_o thanes_z or_o gentleman_n in_o their_o own_o country_n to_o command_v the_o military_a force_n of_o it_o and_o though_o it_o be_v true_a these_o gentleman_n be_v call_v noble_n and_o remarkable_a wise_a man_n yet_o this_o according_a to_o your_o own_o show_v do_v not_o exclude_v other_o and_o those_o of_o a_o far_o different_a profession_n viz._n counsellor_n lawyer_n and_o judge_n all_o which_o you_o suppose_v have_v then_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n as_o they_o have_v now_o in_o the_o lordâ—_n house_n and_o if_o this_o word_n may_v comprehend_v both_o swordman_n and_o lawyer_n i_o can_v see_v why_o it_o may_v not_o also_o take_v in_o the_o better_o and_o rich_a sort_n of_o citizen_n and_o magistrate_n who_o in_o that_o age_n as_o be_v notorious_a be_v elect_v by_o their_o respective_a corporation_n and_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v that_o these_o be_v call_v sapientes_fw-la in_o other_o country_n and_o i_o see_v no_o reason_n why_o they_o â—ny_v not_o have_v be_v call_v so_o here_o too_o but_o that_o the_o king_n judge_n and_o counsellor_n can_v have_v no_o vote_n in_o the_o saxon_a great_a council_n i_o have_v already_o give_v a_o sufficient_a reason_n to_o the_o contrary_n but_o i_o shall_v now_o far_o show_v you_o that_o the_o city_n and_o borough_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n be_v so_o much_o more_o numerous_a and_o considerable_a than_o they_o be_v now_o must_v needs_o have_v have_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o those_o time_n a_o considerable_a share_n in_o those_o great_a council_n since_o in_o they_o consist_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o strength_n and_o riches_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o be_v many_o more_o than_o they_o be_v at_o this_o day_n for_o bede_n 〈◊〉_d in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o history_n that_o there_o be_v in_o england_n long_o before_o his_o time_n 28_o famous_a city_n beside_o innumerable_a castle_n and_o wall_a town_n of_o note_n many_o of_o which_o author_n though_o now_o extreme_o decay_v or_o quite_o mine_v be_v then_o very_o considerable_a the_o great_a and_o rich_a part_n of_o the_o nation_n inhabit_v in_o those_o time_n for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o city_n or_o great_a town_n for_o their_o great_a benefit_n or_o security_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o land_n of_o england_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n and_o long_o after_o â—y_a incultivate_v and_o over_o run_v with_o forest_n and_o bogâ—_n so_o that_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o those_o city_n and_o borough_n be_v they_o so_o considerable_a for_o estate_n in_o land_n as_o well_o as_o other_o richâ—â—_n can_v not_o â—e_v exclude_v from_o have_v place_n both_o in_o the_o british_a or_o saxon_a great_a council_n what_o man_n of_o sense_n can_v
be_v forbid_v by_o the_o law_n of_o our_o country_n i_o shall_v answer_v that_o when_o you_o urge_v those_o law_n to_o i_o m._n i_o hope_v i_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o prove_v that_o by_o and_o by_o but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n give_v i_o leave_v to_o observe_v that_o it_o seem_v very_o strange_a to_o i_o that_o you_o shall_v own_o christ_n have_v oblige_v his_o disciple_n to_o submit_v without_o any_o resistance_n in_o some_o case_n to_o the_o supreme_a power_n when_o they_o persecute_v they_o and_o put_v they_o to_o death_n for_o religion_n and_o that_o they_o may_v not_o take_v up_o arm_n in_o their_o own_o defence_n and_o that_o of_o their_o religion_n which_o be_v the_o great_a concern_v that_o man_n ought_v to_o have_v in_o this_o world_n and_o yet_o that_o they_o may_v do_v it_o for_o much_o less_o considerable_a matter_n viz._n their_o life_n liberty_n or_o estate_n which_o sure_o ought_v to_o be_v of_o much_o less_o importance_n than_o the_o glory_n of_o god_n which_o be_v chief_o maintain_v by_o his_o true_a worship_n but_o i_o see_v you_o have_v find_v a_o salvo_n for_o this_o and_o will_v not_o allow_v prince_n the_o irresistible_a power_n of_o persecution_n when_o the_o religion_n be_v once_o settle_a by_o law_n that_o be_v when_o the_o christian_n be_v strong_a enough_o to_o resist_v which_o certain_o will_v be_v no_o thanks_o at_o all_o for_o their_o submission_n since_o man_n who_o be_v weak_a and_o unable_a to_o resist_v must_v needs_o obey_v and_o suffer_v which_o be_v matter_n of_o force_n and_o not_o of_o duty_n whereas_o we_o find_v by_o tertullian_n and_o all_o the_o ecclesiastical_a historian_n that_o though_o the_o christian_n be_v strong_a and_o numerous_a enough_o in_o the_o roman_a empire_n yet_o they_o choose_v rather_o to_o die_v than_o to_o resist_v as_o i_o shall_v show_v you_o more_o particular_o anon_o when_o i_o come_v to_o those_o quotation_n but_o i_o will_v if_o you_o please_v now_o proceed_v to_o the_o two_o last_o text_n i_o have_v to_o cite_v to_o you_o out_o of_o st._n paul_n and_o st._n peter_n f._n that_o we_o may_v not_o confound_v thing_n one_o with_o another_o i_o pray_v give_v i_o leave_v now_o to_o answer_v what_o you_o have_v object_v against_o what_o i_o say_v last_o before_o you_o proceed_v to_o any_o fresh_a place_n of_o scripture_n for_o though_o in_o the_o first_o place_n i_o doubt_v whether_o the_o nonresistance_n which_o tertullian_n and_o other_o primitive_a father_n so_o strict_o preach_v up_o be_v sound_v upon_o any_o express_a command_n of_o our_o saviour_n or_o his_o apostle_n yet_o grant_v at_o present_a that_o christ_n and_o his_o apostle_n enjoin_v it_o both_o by_o their_o example_n and_o precept_n yet_o this_o do_v not_o reach_v the_o case_n now_o before_o we_o for_o there_o may_v be_v very_o good_a reason_n why_o our_o saviour_n may_v enjoin_v a_o absolute_a submission_n to_o the_o 〈◊〉_d power_n without_o any_o resistance_n though_o they_o persecute_v we_o nay_o put_v we_o to_o 〈◊〉_d for_o matter_n of_o religion_n and_o yet_o he_o may_v allow_v we_o great_a liberty_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o our_o life_n liberty_n and_o estate_n when_o assault_v by_o the_o unjust_a violence_n of_o the_o supreme_a power_n for_o first_o our_o saviour_n ordain_v his_o religion_n to_o be_v suitable_a to_o his_o person_n viz._n a_o meek_a humble_a suffer_v messiah_n to_o be_v a_o example_n of_o a_o meek_a and_o suffer_a religion_n second_o religion_n be_v a_o thing_n that_o no_o power_n in_o the_o world_n can_v take_v from_o we_o persecution_n indeed_o may_v increase_v it_o and_o render_v it_o more_o fervent_a but_o can_v never_o diminish_v it_o if_o it_o be_v real_a and_o god_n have_v express_o promise_v so_o great_a a_o reward_n in_o another_o life_n for_o our_o suffering_n for_o it_o in_o this_o that_o it_o will_v infinite_o outweigh_v all_o that_o ever_o we_o can_v suffer_v on_o that_o account_n and_o last_o our_o saviour_n christ_n be_v please_v to_o ordain_v his_o doctrine_n to_o be_v propagate_v by_o miracle_n and_o suffering_n to_o distinguish_v it_o from_o all_o the_o false_a religion_n that_o have_v be_v in_o the_o world_n before_o he_o or_o that_o shall_v be_v set_v up_o in_o opposition_n to_o it_o afterward_o since_o neither_o the_o pagan_a nor_o mahometan_a superstition_n nor_o yet_o the_o jewish_a religion_n can_v show_v the_o like_a to_o subsist_v nay_o increase_n for_o above_o three_o hundred_o year_n under_o such_o great_a and_o cruel_a persecution_n nor_o yet_o be_v the_o glory_n of_o god_n at_o all_o diminish_v but_o rather_o increase_v under_o persecution_n since_o none_o be_v then_o firm_a to_o it_o but_o such_o as_o be_v real_o persuade_v of_o its_o truth_n and_o that_o they_o ought_v to_o suffer_v the_o worst_a that_o can_v befall_v they_o rather_o than_o forsake_v it_o and_o certain_o nothing_o can_v tend_v more_o to_o the_o glory_n of_o god_n than_o to_o see_v it_o subsist_v and_o increase_v under_o a_o cruel_a and_o bloody_a persecution_n nor_o be_v it_o the_o same_o reason_n that_o we_o shall_v suffer_v persecution_n after_o religion_n be_v become_v the_o settle_a constitution_n of_o a_o nation_n because_o then_o every_o man_n have_v the_o same_o right_n to_o it_o as_o he_o have_v to_o his_o property_n or_o freedom_n and_o though_o a_o man_n may_v part_v with_o either_o the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o yet_o be_v he_o not_o oblige_v to_o give_v they_o up_o by_o force_n and_o whether_o he_o will_v or_o no_o so_o likewise_o neither_o that_o right_o which_o he_o have_v to_o enjoy_v his_o religion_n according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o his_o country_n and_o therefore_o i_o do_v not_o resolve_v the_o obligation_n to_o nonresistance_n in_o matter_n of_o religion_n into_o the_o be_v the_o major_a party_n in_o a_o kingdom_n as_o you_o suppose_v for_o if_o the_o government_n of_o england_n be_v popish_a that_o be_v the_o legislative_a part_n of_o it_o and_o the_o major_a part_n of_o the_o common_a people_n be_v 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that_o this_o be_v whole_o forbid_v since_o all_o civil_a office_n and_o preferment_n be_v equal_o confer_v upon_o pagan_n as_o well_o as_o christian_n if_o they_o deserve_v they_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v no_o hard_a matter_n for_o julian_n the_o apostate_n to_o revoke_v so_o many_o of_o those_o edict_n his_o uncle_n have_v make_v in_o favour_n of_o christianity_n and_o to_o abrogate_v those_o which_o have_v be_v publish_v against_o the_o public_a sacrifice_n to_o the_o heathen_a god_n and_o shut_v up_o their_o temple_n so_o that_o no_o wonder_n if_o they_o be_v now_o again_o under_o the_o same_o obligation_n to_o suffer_v as_o they_o be_v before_o constantine_n time_n since_o the_o christian_a religion_n be_v never_o the_o only_a one_o establish_v by_o law_n so_o as_o to_o exclude_v the_o open_a profession_n of_o any_o other_o till_o the_o time_n of_o theodosius_n after_o which_o as_o also_o before_o according_a as_o the_o christian_a religion_n increase_v and_o as_o they_o get_v 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arm_n against_o their_o king_n 347._o offensive_a or_o defensive_a upon_o any_o pretence_n whatsoever_o be_v at_o least_o to_o resist_v the_o power_n which_o be_v ordain_v of_o god_n and_o though_o they_o do_v not_o invade_v but_o only_o resist_v st._n paul_n tell_v they_o plain_o they_o shall_v receive_v to_o themselves_o damnation_n from_o which_o you_o may_v plain_o see_v that_o this_o convocation_n which_o consist_v of_o as_o great_a man_n as_o i_o think_v have_v be_v for_o divers_a age_n do_v clear_o maintain_v monarchy_n to_o be_v of_o divine_a right_n and_o resistance_n to_o be_v in_o no_o case_n lawful_a f._n i_o shall_v grant_v the_o canon_n of_o this_o convocation_n to_o be_v a_o good_a proof_n of_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o church_n of_o england_n be_v it_o not_o for_o two_o very_a good_a reason_n i_o have_v against_o they_o the_o one_o i_o will_v tell_v you_o present_o and_o the_o other_o i_o will_v keep_v a_o while_n to_o myself_o in_o the_o first_o place_n therefore_o 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indeed_o thereby_o become_v a_o part_n of_o the_o know_a law_n of_o the_o land_n that_o in_o these_o very_a homily_n there_o be_v divers_a passage_n so_o very_o full_a and_o plain_a against_o all_o resistance_n of_o the_o sovereign_a power_n for_o any_o cause_n whatsoever_o that_o if_o you_o be_v a_o true_a church_n of_o england_n man_n as_o i_o hope_v you_o be_v you_o can_v have_v no_o just_a reason_n to_o deny_v their_o authority_n the_o homily_n or_o exhortation_n to_o obedience_n be_v make_v an._n 1547._o in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o six_o in_o the_o second_o part_n of_o which_o sermon_n of_o obedience_n we_o be_v tell_v in_o these_o word_n which_o i_o desire_v you_o to_o read_v along_o with_o i_o that_o it_o be_v the_o call_v of_o god_n people_n to_o be_v patient_a and_o on_o the_o suffer_a side_n
second_o he_o gives_z we_o in_o his_o prologue_n to_o his_o treatise_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n this_o testimony_n leges_fw-la namque_fw-la anglicanas_fw-la liceâ—â—on_fw-la scriptas_fw-la leges_fw-la appellari_fw-la non_fw-la videtur_fw-la absurdum_fw-la cum_fw-la boc_fw-la ipsum_fw-la lex_fw-la sit_fw-la quod_fw-la principi_fw-la placet_fw-la &_o legis_fw-la habet_fw-la vigorem_fw-la â—as_fw-la scilicet_fw-la quas_fw-la super_fw-la dubljs_fw-la in_o conâ—ilio_fw-la definiendis_fw-la procerum_fw-la quidem_fw-la consilio_fw-la &_o principis_fw-la accadente_fw-la authoritate_fw-la constat_fw-la esse_fw-la promulgatas_fw-la so_o likewise_o bracton_n in_o his_o very_a first_o chapter_n speak_v much_o to_o the_o same_o purpose_n cum_fw-la legis_fw-la vigorem_fw-la habeat_fw-la quicquid_fw-la de_fw-la consilio_fw-la &_o de_fw-fr consâ—nsu_fw-la magnatum_fw-la &_o reipublicae_fw-la commâ—ni_fw-la sponsione_n authoritate_fw-la principis_fw-la prâ—ceâ—â—nte_fw-la justè_fw-la fuerit_fw-la definiâ—um_fw-la &_o approbatum_fw-la and_o also_o in_o his_o three_o book_n chap._n 2._o when_o he_o speak_v of_o the_o ancient_a manner_n of_o make_v law_n in_o england_n he_o say_v quae_fw-la quidem_fw-la fuerint_fw-la approbate_a concensu_fw-la utentium_fw-la &_o sacramento_n râ—gum_fw-la confirmaâ—ae_fw-la non_fw-la possunt_fw-la mutari_fw-la atâ—_n destrui_fw-la sine_fw-la communi_fw-la consensu_fw-la utentium_fw-la &_o consilio_fw-la eorum_fw-la quorum_fw-la consilio_fw-la &_o consensu_fw-la fuerint_fw-la promulgata_fw-la where_o you_o may_v see_v these_o ancient_a author_n plain_o declare_v that_o nothing_o have_v the_o force_n of_o a_o law_n in_o this_o kingdom_n but_o what_o be_v approve_v of_o and_o consent_v to_o by_o all_o order_n of_o man_n either_o by_o themselves_o or_o their_o representative_n and_o which_o be_v very_o remarkable_a bracton_n suppose_v the_o king_n authority_n or_o royal_a sanction_n of_o a_o law_n may_v precede_v the_o consent_n of_o the_o great_a council_n which_o quite_o destroy_v that_o notion_n that_o it_o be_v the_o king_n give_v his_o last_o assent_n which_o give_v it_o the_o essence_n and_o vigour_n of_o a_o law_n and_o with_o these_o more_o ancient_a sage_n of_o the_o law_n fortescue_n also_o agree_v in_o his_o 9th_o chap._n dâ—_n laudibus_fw-la legum_n angliae_fw-la where_o he_o say_v rex_fw-la angliae_fw-la populum_fw-la gubernaâ—_fw-la non_fw-la mera_fw-fr potesâ—â—_n to_o regid_a sed_fw-la politica_fw-la populus_fw-la &_o enim_fw-la ijs_fw-la legibâ—_n guberâ—â—tur_fw-la quas_fw-la ipse_fw-la fert_fw-la etc._n etc._n what_o follow_v be_v word_n for_o word_n the_o same_o with_o what_o bracton_n have_v before_o in_o his_o first_o chap_n and_o therefore_o need_v not_o to_o be_v repeat_v so_o likewise_o in_o the_o 18_o chap._n speak_v of_o the_o absolute_a legislative_a power_n of_o king_n in_o some_o other_o kingdom_n he_o thus_o proceed_v sed_fw-la non_fw-la sic_fw-la angliae_fw-la statuta_fw-la oriri_fw-la possunt_fw-la dum_fw-la nelum_fw-la principis_fw-la voluntate_fw-la sed_fw-la &_o toâ—ius_fw-la regni_fw-la assensu_fw-la ipsa_fw-la conduntur_fw-la quo_fw-la populi_n laesuram_fw-la nequiunt_fw-la vel_fw-la non_fw-la eorum_fw-la commodum_fw-la procurare_fw-la but_o if_o they_o after_o prove_v inconvenient_a he_o immediate_o add_v concito_fw-la reformari_fw-la ipsa_fw-la possunt_fw-la sed_fw-la non_fw-la sine_fw-la communitatis_fw-la &_o proterum_fw-la regni_fw-la illius_fw-la assensu_fw-la quali_fw-la ipsa_fw-la primitùs_fw-la emanarunt_fw-la to_o which_o i_o may_v also_o add_v a_o authority_n out_o of_o that_o learned_a author_n st._n german_n who_o in_o his_o dialogue_n call_v the_o dr._n and_o student_n write_v in_o latin_a in_o the_o 10_o chap._n entitle_v de_fw-la sexto_fw-la fundamento_fw-la legis_fw-la angliae_fw-la the_o student_n thus_o speak_v sexium_fw-la fundamentum_fw-la legis_fw-la angliae_fw-la sâ—at_fw-la in_o diversis_fw-la statutis_fw-la per_fw-la dominum_fw-la regem_fw-la &_o progenitores_fw-la suos_fw-la &_o per_fw-la dominos_fw-la spirituales_fw-la &_o temporales_fw-la &_o per_fw-la communitatem_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la in_o parliamentis_fw-la editis_fw-la ubi_fw-la lex_fw-la rationis_fw-la lex_fw-la diviâ—a_fw-la consuetudines_fw-la maxima_fw-la sive_fw-la alia_fw-la fundamenta_fw-la legis_fw-la anglia_fw-it prià s_o sufficere_fw-la minimè_fw-la videbantur_fw-la where_o you_o see_v the_o legislative_a power_n be_v here_o attribute_v to_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o joint_o with_o the_o king_n and_o therefore_o my_o lord_n coke_n in_o his_o note_n upon_o the_o statute_n of_o westminster_n i_o call_v it_o a_o complete_a parliament_n as_o consist_v of_o all_o the_o estate_n necessary_a thereunto_o for_o say_v he_o a_o parliament_n concern_v make_v or_o enact_v law_n consist_v of_o the_o king_n the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a and_o commons_o and_o 〈◊〉_d be_v no_o act_n of_o parliament_n unless_o it_o be_v make_v by_o the_o 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under_o such_o as_o you_o mention_v you_o will_v i_o think_v scarce_o be_v content_v to_o live_v where_o the_o priest_n bear_v so_o much_o sway_n where_o there_o be_v no_o city_n or_o great_a town_n but_o only_o scatter_v house_n and_o habitation_n by_o river_n field_n and_o wood_n make_v of_o dirt_n or_o clay_n arm_n of_o tree_n and_o stubble_n where_o there_o be_v no_o literature_n especial_o among_o the_o common_a people_n nor_o scarce_a civility_n where_o there_o be_v no_o clothing_n but_o with_o garment_n make_v of_o beast_n skin_n no_o food_n but_o milk_n pulse_n and_o flesh_n without_o art_n or_o cookery_n where_o there_o be_v no_o propriety_n in_o land_n no_o money_n no_o work_n for_o lawyer_n as_o you_o will_v find_v if_o you_o read_v on_o in_o tacitus_n and_o the_o 6_o book_n of_o cesar_n commentary_n and_o as_o for_o what_o you_o say_v concern_v the_o beginning_n of_o the_o saxon_a kingdom_n in_o this_o island_n 20._o to_o this_o i_o reply_v that_o heng_a and_o horsa_n and_o 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as_o name_n be_v derive_v but_o though_o tacitus_n who_o live_v about_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o emperor_n trajan's_n reign_n europe_n name_v not_o the_o saxon_n yet_o pâ—olomy_n who_o write_v within_o 40_o year_n after_o express_o mention_n they_o place_v their_o country_n not_o far_o north_n of_o the_o river_n albis_n and_o near_o the_o place_n where_o all_o agree_v the_o angli_fw-la be_v seat_v so_o that_o they_o be_v either_o all_o one_o and_o the_o same_o nation_n or_o very_o little_a different_a but_o etheliverd_v quaestor_n one_o of_o our_o ancient_a english_a saxon_a historian_n in_o his_o first_o book_n make_v this_o nation_n of_o the_o saxon_n of_o a_o far_o wide_a extent_n and_o that_o it_o reach_v from_o the_o river_n rhine_n all_o along_o the_o sea-coast_n up_o to_o donia_n now_o call_v denmark_n but_o since_o i_o see_v you_o can_v well_o tell_v how_o to_o evade_v this_o testimony_n of_o tacitus_n but_o by_o affirm_v that_o the_o government_n in_o germany_n be_v a_o 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priest_n preside_v in_o their_o assembly_n which_o be_v no_o more_o to_o be_v wonder_v at_o than_o that_o the_o bishop_n have_v still_o vote_n and_o their_o share_n of_o legislature_n in_o the_o house_n of_o peer_n or_o that_o a_o bishop_n when_o chancellor_n or_o keeper_n shall_v be_v speaker_n in_o the_o house_n of_o peer_n or_o suppose_v that_o their_o priest_n have_v more_o power_n among_o they_o than_o the_o christian_a clergy_n have_v after_o they_o be_v convert_v do_v it_o therefore_o follow_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o same_o government_n or_o that_o it_o must_v therefore_o be_v so_o intolerable_a that_o i_o will_v not_o have_v be_v willing_a to_o have_v live_v under_o it_o since_o i_o must_v tell_v you_o i_o be_o not_o against_o civil_a office_n though_o exercise_v by_o clergyman_n as_o far_o as_o the_o business_n of_o their_o function_n and_o the_o canon_n of_o the_o church_n will_v permit_v as_o for_o the_o rest_n which_o you_o object_v concern_v the_o barbarous_a live_n 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nothing_o to_o the_o purpose_n it_o be_v plain_a they_o think_v they_o can_v mend_v their_o condition_n or_o else_o will_v never_o have_v leave_v their_o country_n and_o though_o it_o be_v grant_v that_o hengist_n with_o his_o follower_n come_v not_o over_o as_o enemy_n but_o auxiliary_n to_o the_o britain_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o therefore_o more_o likely_a that_o they_o be_v choose_v by_o the_o king_n of_o their_o own_o nation_n than_o that_o their_o own_o follower_n shall_v afterward_o elect_v they_o especial_o when_o the_o one_o be_v agreeable_a to_o our_o own_o historian_n and_o the_o other_o not_o for_o mattheus_fw-la florilegus_n tell_v we_o that_o horsus_n be_v slay_v the_o saxon_n fratrem_fw-la suum_fw-la hengislum_fw-la in_o regnum_fw-la cantiae_fw-la sublimaverunt_fw-la that_o be_v they_o elect_v or_o advance_v he_o to_o be_v king_n if_o i_o understand_v any_o thing_n by_o that_o word_n and_o this_o agree_v with_o the_o polichronicon_n of_o ranulph_n higden_n who_o place_n the_o begin_n of_o hengists_n reign_n immediate_o after_o the_o death_n of_o his_o brother_n horsus_n viz._n an._n dom._n 465._o eight_o year_n after_o the_o come_n of_o the_o saxon_n into_o britain_n and_o that_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o saxon_n who_o come_v hither_o after_o have_v no_o better_a title_n than_o election_n i_o can_v far_o prove_v if_o the_o time_n will_v give_v i_o leave_v for_o they_o that_o will_v read_v the_o ancient_a account_n of_o the_o saxon_a nation_n and_o what_o government_n they_o have_v among_o they_o long_o after_o the_o time_n of_o cesar_n and_o tacitus_n will_v find_v that_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o they_o shall_v be_v thus_o create_v king_n before_o they_o come_v over_o since_o at_o that_o time_n they_o have_v no_o such_o thing_n as_o constant_a king_n among_o they_o for_o in_o those_o time_n it_o be_v rather_o a_o aristocracy_n than_o a_o monarchy_n
