The Original of the Knights of Santiago The taking of Cuenca by the Christians Increase of the Knights of Santiago or St. James the Apostle Several places in Navarre taken by the Castilians THE Moors were so pressed by the Aragonians that they had no place of safety Along the River Alga the Towns of Favara Maella Fresneda and others were taken from them On the River Ebro the strong Town of Caspe A great number of them had retired to the Mountain Idubeda thinking the natural strength of the place would secure them but thence also they were driven by the Valour of the Christians So that from this time the Dominion of the Moors extended no farther than the Borders of the Kingdom of Valoncia At the same time Peter de Açagra Son to Roderick de Açagra before spoken of and Lord of Estela for some signal Service done to Lope King of Murcia had the strong Town of Albarazin seated on an uncoth Mountain near the Springs of Tagus given him This place was soon after made a Bishoprick and annexed to the Province of Toledo Both the Kings of Castile and Aragon were offended at Peter de Açagra the latter pretending that City was within the limits of his Conquest whereas Peter would do Homage for it to no Man The other complained he had taken some Castles belonging to him and therefore both agreed with their joint Forces to destroy Albarazin For the more strengthening of this League cautionary Towns were given on both sides the King of Aragon had Agreda Cervera and Aguilar he of Castile Aranda Borgia and Arguedo It was also concluded that Hariza and its Castle should be delivered to the King of Castile in pursuance of the former Capitulation But because Nun̄o Sanchez delivered it without a Special Order the two Kings fell at Variance which yet went no further than Words This discord gave Peter de Açagra time to strengthen himself for neither of the Kings attack'd him He of Aragon despising the Match that had been made by his Father with the Daughter of Castile sent Embassadors to Emanuel Commenus Emperor of Constantinople to desire his Daughter in Marriage Some troubles were at this time in Aragon on occasion that William Aguillon Lord of Tarragona had killed Hugo Bishop of that City for maintaining the Priviledges of his Church The death of Hugo fell on the 22th of April in the Year 1171. which Year was also remarkable for the Death of Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury in England who was Murdered on the same score afterwards Canonized by Pope Alexander III. and soon honoured as a Saint in Spain Lope King of Murcia dy'd in the Year 1172. The King of Aragon thought this a fit opportunity to make his advantage of and entring the Kingdom of Valencia obliged that King to buy a Peace and promise for the future to pay double the Tribute he had payed before Thence the Aragonian pass'd into the Country of Murcia and lay'd Siege to the City Xativa which he was forced to quit when it was upon the point of surrendring being called away to defend his own Country against the Navarrois who made War upon him Hereupon a Truce was concluded with the King of Murcia upon Condition he should pay the same Tribute his Father had agreed to This done the King marched towards Navarre in a rage yet they came not to a Battle but he wasted that Country on the side of Tudela and took the Town of Argueda This hap'ned towards the end of the Year In the beginning of the next being 1173. the War was continued and the Aragonians utterly destroy'd the Town of Milagro betwixt Calahorra and Alfaro from whence much harm had been done in the Lands of Aragon Petronilla Mother to the King of Aragon dy'd on the Third of October the same Year at Barcelona On the 18th of January 1174. the Marriage was at last consumatted at Zaragoça betwixt the King of Aragon and Sancha Sister to him of Castile as had been agreed long before by their Parents the King of Aragon now upon second Thoughts perferring the Alliance of Castile before that of a Foreign and remote Emperor At the same time the Grecian Emperor's Daughter arrived at Montpellier in France where understanding how she was disappointed she Marry'd the Lord of that City About this time the Order of the Knights of Santiago or St. James the Apostle began first to be taken notice of and by degrees from a small beginning are now risen to a Regal Grandeur When the Sepulcher of St. James the Apostle was first discovered the devotion of the place drew many Pilgrims and many were deterred by the badness of the ways and danger of the Moors For taking away these Obstacles the Cannons of St. Eloy built many Hospitals on