that_o because_o the_o emperor_n theodosius_n as_o likewise_o divers_a of_o his_o predecessor_n do_v nominate_v bishop_n to_o see_v therefore_o they_o do_v likewise_o receive_v from_o they_o all_o the_o authority_n they_o have_v of_o appear_v and_o act_v in_o general_a council_n which_o i_o be_o sure_a you_o be_v too_o good_a a_o church_n of_o england_n man_n to_o affirm_v m._n i_o must_v confess_v i_o never_o do_v so_o close_o examine_v the_o ancient_a form_n of_o confer_v of_o bishopric_n before_o the_o conquest_n as_o i_o find_v you_o have_v do_v and_o i_o will_v better_o examine_v your_o authority_n and_o if_o i_o find_v this_o custom_n to_o have_v be_v constant_a and_o uniform_a i_o shall_v come_v over_o to_o your_o opinion_n though_o i_o doubt_v it_o will_v not_o prove_v to_o have_v be_v so_o general_a as_o you_o will_v make_v it_o since_o by_o the_o authority_n you_o have_v now_o bring_v out_o of_o mat._n paris_n it_o appear_v that_o it_o be_v the_o king_n who_o give_v leave_v to_o this_o election_n of_o bishop_n wulstan_n in_o the_o great_a council_n which_o i_o be_o not_o yet_o convince_v do_v then_o take_v upon_o they_o to_o meddle_v in_o ecclesiastical_a matter_n without_o the_o king_n consent_n but_o since_o you_o have_v speak_v enough_o concern_v the_o right_n and_o antiquity_n of_o the_o bishop_n sit_v in_o our_o great_a council_n it_o be_v time_n you_o now_o speak_v of_o the_o right_n of_o the_o peer_n or_o temporal_a lord_n which_o certain_o can_v have_v no_o place_n there_o but_o from_o the_o favour_n and_o concession_n of_o our_o king_n so_o that_o whether_o we_o consider_v those_o lord_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n as_o ruler_n of_o county_n call_v in_o old_a english_a earl_n or_o alderman_n in_o latin_a deuce_n or_o comites_fw-la or_o else_o as_o judge_n or_o counsellor_n call_v in_o old_a saxon_a wites_z or_o wiseman_n in_o latin_a sapientes_fw-la or_o last_o as_o thanes_z in_o latin_a ministri_fw-la who_o be_v either_o military_a tenant_n or_o civil_a minister_n or_o else_o officer_n of_o the_o king_n in_o his_o court_n or_o other_o employment_n none_o of_o they_o be_v hereditary_a in_o those_o time_n but_o all_o of_o they_o either_o depend_v upon_o the_o king_n will_n or_o else_o owe_v their_o honour_n and_o estate_n to_o his_o favour_n f._n i_o hope_v notwithstanding_o the_o confidence_n you_o put_v in_o this_o part_n of_o the_o argument_n that_o it_o have_v no_o more_o weight_n in_o it_o than_o the_o former_a for_o though_o i_o grant_v there_o be_v no_o such_o thing_n as_o hereditary_a earldom_n before_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o norman_n so_o that_o though_o both_o the_o earl_n and_o alderman_n may_v have_v place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n ratione_fw-la officii_fw-la as_o the_o earl_n marshal_n of_o england_n have_v at_o this_o day_n and_o not_o by_o tenure_n england_n as_o they_o do_v after_o that_o time_n yet_o i_o very_o much_o doubt_n whether_o they_o sit_v there_o only_o ratione_fw-la officii_fw-la and_o not_o as_o thanes_z or_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o great_a lordship_n or_o estate_n in_o land_n but_o if_o they_o sit_v there_o as_o earl_n or_o aldermâ—n_o yet_o may_v they_o not_o be_v the_o only_a person_n that_o sit_v in_o those_o council_n by_o that_o title_n for_o there_o be_v beside_o these_o aldermen_z of_o city_n and_o burrough_n who_o be_v elect_v by_o those_o place_n and_o who_o it_o be_v very_o likely_a appear_v for_o they_o as_o their_o representative_n in_o those_o council_n until_o by_o succession_n of_o time_n those_o town_n begin_v to_o send_v two_o burgess_n in_o their_o stead_n some_o footstep_n of_o which_o still_o remain_v in_o london_n where_o the_o alderman_n of_o every_o ward_n be_v first_o propose_v to_o be_v elect_v parliament_n man_n before_o any_o other_o and_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o these_o alderman_n in_o the_o most_o ancient_a city_n as_o london_n york_n lincoln_n &_o â—_o be_v not_o elect_v by_o any_o grant_n or_o charter_n from_o the_o crown_n 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and_o the_o free_a man_n of_o the_o county_n or_o hundred_o be_v the_o judge_n of_o all_o matter_n of_o fact_n so_o that_o though_o the_o king_n may_v appoint_v these_o prince_n or_o governor_n of_o province_n or_o county_n yet_o do_v it_o no_o more_o follow_v that_o they_o owe_v their_o be_v and_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n whole_o to_o his_o will_n than_o as_o i_o say_v before_o suppose_v that_o the_o king_n have_v ancient_o the_o nomination_n of_o all_o the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n in_o england_n that_o therefore_o they_o must_v also_o owe_v their_o place_n in_o our_o great_a council_n or_o synod_n whole_o to_o they_o since_o the_o king_n perform_v both_o of_o they_o as_o a_o public_a trust_v commit_v to_o he_o by_o the_o common_a weal_n in_o the_o one_o case_n as_o much_o as_o in_o the_o other_o but_o indeed_o i_o think_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o member_n of_o this_o assembly_n beside_o alderman_n and_o burgess_n for_o city_n and_o town_n consist_v of_o those_o thanes_z who_o name_n be_v often_o find_v in_o the_o subscription_n of_o the_o ancient_a charter_n of_o our_o saxon_a king_n after_o the_o principes_fw-la deuce_n and_o comâ—â—â—s_n and_o that_o though_o many_o of_o they_o may_v be_v the_o king_n feudal_n thanes_z or_o 〈◊〉_d grand_a serjeanty_n or_o knight_n service_n in_o chief_a as_o mr._n sâ—lden_n tell_v we_o in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n 515._o yet_o that_o author_n no_o where_o exclude_v the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d i._o e._n middle_a or_o less_o thanes_z from_o have_v voice_n in_o those_o assembly_n who_o be_v afterward_o style_v vavissour_n or_o lord_n of_o township_n afterward_o call_v maunor_n with_o court_n annex_v to_o they_o under_o the_o name_n of_o sac_n &_o soc_n which_o be_v the_o same_o with_o our_o court_n 〈◊〉_d and_o courtbaron_n especial_o if_o you_o please_v far_o to_o consider_v what_o a_o vast_a nâ—mber_n of_o alâ—dariâ—_n or_o free_a tenant_n there_o be_v then_o who_o hold_v their_o land_n discharge_v of_o all_o service_n but_o the_o common_a burden_n and_o tax_n of_o the_o nation_n none_o but_o the_o land_n of_o the_o king_n thanes_z be_v hold_v by_o military_a service_n before_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o norman_n so_o that_o whoever_o will_v but_o consider_v the_o nature_n of_o our_o saxon_a council_n will_v find_v that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o person_n that_o appear_v there_o do_v not_o owe_v their_o 〈◊〉_d to_o their_o be_v the_o king_n minister_n or_o officer_n as_o you_o suppose_v but_o to_o their_o hold_v such_o land_n and_o possâ—ssions_n as_o capacitate_v they_o and_o give_v they_o a_o right_a to_o have_v place_n in_o those_o great_a council_n and_o that_o this_o be_v 〈◊〉_d we_o need_v go_v no_o further_o than_o the_o law_n of_o king_n athelâ—â—an_n where_o you_o will_v find_v gâ—mility_n itself_o annex_v to_o a_o estate_n in_o land_n 54._o for_o if_o you_o will_v but_o be_v please_v to_o consult_v king_n athelston_n law_n you_o will_v there_o find_v that_o if_o a_o villaâ—aus_n or_o câ—eorl_n can_v so_o thrive_v as_o to_o get_v a_o estate_n of_o five_o hide_n in_o land_n he_o be_v reckon_v a_o thane_n i._n e._n a_o gentleman_n or_o nobleman_n as_o they_o be_v promiscuoul_o reckon_v at_o that_o time_n so_o that_o though_o i_o suppose_v there_o may_v not_o be_v in_o those_o time_n that_o exact_a distinction_n between_o peer_n and_o commons_o as_o there_o have_v be_v establish_v since_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o norman_n yet_o be_v it_o the_o same_o thing_n in_o effect_n since_o the_o bishop_n earl_n or_o alderman_n of_o shire_n though_o not_o enjoy_v as_o hereditary_a honour_n may_v make_v then_o the_o great_a nobility_n or_o peer_n as_o the_o thanes_z be_v the_o less_o nobility_n gentleman_n or_o freeholder_n who_o all_o appear_v in_o person_n may_v together_o with_o
the_o alderman_n or_o burgess_n of_o town_n represent_v those_o which_o we_o now_o call_v the_o commons_o and_o suppose_v that_o then_o there_o be_v no_o knight_n of_o shire_n yet_o these_o be_v then_o the_o only_a proprietor_n of_o any_o considerable_a estate_n of_o land_n in_o the_o nation_n may_v very_o well_o represent_v all_o their_o vassal_n or_o vnder-tenent_n as_o tenant_n for_o year_n and_o at_o will_n be_v at_o this_o day_n by_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n though_o they_o have_v no_o vote_n at_o their_o election_n to_o conclude_v though_o i_o grant_v that_o the_o king_n be_v of_o england_n be_v the_o fountain_n of_o that_o honour_n which_o we_o call_v peerage_n yet_o it_o be_v only_o in_o pursuance_n of_o that_o ancient_a constitution_n which_o their_o ancestor_n bring_v out_o of_o old_a saxony_n and_o normandy_n along_o with_o they_o as_o the_o firm_a defence_n of_o kingly_a power_n against_o the_o insolency_n and_o encroachment_n of_o the_o common_a or_o mean_a sort_n of_o people_n as_o well_o as_o tyranny_n in_o their_o prince_n and_o therefore_o in_o all_o monarchy_n where_o there_o be_v no_o hereditary_a nobility_n the_o prince_n have_v no_o sure_a â—ay_n to_o maintain_v his_o power_n than_o by_o stand_v army_n to_o who_o humour_n and_o paction_n he_o be_v more_o subject_a and_o be_v also_o more_o liable_a to_o be_v murder_v or_o depose_v by_o they_o when_o discontent_v with_o he_o than_o ever_o any_o limit_a prince_n yet_o be_v or_o can_v be_v by_o his_o nobility_n or_o people_n as_o i_o can_v show_v you_o from_o a_o multitude_n of_o example_n not_o only_o from_o the_o roman_a but_o moorish_a arabic_a and_o turkish_a history_n and_o therefore_o to_o constitute_v a_o last_a stable_n limit_v monarchy_n as_o we_o be_v it_o must_v be_v according_a to_o the_o model_n i_o have_v here_o propose_v m._n i_o shall_v not_o contradict_v the_o latter_a part_n of_o your_o discourse_n but_o i_o must_v free_o tell_v you_o that_o if_o as_o you_o yourself_o grant_v there_o be_v no_o knight_n of_o shire_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n i_o can_v see_v how_o those_o we_o call_v the_o vulgar_a or_o commons_o of_o england_n have_v then_o any_o representative_n in_o the_o great_a council_n since_o those_o thanes_z or_o lord_n of_o manor_n who_o you_o suppose_v to_o have_v represent_v their_o tenant_n or_o vassal_n be_v never_o choose_v by_o they_o and_o consequent_o can_v not_o proper_o be_v their_o representative_n but_o i_o think_v it_o will_v be_v easy_a enough_o to_o prove_v that_o none_o of_o your_o inferior_a or_o middle_a thanes_z but_o only_o the_o chief_a or_o superior_a have_v place_n in_o those_o assembly_n so_o that_o these_o feudal_n thanes_z or_o such_o as_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o chief_a by_o military_a service_n be_v of_o the_o same_o kind_a with_o they_o that_o be_v after_o the_o norman_a time_n honorary_a or_o parliamentary_a baron_n and_o their_o thainland_n alone_o be_v the_o honorary_a thainland_n and_o such_o as_o be_v 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brady_n have_v very_o well_o prove_v against_o mr._n petyt_n and_o i_o think_v i_o can_v convince_v you_o also_o of_o the_o truth_n of_o it_o by_o he_o as_o well_o as_o other_o argument_n be_v it_o not_o now_o too_o late_o to_o enter_v upon_o so_o long_a a_o subject_a f._n therefore_o pray_v let_v we_o defer_v any_o further_a discourse_n of_o this_o question_n till_o the_o next_o time_n we_o meet_v wherein_o i_o hope_v i_o may_v show_v you_o that_o if_o you_o owe_v that_o opinion_n to_o the_o doctor_n argument_n he_o have_v lead_v you_o into_o a_o very_a gross_a mistake_n and_o i_o shall_v only_o at_o present_a take_v my_o leave_n of_o you_o and_o bid_v you_o good_a night_n m._n i_o wish_v you_o the_o like_a advertisement_n a_o brief_a discourse_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n according_a to_o the_o principle_n and_o method_n lay_v down_o in_o the_o reverend_n dr._n cumberland_n now_o lord_n bishop_n of_o peterborough_n latin_a treatise_n on_o that_o subject_a as_o also_o his_o confutation_n of_o mr._n hobb_n principle_n put_v into_o another_o method_n with_o the_o right_n reverend_a author_n approbation_n finis_fw-la bibliotheca_fw-la politica_fw-la or_o a_o discourse_n by_o way_n of_o dialogue_n whether_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n represent_v by_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n in_o parliament_n be_v one_o of_o the_o three_o estate_n in_o parliament_n before_o the_o 49th_o of_o henry_n iii_o or_o 18_o of_o edw._n i._n collect_v out_o of_o the_o most_o approve_a author_n both_o ancient_a and_o modern_a dialogue_n the_o six_o london_n print_v for_o r._n baldwin_n in_o warwick-lane_n near_o the_o oxford-arm_n where_o also_o may_v be_v have_v the_o first_o second_o third_z four_o and_o five_o dialogue_n 1693._o author_n make_v use_v of_o and_o how_o denote_v 1._o mr._n pettit_n ancient_n right_o of_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n asserted_n p.r.c._n 2._o dr._n brady_n answer_n thereunto_o edit_fw-la in_o folio_n b._n a._n p._n 3._o the_o say_v doctor_n be_v glossary_a at_o the_o end_n of_o it_o b._n g._n 4._o anamadversion_n upon_o treatise_n janii_n anglorum_fw-la force_n novo_fw-la b._n a._n i._n 5._o the_o author_n of_o janus_n etc._n etc._n his_o confutation_n of_o the_o say_a doctor_n entitle_v janus_n anglorum_fw-la ab_fw-la antique_a i._n a._n a._n 6._o dr._n brady_n preface_n to_o his_o history_n b._n p._n h._n 7._o dr._n iohnston_n excellency_n of_o monarchical_a government_n i._o e._n m._n g._n the_o preface_n to_o the_o reader_n have_v in_o my_o last_o discourse_n treat_v of_o the_o legislative_a power_n of_o this_o kingdom_n as_o also_o the_o ancient_a constitution_n of_o our_o english_a government_n by_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n the_o former_a of_o which_o question_n i_o shall_v scarce_o have_v dwell_v so_o long_o upon_o have_v i_o then_o know_v of_o a_o learned_a treatise_n now_o 〈◊〉_d to_o be_v publish_v on_o that_o subject_a i_o be_o at_o last_o arrive_v at_o the_o hard_a and_o most_o important_a though_o perhaps_o in_o the_o judgement_n of_o some_o the_o dry_a and_o most_o unpleasant_a part_n of_o my_o task_n viz._n who_o be_v ancient_o the_o constituent_a part_n or_o order_n of_o man_n who_o make_v up_o thâ—se_a assembly_n that_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n prior_n earl_n and_o chief_z thanes_z or_o baron_n be_v principal_a member_n be_v grant_v by_o all_o party_n but_o whether_o there_o be_v from_o the_o very_a original_a of_o these_o great_a council_n nay_o till_o long_o after_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o norman_n any_o representative_n for_o the_o commons_o as_o we_o now_o call_v they_o in_o distinction_n from_o the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a be_v a_o doubt_n which_o as_o it_o be_v for_o aught_o i_o can_v find_v first_o raise_v by_o a_o italian_a virgil._n who_o write_v the_o history_n of_o england_n in_o the_o last_o age_n so_o have_v it_o be_v continue_v by_o some_o antiquary_n of_o our_o present_a age_n though_o the_o first_o that_o ever_o appear_v to_o prove_v the_o contrary_a be_v a_o treatise_n publish_v by_o james_n howel_n in_o the_o cottoni_fw-la posthuma_n under_o the_o name_n of_o sir_n robert_n cotton_n about_o 1654._o but_o whether_o it_o be_v he_o or_o no_o i_o know_v not_o only_o it_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v so_o by_o mr._n pryn_n in_o his_o preface_n to_o the_o collection_n of_o record_n which_o he_o publish_v under_o the_o name_n of_o the_o same_o author_n in_o 1657._o and_o after_o he_o this_o notion_n of_o the_o bishop_n lord_n and_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v the_o sole_a representative_a for_o the_o whole_a nation_n in_o those_o council_n be_v next_o print_v in_o the_o second_o part_n of_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n glossary_a tit._n parliamentum_fw-la where_o king_n john_n charter_n be_v make_v use_n of_o at_o the_o main_a argument_n to_o prove_v that_o assertion_n the_o next_o who_o appear_v in_o prâ—nt_n on_o
with_o the_o advice_n and_o assistance_n of_o their_o wite_n or_o wiseman_n simple_o without_o mention_v any_o particular_a order_n of_o man_n whatsoever_o and_o when_o any_o rank_a or_o degree_n of_o man_n be_v particular_o mention_v they_o be_v only_o the_o same_o before_o rehearse_v both_o ecclesiastic_n and_o laic_n 2._o i_o note_v that_o it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o that_o in_o every_o one_o of_o these_o wittena_n gâ—motes_n micel_v synod_n micel_v gemote_n or_o great_a council_n where_o the_o law_n be_v say_v to_o be_v make_v only_o by_o the_o king_n with_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o wites_z or_o sapientes_fw-la without_o particularise_v any_o degree_n of_o person_n the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n for_o the_o spiritual_a nobility_n and_o the_o eorl_n or_o alderman_n and_o thanes_z for_o the_o temporal_a be_v present_a at_o the_o make_n of_o they_o as_o also_o the_o judge_n if_o there_o be_v any_o of_o the_o high_a class_n other_o than_o bishop_n aldermen_z and_o gereve_n or_o praepositi_fw-la 3._o i_o note_v that_o it_o follow_v from_o thence_o that_o these_o all_o joint_o be_v the_o sapientes_fw-la where_o there_o be_v only_o wites_z or_o sapientes_fw-la in_o general_n name_v without_o recite_v any_o particular_a order_n or_o degree_n of_o men._n now_o if_o you_o can_v show_v i_o from_o as_o good_a authority_n as_o i_o have_v here_o produce_v that_o any_o of_o the_o commons_o sit_v in_o these_o great_a council_n at_o least_o to_o represent_v the_o body_n of_o the_o commons_o among_o the_o saxon_n i_o will_v grant_v that_o during_o the_o saxon_a government_n the_o freeman_n or_o commons_o of_o england_n as_o now_o call_v and_o distinguish_v from_o the_o great_a lord_n be_v a_o essential_a constituent_a part_n of_o the_o common_a council_n of_o those_o time_n f._n to_o return_v you_o as_o short_a a_o answer_n as_o i_o can_v to_o those_o authority_n you_o now_o cite_v i_o must_v in_o the_o first_o place_n premise_v that_o though_o i_o grant_v all_o nobility_n among_o the_o ancient_a german_n saxon_n and_o frank_n who_o be_v but_o so_o many_o stirps_fw-la or_o branch_n of_o the_o gothic_a nation_n be_v at_o first_o whole_o military_a yet_o it_o be_v a_o very_a great_a mistake_n and_o savour_v of_o the_o prejudices_fw-la of_o the_o age_n and_o country_n we_o live_v in_o to_o imagine_v that_o ancient_o there_o be_v the_o same_o distinction_n between_o peer_n or_o nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n who_o we_o now_o call_v commoner_n as_o there_o be_v now_o for_o if_o we_o go_v but_o over_o into_o france_n or_o germany_n we_o shall_v find_v no_o difference_n there_o between_o the_o great_a and_o the_o less_o nobility_n and_o a_o gentleman_n be_v as_o noble_a as_o a_o dâ—ke_n or_o a_o marquis_n and_o if_o we_o pass_v far_o into_o denmark_n and_o norway_n from_o whence_o most_o of_o the_o danish_a law_n be_v suppose_v to_o come_v it_o be_v certain_a that_o but_o few_o year_n ago_o there_o be_v no_o such_o title_n among_o they_o as_o earl_n or_o baron_n every_o lord_n of_o a_o town_n or_o district_n be_v that_o which_o they_o call_v a_o adelman_n or_o nobleman_n and_o so_o i_o suppose_v it_o ancient_o be_v among_o the_o english_a saxon_n the_o word_n athel_n or_o adel_n comprehend_v to_o speak_v in_o our_o present_a dialect_n all_o degree_n as_o well_o nobleman_n as_o gentleman_n and_o for_o this_o i_o can_v give_v you_o the_o authority_n of_o a_o ancient_a author_n viz._n paulus_n warnefridus_n de_fw-fr gestis_fw-la longobardorum_fw-la 21._o who_o speak_v of_o these_o adelman_n or_o adeling_n tell_v we_o sic_fw-la and_o eos_fw-la quidam_fw-la nobiles_fw-la prosapia_fw-la vocabantur_fw-la so_o likewise_o sir_n h._n spelman_n in_o his_o glossary_n tit._n adelingi_n tit._n p._n 9_o 10._o write_v thus_o anglorum_fw-la legibus_fw-la dici_fw-la pro_fw-la nobilibus_fw-la in_o genere_fw-la quod_fw-la nec_fw-la dum_fw-la apud_fw-la germanos_fw-la antiquatum_fw-la est_fw-la qui_fw-la omnes_fw-la nobiles_fw-la aedelman_n vocant_fw-la a_o saxonico_n aedel_n pro_fw-la nobili_fw-la and_o mr._n selden_n in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n make_v the_o word_n aethelum_n to_o signify_v all_o one_o 708._o either_o gentleman_n or_o nobleman_n beside_o adam_n of_o bremen_n and_o 4._o nitardus_fw-la likewise_o both_o ancient_a historian_n divide_v the_o saxon_a nation_n into_o three_o different_a degree_n or_o order_n viz_o into_o atheling_n i._n e._n noble_n friling_n i._n e._n freemen_n and_o lazzos_n i._n e._n villain_n bours_z or_o bondman_n beside_o which_o nobleman_n or_o gentleman_n there_o be_v likewise_o another_o sort_n of_o man_n who_o though_o of_o a_o inferior_a rank_n yet_o as_o freeman_n and_o have_v a_o considerable_a share_n of_o the_o riches_n and_o strength_n of_o the_o nation_n in_o their_o hand_n have_v likewise_o a_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n as_o well_o as_o the_o former_a and_o these_o be_v the_o alderman_n or_o other_o magistrate_n of_o city_n and_o burrough_n and_o in_o this_o they_o resemble_v the_o german_a diet_n who_o constituent_a member_n be_v according_a to_o gonterus_fw-la a_o ancient_a german_a poet_n praelati_fw-la proceres_fw-la missisque_fw-la potentibus_fw-la urbes_fw-la but_o since_o this_o be_v a_o dispute_n about_o the_o signification_n of_o word_n in_o what_o sense_n they_o be_v use_v in_o that_o age_n we_o be_v now_o treat_v of_o it_o will_v not_o be_v inconvenient_a to_o examine_v from_o the_o most_o learned_a glossarist_n the_o ancient_a signification_n of_o those_o word_n which_o be_v in_o dispute_n between_o we_o and_o therefore_o since_o we_o be_v agree_v about_o the_o meaning_n of_o all_o other_o word_n except_o these_o viz._n alderman_n thanes_z wites_z magnates_n optimates_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la preceres_fw-la or_o primate_fw-la let_v we_o examine_v each_o of_o their_o ancient_a signification_n to_o begin_v then_o with_o the_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d man_n alderman_n which_o word_n be_v of_o a_o very_a general_a signification_n for_o sir_n hen._n spelman_n in_o his_o glossary_n tit._n alderman_n tell_v we_o that_o there_o be_v aldermannus_n regis_n comitatus_fw-la civitatis_fw-la burgi_n etc._n etc._n de_fw-fr quorum_fw-la potestate_fw-la non_fw-la facile_fw-la est_fw-la definire_fw-la alderman_n mr._n lambard_n render_v the_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d man_n in_o latin_a senator_n i._n e._n one_o that_o have_v place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n and_o so_o do_v mr._n somner_n in_o his_o saxon_a dictionary_n from_o whence_o you_o may_v learn_v that_o this_o word_n be_v of_o a_o large_a signification_n and_o may_v comprehend_v such_o as_o in_o latter_a time_n be_v call_v commons_o alderman_n to_o distinguish_v they_o from_o the_o lord_n or_o high_a nobility_n and_o can_v not_o exclude_v they_o verstegan_n render_v this_o word_n thus_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d so_o write_v in_o our_o ancient_a language_n 326._o be_v proper_o a_o elder_a or_o senior_n yet_o a_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d man_n which_o we_o call_v now_o a_o alderman_n be_v such_o in_o effect_n among_o our_o ancestor_n as_o be_v the_o tribunus_n plebis_fw-la with_o the_o roman_n that_o be_v one_o that_o have_v chief_a jurisdiction_n among_o the_o commons_o as_o be_v a_o maintainer_n of_o their_o liberty_n and_o if_o so_o such_o person_n must_v certain_o have_v have_v a_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n as_o commoner_n and_o therefore_o must_v from_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o thing_n signify_v something_o more_o in_o those_o time_n than_o a_o earl_n or_o great_a officer_n of_o the_o king_n only_o so_o likewise_o that_o the_o word_n thane_n comprehend_v more_o than_o the_o king_n great_a feudal_n or_o military_a tenant_n may_v appear_v by_o these_o interpretation_n of_o it_o which_o our_o antiquary_n have_v give_v we_o the_o industrious_a mr._n somner_n in_o his_o glossary_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o x._o scriptores_fw-la as_o also_o mr._n selden_n in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n 267._o do_v both_o agree_v in_o the_o difference_n i_o now_o make_v between_o the_o great_a and_o the_o less_o thanes_z the_o former_a be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d thani_fw-la regii_fw-la 69._o the_o other_o call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d mediocres_fw-la vel_fw-la inferiores_fw-la thani_fw-la middle_n or_o less_o thanes_z who_o be_v maneriorum_fw-la domini_fw-la nobiles_fw-la miâ—â—â—es_fw-la vavasores_fw-la &_o nonnunquam_fw-la liberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la with_o who_o sir_n h._n spelman_n in_o his_o glossary_n agree_v thanorum_fw-la duo_fw-la erant_fw-la genera_fw-la majores_fw-la quos_fw-la thainâ—s_fw-la regis_fw-la appellabant_fw-la nos_fw-la barones_n regis_fw-la &_o thaini_fw-la simpliciter_fw-la seu_fw-la thaini_fw-la minores_fw-la quâ—_n iidem_fw-la erant_fw-la qui_fw-la barones_n minores_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la maneriorum_fw-la domini_fw-la nobiles_fw-la minores_fw-la &_o nonnunquam_fw-la liberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la nuncupantur_fw-la so_o likewise_o mr._n lambard_n in_o his_o glossary_n 223._o thus_o thani_fw-la autem_fw-la appellatione_fw-la viri_fw-la interdum_fw-la nobiles_fw-la interdum_fw-la liberae_fw-la conditionis_fw-la homines_fw-la interdum_fw-la magistratus_fw-la
and_o the_o other_o less_o baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la ever_o since_o the_o 17_o of_o king_n john_n be_v summon_v by_o one_o common_a writ_n direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n of_o the_o county_n since_o which_o time_n if_o not_o some_o time_n before_o i_o grant_v these_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v not_o look_v upon_o as_o baron_n or_o peer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n proper_o so_o call_v yet_o do_v their_o vote_n in_o parliament_n still_o conclude_v and_o charge_v their_o tenant_n in_o the_o make_n and_o impose_v of_o tax_n or_o law_n which_o they_o alone_o together_o with_o the_o bishop_n and_o great_a baron_n still_o perform_v until_o the_o time_n i_o assign_v f._n i_o see_v you_o be_v in_o a_o wood_n and_o do_v not_o know_v well_o under_o what_o class_n to_o rank_v your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la for_o if_o they_o be_v at_o first_o all_o lord_n or_o peer_n how_o can_v they_o serve_v upon_o jury_n in_o hundred_o or_o county_z court_n if_o they_o be_v mere_a commoner_n than_o there_o be_v commons_o in_o parliament_n before_o the_o 49th_o of_o henry_n iii_o and_o why_o may_v not_o other_o as_o considerable_a commoner_n have_v place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n as_o well_o as_o they_o whether_o they_o be_v the_o king_n baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o not_o but_o in_o answer_n to_o this_o you_o tell_v i_o that_o we_o never_o have_v any_o baron_n hold_v by_o mean_a tenure_n here_o in_o england_n this_o be_v plain_o equivocal_a for_o if_o you_o mean_v it_o of_o barony_n in_o capite_fw-la it_o be_v true_a if_o of_o other_o barony_n it_o be_v false_a by_o your_o own_o confession_n and_o sir_n h._n spâ—lman_n tell_v we_o in_o the_o title_n last_o quote_v that_o the_o baron_n of_o burford_n plead_v to_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n per_fw-la baroniam_fw-la and_o yet_o he_o be_v never_o any_o baron_n of_o the_o kingdom_n now_o i_o desire_v you_o to_o show_v i_o if_o he_o and_o such_o like_a baron_n as_o himself_o have_v no_o place_n in_o parliament_n who_o it_o be_v represent_v they_o there_o and_o therefore_o in_o answer_n to_o your_o dilemma_n i_o grant_v that_o every_o baron_n by_o tenure_n be_v a_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la but_o every_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v not_o a_o baron_n and_o this_o i_o think_v be_v so_o plain_a that_o you_o yourself_o can_v deny_v it_o but_o in_o answer_n to_o your_o next_o question_n i_o can_v answer_v it_o without_o ask_v the_o gentleman_n from_o who_o you_o suppose_v i_o borrow_v the_o notion_n that_o there_o may_v be_v other_o baron_n or_o lord_n of_o manor_n who_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o estate_n may_v have_v place_n in_o parliament_n suppose_v knight_n of_o shire_n be_v not_o introduce_v till_o after_o henry_n the_o ii_o or_o king_n john_n time_n when_o such_o freeholder_n become_v too_o numerous_a all_o to_o appear_v in_o person_n and_o yet_o these_o may_v not_o be_v baron_n by_o tenure_n and_o therefore_o all_o your_o question_n conclude_v nothing_o for_o you_o suppose_v that_o which_o be_v still_o to_o be_v prove_v that_o because_o all_o the_o baron_n of_o england_n proper_o so_o call_v hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o be_v consequent_o his_o baron_n that_o therefore_o none_o but_o baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v any_o place_n in_o our_o great_a council_n which_o be_v the_o thing_n you_o only_o suppose_v and_o i_o as_o positive_o deny_v m._n well_o sir_n since_o you_o put_v it_o to_o that_o issue_n i_o hope_v i_o shall_v full_o convince_v you_o that_o none_o but_o the_o person_n i_o have_v mention_v be_v the_o constituent_a member_n of_o the_o common_a council_n or_o parliament_n before_o 49th_o hen._n iii_o or_o 18_o edw._n i_o and_o who_o do_v give_v assent_v to_o all_o law_n that_o be_v make_v and_o all_o tax_n that_o be_v to_o be_v impose_v on_o themselves_o and_o their_o under-tenant_n who_o be_v then_o conclude_v by_o the_o act_n of_o their_o superior_a lord_n but_o not_o to_o wrangle_v with_o you_o any_o long_o about_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n barones_n 116._o i_o grant_v there_o be_v nominal_a or_o titular_a baron_n very_o many_o such_o as_o i_o have_v mention_v nay_o that_o there_o be_v several_a other_o great_a subject_n who_o have_v tenant_n that_o hold_v 5_o 6_o 7_o 8_o 〈◊〉_d nay_o more_o knight_n fee_n under_o they_o and_o who_o have_v the_o name_n and_o title_n of_o baron_n but_o what_o be_v this_o to_o the_o purpose_n i_o desire_v you_o will_v prove_v to_o i_o by_o any_o direct_a proof_n that_o these_o sort_n of_o man_n have_v any_o voice_n either_o by_o themselves_o or_o their_o representative_n in_o our_o great_a council_n till_o after_o the_o time_n we_o allow_v they_o and_o this_o beside_o the_o proof_n i_o have_v already_o bring_v i_o think_v be_v sufficient_a since_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o the_o barones_n regni_fw-la or_o terra_n and_o the_o milites_fw-la and_o homines_fw-la svi_fw-la be_v all_o one_o and_o the_o same_o person_n that_o be_v they_o be_v the_o king_n be_v great_a baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o alone_o constitute_v the_o baronage_n or_o university_n of_o the_o baronage_n of_o england_n or_o of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o our_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n and_o for_o the_o far_a proof_n of_o this_o i_o need_v go_v no_o far_o than_o those_o very_a argument_n your_o own_o author_n 111._o mr._n p._n have_v make_v use_n of_o in_o his_o right_n of_o the_o commons_o assert_v wherein_o he_o will_v prove_v from_o certain_a letter_n that_o be_v send_v from_o the_o baronage_n or_o university_n of_o the_o baronage_n of_o england_n to_o the_o pope_n against_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n exaction_n here_o in_o england_n and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v not_o bring_v only_a fragment_n phrase_n or_o single_a word_n out_o of_o the_o record_n or_o history_n which_o seem_v to_o countenance_v my_o opinion_n contrary_a to_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o those_o record_n and_o the_o sense_n of_o the_o historian_n as_o some_o of_o your_o man_n do_v but_o shall_v give_v you_o the_o quotation_n out_o of_o those_o author_n whole_a and_o entire_a and_o shall_v make_v such_o reasonable_a deduction_n from_o they_o as_o i_o think_v you_o will_v have_v no_o reason_n to_o deny_v to_o be_v fair_o raise_v from_o the_o word_n themselves_o and_o also_o as_o matt._n paris_n relate_v in_o the_o 29_o hen._n iii_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n send_v letter_n to_o the_o pope_n 658._o then_o at_o the_o council_n of_o lion_n to_o complain_v of_o the_o pope_n exaction_n which_o letter_n be_v say_v by_o this_o author_n to_o be_v direct_v a_o magnatibus_fw-la &_o universitate_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la and_o though_o it_o be_v also_o true_a that_o in_o the_o same_o year_n there_o be_v other_o letter_n send_v thither_o from_o the_o same_o party_n to_o the_o cardinal_n there_o assemble_v which_o be_v recite_v by_o the_o old_a manuscript_n to_o have_v send_v messenger_n to_o the_o cardinal_n and_o the_o old_a manuscript_n in_o the_o cottonian_a library_n that_o they_o send_v to_o the_o cardinal_n assemble_v at_o the_o council_n of_o lion_n â—_z a_o baronibus_fw-la militibus_fw-la &_o universis_fw-la baronagii_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la per_fw-la procuratores_fw-la 〈◊〉_d rogeram_fw-la bigod_n comitem_fw-la norff._n willielmum_fw-la de_fw-la cantelupo_n johannem_fw-la silium_fw-la galfriâ—â—â—_n radulphum_fw-la filium_fw-la nicholas_n philippum_fw-la basset_n barones_n procuratores_fw-la baronagii_fw-la angâ—â—â—_n tunc_fw-la temporis_fw-la innocentio_n papa_n quarto_fw-la celebrante_fw-la concilium_fw-la ibi_fw-la generale_fw-mi anno_fw-la gratia_n 1245._o and_o the_o letter_n be_v thus_o direct_v venerabilibus_fw-la in_o christo_fw-la fratribus_fw-la uniâ—â—sis_fw-la &_o singulis_n dei_fw-la gratia_n salutem_fw-la barones_n milites_fw-la &_o universitas_fw-la baronagii_fw-la regis_fw-la angliae_fw-la and_o that_o matt._n of_o westminster_n do_v likewise_o agree_v in_o this_o relation_n only_o style_v the_o person_n last_o name_v milites_fw-la who_o matt._n paris_n call_v viri_fw-la nobiles_fw-la &_o discreti_fw-la but_o this_o will_v make_v no_o difference_n as_o i_o shall_v show_v you_o by_o and_o by_o and_o to_o these_o matt._n of_o westminster_n add_v mr._n william_n powic_n clark_n who_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v their_o secretary_n but_o notwithstanding_o it_o will_v appear_v that_o all_o these_o person_n so_o send_v name_v barones_n &_o milites_fw-la &_o universitas_fw-la baronagii_fw-la 103.104_o do_v not_o represent_v the_o commons_o of_o england_n at_o all_o but_o only_o the_o great_a earl_n baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la for_o first_o it_o appear_v from_o sir_n w._n dugdale_n baronage_n of_o england_n they_o that_o every_o one_o of_o the_o person_n here_o name_v be_v either_o a_o earl_n baron_n or_o great_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o nâ—â—_n common_a person_n as_o your_o author_n will_v have_v they_o and_o though_o it_o true_a the_o cottonian_a manuscript_n
refer_v but_o to_o this_o very_a letter_n which_o be_v assent_v as_o well_o per_fw-la procuratores_fw-la communitatis_fw-la regni_fw-la as_o by_o your_o baron_n here_o call_v nobiles_fw-la regni_fw-la and_o this_o application_n thereof_o be_v give_v by_o mr_n pryn_n himself_o when_o he_o make_v use_v of_o these_o record_n but_o to_o let_v you_o see_v far_o that_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o for_o all_o this_o author_n opinion_n to_o the_o contrary_a 119._o may_v join_v in_o a_o letter_n ro_o the_o pope_n i_o shall_v show_v you_o by_o that_o which_o be_v write_v in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o whole_a parliament_n to_o the_o pope_n in_o the_o 17_o the_o of_o edw._n iii_o about_o the_o provision_n of_o benefice_n which_o then_o grow_v so_o exorbitant_a that_o walsingham_n tell_v we_o in_o his_o history_n quod_fw-la rex_fw-la &_o tota_fw-la nobilitas_fw-la regni_fw-la pati_fw-la noluit_fw-la etc._n etc._n which_o phrase_n the_o letter_n itself_o will_v best_o explain_v 161._o the_o beginning_n and_o conclusion_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o in_o english_a as_o you_o may_v find_v it_o in_o mr._n fox_n book_n of_o martyr_n to_o the_o most_o holy_a father_n in_o god_n lord_n clement_n by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n of_o the_o holy_a church_n of_o rome_n 501._o and_o of_o the_o universal_a church_n chief_a and_o high-bishop_n his_o humble_a and_o devout_a child_n the_o prince_n duke_n earls_z baron_n knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n and_o all_o the_o communality_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n assemble_v at_o a_o parliament_n hold_v at_o westminster_n the_o 15_o the_o day_n of_o may_n last_o pass_v etc._n etc._n in_o witness_v whereof_o we_o have_v hereunto_o set_v our_o 〈◊〉_d give_v in_o the_o full_a parliament_n at_o westminst_n on_o the_o 18_o day_n of_o may_n anno_fw-la drâ—_n 1343._o and_o it_o still_o appear_v by_o the_o parliament_n roll_v of_o this_o year_n viz._n 17_o edw._n iii_o n._n 59_o that_o the_o commons_o petition_v the_o king_n that_o the_o lord_n may_v stay_v at_o the_o parliament_n till_o they_o have_v perfect_v and_o seal_v this_o letter_n and_o that_o there_o be_v such_o a_o letter_n then_o write_v by_o the_o parliament_n 3._o appear_v by_o the_o king_n letter_n to_o the_o pope_n about_o the_o same_o matter_n still_o among_o the_o tower_n record_n in_o which_o he_o imitate_v his_o grandfather_n edw._n i._n and_o great_a grandfather_n hen._n iii_o who_o also_o seâ—_n letter_n to_o the_o pope_n on_o such_o like_a occasion_n but_o in_o those_o to_o excuse_v the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n from_o be_v the_o author_n of_o those_o complain_v he_o have_v this_o passage_n that_o since_o it_o be_v the_o judgement_n tam_fw-la procerum_fw-la &_o nobilium_fw-la quaâ—_n communitatis_fw-la regni_fw-la in_o ultimo_fw-la parliamento_fw-la contra_fw-la provisorum_fw-la exercitum_fw-la to_o conclude_v i_o think_v nothing_o be_v plain_a than_o that_o under_o the_o universitas_fw-la regâ—â—_n in_o the_o first_o letter_n to_o the_o pope_n 29_o hen._n iii_o and_o under_o the_o communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la mention_v in_o the_o letter_n of_o the_o 29_o edw._n i._o be_v mean_v the_o same_o estate_n or_o order_n of_o man_n as_o be_v more_o particular_o recite_v in_o this_o present_a letter_n viz._n the_o 〈◊〉_d lord_n and_o commons_o in_o parliament_n assemble_v m._n i_o must_v free_o tell_v you_o i_o be_o not_o yet_o satisfy_v with_o the_o sense_n you_o now_o put_v â—pon_o these_o word_n universitas_fw-la and_o communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la before_o the_o commons_o be_v summon_v to_o parliament_n for_o you_o yourself_o must_v grant_v that_o as_o the_o word_n universitas_fw-la regni_fw-la take_v in_o the_o whole_a representative_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n so_o likewise_o the_o word_n communitas_fw-la signify_v no_o more_o than_o the_o same_o whole_a body_n or_o community_n thereof_o therefore_o if_o i_o prove_v to_o you_o that_o in_o those_o time_n this_o universâ—â—y_n or_o community_n consist_v only_o of_o the_o earl_n baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la that_o word_n communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la ought_v never_o to_o be_v interpret_v by_o the_o english_a word_n commonalty_n or_o commons_o of_o england_n till_o after_o the_o time_n that_o i_o allow_v the_o commons_o be_v admit_v to_o make_v a_o constituent_a part_n of_o the_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n nor_o always_o then_o neither_o and_o mr._n p._n in_o his_o book_n which_o we_o have_v so_o often_o cite_v have_v do_v very_o unfair_o to_o make_v the_o universitas_fw-la and_o communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la to_o comprehend_v the_o commons_o of_o england_n before_o they_o everappear_v in_o parliament_n at_o all_o and_o so_o have_v he_o likewise_o abuse_v the_o word_n populus_fw-la as_o i_o have_v already_o observe_v to_o signify_v the_o commons_o when_o indeed_o there_o be_v no_o more_o thereby_o mean_v than_o the_o whole_a assembly_n of_o the_o laity_n which_o at_o that_o time_n consist_v of_o no_o more_o than_o the_o earl_n baron_n or_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la 28._o and_o though_o i_o grant_v that_o by_o communitas_fw-la praelatorum_fw-la or_o baronum_n be_v often_o understand_v the_o body_n of_o the_o prelate_n or_o great_a baron_n only_o call_v by_o way_n of_o eminency_n proceres_fw-la &_o magnates_fw-la yet_o most_o frequent_o these_o with_o all_o the_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la do_v make_v the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o king_n be_v immediate_a tenant_n in_o military_a service_n and_o be_v altogether_o call_v the_o baronage_n of_o england_n the_o community_n of_o the_o land_n or_o community_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o for_o this_o i_o think_v i_o shall_v give_v you_o undeniable_a proof_n by_o and_o by_o f._n i_o be_o very_a well_o aware_a that_o the_o word_n populus_fw-la often_o signify_v the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o laity_n yet_o not_o exclude_v the_o commons_o as_o i_o have_v already_o sufficient_o prove_v for_o then_o the_o word_n must_v signify_v quite_o contrary_a to_o its_o genuine_a signification_n instead_o of_o people_n the_o great_a nobility_n only_o yet_o that_o when_o it_o be_v put_v after_o as_o distinct_a from_o magnate_n it_o must_v mean_v the_o commons_o as_o now_o understand_v i_o shall_v show_v you_o by_o and_o by_o but_o that_o this_o word_n populus_fw-la do_v not_o always_o signify_v the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o nobility_n only_o 55._o but_o take_v in_o oftentimes_o the_o commons_o too_o pray_v see_v matt._n west_n who_o tell_v we_o king_n edw._n i._o in_o the_o 34th_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n make_v his_o son_n a_o knight_n pro_fw-la hac_fw-la melitia_fw-la silii_fw-la regis_fw-la concessus_fw-la est_fw-la regi_fw-la zomus_fw-la denarius_fw-la a_o populo_fw-la &_o clero_fw-la mercatores_fw-la vero_fw-la vicesâ—mum_fw-la concesserunt_fw-la upon_o which_o your_o dr._n in_o his_o glossary_a very_a well_o remark_n that_o it_o be_v evident_a upon_o record_n who_o be_v the_o populus_fw-la mean_v by_o the_o historian_n viz._n the_o comites_fw-la barones_n &_o alii_fw-la magnates_fw-la nec_fw-la non_fw-la milites_fw-la comitatuum_fw-la so_o that_o unless_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n be_v lord_n it_o be_v plain_a populus_fw-la take_v in_o the_o commonâ—_n too_o but_o universitas_fw-la regni_fw-la and_o communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la call_v in_o french_a le_fw-fr communâ—_n dangletterre_fw-fr be_v often_o take_v for_o the_o whole_a community_n or_o body_n of_o the_o whole_a parliament_n and_o this_o sir_n edward_n coke_n own_v express_o in_o his_o 2d_o instit._n upon_o these_o word_n in_o articulis_fw-la supâ—â—_n chartas_n 539._o thus_o here_o le_fw-fr commune_fw-la be_v take_v for_o people_n so_o astout_a le_fw-fr commune_fw-la be_v here_o take_v for_o all_o the_o people_n and_o this_o be_v prove_v by_o the_o sense_n of_o the_o word_n for_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la be_v not_o grant_v to_o the_o commons_o of_o the_o realm_n but_o general_o to_o all_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o realm_n viz._n to_o those_o of_o thâ—_n clergy_n and_o to_o those_o of_o the_o nobility_n and_o to_o the_o commons_o also_o and_o this_o be_v a_o rational_a as_o well_o as_o grammatical_a interpretation_n for_o as_o the_o word_n universitas_fw-la be_v derive_v from_o the_o adjective_n universus_fw-la which_o signify_v the_o whole_a 〈◊〉_d universal_a so_o the_o word_n communitas_fw-la be_v derive_v from_o the_o adjective_n 〈◊〉_d common_a or_o general_n so_o that_o these_o two_o word_n when_o use_v simple_o in_o a_o political_a 〈◊〉_d legal_a sense_n aught_o to_o take_v in_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o all_o sort_n and_o condition_n of_o freemen_n appear_v themselves_o or_o their_o lawful_a proxy_n or_o representative_n in_o parliament_n but_o i_o have_v already_o sufficient_o prove_v that_o under_o those_o general_n word_n use_v in_o our_o historian_n and_o record_n viz._n principes_fw-la proceres_fw-la nobiles_fw-la magnates_fw-la barones_n &_o alii_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la be_v then_o comprehend_v either_o all_o the_o considerable_a freeholder_n oâ—_n lord_n of_o manner_n or_o else_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n so_o
confer_v any_o new_a right_n or_o privilege_n upon_o freeholder_n of_o 40_o s._n per_fw-la annum_fw-la to_o give_v their_o voice_n at_o such_o election_n as_o you_o suppose_v but_o only_o take_v away_o the_o right_n which_o the_o small_a freeholder_n of_o under_o 40_o s_o per_fw-la annum_fw-la whether_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o not_o have_v before_o and_o restrain_v it_o only_o to_o such_o as_o shall_v have_v land_n or_o tenement_n to_o the_o vaâ—â—_n of_o 40_o s._n by_o year_n above_o all_o charge_n and_o it_o be_v yet_o a_o much_o great_a mistake_n to_o suppose_v as_o your_o dr._n do_v that_o this_o statute_n of_o 8_o the_o hen._n vi_o be_v at_o all_o alter_v by_o that_o of_o the_o 10_o the_o of_o this_o king_n which_o be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o explanation_n of_o it_o viz._n that_o by_o 40_o s._n per_fw-la annum_fw-la be_v mean_v 40_o s._n freehold_n and_o that_o of_o land_n lie_v within_o the_o county_n where_o the_o election_n shall_v be_v make_v so_o that_o nothing_o can_v prove_v more_o express_o that_o all_o freeholder_n as_o well_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o by_o any_o other_o tenure_n be_v all_o alike_o capable_a of_o election_n and_o be_v elect_v by_o the_o ancient_a law_n and_o custom_n of_o england_n long_o before_o those_o statute_n and_o consequent_o be_v all_o alike_a freeholder_n in_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o law_n but_o if_o you_o have_v nothing_o at_o present_a to_o object_v against_o what_o i_o have_v now_o say_v pray_v pursue_v the_o method_n you_o have_v undertake_v and_o let_v i_o see_v those_o convince_a proof_n you_o so_o much_o rely_v upon_o and_o which_o you_o hope_v may_v also_o serve_v to_o convert_v i_o m._n before_o i_o undertake_v this_o task_n pray_v permit_v i_o to_o give_v you_o my_o opinion_n in_o answer_n to_o the_o difficulty_n you_o have_v now_o propose_v which_o i_o confess_v seem_v to_o carry_v some_o weight_n with_o it_o but_o those_o prejudices_fw-la will_v soon_o vanish_v when_o we_o consider_v that_o the_o first_o time_n this_o alteration_n be_v practise_v it_o be_v do_v in_o the_o king_n name_n though_o by_o the_o absolute_a power_n of_o simon_n mountfort_n in_o the_o 49th_o hen_n iii_o and_o after_o a_o discontinuance_n of_o above_o twenty_o year_n be_v again_o renew_v by_o edw._n i._n at_o the_o desire_n of_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n as_o i_o hope_v i_o shall_v show_v you_o before_o we_o have_v finish_v our_o conversation_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v first_o do_v by_o the_o king_n be_v absolute_a power_n and_o after_o with_o the_o general_a consent_n of_o the_o lord_n there_o need_v no_o statute_n to_o introduce_v it_o any_o more_o than_o there_o be_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o william_n the_o conqueror_n to_o give_v the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n that_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n place_n in_o parliament_n among_o the_o temporal_a lord_n and_o to_o bring_v their_o land_n which_o be_v hold_v before_o in_o franc_n almoigne_z under_o the_o yoke_n of_o military_a service_n but_o to_o proceed_v in_o the_o design_n i_o have_v undertake_v it_o be_v necessary_a that_o i_o show_v you_o first_o of_o all_o who_o be_v those_o freeman_n or_o freeholder_n proper_o so_o call_v upon_o who_o the_o whole_a burden_n of_o the_o subordinate_a government_n of_o the_o kingdom_n chief_o rely_v and_o who_o then_o constitute_v the_o legal_a university_n or_o community_n thereof_o immediate_o after_o the_o norman_a conquest_n and_o during_o many_o king_n reign_n after_o that_o time_n i_o suppose_v you_o be_v not_o ignorant_a that_o king_n william_n the_o conqueror_n have_v out_v all_o the_o english_a nobility_n and_o gentry_n of_o their_o estate_n give_v they_o away_o to_o his_o french_a and_o norman_a follower_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o he_o and_o his_o successor_n in_o capite_fw-la either_o by_o knight_n service_n or_o petit_fw-fr serjeanty_n reserve_v to_o himself_o the_o ancient_a demesne_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o add_v more_o thereunto_o for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o the_o royal_a dignity_n and_o for_o this_o i_o need_v refer_v you_o to_o no_o better_a author_n than_o doomsday_n book_n itself_o and_o then_o after_o he_o have_v thus_o distribute_v the_o land_n of_o england_n as_o aforesaid_a he_o compose_v a_o body_n of_o law_n still_o extant_a and_o which_o be_v in_o great_a part_n addition_n to_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o king_n edward_n and_o his_o predecessor_n i_o shall_v give_v you_o three_o or_o four_o of_o these_o new_a law_n 254._o and_o then_o i_o shall_v leave_v you_o to_o judge_v who_o be_v the_o true_a freeman_n or_o freeholder_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n they_o the_o first_o be_v the_o 52_o d_o law_n of_o this_o king_n tit._n de_fw-fr fide_fw-la &_o obsequio_fw-la ergo_fw-la regem_fw-la statuâ—mus_fw-la etiam_fw-la ut_fw-la omnes_fw-la liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la faedere_fw-la &_o sacramento_n affirmarent_fw-la quod_fw-la intra_fw-la &_o extra_fw-la regnum_fw-la angliae_fw-la quod_fw-la olim_fw-la vocabâ—o_fw-la regnum_fw-la britanny_n wilâ—ielmo_n regi_fw-la domino_fw-la svo_fw-la fideles_fw-la esse_fw-la volunt_fw-la tâ—ras_n &_o honour_n illius_fw-la omni_fw-la fidelitate_fw-la seruare_fw-la cum_fw-la eo_fw-la &_o contra_fw-la inimicos_fw-la &_o alienigenar_a difendere_fw-la now_o who_o these_o freeman_n be_v that_o be_v thus_o to_o maintain_v the_o king_n in_o his_o land_n and_o honour_n we_o shall_v see_v in_o the_o 55th_o law_n follow_v tit._n de_n clienteleri_fw-la seu_fw-la feudorum_fw-la jure_fw-la &_o ingenuòrum_fw-la immunitate_fw-la volumus_fw-la etiam_fw-la ac_fw-la firmiter_fw-la praecipimus_fw-la &_o concedimus_fw-la ut_fw-la omnes_fw-la liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la totius_fw-la monarchiae_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la praedicti_fw-la habeant_fw-la &_o â—â—_o mean_v terras_fw-la svas_fw-la &_o póssessiones_fw-la sâ—â—s_fw-la benè_fw-la &_o in_o pace_n libere_fw-la ab_fw-la omni_fw-la exactione_n injusto_fw-la &_o ab_fw-la omni_fw-la tallagio_n it_o a_o quod_fw-la nihil_fw-la ab_fw-la eye_n exigatur_fw-la vel_fw-la capiatur_fw-la nisi_fw-la servitium_fw-la suum_fw-la liberum_fw-la quod_fw-la de_fw-la jùre_fw-la nobis_fw-la facere_fw-la debent_fw-la &_o facere_fw-la tenentur_fw-la &_o prout_fw-la statutum_n est_fw-la in_o &_o allis_fw-la a_o nobis_fw-la datum_n &_o concessum_fw-la jure_fw-la hereditario_fw-la imperpetuum_fw-la per_fw-la commune_fw-la consilium_fw-la votius_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la whereby_o you_o may_v see_v that_o all_o the_o freeman_n here_o mention_v who_o be_v to_o hold_v their_o land_n and_o possession_n in_o peace_n and_o free_a from_o all_o unjâ—_n exaction_n and_o taillage_n be_v only_o such_o who_o be_v to_o perform_v free_a service_n i._n e._n knight_n service_n which_o be_v before_o appoint_v and_o grant_v they_o in_o hereditary_a right_n by_o the_o king_n in_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n so_o that_o none_o be_v proper_o freeman_n or_o exempt_v from_o tax_n or_o talliage_n 17._o but_o such_o as_o hold_v by_o military_a tenure_n though_o not_o knight_v and_o pray_v also_o by_o the_o way_n take_v notice_n that_o by_o this_o commune_fw-la consilium_fw-la regni_fw-la you_o be_v not_o to_o understand_v a_o council_n of_o english_a man_n or_o of_o english_a and_o french_a together_o but_o one_o whole_o make_v up_o of_o frenchman_n or_o norman_n who_o as_o well_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n as_o temporal_a earl_n and_o baron_n hold_v almost_o all_o the_o land_n in_o the_o kingdom_n by_o knight_n service_n which_o be_v also_o far_o make_v out_o by_o the_o 58_o the_o law_n tit._n de_n clientum_fw-la seu_fw-la vassallorem_fw-la prastationibus_fw-la statuimus_fw-la etiam_fw-la &_o firmiter_fw-la praecipimus_fw-la ut_fw-la omnes_fw-la comites_fw-la &_o berme_n &_o milites_fw-la &_o servientes_fw-la &_o universi_fw-la liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la prâ—â—â—â—tihabeant_fw-la &_o teneant_fw-la se_fw-la semper_fw-la benè_fw-la in_o armis_fw-la &_o in_o equis_fw-la ut_fw-la decet_fw-la &_o oportet_fw-la &_o qud_fw-la sint_fw-la semper_fw-la prompti_fw-la &_o benè_fw-la parati_fw-la ad_fw-la servitium_fw-la suum_fw-la integrum_fw-la nobis_fw-la explendum_fw-la &_o pâ—â—â—gendum_fw-la cum_fw-la semper_fw-la opus_fw-la adfuerit_fw-la secundum_fw-la quod_fw-la nobis_fw-la debent_fw-la de_fw-la feodis_fw-la &_o teneâ—â—â—tis_fw-la suis_fw-la de_fw-la jure_fw-la facere_fw-la &_o sicut_fw-la illis_fw-la statuimus_fw-la per_fw-la commune_fw-la consilium_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la praedicti_fw-la &_o illis_fw-la dedimus_fw-la &_o concessimus_fw-la in_o feodo_fw-la jure_fw-la haereditario_fw-la hoc_fw-la praeceptum_fw-la non_fw-la sit_fw-la violatum_fw-la ullo_fw-la modo_fw-la super_fw-la foris_fw-la facturam_fw-la nostram_fw-la plenam_fw-la so_o that_o here_o all_o the_o freeman_n of_o his_o kingdom_n be_v to_o perform_v their_o military_a service_n ibid._n with_o horse_n and_o arm_n according_a to_o their_o fee_n and_o tenor_n therefore_o they_o be_v tenant_n in_o military_a service_n only_o which_o in_o those_o time_n be_v the_o only_a great_a freeman_n and_o that_o service_n the_o only_a free_a service_n which_o be_v mean_v in_o this_o law_n and_o â—ow_o different_a they_o be_v from_o our_o ordinary_a freeholder_n at_o this_o day_n for_o who_o neither_o of_o these_o law_n be_v make_v i_o dare_v leave_v it_o
that_o king_n last_o mention_v per_fw-la commune_fw-la consilium_fw-la 〈◊〉_d regni_fw-la yet_o there_o be_v likewise_o no_o mention_n make_v of_o any_o knight_n and_o citizen_n 〈◊〉_d burgess_n f._n before_o i_o answer_v this_o main_a argument_n of_o you_o which_o i_o free_o grant_v carry_v the_o great_a show_n of_o probability_n of_o any_o you_o have_v yet_o bring_v give_v i_o â—â—â—ve_v to_o take_v notice_n that_o i_o think_v you_o be_v very_o much_o out_o in_o your_o first_o conclusion_n that_o before_o this_o charter_n the_o king_n exercise_v a_o royal_a prerogative_n of_o impose_v tax_n without_o the_o assent_n of_o parliament_n for_o if_o you_o mean_v that_o this_o exaction_n be_v exercise_v de_fw-la facto_fw-la and_o from_o thence_o you_o will_v make_v it_o a_o prerogative_n of_o the_o crown_n i_o grant_v this_o be_v true_a not_o only_o before_o but_o after_o this_o charter_n before_o the_o statute_n de_fw-fr tallagio_n non_fw-la concedendo_fw-la be_v make_v but_o if_o you_o mean_v de_fw-fr jure_fw-la i_o affirm_v that_o our_o king_n be_v as_o much_o tie_v up_o by_o the_o 55th_o law_n of_o william_n the_o first_o which_o you_o have_v already_o cite_v from_o levy_v any_o unjust_a tax_n or_o exaction_n 〈◊〉_d communi_fw-la consilio_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la as_o they_o can_v be_v afterward_o by_o any_o other_o subsequent_a law_n that_o can_v be_v make_v but_o i_o shall_v proceed_v to_o answer_v the_o authority_n you_o have_v now_o bring_v from_o this_o clause_n in_o king_n john_n charter_n to_o prove_v that_o none_o but_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v any_o place_n in_o our_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n but_o though_o i_o confess_v the_o charter_n of_o henry_n iii_o and_o confirmation_n of_o edward_n i._o be_v the_o same_o with_o this_o in_o the_o most_o material_a part_n yet_o there_o be_v several_a clause_n of_o which_o this_o clause_n in_o question_n be_v one_o which_o be_v in_o king_n john_n charter_n and_o yet_o be_v total_o omit_v out_o 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all_o concern_v the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o for_o the_o proof_n of_o this_o i_o desire_v you_o only_o to_o observe_v that_o by_o the_o 15_o and_o 16_o clause_n of_o this_o charter_n you_o have_v now_o read_v both_o the_o city_n of_o london_n and_o all_o other_o city_n barâ—â—ghs_n and_o town_n have_v a_o right_a to_o have_v a_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o the_o assessment_n of_o aid_n otherwise_o than_o in_o the_o three_o case_n there_o expect_v and_o â—ay_v take_v the_o dr_n paraphrase_n to_o this_o clause_n along_o with_o you_o in_o his_o appendix_n to_o his_o complete_a history_n of_o england_n viz._n that_o they_o viz._n the_o citizen_n burgess_n â—_o and_o cinque_fw-fr port_n shall_v send_v their_o representative_n or_o commissioner_n to_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o the_o assessment_n of_o aid_n so_o that_o according_a to_o his_o concession_n there_o must_v have_v be_v citizen_n and_o burgess_n in_o the_o great_a council_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n john_n and_o if_o so_o i_o desire_v you_o to_o tell_v i_o whether_o those_o gentleman_n be_v commoner_n or_o not_o but_o i_o will_v not_o insist_v too_o much_o upon_o his_o concession_n for_o i_o think_v it_o be_v very_o plain_a from_o the_o word_n themselves_o which_o point_n out_o a_o distinction_n between_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n mention_v in_o the_o first_o clause_n which_o be_v to_o meet_v to_o grant_v or_o assess_v aid_n or_o subsidy_n and_o that_o other_o though_o not_o common_a council_n or_o assembly_n consist_v of_o all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la which_o by_o the_o 17_o the_o and_o 18_o the_o clause_n of_o that_o charter_n be_v to_o meet_v to_o assess_v escuage_z and_o to_o do_v such_o other_o business_n as_o be_v express_v in_o their_o summons_n so_o that_o nothing_o seem_v plain_a to_o i_o than_o that_o this_o assembly_n mention_v in_o this_o charter_n for_o assess_v escuage_z be_v a_o distinct_a council_n from_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n which_o be_v appoint_v for_o the_o grant_n of_o other_o tax_n call_v auxilia_fw-la and_o for_o the_o make_n of_o law_n m._n i_o confess_v this_o gloss_n of_o you_o seem_v at_o first_o sight_n very_o plausible_a and_o agreeable_a enough_o to_o the_o way_n of_o read_v and_o point_v with_o which_o the_o dr._n himself_o publish_v this_o charter_n but_o for_o all_o that_o i_o much_o doubt_v whether_o you_o be_v in_o the_o right_n or_o not_o therefore_o pray_v give_v i_o leave_v to_o put_v off_o this_o debate_n till_o our_o nâ—â—t_a meeting_n since_o it_o now_o grow_v late_a and_o in_o the_o mean_a while_o i_o will_v take_v time_n to_o consider_v the_o argument_n and_o authority_n you_o have_v now_o make_v use_n of_o f._n pray_v take_v your_o own_o time_n but_o do_v not_o defer_v it_o above_o a_o day_n or_o two_o for_o i_o have_v a_o great_a mind_n to_o have_v this_o question_v dispatch_v off_o our_o hand_n i_o be_o your_o 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other_o weapon_n and_o the_o second_o article_n of_o king_n john_n charter_n say_v express_o concessimus_fw-la etiam_fw-la &_o omnibut_fw-la liberis_fw-la hominibus_fw-la nostris_fw-la regui_fw-la anglia_fw-it pro_fw-la nobis_fw-la &_o haeâ—elibus_fw-la nostris_fw-la in_o perpetuum_fw-la omnes_fw-la liberate_v subscriptas_fw-la â—abeâ—das_fw-la &_o â—enandas_fw-la eye_v &_o haeredibus_fw-la â—uit_fw-la de_fw-fr nobia_n &_o hâ—rodibus_fw-la nostris_fw-la which_o the_o dr._n himself_o render_v thus_o we_o have_v also_o grant_v to_o all_o our_o freeman_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o england_n etc._n etc._n and_o sure_o then_o this_o charter_n can_v not_o be_v make_v to_o none_o but_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la unless_o you_o will_v suppose_v that_o none_o but_o they_o be_v freeman_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n slave_n nor_o be_v this_o charter_n only_o make_v to_o relax_v the_o severity_n of_o the_o feudal_n tenor_n as_o you_o suppose_v since_o there_o be_v divers_a other_o clause_n in_o it_o which_o concern_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o freeman_n and_o free_a holder_n in_o england_n as_o well_o as_o they_o for_o beside_o the_o first_o and_o second_o chapter_n of_o this_o charter_n which_o grant_v and_o confirm_v to_o the_o church_n of_o england_n and_o to_o all_o the_o freeman_n of_o the_o nation_n their_o right_n and_o liberty_n if_o you_o please_v better_a to_o consider_v it_o you_o will_v find_v that_o there_o be_v several_a other_o chapter_n in_o this_o charter_n which_o all_o other_o freeman_n as_o well_o as_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v thereby_o a_o interest_n in_o as_o you_o may_v see_v by_o the_o 10_o 11_o 12_o 13._o 15_o 16._o 22_o 23_o 24_o 25._o and_o above_o 30_o other_o chapter_n or_o clause_n therein_o express_v which_o be_v grant_v not_o to_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la alone_o but_o either_o to_o ecclesiastic_n or_o other_o lay_v freeman_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n but_o to_o prove_v this_o a_o little_a further_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o 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this_o charter_n be_v make_v be_v likewise_o present_a and_o give_v their_o assent_n to_o the_o make_n of_o it_o nor_o be_v vavasor_n or_o fendatary_a tenant_n of_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n great_a lord_n and_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la person_n so_o inconsiderable_a as_o you_o will_v make_v they_o that_o they_o only_o shall_v come_v hither_o but_o as_o follower_n to_o augment_v the_o noise_n since_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v from_o bracton_n that_o there_o be_v divers_a of_o they_o man_n of_o great_a estate_n and_o power_n in_o their_o country_n beside_o the_o tenant_n of_o those_o abbot_n and_o prior_n who_o as_o i_o have_v already_o mention_v do_v not_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la of_o the_o king_n at_o all_o and_o yet_o make_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n beside_o tenant_n in_o petyâ—_n serjeanty_n and_o those_o that_o hold_v of_o great_a honour_n who_o can_v never_o be_v represent_v by_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la at_o all_o and_o therefore_o i_o must_v 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it_o but_o pray_v answer_v i_o a_o few_o plain_a question_n concern_v king_n john_n charter_n which_o if_o you_o can_v resolve_v i_o may_v be_v incline_v to_o believe_v there_o may_v be_v some_o other_o great_a council_n beside_o that_o of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la the_o first_o be_v if_o this_o common_a council_n of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v for_o assess_v of_o aid_n and_o escuage_z only_z as_o you_o suppose_v it_o be_v provide_v by_o the_o last_o clâ—use_n of_o this_o charter_n why_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o meeting_n to_o be_v declare_v in_o every_o writ_n of_o summons_n to_o the_o great_a baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la 170._o if_o they_o be_v only_o summon_v about_o aid_n and_o escuage_z or_o other_o ordinary_a business_n of_o course_n sure_o than_o the_o cause_n of_o summons_n need_v not_o to_o have_v be_v declare_v as_o it_o be_v here_o provide_v in_o omnibus_fw-la litâ—er_fw-la be_v submonitionis_fw-la causam_fw-la submonitionis_fw-la illius_fw-la 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will_v not_o affirm_v but_o lest_o i_o tire_v you_o as_o well_o as_o myself_o in_o dwell_v so_o long_o upon_o thing_n so_o plain_a and_o obvious_a be_v not_o they_o by_o too_o much_o industry_n render_v obscure_a i_o come_v at_o last_o to_o the_o conclusion_n of_o your_o discourse_n which_o be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o repetition_n of_o what_o you_o have_v say_v at_o first_o that_o because_o all_o the_o kingdom_n can_v not_o be_v summon_v to_o appear_v in_o parliament_n and_o that_o villain_n and_o servant_n etc._n etc._n never_o pay_v to_o this_o tax_n that_o therefore_o the_o word_n omnes_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v literal_o a_o doughty_a discovery_n and_o therefore_o you_o have_v find_v a_o expedient_a to_o help_v this_o contradiction_n by_o your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o thy_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n for_o the_o laity_n and_o by_o the_o procuratores_fw-la cleri_fw-la for_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n who_o interpretation_n be_v 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more_o than_o those_o mesne_n tenant_n be_v bind_v to_o do_v by_o the_o tenor_n of_o their_o estate_n if_o they_o have_v fail_v to_o serve_v their_o lord_n in_o person_n or_o by_o sufficient_a deputy_n and_o therefore_o the_o king_n may_v legal_o grant_v they_o scutage_n upon_o such_o tenant_n and_o perhaps_o may_v also_o change_v their_o service_n in_o person_n into_o a_o pecuniary_a aid_n as_o appear_v by_o some_o of_o those_o writ_n the_o dr._n have_v give_v we_o and_o this_o not_o by_o his_o prerogative_n but_o by_o law_n so_o likewise_o though_o your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la can_v tax_n themselves_o in_o their_o distinct_a council_n or_o else_o in_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n at_o what_o rate_n they_o please_v for_o the_o knight_n fee_n they_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n and_o though_o the_o king_n may_v sometime_o undertake_v by_o this_o pretence_n to_o i_o evy_v a_o scutage_n of_o two_o mark_n on_o their_o under-tenant_n also_o yet_o do_v it_o not_o appear_v by_o either_o of_o those_o record_n you_o have_v now_o cite_v that_o they_o give_v for_o more_o than_o themselves_o alone_o the_o word_n in_o the_o writ_n be_v only_o that_o they_o have_v give_v the_o king_n esseâ—ax_n auxilium_fw-la of_o two_o mark_n upon_o every_o knight_n fee_n as_o well_o ward_n as_o other_o who_o hold_v of_o he_o in_o capite_fw-la without_o any_o mention_n of_o their_o mesne_n tenant_n so_o that_o if_o the_o sheriff_n be_v afterward_o order_v to_o distrain_v these_o mesne_n tenant_n also_o for_o two_o mark_n for_o each_o knight_n fee_n they_o hold_v of_o their_o lord_n this_o be_v strain_v a_o point_n of_o prerogative_n and_o be_v express_o against_o law_n for_o at_o this_o rate_n the_o king_n may_v by_o the_o lâ—ke_a prerogative_n have_v tax_v all_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n great_a lord_n and_o all_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la without_o their_o consent_n as_o well_o as_o their_o mesne_n tenant_n though_o it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o express_a word_n of_o the_o charter_n of_o king_n william_n i._n and_o king_n john_n which_o you_o yourself_o cite_v at_o our_o former_a meeting_n so_o that_o grant_v the_o matter_n of_o fact_n to_o have_v be_v practise_v sometime_o as_o your_o record_n make_v out_o this_o be_v no_o proof_n that_o this_o be_v a_o constant_a law_n or_o settle_a custom_n much_o less_o that_o the_o king_n have_v a_o right_a so_o to_o do_v m._n i_o do_v not_o doubt_v 180._o but_o that_o i_o can_v prove_v to_o you_o that_o what_o this_o king_n then_o do_v in_o charge_v these_o mesne_fw-la tenant_n be_v according_a to_o his_o ancient_a prerogative_n and_o what_o himself_o and_o his_o predecessor_n have_v frequent_o do_v both_o before_o and_o after_o the_o clause_n in_o king_n john_n charter_n of_o nullum_fw-la scutâ—gium_fw-la vel_fw-la auxilium_fw-la ponam_fw-la in_o regno_fw-la meo_fw-la &_o â—_o be_v grant_v nay_o after_o it_o be_v grant_v hen._n 3._o and_o edw._n 1._o tax_v their_o demeasn_n through_o england_n 19_o though_o not_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o their_o privy_a council_n until_o the_o statute_n de_fw-fr tallagio_n non_fw-la concedendo_fw-la be_v make_v in_o 34_o eâ—w_n 1._o and_o both_o rich._n 1._o and_o k._n john_n have_v tax_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n without_o common_a assent_n before_o the_o grant_v of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la as_o also_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o rich._n 1._o as_o you_o may_v find_v in_o hoveden_n 442._o who_o live_v at_o that_o time_n the_o passage_n be_v long_o and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v only_o give_v you_o the_o begin_n of_o it_o viz._n that_o this_o king_n anno_fw-la 1198_o regno_fw-la 9_o accepit_fw-la de_fw-la unaquaque_fw-la carucata_n terrae_fw-la totius_fw-la angliae_fw-la v._o solidos_fw-la de_fw-la auxilio_fw-la etc._n etc._n and_o then_o go_v on_o to_o show_v we_o the_o manner_n how_o it_o be_v raise_v and_o collect_v and_o it_o be_v observable_a that_o he_o use_v these_o word_n auxilium_fw-la and_o tallagium_fw-la for_o the_o same_o tax_n so_o we_o find_v in_o mat._n paris_n that_o king_n john_n take_v a_o seven_o part_n of_o all_o movable_n without_o common_a assent_n 1203.1207_o and_o another_o time_n a_o thirty_o the_o great_a man_n and_o clergy_n grumble_a at_o it_o k._n hen._n 3._o also_o tax_v all_o his_o demeasn_a in_o the_o 33_o d_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n 1._o as_o appear_v by_o a_o writ_n in_o the_o close_a roll_n of_o this_o year_n whereby_o he_o also_o command_v the_o sheriff_n of_o buâ—ks_n that_o he_o make_v philip_n basseâ—_n a_o ratiâ—nabilâ—_n tallagium_fw-la de_fw-la hominibus_fw-la suis_fw-la de_fw-la eo_fw-la tenentilus_fw-la in_o mannerio_n de_fw-fr wycumb_n quod_fw-la aliquando_fw-la suis_fw-la dominicum_fw-la praedecâ—ssorum_fw-la râ—gis_fw-la etc._n etc._n in_o the_o 39_o the_o year_n this_o king_n as_o the_o doctor_n show_v we_o at_o large_a by_o a_o recoâ—d_n in_o the_o keep_n of_o the_o remembrancer_n of_o the_o exchequer_n he_o tax_v all_o his_o demeasn_a and_o among_o the_o rest_n the_o city_n of_o london_n at_o 3000_o mark_n 178._o which_o though_o with_o some_o contest_v mention_v in_o this_o record_n they_o be_v at_o last_o force_v to_o pay_v because_o it_o be_v find_v upon_o record_n that_o this_o king_n and_o his_o father_n have_v several_a time_n palliate_v or_o tax_v the_o saiâ—_n city_n in_o like_a manner_n at_o the_o sum_n therein_o mention_v so_o that_o at_o last_o the_o mayor_n and_o citizen_n be_v fain_o to_o acknowledge_v themselves_o thâ—s_o talliable_a by_o the_o king_n so_o in_o the_o 52._o year_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o tax_v all_o his_o demeasn_a land_n beyond_o trenâ—_n by_o his_o escheator_n parl._n and_o this_o right_n be_v acknowledge_v by_o all_o the_o bishop_n earl_n and_o baron_n in_o the_o 33_o d_o year_n of_o edw._n i._n as_o appâ—aâ—s_n by_o their_o petition_n to_o he_o in_o parliament_n in_o these_o word_n all_o pâ—tiâ—ionem_fw-la arcâ—iepiscoporum_fw-la episporum_fw-la
praelatorum_fw-la comitum_fw-la &_o baronum_fw-la &_o aliorum_fw-la proborum_fw-la hominum_fw-la de_fw-la terra_fw-la pâ—tentium_fw-la quod_fw-la rex_fw-la concedere_fw-la veli_fw-la quod_fw-la ipsi_fw-la pâ—ssunt_fw-la taâ—â—iâ—re_fw-la antiqua_fw-la dominica_fw-la unde_fw-la sunt_fw-la in_o tenantia_fw-la â—icut_fw-la râ—x_fw-la dominica_n sua_fw-la taliavit_fw-la itâ—_n responsum_o est_fw-fr fiat_fw-la ut_fw-la petitur_fw-la from_o all_o which_o you_o may_v plain_o see_v that_o the_o king_n of_o england_n have_v ancient_o a_o prerogative_n of_o lay_v tax_n not_o only_o upon_o their_o own_o tenant_n and_o their_o mesne_n tenant_n who_o hold_v under_o they_o but_o upon_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n too_o and_o it_o their_o successor_n have_v act_v otherwise_o it_o have_v proceed_v from_o their_o meet_a grace_n and_o favour_n who_o have_v tie_v up_o their_o own_o hand_n from_o exercise_v this_o prerogative_n f._n i_o confess_v you_o have_v muster_v up_o a_o great_a many_o authority_n but_o for_o what_o end_n i_o know_v not_o unless_o it_o be_v to_o prove_v that_o some_o former_a king_n stretch_v their_o prerogative_n to_o act_v direct_o against_o law_n and_o their_o own_o charter_n to_o the_o contrary_a and_o to_o justify_v they_o in_o it_o when_o they_o have_v doâ—e_n as_o if_o all_o thing_n be_v do_v according_a to_o their_o lawful_a prerogative_n because_o they_o do_v it_o if_o this_o be_v law_n or_o reason_n either_o much_o good_a may_v do_v you_o with_o it_o for_o at_o this_o rate_n the_o king_n notwithstanding_o all_o law_n make_v and_o swear_v by_o he_o to_o the_o contrary_n may_v take_v what_o he_o please_v out_o of_o our_o estate_n without_o our_o consent_n because_o his_o predecessor_n break_v the_o law_n and_o their_o coronation_n oath_n into_o the_o bargain_n but_o you_o may_v have_v remember_v that_o a_o de_fw-fr fâ—cto_fw-la ad_fw-la jus_o non_fw-la datur_fw-la consequentia_fw-la but_o i_o doubt_v the_o precedent_n you_o have_v now_o bring_v will_v not_o come_v up_o to_o the_o proof_n of_o the_o assertion_n you_o have_v lay_v down_o for_o it_o be_v plain_a as_o well_o from_o king_n john_n charter_n as_o by_o that_o passage_n in_o bracton_n i_o but_o now_o cite_v whereby_o it_o appear_v that_o extraordinary_a tax_n such_o as_o hidage_n corage_n and_o carvage_a &_o alia_fw-la under_o which_o i_o suppose_v be_v include_v your_o scutage-tax_n also_o can_v not_o be_v impose_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n when_o the_o king_n meet_v his_o people_n in_o parliament_n if_o then_o this_o be_v law_n whatever_o k._n john_n oâ—_n henry_n the_o three_o or_o any_o other_o king_n act_v contrary_a to_o this_o rule_n be_v illegal_a and_o produce_v among_o other_o mischief_n the_o general_a revolt_n of_o all_o the_o baronage_n i._n e._n as_o well_o the_o inferior_a as_o superior_a nobility_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n till_o such_o time_n as_o our_o king_n find_v they_o can_v do_v no_o good_a by_o force_n be_v fain_o at_o last_o to_o content_v themselves_o with_o the_o legal_a prerogative_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o by_o new_a law_n and_o fresh_a declaration_n of_o the_o ancient_a law_n to_o declare_v it_o unlawful_a for_o they_o to_o impose_v any_o tax_n upon_o their_o subject_n without_o their_o consent_n in_o parliament_n but_o let_v i_o tell_v you_o that_o by_o thus_o set_v up_o the_o king_n illegal_a prerogative_n of_o tax_v the_o mesne_n tenant_n of_o their_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la you_o quit_v the_o question_n for_o i_o ask_v you_o by_o what_o right_a the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o you_o suppose_v can_v grant_v by_o this_o great_a charter_n a_o fifteen_o of_o the_o movable_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n as_o well_o of_o those_o who_o do_v not_o hold_v of_o they_o by_o military_a service_n as_o of_o those_o that_o do_v nay_o of_o those_o who_o never_o hold_v of_o they_o at_o all_o and_o you_o then_o fly_v present_o to_o i_o know_v not_o what_o unknown_a royal_a prerogative_n of_o tax_v the_o mesne_n tenant_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la at_o pleasure_n which_o be_v either_o according_a to_o law_n or_o it_o be_v not_o if_o the_o former_a i_o have_v already_o prove_v he_o can_v not_o do_v it_o by_o law_n at_o all_o but_o if_o against_o law_n there_o be_v the_o like_a reason_n why_o he_o shall_v have_v have_v the_o like_a prerogative_n over_o his_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la too_o even_o over_o the_o very_a bishop_n abbot_n and_o temporal_a lord_n and_o then_o i_o desire_v to_o know_v whether_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n have_v not_o be_v long_o since_o destroy_v and_o give_v up_o but_o to_o examine_v your_o authority_n it_o be_v true_a hoveden_n say_v of_o richard_n the_o first_o that_o accepit_fw-la de_fw-la unaquaque_fw-la hida_n terrae_fw-la v._o solidos_fw-la yet_o do_v it_o not_o therefore_o follow_v that_o he_o take_v this_o tax_n without_o consent_n of_o his_o great_a council_n it_o be_v the_o ordinary_a phrase_n of_o writer_n in_o those_o time_n to_o say_v rex_fw-la accepit_fw-la i._n e._n receive_v such_o a_o tax_n when_o indeed_o he_o take_v nothing_o but_o what_o be_v give_v he_o by_o his_o parliament_n and_o therefore_o though_o we_o find_v this_o tax_n not_o mention_v in_o any_o other_o writer_n but_o only_o hoveden_n and_o so_o can_v give_v you_o a_o express_a proof_n that_o this_o tax_n be_v grant_v in_o a_o great_a council_n yet_o it_o be_v most_o likely_a nay_o certain_a it_o be_v for_o the_o word_n accepit_fw-la do_v not_o in_o its_o own_o nature_n import_v any_o violent_a or_o illegal_a exaction_n and_o therefore_o consider_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n it_o be_v great_a reason_n to_o suppose_v that_o this_o aid_n be_v grant_v by_o consent_n since_o this_o same_o author_n tell_v we_o in_o the_o relation_n of_o this_o affair_n that_o this_o money_n be_v receive_v by_o the_o hand_n of_o two_o lawful_a knight_n of_o each_o hundred_o and_o that_o they_o do_v answer_v this_o money_n to_o the_o exchequer_n coram_fw-la episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la &_o baronibus_fw-la ad_fw-la hoc_fw-la assignatis_fw-la who_o will_v never_o have_v undertake_v it_o have_v not_o this_o tax_n be_v grant_v by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n but_o that_o this_o king_n can_v not_o tax_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n at_o his_o pleasure_n may_v appear_v by_o a_o relation_n out_o of_o this_o very_a author_n in_o the_o very_a same_o year_n b._n but_o a_o little_a before_o viz._n that_o when_o the_o king_n demand_v by_o hubert_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n that_o homines_fw-la angliae_fw-la the_o man_n of_o england_n shall_v find_v he_o 300_o milites_fw-la i._n e._n knight_n to_o stay_v one_o whole_a year_n in_o his_o service_n or_o else_o will_v give_v he_o so_o much_o money_n as_o that_o he_o may_v therewith_o maintain_v those_o 300_o knight_n in_o constant_a pay_n viz._n to_o every_o knight_n three_o shilling_n of_o english_a money_n wage_n a_o day_n and_o that_o to_o grant_v this_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v willing_a as_o not_o dare_v to_o resist_v the_o king_n will_n only_a hugh_n bishop_n of_o lincoln_n as_o a_o true_a servant_n of_o god_n abstain_v from_o all_o evil_n answer_v that_o he_o will_v by_o no_o mean_n agree_v to_o the_o king_n desire_n because_o it_o will_v redound_v to_o the_o detriment_n of_o his_o church_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o it_o seem_v the_o business_n fall_v and_o come_v to_o nothing_o now_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o this_o request_n must_v have_v be_v make_v in_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o at_o least_o in_o that_o of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o if_o he_o can_v not_o charge_v his_o subject_n with_o the_o keep_n but_o of_o 300_o horseman_n for_o one_o year_n without_o their_o assent_n can_v any_o body_n believe_v that_o he_o shall_v present_o after_o extort_v a_o much_o great_a sum_n viz._n five_o shilling_n out_o of_o every_o plow-land_n in_o england_n but_o as_o for_o all_o your_o precedant_n for_o king_n john_n reign_n he_o be_v such_o a_o notorious_a tyrant_n and_o breaker_n of_o his_o coronation_n oath_n and_o common_a faith_n both_o to_o god_n and_o man_n that_o i_o hope_v that_o neither_o yourself_o nor_o any_o good_a english_a man_n will_v have_v fetch_v precedent_n for_o prerogative_n from_o so_o prosâ—igate_v a_o reign_n as_o he_o and_o in_o which_o i_o grant_v there_o be_v more_o than_o once_o illegal_a exaction_n of_o this_o nature_n which_o yet_o be_v brand_v by_o those_o very_a historian_n that_o relate_v they_o for_o great_a oppression_n and_o unjust_a exaction_n oxford_n as_o particular_o in_o this_o first_o instance_n of_o out_o of_o mat._n paris_n of_o k._n john_n take_v away_o by_o force_n the_o seven_o of_o the_o movable_a good_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n which_o be_v by_o this_o author_n call_v by_o no_o better_a than_o rapinam_fw-la rapine_n or_o robbery_n the_o same_o i_o may_v say_v
to_o the_o like_a exaction_n of_o his_o son_n hâ—n_o the_o three_o which_o be_v brand_v by_o all_o writer_n as_o horrible_a and_o illegal_a oppression_n nay_o be_v own_a to_o be_v so_o by_o this_o king_n frequent_a confirmation_n of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la and_o acknowledgement_n of_o his_o breach_n of_o they_o and_o promise_v to_o observe_v they_o better_o for_o the_o future_a but_o i_o be_o sorry_a to_o find_v your_o doctor_n who_o you_o follow_v both_o in_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n and_o mr._n a._n as_o also_o in_o his_o complete_a history_n still_o to_o cite_v the_o most_o violent_a and_o illegal_a action_n nay_o the_o very_a perjury_n for_o â—lowers_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o royal_a prerogative_n but_o as_o for_o the_o authority_n you_o urge_v for_o this_o king_n talliate_v his_o demesne_n without_o consent_n of_o parliament_n you_o yourself_o grant_v that_o this_o talliage_n be_v not_o general_a upon_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o if_o so_o can_v only_o concern_v his_o own_o tenant_n in_o ancient_a demesn_a and_o none_o else_o who_o be_v always_o exempt_v from_o be_v tax_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o nation_n because_o they_o be_v liable_a to_o yield_v the_o king_n a_o reasonable_a talliage_n ratione_fw-la tenurae_fw-la whensoever_o he_o need_v it_o yet_o this_o be_v count_v rather_o a_o privilege_n than_o otherwise_o since_o they_o be_v not_o only_o free_a from_o all_o other_o burden_n and_o parliamentary_a attendance_n but_o be_v also_o tax_v much_o less_o than_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o nation_n in_o regard_n of_o their_o tilling_n the_o king_n land_n but_o when_o this_o reasonable_a prerogative_n grow_v to_o be_v abuse_v and_o the_o exaction_n levy_v upon_o they_o become_v intolerable_a than_o they_o will_v no_o long_o suffer_v it_o but_o get_v it_o take_v away_o by_o the_o statute_n de_fw-fr tallagio_n non_fw-la concedendo_fw-la after_o which_o we_o find_v the_o tenant_n in_o ancient_a demesne_n frequent_o give_v their_o share_n of_o aide_n and_o subsidy_n in_o parliament_n by_o delegate_n of_o their_o own_o as_o in_o the_o record_n of_o the_o 35_o the_o of_o edward_n the_o first_o which_o you_o have_v now_o cite_v till_o at_o last_o they_o come_v to_o be_v resolve_v into_o the_o common_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n but_o aâ—_n for_o the_o city_n of_o london_n it_o be_v never_o take_v for_o part_n of_o the_o king_n demean_n and_o so_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v in_o doom_n day_n book_n but_o as_o appear_v by_o record_n hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o therefore_o can_v be_v no_o otherwise_o tax_v then_o as_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la that_o be_v by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o this_o make_v the_o londoner_n deny_v to_o be_v otherwise_o talliate_v as_o appear_v by_o this_o record_n of_o henry_n the_o three_o which_o you_o have_v now_o cite_v but_o the_o truth_n be_v they_o have_v this_o exaction_n first_o lay_v upon_o they_o in_o the_o exorbitant_a reign_n 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they_o without_o the_o consent_n of_o their_o great_a council_n but_o thus_o much_o i_o think_v i_o may_v safe_o aver_v that_o when_o this_o great_a charter_n be_v make_v the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n give_v tax_n and_o make_v law_n not_o only_o for_o themselves_o but_o their_o mesne_n tenant_n and_o the_o whole_a nation_n also_o nor_o be_v this_o at_o all_o unreasonable_a that_o those_o who_o thus_o hold_v estate_n by_o mesne_n tenure_n under_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la shall_v be_v bind_v by_o the_o act_n of_o those_o of_o who_o they_o hold_v they_o 171._o since_o we_o see_v in_o scotland_n that_o at_o this_o day_n none_o sit_v there_o either_o as_o commissioner_n of_o shire_n or_o burgess_n for_o the_o royal_a burough_n but_o such_o as_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la of_o the_o king_n for_o ancient_o before_o the_o law_n for_o excuse_v the_o small_a baron_n and_o free_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o send_v commissioner_n of_o shire_n in_o their_o stead_n be_v introduce_v by_o a_o statuâ—e_n make_v in_o the_o seven_o parliament_n of_o k._n jam._n 1._o a._n dom._n 1420_o it_o consist_v all_o of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la viz._n of_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n prior_n earl_n baron_n &_o libere_fw-la tenentibus_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la râ—ge_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o appear_v by_o the_o very_a word_n in_o the_o latin_a title_n to_o divers_a of_o those_o statute_n as_o you_o may_v find_v they_o in_o slenes_n collection_n of_o scotch_a law_n now_o if_o this_o law_n do_v ancient_o and_o do_v still_o prevail_v in_o scotland_n that_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la shall_v be_v the_o sole_a representative_n of_o that_o whole_a kingdom_n i_o can_v see_v any_o reason_n why_o it_o may_v not_o have_v be_v so_o ancient_o in_o englâ—nd_n also_o especial_o since_o i_o can_v give_v you_o so_o good_a reason_n to_o back_o this_o opinion_n m._n i_o will_v answer_v your_o argument_n from_o scotland_n by_o and_o by_o but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n give_v i_o leave_v to_o tell_v you_o why_o i_o think_v it_o can_v never_o have_v be_v the_o custom_n in_o england_n and_o that_o for_o two_o reason_n first_o because_o it_o be_v against_o reason_n and_o 2_o lie_v because_o it_o be_v against_o the_o know_a law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o it_o be_v against_o reason_n be_v apparent_a since_o what_o reason_n be_v there_o that_o if_o a_o man_n in_o those_o time_n purchase_v a_o estate_n for_o a_o valuable_a consideration_n of_o a_o lord_n or_o any_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o certain_o thousand_o do_v to_o be_v hold_v either_o by_o knight_n service_n or_o in_o socage_n that_o such_o a_o tenant_n shall_v lie_v at_o the_o mercy_n of_o his_o lord_n to_o dispose_v of_o his_o estate_n in_o tax_n and_o make_v law_n for_o he_o at_o his_o pleasure_n however_o exorbitant_a those_o tax_n be_v or_o inconvenient_a those_o law_n may_v prove_v the_o lord_n be_v no_o representative_a of_o his_o own_o choice_n or_o appointment_n in_o the_o next_o place_n that_o this_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o receive_a law_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o those_o time_n i_o can_v prove_v by_o two_o very_a sufficient_a authority_n the_o one_o of_o the_o earl_n of_o chester_n the_o other_o of_o the_o bishop_n of_o durham_n now_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o both_o this_o earl_n and_o bishop_n helâ—_n their_o county_n palatine_n in_o capite_fw-la immediate_o of_o the_o king_n nor_o have_v those_o county_n any_o representatives_n in_o parliament_n till_o long_o after_o that_o they_o have_v knight_n of_o shire_n and_o burgess_n grant_v they_o by_o particular_a statute_n make_v for_o that_o purpose_n now_o according_a to_o your_o hypothesis_n all_o the_o freeholder_n and_o inhabitant_n of_o those_o county-palatines_a shall_v have_v be_v bind_v by_o all_o act_n
i_o grant_v all_o the_o lesser_a baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v to_o be_v summonld_v by_o the_o sheriff_n to_o come_v to_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o king_n may_v have_v only_o call_v some_o of_o the_o great_a and_o wise_a of_o they_o and_o such_o as_o he_o think_v most_o fit_a to_o advise_v he_o in_o make_v law_n and_o impose_v tax_n upon_o the_o nation_n and_o the_o like_a prerogative_n his_o son_n henry_n the_o three_o resume_v during_o the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o reign_n as_o i_o shall_v show_v you_o from_o divers_a old_a statute_n by_o and_o by_o p._n and_o that_o our_o king_n do_v often_o take_v upon_o they_o to_o call_v who_o they_o please_v and_o omit_v who_o they_o please_v of_o these_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la may_v appear_v by_o those_o who_o be_v call_v pares_fw-la baronum_fw-la or_o alios_fw-la magnates_fw-la who_o be_v put_v after_o the_o baron_n and_o of_o these_o there_o be_v many_o instance_n of_o their_o be_v call_v to_o parliament_n and_o again_o omit_v in_o several_a king_n reign_v after_o the_o commons_o be_v a_o three_o estate_n as_o represent_v as_o at_o this_o day_n f._n i_o must_v beg_v your_o pardon_n if_o i_o can_v come_v over_o to_o your_o opinion_n notwithstanding_o what_o you_o now_o have_v say_v since_o i_o do_v not_o find_v your_o reason_n to_o come_v up_o to_o what_o you_o intend_v therein_o for_o you_o only_o suppose_v but_o without_o any_o proof_n that_o the_o word_n populus_fw-la and_o communitas_fw-la must_v signify_v only_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la in_o the_o ancient_a scotish_n charter_n and_o statute_n all_o the_o argument_n you_o bring_v to_o the_o contrary_n be_v that_o i_o can_v show_v you_o any_o law_n by_o which_o it_o be_v alter_v to_o what_o it_o be_v now_o and_o therefore_o that_o the_o constitution_n have_v be_v always_o the_o same_o as_o at_o this_o day_n now_o pray_v consider_v whether_o this_o will_v not_o press_v altogether_o as_o hard_o upon_o you_o in_o relation_n to_o england_n for_o you_o can_v show_v i_o any_o law_n whereby_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v exclude_v here_o and_o knight_n of_o shire_n introduce_v in_o their_o flead_v and_o therefore_o by_o the_o same_o rule_n let_v the_o scottish_a parliament_n have_v be_v of_o what_o they_o will_v yet_o we_o have_v be_v still_o the_o same_o they_o be_v now_o but_o if_o you_o say_v that_o this_o contrary_a usage_n have_v be_v introduce_v either_o by_o the_o king_n prerogative_n or_o by_o the_o silent_a consent_n of_o the_o people_n or_o by_o some_o law_n that_o be_v now_o lose_v be_v not_o all_o the_o same_o argument_n to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o scotish_n parliament_n which_o i_o may_v upon_o as_o good_a ground_n suppose_v to_o have_v deviate_v from_o their_o original_a constitution_n as_o you_o do_v that_o our_o english_a parliament_n have_v do_v it_o so_o that_o if_o those_o argument_n be_v of_o any_o weight_n they_o will_v serve_v for_o england_n as_o well_o as_o scotland_n but_o if_o they_o be_v not_o it_o be_v in_o vain_a to_o make_v use_n of_o they_o at_o all_o the_o like_a i_o may_v say_v as_o to_o burrough_n in_o scotland_n since_o it_o be_v as_o easy_a to_o suppose_v that_o divers_a burrough_n in_o scotland_n may_v voluntary_o desist_v from_o send_v their_o deputy_n to_o parliament_n that_o do_v not_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o it_o be_v that_o divers_a burrough_n in_o england_n do_v petition_n to_o be_v exempt_v from_o send_v burgess_n to_o parliament_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o inability_n to_o pay_v the_o expense_n of_o their_o burgess_n as_o i_o can_v show_v you_o by_o divers_a precedent_n some_o of_o which_o be_v in_o print_n have_v i_o now_o time_n as_o for_o the_o rest_n of_o your_o discourse_n i_o can_v imagine_v to_o what_o it_o tend_v for_o if_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v any_o place_n in_o or_o right_o to_o come_v to_o parliament_n how_o come_v they_o to_o have_v it_o but_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a freehold_a estate_n they_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n and_o if_o so_o i_o can_v see_v no_o reason_n why_o those_o that_o have_v as_o good_a or_o better_a freehold_a estate_n than_o they_o shall_v be_v all_o exclude_v or_o why_o a_o small_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la of_o but_o one_o knight_n fee_fw-mi hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la shall_v give_v he_o a_o right_a to_o a_o place_n in_o parliament_n and_o get_v that_o a_o mesne_n tenant_n or_o vavasour_n as_o he_o be_v then_o call_v who_o hold_v ten_o knight_n fee_n of_o some_o bishop_n or_o abbot_n who_o perhaps_o do_v not_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la at_o all_o shall_v have_v no_o right_n of_o appear_v there_o nor_o of_o choose_v any_o representative_a for_o he_o since_o notwithstanding_o all_o you_o have_v now_o say_v the_o doctor_n either_o contradict_v himself_o 68_o or_o you_o when_o he_o tell_v we_o express_o in_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n that_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o be_v no_o baron_n represent_v only_o themselves_o and_o not_o the_o commons_o but_o how_o this_o will_v agree_v with_o what_o he_o say_v in_o his_o introduction_n that_o the_o body_n of_o the_o commons_o have_v no_o share_n in_o make_v law_n etc._n etc._n before_o 49_o the_o of_o henry_n the_o three_o unless_o they_o be_v represent_v by_o thd_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o if_o so_o must_v then_o certain_o represent_v those_o that_o he_o here_o call_v the_o body_n of_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n collective_o take_v but_o as_o for_o your_o notion_n of_o the_o parliament_n be_v the_o king_n court_n baron_n though_o you_o have_v borrow_v it_o of_o a_o learned_a scotch_a lawyer_n sir_n george_n meâ—â—ensy_n yet_o let_v i_o tell_v you_o it_o be_v never_o true_a for_o it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o the_o great_a or_o common_a council_n both_o in_o england_n and_o scotland_n be_v much_o more_o ancient_a than_o the_o tennre_n of_o land_n by_o knight_n service_n or_o then_o the_o very_a institution_n of_o manor_n in_o this_o kingdom_n which_o the_o doctor_n tell_v we_o be_v of_o no_o high_a a_o original_n than_o the_o norman_a conquest_n but_o admit_v i_o shall_v allow_v your_o notion_n of_o the_o parliament_n be_v ancient_o the_o king_n court_n baron_n then_o certain_o all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v a_o right_a to_o appear_v there_o and_o to_o be_v not_o only_a suitor_n but_o judge_n of_o all_o difference_n arise_v among_o the_o tenant_n in_o the_o lord_n court_n where_o neither_o the_o lord_n himself_o nor_o his_o steward_n be_v judge_n and_o that_o of_o right_n and_o not_o by_o savour_n whereas_o you_o suppose_v such_o a_o courtbaron_n as_o be_v never_o hear_v of_o where_o the_o lord_n can_v admit_v or_o exclude_v who_o of_o his_o tenant_n he_o please_v to_o which_o if_o they_o have_v a_o right_a ratione_fw-la tenurae_fw-la certain_o he_o can_v never_o do_v so_o that_o instead_o of_o a_o courtbaron_n and_o a_o common_a council_n according_a to_o king_n john_n charter_n whereby_o all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v to_o be_v summon_v to_o this_o council_n or_o pretend_a court_n baron_n you_o suppose_v the_o king_n still_o retain_v a_o prerogative_n of_o call_v or_o omit_v who_o he_o please_v which_o instead_o of_o confirm_v the_o validity_n of_o the_o charter_n and_o that_o it_o be_v to_o be_v a_o rule_n how_o such_o council_n shall_v be_v call_v for_o the_o future_a you_o make_v to_o signify_v just_a nothing_o and_o that_o no_o common_a council_n be_v ever_o call_v according_a to_o that_o model_n but_o pray_v show_v i_o a_o courtbaron_n wherein_o the_o tenant_n ever_o take_v upon_o themselves_o a_o power_n of_o give_v tax_n out_o of_o their_o estate_n that_o do_v not_o hold_v of_o the_o manor_n though_o they_o be_v resident_a within_o it_o but_o indeed_o you_o be_v out_o in_o the_o whole_a matter_n for_o the_o doctor_n himself_o grant_v in_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n when_o he_o give_v we_o king_n john_n letter_n of_o summons_n to_o a_o council_n direct_v to_o the_o baron_n and_o knight_n and_o as_o he_o translate_v eidelibus_fw-la feudatory_n or_o vassal_n of_o all_o england_n wherein_o he_o let_v they_o know_v 40._o that_o he_o have_v send_v his_o letter_n to_o every_o one_o of_o they_o if_o it_o may_v have_v be_v do_v now_o what_o reason_n have_v he_o to_o write_v thus_o if_o these_o gentleman_n have_v no_o right_a to_o be_v consult_v or_o that_o the_o king_n may_v have_v call_v or_o leave_v out_o who_o of_o they_o he_o please_v but_o the_o baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v in_o another_o mind_n when_o in_o the_o 37th_o of_o king_n hen._n iii_o as_o mar._n paris_n tell_v we_o they_o refuse_v to_o act_n or_o proceed_v upon_o any_o thing_n
french_a peasant_n at_o this_o day_n and_o so_o be_v not_o reckon_v among_o the_o freeman_n all_o freedom_n consist_v then_o in_o so_o much_o freehold_a land_n hold_v in_o a_o man_n be_v own_o right_a or_o be_v freeman_n of_o some_o city_n or_o burrough_n town_n and_o this_o give_v we_o a_o reason_n why_o copy-holders_n and_o tenant_n for_o year_n have_v no_o vote_n in_o parliament_n at_o this_o day_n since_o it_o be_v certain_a and_o all_o our_o law_n book_n allow_v it_o that_o at_o the_o first_o all_o copyhold_n estate_n be_v hold_v by_o villeinage_n and_o the_o owner_n of_o they_o at_o first_o the_o villani_n or_o tiller_n of_o the_o demefnes_n of_o the_o lord_n of_o that_o town_n there_o be_v at_o first_o no_o freehold_n less_o than_o that_o of_o a_o whole_a township_n since_o a_o manor_n and_o therefore_o all_o copy-holders_n and_o tenant_n for_o year_n or_o at_o will_n though_o freeman_n be_v not_o admit_v to_o have_v vote_n at_o this_o day_n because_o as_o i_o say_v before_o freedom_n ancient_o consist_v in_o the_o inheritance_n or_o freehold_n estate_n of_o land_n or_o in_o riches_n in_o trade_n or_o traffic_n lease_n for_o life_n and_o year_n be_v not_o know_v or_o at_o least_o not_o common_o in_o use_n in_o those_o day_n and_o hence_o it_o be_v that_o when_o estate_n of_o freehold_n come_v to_o be_v divide_v into_o small_a parcel_n all_o freeholders_n till_o the_o statute_n of_o henry_n iu._n and_o vi_o which_o we_o have_v before_o cite_v be_v as_o much_o capable_a of_o give_v their_o vote_n at_o the_o election_n of_o knight_n of_o shire_n as_o the_o best_a and_o great_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la in_o england_n till_o it_o be_v reduce_v by_o those_o statute_n to_o 40_o s._n freehold_n per_fw-la annum_fw-la these_o freeholder_n and_o burgess_n of_o town_n be_v ancient_o look_v upon_o in_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o law_n as_o the_o only_a freeman_n and_o it_o be_v these_o freeholder_n alone_o who_o owe_v suit_n and_o service_n to_o the_o county_n court_n and_o be_v amerce_v if_o they_o do_v not_o appear_v this_o be_v premise_v and_o sufficient_o understand_v will_v give_v we_o a_o very_a good_a account_n why_o copyholder_n and_o lease-holders_n for_o year_n do_v not_o give_v any_o vote_n at_o election_n of_o knight_n of_o shire_n and_o yet_o the_o parliament_n may_v still_o continue_v the_o representative_a of_o all_o the_o freeman_n of_o the_o nation_n as_o the_o people_n of_o rome_n and_o the_o territory_n about_o it_o be_v of_o all_o the_o roman_n though_o there_o be_v a_o great_a many_o liberti_n and_o in_o inqui_fw-la lini_fw-la who_o sure_o be_v freeman_n and_o not_o slave_n and_o yet_o have_v no_o vote_n in_o they_o comitiis_fw-la centuriatis_fw-la or_o general_a assembly_n of_o all_o the_o roman_a citizen_n but_o that_o the_o liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la &_o libere_fw-la tenentes_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la must_v take_v in_o more_o than_o your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la the_o doctor_n himself_o be_v at_o last_o force_v to_o 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else_o his_o tenant_n in_o socage_n beside_o those_o who_o hold_v of_o other_o mesne_n lord_n and_o the_o tenant_n of_o those_o abbot_n and_o prior_n who_o do_v not_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la and_o yet_o be_v very_o numerous_a be_v man_n of_o as_o much_o faith_n and_o honour_n as_o those_o that_o do_v since_o many_o of_o they_o possess_v as_o good_a if_o not_o better_a estate_n than_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la themselves_z so_o that_o you_o be_v certain_o mistake_v in_o matter_n of_o fact_n when_o you_o say_v the_o whole_a force_n and_o strength_n of_o the_o nation_n lie_v in_o their_o hand_n for_o if_o you_o mean_v legal_a force_n i_o have_v already_o prove_v that_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v no_o legal_a right_n to_o give_v away_o the_o estate_n of_o their_o mesne_n tenant_n or_o to_o make_v law_n for_o they_o without_o their_o consent_n who_o be_v altogether_o as_o free_a as_o themselves_o servitiis_fw-la suis_fw-la debitis_fw-la solummodo_a exceptis_fw-la as_o bracton_n tell_v we_o much_o less_o for_o so_o great_a a_o body_n of_o man_n as_o i_o now_o mention_v who_o never_o hold_v of_o they_o at_o all_o and_o consequent_o can_v not_o upon_o your_o own_o hypothesis_n be_v ever_o represent_v by_o they_o but_o if_o you_o mean_v a_o physical_a strength_n or_o force_n though_o this_o can_v give_v no_o natural_a much_o less_o legal_a right_n for_o one_o man_n to_o lord_n it_o over_o another_o yet_o even_o this_o be_v much_o far_o from_o truth_n since_o the_o mesne_n tenant_n of_o all_o sort_n as_o well_o by_o military_a service_n as_o in_o socage_n together_o with_o those_o above_o mention_v who_o never_o hold_v of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la at_o all_o make_v six_o time_n a_o great_a body_n of_o man_n both_o for_o number_n as_o well_o as_o estate_n than_o all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la take_v together_o but_o to_o conclude_v neither_o be_v your_o remark_n upon_o my_o authority_n from_o gheller_n and_o durham_n at_o all_o to_o the_o purpose_n for_o i_o have_v sufficient_o prove_v that_o those_o county_n palatine_n be_v not_o at_o first_o conclude_v within_o the_o general_a law_n and_o tax_n of_o the_o kingdom_n since_o they_o have_v their_o particular_a council_n for_o both_o within_o themselves_o as_o the_o supplication_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o county_n palatine_n of_o chester_n sufficient_o declare_v and_o certain_o durham_n have_v the_o like_a privilege_n since_o i_o never_o hear_v that_o the_o man_n in_o that_o county_n be_v more_o slave_n to_o their_o bishop_n than_o the_o cheshire_n man_n to_o their_o earl_n and_o though_o i_o grant_v that_o about_o the_o confuse_a time_n of_o king_n hen._n vi_o there_o be_v a_o great_a breach_n make_v on_o the_o ancient_a liberty_n of_o these_o two_o county_n palatine_n and_o if_o the_o king_n and_o parliament_n make_v law_n for_o and_o levy_v tax_n upon_o they_o though_o they_o have_v no_o representative_n therein_o this_o proceed_v partly_o from_o their_o be_v overpower_v by_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o nation_n and_o partly_o by_o the_o ease_n they_o find_v in_o be_v excuse_v from_o the_o expense_n of_o knight_n of_o shire_n and_o burgess_n which_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v at_o that_o time_n liable_a to_o and_o which_o come_v to_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o money_n four_o shilling_n per_fw-la diem_fw-la be_v in_o those_o day_n more_o than_o forty_o shilling_n now_o and_o yet_o you_o see_v at_o last_o they_o be_v aware_a of_o their_o error_n and_o at_o their_o request_n get_v the_o privilege_n of_o have_v representative_n in_o parliament_n of_o their_o own_o choose_n as_o well_o as_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o if_o this_o have_v not_o be_v a_o certain_a right_n of_o english_a subject_n how_o come_v the_o welsh_a county_n which_o be_v ancient_o no_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o england_n to_o have_v be_v admit_v to_o choose_v one_o knight_n for_o each_o county_n and_o burgess_n for_o each_o burrough_n town_n as_o well_o in_o north_n wales_n as_o south_n wales_n though_o both_o these_o be_v conquer_a country_n at_o the_o first_o and_o incorporate_v to_o england_n by_o particular_a statute_n and_o therefore_o we_o have_v no_o reason_n to_o deny_v the_o truth_n of_o bracton_n and_o fortescue_n assertion_n that_o no_o law_n be_v make_v nor_o tax_n impose_v in_o england_n 84._o sine_fw-la consensu_fw-la communi_fw-la â—uius_fw-la regni_fw-la or_o as_o the_o latter_a true_o add_v in_o parliamento_fw-la and_o certain_o this_o word_n common_a assent_n must_v take_v in_o all_o their_o assent_n who_o have_v estate_n either_o in_o land_n or_o other_o riches_n at_o that_o time_n when_o this_o law_n be_v establish_v but_o leave_v this_o dispute_n about_o scotland_n and_o the_o county_n palatine_n pray_v make_v a_o end_n for_o it_o grow_v late_o and_o give_v i_o the_o rest_n of_o your_o reason_n
the_o spare_v their_o pain_n and_o expense_n to_o have_v a_o colloquy_n and_o treatise_n with_o some_o of_o the_o same_o member_n and_o therefore_o name_v the_o very_a person_n who_o he_o command_v shall_v appear_v before_o he_o at_o winchester_n to_o inform_v he_o and_o his_o council_n of_o the_o best_a manner_n and_o form_n whereby_o the_o say_a tax_n may_v be_v soon_o and_o most_o convenient_o levy_v according_a to_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o say_v grant_n so_o that_o nothing_o be_v more_o plain_a from_o the_o writ_n itself_o than_o that_o this_o assembly_n be_v no_o parliament_n the_o proper_a business_n of_o which_o be_v always_o to_o make_v law_n give_v money_n or_o reâ—ress_v grievance_n none_o of_o which_o â—ut_v it_o be_v apparent_a be_v the_o cause_n of_o this_o meeting_n to_o which_o these_o that_o be_v summon_v do_v not_o appear_v as_o knight_n of_o the_o shire_n their_o power_n be_v expire_v at_o the_o dissolution_n of_o the_o parliament_n but_o only_a 〈◊〉_d so_o many_o particular_a private_a man_n who_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o interest_n in_o the_o country_n the_o king_n suppose_v can_v best_o inform_v he_o in_o the_o business_n above_o mention_v but_o that_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n there_o be_v several_a council_n of_o this_o kind_n which_o though_o no_o parliament_n as_o have_v but_o one_o knight_n one_o citizen_n and_o one_o burgess_n and_o only_o make_v temporary_a constitution_n concern_v trade_n and_o other_o thing_n of_o less_o moment_n which_o be_v to_o be_v put_v in_o practice_n for_o a_o time_n till_o they_o can_v be_v confirm_v by_o the_o next_o parliament_n appear_v by_o the_o ordinance_n or_o statute_n of_o the_o staple_n above_o mention_v and_o of_o these_o mr._n pryn_n in_o the_o first_o part_n of_o his_o parliamentary_a register_n of_o writ_n give_v we_o divers_a precedent_n 215._o which_o he_o right_o so_o that_o i_o hope_v i_o have_v now_o fair_o run_v through_o and_o examine_v all_o the_o precedent_n which_o you_o or_o your_o doctor_n have_v be_v able_a to_o urge_v in_o this_o great_a question_n and_o i_o think_v if_o you_o be_v aâ—_n candid_a and_o ingenuous_a as_o i_o take_v you_o to_o be_v you_o will_v not_o assert_v that_o any_o of_o they_o do_v amount_v to_o a_o proof_n either_o that_o the_o commons_o be_v never_o summon_v from_o the_o â—9th_n of_o henry_n iii_o to_o the_o 18_o of_o edward_n i._o or_o that_o the_o writ_n of_o summons_n he_o there_o produce_v be_v to_o a_o parliament_n and_o not_o to_o a_o great_a council_n or_o that_o the_o king_n ever_o take_v upon_o he_o to_o appoint_v what_o number_n of_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n shall_v come_v to_o parliament_n or_o can_v nominate_v who_o they_o shall_v be_v or_o can_v discharge_v who_o he_o please_v from_o serve_v as_o member_n therein_o all_o which_o your_o doctor_n i_o think_v with_o great_a confidence_n than_o right_a understanding_n of_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o the_o ancient_a writ_n and_o record_n of_o parliament_n have_v undertake_v to_o assert_v i_o beg_v your_o pardon_n for_o trouble_v you_o so_o long_o on_o these_o head_n since_o the_o length_n as_o well_o as_o diversity_n of_o record_n you_o have_v now_o cite_v can_v not_o be_v answer_v in_o less_o compass_n m._n i_o must_v confess_v you_o have_v give_v pretty_a plausible_a answer_n to_o most_o of_o the_o authority_n and_o record_n i_o have_v now_o cite_v yet_o i_o can_v assent_v so_o far_o as_o to_o come_v over_o to_o your_o opinion_n without_o a_o long_a consideration_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o answer_v you_o have_v now_o give_v i_o to_o the_o doctor_n authority_n but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n you_o will_v oblige_v i_o if_o you_o can_v give_v i_o the_o rest_n of_o your_o argument_n whereby_o you_o will_v undertake_v to_o prove_v that_o the_o commons_o have_v be_v always_o a_o essential_a part_n of_o the_o parliament_n ever_o since_o the_o conquest_n for_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o by_o what_o i_o have_v read_v out_o of_o our_o 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prove_v any_o thing_n to_o the_o contrary_n since_o you_o confess_v that_o as_o much_o a_o conqueror_n as_o king_n william_n be_v yet_o he_o alter_v nothing_o in_o those_o fundamental_a constitution_n the_o most_o that_o you_o pretend_v he_o do_v be_v only_o in_o a_o alteration_n of_o the_o person_n who_o be_v the_o legislator_n from_o english_a to_o french_a man_n or_o norman_n so_o that_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n i_o think_v there_o be_v no_o need_n of_o any_o new_a argument_n to_o confirm_v this_o truth_n since_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n claim_v a_o right_a by_o prescription_n of_o have_v their_o representative_n in_o parliament_n if_o you_o nor_o your_o doctor_n nor_o none_o of_o those_o who_o he_o follow_v can_v prove_v by_o sufficient_a authority_n when_o this_o begin_v than_o i_o be_o sure_a you_o ought_v if_o you_o be_v of_o the_o jury_n in_o thâ—s_n matter_n to_o find_v for_o the_o tenant_n in_o possession_n since_o that_o together_o with_o a_o constant_a usage_n 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you_o will_v not_o take_v it_o ill_o of_o he_o that_o he_o have_v â—welled_v this_o to_o a_o big_a bulk_n than_o the_o other_o since_o the_o author_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o weightiness_n as_o well_o as_o multiplicity_n of_o the_o argument_n can_v not_o make_v it_o 〈◊〉_d without_o do_v a_o considerable_a injury_n to_o this_o important_a subject_n and_o to_o let_v you_o seâ—_n that_o i_o do_v not_o dissemble_v the_o author_n be_v force_v to_o reserve_v two_o or_o three_o sheet_n more_o of_o the_o same_o argument_n because_o he_o will_v not_o â—ver_o tire_v you_o for_o the_o next_o discourse_n and_o the_o author_n also_o desire_v the_o learned_a doctor_n brady_n pardon_n if_o through_o his_o own_o haste_n or_o the_o inadvertency_n of_o the_o compositor_n there_o have_v be_v some_o omission_n
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shrewsbury_n &_o totum_fw-la comitatum_fw-la and_o the_o whole_a county_n but_o that_o be_v soon_o explain_v by_o what_o follow_v &_o totum_fw-la dominum_fw-la quod_fw-la rex_fw-la ipse_fw-la tenebat_fw-la where_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o by_o dominium_fw-la be_v mean_v no_o more_o than_o that_o power_n to_o govern_v it_o which_o king_n edward_n have_v for_o otherwise_o the_o grant_n of_o totum_fw-la comitatum_fw-la have_v be_v sufficient_a m._n i_o confess_v this_o be_v more_o than_o i_o ever_o hear_v or_o consider_v before_o concern_v this_o matter_n but_o you_o do_v not_o give_v i_o any_o positive_a proof_n that_o at_o the_o time_n when_o doom_n day_n book_n be_v make_v there_o be_v any_o englishman_n who_o hold_v earldom_n or_o barony_n or_o other_o great_a estate_n of_o the_o king_n or_o any_o of_o his_o great_a man_n so_o that_o what_o you_o have_v say_v hitherto_o though_o it_o carry_v a_o great_a show_n of_o probability_n yet_o be_v no_o positive_a proof_n against_o the_o doctor_n assertion_n f._n i_o shall_v not_o go_v about_o to_o deny_v what_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n and_o henry_n of_o huntingdon_n so_o positive_o affirm_v that_o for_o sometime_o before_o the_o end_n of_o king_n william_n reign_n there_o be_v no_o englishman_n a_o bishop_n abbot_n or_o earl_n in_o england_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o therefore_o follow_v that_o it_o be_v thus_o through_o his_o whole_a reign_n or_o if_o it_o be_v so_o that_o it_o will_v therefore_o follow_v that_o there_o be_v few_o englishman_n who_o when_o domesday_n book_n be_v make_v possess_v any_o land_n in_o england_n but_o that_o in_o part_n of_o king_n william_n reign_n there_o be_v many_o english_a earl_n and_o baron_n appear_v by_o above_o a_o dozen_o charter_n cite_v by_o sir_n william_n dugdale_n in_o the_o saxon_a and_o latin_a tongue_n in_o his_o monast._n anglic._n which_o be_v either_o direct_v by_o k._n william_n to_o all_o his_o earl_n and_o thain_n or_o else_o in_o latin_a omnibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la francigenis_n &_o anglis_fw-la or_o else_o omnibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la &_o fidelibus_fw-la suis_fw-la francis_n &_o anglis_fw-la salutem_fw-la the_o like_a charter_n also_o appear_v of_o henry_n j._n and_o the_o empress_n maud_n his_o daughter_n so_o that_o if_o francigena_n and_o francus_n signify_v a_o frenchman_n and_o anglus_fw-la and_o englishman_n and_o if_o fidelis_n do_v as_o your_o dr._n will_v have_v it_o signify_v a_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la than_o i_o think_v nothing_o be_v plain_a than_o that_o there_o be_v for_o great_a part_n of_o king_n william_n reign_n both_o earl_n baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la of_o english_a extraction_n but_o to_o come_v to_o particular_a person_n it_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o saxon_a or_o english_a name_n in_o doomsday_n book_n as_o also_o by_o several_a recital_n therein_o that_o there_o be_v divers_a english_a
nobleman_n or_o gentleman_n who_o hold_v land_n in_o divers_a county_n of_o england_n at_o the_o time_n when_o that_o survey_n be_v make_v and_o for_o proof_n of_o this_o since_o so_o short_a a_o conversation_n as_o we_o will_v not_o permit_v i_o to_o run_v into_o a_o long_a bead-roll_n of_o name_n i_o refer_v you_o to_o what_o the_o learned_a and_o ingenious_a mr._n atwood_n in_o his_o ius_n anglorum_fw-la ab_fw-la antiqua_fw-la 92._o have_v observe_v out_o of_o doomsday_n book_n upon_o this_o subject_n where_o though_o he_o have_v not_o only_o go_v through_o but_o go_v over_o fifteen_o county_n of_o thirty_o that_o be_v survey_v in_o that_o book_n yet_o it_o will_v thereby_o sufficient_o appear_v that_o your_o dr._n be_v much_o mistake_v when_o he_o so_o positive_o affirm_v that_o there_o be_v few_o or_o no_o englishman_n that_o hold_v land_n in_o england_n but_o to_o give_v you_o a_o taste_n of_o this_o i_o shall_v run_v through_o as_o many_o county_n as_o mr._n atwood_n have_v 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idem_fw-la tenuâ—t_fw-la t._n r._n e._n i_o e._n tempore_fw-la edwardi_fw-la regis_fw-la the_o like_a i_o may_v say_v for_o the_o other_o county_n there_o mention_v as_o hampshire_n in_o the_o next_o place_n where_o beside_o ralph_n de_fw-fr mortimer_n who_o have_v several_a land_n t._n r._n e._n there_o be_v no_o less_o than_o above_o thirty_o freeholders_n more_o who_o by_o their_o saxon_a name_n and_o want_n of_o surname_n seem_v to_o be_v english_a divers_a of_o who_o hold_v the_o same_o thane_n land_n which_o themselves_o or_o their_o father_n do_v in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n and_o though_o in_o buckinghamshire_n and_o berkshire_n indeed_o there_o be_v but_o five_o or_o six_o who_o hold_v the_o same_o land_n which_o they_o or_o their_o ancestor_n possess_v in_o the_o time_n of_o their_o conqueror_n but_o yet_o in_o wiltshire_n and_o dorcetshire_n there_o appear_v between_o twenty_o and_o thirty_o english_a proprietor_n many_o of_o who_o hold_v whole_a township_n when_o this_o survey_n be_v make_v in_o sommersetshire_n devonshire_n staffordshire_n yorkshire_n and_o glostershire_n their_o do_v appear_v in_o most_o of_o they_o a_o dozen_o or_o more_o english_a saxon_a name_n who_o hold_v whole_a manor_n it_o be_v true_a that_o in_o nottinghamshire_n lincoâ—shire_n and_o herefordshire_n their_o appear_v few_o english_z name_n and_o yet_o the_o least_o of_o these_o have_v three_o a_o piece_n so_o much_o may_v suffice_v for_o doomsday_n book_n and_o i_o doubt_v not_o if_o any_o one_o will_v take_v the_o pain_n to_o look_v over_o the_o title_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o county_n he_o may_v find_v enough_o instance_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n sufficient_a to_o prove_v that_o the_o english_a be_v not_o whole_o dispossess_v of_o their_o estate_n at_o the_o end_n of_o k._n william_n reign_n when_o this_o survey_n be_v make_v not_o to_o mention_v northumberland_n westmoreland_z and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o durham_n all_o which_o be_v omit_v but_o that_o the_o number_n of_o english_a which_o hold_v the_o land_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n william_n the_o first_o and_o second_o be_v very_o considerable_a may_v appear_v by_o william_n of_o malmesburies_n relate_v how_o the_o norman_a lord_n then_o in_o england_n will_v have_v dethrone_v william_n rufus_n and_o haâ—e_v set_v up_o his_o brother_n robert_n in_o his_o place_n there_o also_o show_v the_o manner_n how_o that_o king_n prevent_v it_o rex_fw-la videns_fw-la normannos_fw-la pen_v in_o una_fw-la rabie_n conspiratos_fw-la anglos_n probos_fw-la &_o fortes_fw-la viros_fw-la qui_fw-la adhuc_fw-la residui_fw-la â—rant_fw-la invitatoriis_fw-la scriptis_fw-la arcessit_fw-la quibus_fw-la super_fw-la injuriis_fw-la suis_fw-la querimoniam_fw-la faciâ—us_fw-la bonasque_fw-la leges_fw-la &_o tributorum_fw-la livamen_fw-la liberasque_fw-la venationes_fw-la poâ—licens_fw-la fidelitati_fw-la suae_fw-la obligavit_fw-la where_fw-mi residui_fw-la mus_fw-la certain_o be_v mean_v of_o the_o residue_n of_o those_o english_a gentry_n who_o estate_n be_v still_o leave_v and_o herein_o ordericus_n vitalis_n be_v more_o express_a that_o king_n william_n as_o soon_o as_o he_o see_v the_o contrivance_n against_o he_o lanfrancum_fw-la archiepiscopum_fw-la cum_fw-la suffraganeis_fw-la praesulibus_fw-la &_o comites_fw-la anglosque_fw-la naturales_fw-la convocavit_fw-la &_o conatus_fw-la adversariorum_fw-la &_o velle_fw-la suum_fw-la expugnandi_fw-la eos_fw-la indicavit_fw-la m._n as_o for_o mr._n atwood_n catalogue_n of_o english_a name_n from_o doomsday_n book_n i_o have_v not_o yet_o examine_v they_o and_o though_o i_o grant_v there_o be_v may_v be_v divers_a who_o hold_v the_o same_o land_n that_o they_o or_o their_o father_n do_v yet_o they_o be_v but_o a_o few_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o rest_n nor_o be_v we_o certain_a that_o all_o these_o be_v native_a english_a and_o not_o norman_n who_o hold_v land_n as_o well_o then_o as_o before_o the_o conquest_n since_o the_o norman_n and_o the_o english_a name_n be_v often_o the_o same_o and_o as_o for_o the_o want_n of_o surname_n that_o be_v no_o argument_n that_o they_o must_v needs_o be_v english_a since_o in_o those_o day_n very_o few_o even_n of_o the_o norman_n but_o person_n of_o quality_n and_o estate_n have_v any_o as_o mr._n cambden_n show_v we_o in_o his_o remains_o but_o as_o for_o those_o expression_n in_o the_o charter_n of_o king_n william_n and_o his_o son_n wherein_o the_o english_a as_o well_o as_o the_o french_a earl_n and_o baron_n be_v mention_v those_o charter_n may_v be_v either_o make_v during_o the_o three_o or_o four_o first_o year_n of_o king_n william_n reign_n when_o i_o grant_v the_o english_a be_v not_o whole_o dispossess_v of_o their_o estate_n but_o that_o there_o be_v some_o of_o they_o that_o still_o hold_v earldom_n and_o barony_n in_o their_o own_o right_n but_o when_o the_o same_o expression_n occur_v after_o that_o time_n a._n the_o word_n angli_fw-la or_o angligenae_fw-la must_v be_v understand_v in_o another_o sense_n though_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v put_v in_o opposition_n to_o francis_n son_n as_o by_o these_o last_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v such_o french_a or_o norman_a baron_n who_o have_v estate_n in_o england_n as_o well_o as_o in_o france_n so_o by_o the_o former_a can_v be_v only_a meanâ—_n such_o frenchman_n or_o norman_n who_o have_v their_o estate_n in_o england_n only_o or_o else_o though_o french_a by_o original_a be_v englishman_n by_o birth_n be_v here_o call_v angli_fw-la and_o angligenae_fw-la to_o distinguish_v they_o from_o such_o french_a baron_n as_o be_v above_o mention_v oâ—_n from_o such_o as_o be_v bear_v in_o francâ—s_n and_o for_o the_o truth_n of_o this_o i_o desire_v you_o will_v consult_v dr._n â—â—'s_n learned_a glossary_a at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o folio_n edition_n of_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n and_o his_o two_o second_o tit._n angli_fw-la and_o angligenae_fw-la where_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o these_o angli_fw-la and_o barones_n anglae_n mention_v in_o these_o author_n and_o ancient_a charter_n be_v not_o english_a but_o norman_n and_o those_o man_n of_o no_o mean_a or_o ordinary_a rank_n but_o earl_n or_o baron_n for_o they_o can_v never_o have_v meet_v in_o such_o number_n as_o be_v requisite_a for_o they_o to_o do_v to_o protect_v and_o defend_v king_n william_n rufus_n have_v not_o they_o be_v head_v by_o such_o if_o they_o have_v either_o power_n or_o estate_n lest_o that_o depend_v not_o upon_o the_o norman_n and_o if_o you_o or_o any_o man_n can_v show_v i_o a_o english_a saxon_n that_o be_v then_o either_o eâ—â—l_v or_o baron_n or_o have_v any_o share_n in_o the_o government_n or_o any_o that_o have_v considerable_a estate_n that_o do_v not_o hold_v they_o of_o the_o norman_n or_o have_v at_o that_o time_n any_o great_a wood_n forest_n or_o privilege_n of_o hunt_v in_o they_o than_o i_o will_v confess_v myself_o mistake_v as_o for_o w._n malmesbury_n say_v these_o be_v angli_fw-la probi_fw-la qui_fw-la residui_fw-la grant_v these_o be_v only_o the_o antiqui_fw-la
&_o legitimi_fw-la barones_n who_o as_o ordericus_n tell_v we_o come_v in_o with_o his_o father_n and_o settle_a themselves_o here_o after_o the_o conquest_n but_o as_o for_o your_o quotation_n out_o of_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n and_o ordericus_n vitalisâ—â—ncerning_v â—â—ncerning_z the_o english_a assist_v king_n william_n rufus_n against_o his_o brother_n robert_n 50._o by_o use_v the_o common_a bait_n of_o liberty_n viz._n promise_v that_o he_o will_v alleviate_v the_o rigid_a law_n of_o his_o father_n and_o give_v free_a liberty_n of_o hunt_v in_o his_o forest_n it_o be_v true_a he_o thereupon_o raise_v a_o indifferent_a army_n consist_v chief_o of_o english_a who_o as_o matthew_n paris_n tell_v we_o be_v no_o better_a than_o mercenary_a or_o stipendiary_a souldiâ—â—â—_n and_o who_o have_v either_o no_o estate_n or_o else_o have_v be_v turn_v out_o of_o they_o before_o so_o that_o this_o do_v not_o prove_v that_o they_o be_v man_n of_o any_o fortune_n who_o thus_o assist_v william_n rufus_n f._n as_o for_o what_o you_o have_v now_o say_v against_o the_o citation_n of_o the_o name_n out_o of_o doomsday_n book_n be_v not_o material_a since_o if_o english_a name_n be_v then_o common_a to_o the_o norman_n and_o they_o than_o the_o norman_a name_n may_v be_v as_o well_o common_a to_o the_o english_a and_o then_o many_o of_o those_o in_o england_n who_o by_o their_o name_n we_o suppose_v to_o have_v be_v norman_n may_v be_v native_a englishman_n and_o as_o for_o what_o you_o urge_v against_o the_o express_a word_n of_o the_o charter_n i_o have_v now_o cite_v i_o think_v it_o be_v a_o downright_a wrest_n of_o the_o word_n francis_n and_o anglis_fw-la since_o no_o author_n that_o i_o know_v of_o but_o your_o dr._n and_o be_v of_o that_o opinion_n for_o that_o the_o word_n franci_n or_o franâ—igenae_n do_v signify_v such_o frenchman_n who_o hold_v barony_n in_o england_n be_v grant_v on_o all_o hand_n but_o how_o angli_fw-la must_v also_o signify_v frenchmen_n 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to_o be_v no_o better_o than_o mere_a mercenary_n which_o be_v express_o contrary_a to_o the_o authority_n of_o mat._n paris_n who_o your_o selâ—_n have_v cite_v in_o this_o point_n as_o also_o other_o author_n who_o have_v write_v of_o this_o matter_n for_o matthew_n have_v immediate_o before_o these_o word_n videns_fw-la igitur_fw-la rex_fw-la willielmus_fw-la omnes_fw-la penè_fw-la regni_fw-la proceres_fw-la unâ_fw-la rabie_fw-la conspiratos_fw-la anglos_n fortitudine_fw-la &_o probitate_fw-la ensign_fw-la faciles_fw-la leges_fw-la &_o tributorum_fw-la levamen_fw-la illis_fw-la venationes_fw-la hibarasque_fw-la promittendo_fw-la sibi_fw-la primò_fw-la devinxit_fw-la and_o almost_o make_v use_n of_o the_o very_a word_n that_o malmesbury_n have_v do_v before_o now_o i_o desire_v you_o or_o your_o dr._n will_v satisfy_v i_o how_o man_n who_o be_v remarkable_a for_o their_o valour_n and_o honesty_n and_o who_o be_v so_o considerable_a as_o to_o be_v send_v for_o by_o letter_n write_v 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thing_n and_o therefore_o i_o be_o so_o far_o of_o the_o doctor_n opinion_n who_o in_o his_o gossary_a tit._n feudal_n law_n tell_v we_o the_o feudal_n law_n obtain_v to_o most_o nation_n of_o europe_n and_o in_o normandy_n be_v in_o its_o full_a vigour_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o come_n over_o of_o the_o conqueror_n 3._o but_o afterward_o grow_v more_o mild_a and_o qualify_v as_o also_o the_o tenure_n itself_o a_o perfect_a description_n of_o which_o with_o all_o its_o incident_n of_o homage_n relief_n ward_n marriage_n escuage_z aid_n etc._n etc._n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o grand_a customer_n cap._n 29.33_o 34_o 35._o and_o although_o there_o be_v military_a fief_n or_o fee_n here_o in_o the_o saxon_a time_n yet_o not_o in_o such_o manner_n as_o after_o the_o conquest_n establish_v here_o by_o william_n the_o conqueror_n and_o according_a to_o the_o usage_n in_o normandy_n when_o as_o it_o appear_v by_o doomesday-book_n in_o every_o county_n he_o divide_v most_o if_o not_o 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tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n as_o also_o those_o aid_n they_o be_v to_o pay_v the_o king_n or_o any_o other_o lord_n they_o hold_v of_o towards_o make_v his_o elder_a son_n a_o knight_n and_o marry_v his_o elder_a daughter_n be_v in_o use_n in_o england_n before_o the_o conqueror_n come_v over_o but_o to_o observe_v your_o command_n i_o shall_v now_o proceed_v to_o show_v that_o by_o the_o conquest_n the_o english_a for_o a_o time_n lose_v all_o their_o ancient_a right_n and_o privilege_n till_o they_o again_o obtain_v they_o either_o by_o their_o mix_n with_o the_o norman_n so_o that_o all_o distinction_n between_o they_o and_o the_o english_a be_v take_v away_o or_o else_o they_o be_v restore_v by_o the_o charter_n of_o k._n henry_n the_o first_o k._n john_n and_o k._n henry_n the_o three_o i_o shall_v therefore_o divide_v the_o privilege_n of_o englishman_n into_o these_o three_o head_n first_o either_o such_o as_o concern_v their_o office_n or_o dignity_n or_o second_o such_o as_o concern_v their_o estate_n or_o last_o such_o as_o concern_v the_o trial_n for_o their_o life_n in_o every_o one_o of_o which_o if_o i_o can_v prove_v the_o english_a native_n as_o well_o of_o the_o clergy_n and_o nobility_n suffer_v confideracie_n lesses_z and_o abridgement_n of_o their_o ancient_a 〈…〉_z liberty_n which_o they_o former_o enjoy_v i_o think_v i_o shall_v sufficient_o prove_v the_o point_n in_o hand_n as_o to_o the_o first_o head_n ingâ—ph_n telâ—s_v we_o that_o the_o english_a be_v so_o hate_v by_o the_o norman_n in_o his_o time_n oxon._n that_o how_o well_o soever_o they_o deserve_v they_o be_v drive_v from_o their_o dignity_n and_o stranger_n though_o much_o less_o fit_a of_o any_o nation_n under_o heaven_n be_v take_v in_o their_o place_n 93._o and_o malmesbury_n who_o live_v and_o write_v in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o first_o say_v that_o england_n be_v then_o become_v the_o habitation_n of_o foreigner_n and_o the_o rule_n and_o government_n of_o stranger_n and_o that_o there_o be_v at_o that_o day_n no_o englishman_n a_o earl_n bishop_n or_o abbot_n but_o that_o stranger_n devour_v the_o riches_n and_o gnaw_v the_o bowel_n of_o england_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o hope_n of_o end_v this_o misery_n so_o that_o it_o be_v plain_a they_o be_v now_o total_o deprive_v of_o all_o office_n and_o dignity_n in_o the_o common_a weal_n and_o consequent_o can_v have_v then_o no_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n the_o parliament_n of_o the_o nation_n both_o for_o the_o raise_n of_o tax_n and_o the_o make_n of_o law_n and_o though_o i_o grant_v mr._n petyt_n and_o yourself_o suppose_v you_o find_v a_o clause_n in_o the_o conqueror_n magna_fw-la charta_fw-la 36._o whereby_o you_o will_v prove_v that_o all_o the_o freeman_n of_o this_o kingdom_n shall_v hold_v their_o land_n and_o possession_n well_o and_o in_o peace_n free_a from_o all_o unjust_a exaction_n and_o taillage_n so_o as_o nothing_o be_v exact_v or_o take_v unless_o their_o free-service_n which_o of_o right_n they_o ought_v and_o be_v bind_v to_o perform_v to_o we_o and_o as_o it_o be_v appoint_v to_o they_o and_o give_v and_o grant_v to_o they_o by_o we_o as_o a_o perpetual_a right_n of_o inheritance_n by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n this_o common_a council_n will_v not_o help_v you_o for_o without_o doubt_n here_o be_v no_o englishman_n in_o it_o for_o certain_o they_o will_v not_o grant_v away_o their_o own_o land_n to_o stranger_n these_o be_v the_o saxon_a land_n which_o william_n have_v give_v in_o fee_n to_o his_o soldier_n to_o hold_v they_o under_o such_o service_n as_o he_o have_v appoint_v they_o and_o that_o by_o right_a of_o succession_n or_o inheritance_n we_o will_v now_o come_v to_o the_o second_o point_n viz._n the_o privilege_n the_o englishman_n lose_v as_o to_o their_o estate_n for_o whereas_o before_o the_o conquest_n you_o affirm_v the_o k._n can_v nor_o make_v law_n nor_o raise_v tax_n without_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n it_o be_v certain_a k._n william_n and_o his_o immediate_a successor_n do_v by_o their_o sole_a authority_n exercise_v both_o these_o prerogative_n as_o for_o his_o legislative_a power_n it_o appear_v from_o the_o word_n of_o his_o coronation_n oath_n as_o you_o yourself_o have_v repeat_v it_o out_o of_o florence_n of_o worcester_n and_o roger_n hoveden_n the_o conclusion_n of_o which_o oath_n be_v se_fw-la velle_fw-la reâ—â—am_fw-la legem_fw-la statuere_fw-la &_o tenere_fw-la rapinas_fw-la injustaque_fw-la judicia_fw-la penitus_fw-la interdicire_fw-la now_o the_o legislative_a power_n be_v then_o lodge_v in_o he_o why_o else_o do_v he_o swear_v to_o appoint_v right_a law_n for_o if_o the_o constitution_n have_v be_v settle_v as_o it_o be_v at_o present_a the_o parliament_n can_v have_v hinder_v he_o from_o make_v any_o other_o and_o that_o he_o can_v do_v so_o appear_v by_o that_o yoke_n of_o servitude_n 7._o which_o matthew_n paris_n as_o well_o as_o other_o author_n tell_v we_o k._n william_n by_o his_o own_o authority_n impose_v upon_o the_o bishopric_n and_o abbey_n in_o england_n which_o hold_v barony_n which_o they_o have_v hitherto_o enjoy_v free_a from_o all_o secular_a servitude_n he_o now_o say_v he_o put_v under_o military_a service_n sess_v all_o those_o bishopric_n and_o abbey_n according_a to_o his_o pleasure_n how_o many_o knight_n or_o soldier_n each_o of_o they_o shall_v find_v to_o the_o king_n and_o his_o successor_n and_o put_v the_o roll_n of_o this_o ecclesiastical_a service_n in_o his_o treasury_n he_o cause_v to_o fly_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n many_o ecclesiastic_n who_o oppose_v this_o wicked_a constitution_n now_o if_o he_o can_v do_v this_o upon_o so_o powerful_a a_o body_n as_o the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n be_v at_o this_o time_n he_o may_v certain_o as_o well_o raise_v what_o tax_n he_o please_v upon_o all_o the_o people_n of_o england_n and_o therefore_o henry_n of_o huntingdon_n tell_v we_o that_o k._n william_n upon_o his_o return_n out_o of_o normandy_n into_o england_n anglis_fw-la importabile_fw-la tributum_fw-la imposuit_fw-la lib._n 3._o p._n 278._o and_o that_o his_o son_n william_n rufus_n impose_v what_o tax_n he_o will_v upon_o the_o people_n without_o consent_n of_o the_o parliament_n appear_v by_o that_o passage_n of_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n which_o he_o relate_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o k._n as_o also_o in_o his_o three_o book_n de_fw-fr gestis_fw-la pontificâ—m_fw-la concern_v ranulâ—_n who_o from_o a_o very_a mean_a clerk_n he_o make_v bishop_n of_o duâ—ham_n and_o lord_n treasurer_n the_o rest_n i_o will_v give_v you_o in_o latin_a isle_n siquando_fw-la edictum_fw-la regium_fw-la processisset_fw-la ut_fw-la nominatum_fw-la tributum_fw-la anglia_fw-it penderet_fw-la duplum_fw-la adjiciâ—bat_fw-la subinde_fw-la idente_fw-la rege_fw-la ac_fw-la dicente_fw-la solum_fw-la esse_fw-la hominem_fw-la qui_fw-la sciret_fw-la sic_fw-la agitare_fw-la ingenium_fw-la nec_fw-la aliorum_fw-la curares_fw-la odium_fw-la dummodo_fw-la complaceret_fw-la dominum_fw-la so_o that_o you_o may_v here_o see_v that_o the_o king_n edict_n or_o proclamation_n do_v not_o only_o impose_v the_o tax_n at_o his_o pleasure_n but_o his_o treasurer_n can_v double_v it_o when_o he_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o it_o without_o consent_n of_o the_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n as_o we_o now_o call_v it_o and_o this_o prerogative_n be_v exercise_v by_o divers_a of_o his_o successor_n till_o the_o statute_n de_fw-fr tallagiâ—_n non_fw-la concedendo_fw-la be_v make_v but_o to_o come_v to_o the_o last_o head_n concern_v the_o alteration_n of_o trial_n for_o man_n life_n and_o estate_n by_o the_o conqueror_n from_o what_o they_o be_v before_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o whereas_o before_o the_o conquest_n there_o be_v no_o other_o trial_n for_o man_n life_n but_o by_o juries_n or_o else_o by_o fire_n or_o water_n ordeal_o which_o be_v bring_v in_o by_o the_o dane_n the_o conqueror_n though_o he_o do_v not_o take_v way_n these_o yet_o also_o add_v the_o law_n then_o in_o use_n in_o normandy_n of_o try_v not_o only_o criminal_a but_o civil_a cause_n by_o duel_n or_o combat_n all_o the_o difference_n be_v that_o in_o criminal_a case_n where_o there_o be_v no_o other_o proof_n the_o accuser_n and_o accuse_v fight_v with_o their_o sword_n and_o the_o party_n vanquish_v be_v to_o lose_v his_o eye_n and_o stone_n but_o in_o civil_a cause_n they_o only_o fight_v with_o basâ—oons_n head_v with_o horn_n and_o buckler_n and_o he_o or_o his_o champion_n who_o be_v overcome_v lose_v the_o land_n that_o be_v contend_v for_o from_o whence_o you_o may_v take_v notice_n also_o of_o a_o great_a alteration_n in_o the_o law_n not_o only_o concern_v trial_n but_o capital_a punishment_n so_o that_o whereas_o before_o the_o conquest_n all_o crime_n even_o man_n slaughter_n itself_o be_v either_o â—ineable_a according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o person_n and_o the_o rate_n set_v upon_o
which_o may_v oftentimes_o tend_v to_o quit_v other_o purpose_n than_o what_o we_o suppose_v as_o for_o the_o next_o clause_n by_o break_v the_o original_a contract_n i_o have_v hear_v that_o divers_a of_o the_o lord_n and_o bishop_n who_o be_v for_o the_o king_n against_o this_o new_a invention_n of_o a_o abdication_n put_v the_o other_o side_n very_o hard_o to_o it_o to_o make_v out_o this_o original_a contract_n and_o desire_v they_o to_o show_v in_o what_o part_n either_o of_o our_o common_a or_o statute_n law_n it_o be_v to_o be_v find_v for_o they_o know_v no_o such_o maxim_n in_o the_o common_a law_n nor_o no_o such_o clause_n in_o any_o statute_n aucient_a or_o modern_a and_o though_o i_o confess_v you_o have_v undertake_v to_o prove_v to_o i_o that_o there_o be_v such_o a_o thing_n yet_o it_o have_v be_v only_o by_o farfetched_a consequence_n and_o from_o the_o old_a form_n of_o government_n among_o the_o saxon_n of_o above_o 600_o year_n stand_v which_o iâ—_n there_o be_v any_o such_o thing_n it_o be_v now_o become_v so_o antiquate_v and_o out_o of_o date_n that_o neither_o the_o king_n himself_o nor_o yet_o our_o lord_n bishop_n or_o judge_n except_o some_o few_o lawyer_n of_o your_o kidney_n ever_o before_o now_o think_v of_o any_o such_o thing_n i_o pass_v by_o the_o next_o clause_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o jesuit_n &c_n &c_n because_o i_o can_v say_v by_o who_o advice_n those_o thing_n which_o you_o call_v breach_n of_o the_o fundamental_a law_n be_v act_v but_o as_o for_o the_o next_o wherein_o the_o violation_n of_o these_o fundamental_a law_n be_v lay_v to_o his_o charge_n i_o confess_v you_o have_v give_v i_o a_o pretty_a large_a catalogue_n of_o these_o fundamental_o at_o our_o 9th_o meeting_n which_o yet_o you_o can_v say_v be_v to_o be_v find_v together_o in_o any_o one_o law_n but_o be_v to_o be_v pick_v up_o here_o and_o there_o out_o of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la and_o divers_a other_o old_a statute_n but_o since_o the_o king_n and_o parliament_n have_v declare_v in_o the_o first_o year_n of_o king_n james_n i_o that_o there_o be_v such_o thing_n as_o fundamental_a law_n and_o privilege_n i_o will_v not_o deny_v there_o be_v none_o yet_o certain_o any_o breach_n of_o they_o by_o the_o king_n be_v never_o intend_v to_o create_v a_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o crown_n for_o if_o it_o have_v i_o think_v there_o will_v have_v be_v but_o few_o king_n or_o queen_n of_o england_n which_o will_v not_o have_v forfeit_v who_o for_o some_o one_o or_o more_o of_o these_o breach_n commit_v in_o their_o reign_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o their_o judge_n and_o councillor_n as_o these_o be_v late_o by_o the_o king_n for_o i_o suppose_v you_o can_v expect_v that_o prince_n shall_v see_v any_o otherwise_o in_o matter_n of_o government_n than_o by_o other_o man_n eye_n nor_o hear_v but_o by_o other_o people_n ear_n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o wilful_a breach_n of_o these_o fundamental_o must_v cause_v a_o forfeiture_n or_o abdication_n of_o government_n call_v it_o which_o you_o please_v methinks_v it_o have_v be_v reasonable_a for_o the_o parliament_n to_o have_v give_v a_o list_n of_o these_o fundamental_o in_o some_o one_o law_n that_o the_o king_n may_v have_v be_v sure_a to_o have_v avoid_v the_o transgress_a of_o they_o and_o fear_v of_o lose_v both_o his_o royal_a dignity_n and_o his_o penalty_n ought_v also_o to_o have_v be_v declare_v but_o the_o next_o clause_n deserve_v more_o particular_a consideration_n viz._n and_o have_v withdraw_v himself_o out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n have_v abdicate_v the_o government_n now_o i_o must_v confess_v it_o be_v the_o first_o time_n that_o ever_o the_o king_n go_v away_o for_o fear_v of_o lose_v both_o his_o royal_a dignity_n and_o his_o life_n and_o that_o with_o a_o declare_a design_n and_o intention_n to_o return_v again_o to_o the_o exercise_n of_o the_o government_n when_o ever_o he_o may_v do_v it_o with_o safety_n 147._o shall_v be_v judge_v a_o wilful_a dessertion_n or_o abdication_n i_o be_o sure_a there_o be_v nothing_o in_o our_o common_a or_o statute_n law_n that_o can_v at_o all_o warrant_v this_o notion_n for_o common_a law_n be_v nothing_o but_o ancient_a usage_n and_o immemorial_n custom_n now_o custom_n suppose_v precedent_n and_o parallel_v case_n but_o it_o be_v grant_v of_o all_o hand_n that_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n be_v never_o judge_v to_o be_v abdicate_v by_o the_o withdraw_n of_o the_o prince_n before_o now_o and_o therefore_o it_o follow_v by_o undeniable_a consequence_n that_o this_o opinion_n can_v have_v no_o foundation_n in_o the_o common_a law_n because_o there_o be_v not_o so_o much_o as_o one_o rule_v case_n to_o prove_v it_o by_o but_o if_o we_o come_v to_o those_o precedent_n we_o have_v in_o our_o english_a history_n i_o shall_v give_v you_o such_o of_o they_o as_o i_o can_v remember_v we_o read_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o edward_n the_o second_o that_o when_o he_o flee_v from_o the_o force_n of_o his_o wife_n and_o 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the_o king_n of_o france_n and_o denmark_n do_v those_o that_o refuse_v to_o swear_v allegiance_n to_o they_o m._n i_o have_v hear_v you_o a_o great_a while_n upon_o this_o subject_a and_o i_o wish_v i_o can_v say_v i_o be_v full_o satisfy_v with_o your_o reason_n however_o since_o it_o grow_v late_a i_o will_v not_o dispute_v this_o point_n any_o far_a but_o will_v take_v time_n to_o consider_v what_o you_o have_v now_o urge_v but_o only_o i_o must_v needs_o tell_v you_o thus_o much_o i_o can_v wish_v that_o prince_n can_v find_v some_o other_o way_n of_o secure_v themselves_o of_o their_o subject_n fidelity_n beside_o this_o test_n of_o a_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n which_o serve_v as_o a_o snare_n to_o many_o pious_a and_o conscientious_a man_n whereas_o those_o of_o none_o or_o at_o least_o of_o very_o loose_a principle_n will_v swallow_v any_o oath_n that_o can_v be_v impose_v upon_o they_o and_o i_o be_o sorry_a to_o see_v so_o many_o of_o those_o who_o i_o know_v be_v in_o 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and_o for_o defence_n of_o the_o nation_n against_o foreign_a enemy_n but_o sure_o methinks_v this_o might_n verywell_a be_v do_v without_o the_o impose_v any_o oath_n at_o all_o either_o upon_o magistrate_n or_o officer_n and_o much_o less_o upon_o ordinary_a subject_n since_o if_o they_o be_v persuade_v in_o their_o conscience_n that_o it_o be_v lawful_a to_o act_v under_o this_o present_a government_n let_v they_o do_v it_o if_o they_o will_v but_o a_o for_o the_o common_a people_n i_o confess_v they_o be_v so_o stupid_a that_o they_o have_v seldom_o any_o other_o measure_n of_o the_o justice_n or_o lawfulness_n of_o any_o government_n or_o prince_n title_n than_o the_o ease_n or_o advantage_n they_o find_v by_o it_o and_o therefore_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n i_o think_v it_o be_v much_o better_o for_o
be_v know_v who_o have_v a_o right_a to_o come_v to_o this_o council_n if_o these_o word_n have_v not_o be_v insert_v so_o that_o this_o seem_v to_o i_o to_o make_v a_o plain_a distinction_n between_o these_o liberos_fw-la homines_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la nobis_fw-la tenent_n in_fw-la capite_fw-la and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o freeman_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n but_o when_o eadmerus_n and_o other_o ancient_a historian_n mention_v the_o great_a or_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n afterward_o call_v the_o parliament_n than_o their_o expression_n be_v more_o general_a and_o comprehensive_a for_o proof_n of_o which_o copy_n pray_v consult_v the_o old_a english_a saxon_a annal_n continue_v down_o to_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n i._n wherein_o anno._n dom._n 1085._o be_v the_o last_o year_n of_o william_n i._o there_o be_v a_o remarkable_a passage_n which_o i_o shall_v here_o give_v you_o in_o english_a at_o christmas_n the_o king_n viz._n william_n i._o be_v at_o gloucester_n with_o his_o noble_n and_o there_o hold_v his_o curia_n or_o court_n in_o saxon_a his_o hire_a five_o day_n and_o immediate_o after_o it_o follow_v thus_o after_o this_o he_o hold_v a_o great_a council_n in_o saxon_n mycel_n getheat_n where_o he_o have_v many_o great_a discourse_n with_o the_o noble_n etc._n etc._n now_o it_o seem_v plain_a to_o i_o that_o this_o court_n here_o call_v his_o hire_v can_v not_o be_v the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o to_o what_o purpose_n shall_v it_o meet_v again_o so_o quick_o if_o it_o have_v the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n or_o why_o be_v they_o here_o call_v by_o different_a title_n the_o one_o his_o hire_a or_o court_n and_o the_o other_o the_o mycel_n gatheaâ—_n 451._o the_o great_a council_n which_o be_v also_o call_v common_a concilium_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la in_o sir_n henry_n spellmans_fw-mi council_n in_o this_o very_a year_n and_o to_o show_v you_o more_o plain_o the_o difference_n 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