the road and one to be the Chief of the rest at Leon. This at first mov'd many good People to bestow great Riches upon them Afterwards some that had served in the Wars joined their stocks and lived under certain Rules like Religious Men. These by the industry of Cardinal Jacintus the Popes Legate joyned with the Canons of St. Eloy who had a Convent without the Town of Compostella and sent Commissioners to Rome to Pope Alexander for the obtaining his approbation of their new institution which was to be regulated according to the rule of St. Augustin observed by those Canons Pero Fernandez de Puente Encalada was the chief of these Commissioners who obtained the Pope's Bull approving their design and assigning them Rules to observe The Bull bears date July the 5th 1175 Pero Fernandez himself was Constituted the first great Master of the Order The Badge of the Knights is a White Cloak with a red Cross made in the manner of a Sword The Hospital of St. Mark at Leon was assigned them for their Monastery Their Possessions in Castile were very large among others they had the Towns of Vcles Mora Estriana Almodovar Larunda and Santa Cruz de la Zarça near Ocen̄a in the Year 1176. King Alonso of Castile being of Age and resolving to be revenged on the Kings of Leon and Navarre for the wrongs they had done him in his Minority before he took the Field made his Vows to God in Toledo and gave the Towns of Illescas and Hazan̄a to that Church This done he entred the Territory of Rioja as far as Ebro and having wasted the Borders of Navarre turn'd back and bent his Force against the Kingdom of Leon where he burnt and plundered all the Country the King his Unkle being too weak to withstand him The King of Leon vented his Anger upon the new Knights of St. James supposing they favoured their old Master the King of Castile and therefore drove them out of his Dominions and obliged them to fly to Castile for protection Soon after King Ferdinand repented but it was too late however by the Mediation of Prelates a Truce was
Elizabeth Queen of England died at London the 23d of March when she had lived 70 Years 6 Months and 16 Days and reigned 44. Her Successor was King James the 1 st of England and 6th of Scotland being the Great Grandson of Margaret Sister to King Henry the 8th His Father and Mother were Catholicks and she a Saint but his Tutor George Buchanan was a perverse Heretick tho a Learned Man This was the first sole Monarch of that Island and consequently took the Title of King of Great Britain Anno 1603. D. John de Tarsis Earl of Villamediana and Post-Master General was sent Embassador into England to compliment that King upon his Accession to the Crown He behaved himself with singular Wisdom and Dexterity and laid the Foundation of that Peace which was afterwards concluded betwixt Spain and England in the Year following At Madrid died Mary the Empress who was Daughter Daughter-in-law Wife and Mother to five Emperors a thing never before heard of and was her self a Person excellently qualified She was there buried in the Monastery of the Barefooted Nuns Anno 1604. John Fernandez de Velasco Constable of Castile was sent by the King Embassador into England He took his Journey through France and was nobly entertained by that King at Paris thence he went to Flanders and so to London There on the 29th of August he concluded the Peace before agreed upon by the Marquis of Villamediana his Catholick Majesties Embassador Anno 1605. On the 3d of March died at Rome Pope Clement the 8th a Person of extraordinary Piety and Zeal Cardinal Alexander de Medicis succeeded him on the 2d of April by the Name of Leo the 11th He was very old and sickly and lived but till the 27th of that Month and on the 16th of May Cardinal Camillus Borgelia born at Rome but originally of Siena was enthroned in his Place He took the Name of Paul the 5th and was at variance with the Venetians which was so high that it threatned a War The Difference was about certain Laws by them established one of them was to enable the civil Magistrate to punish the Clergy another that no Estates real might be settled upon Monasteries which Law is called De Manu mortuis This Dispute was argued and bandied on both sides till at last by the Prudence and Conduct of the Pope all things were pacified Besides because a Difference had many years depended betwixt the Dominicans and Jesuits about Matters of Grace and Free-will he decreed that both Parties might without reflecting upon one another still follow their Opinions till such time as another Decree passed to justify either the one or the other Prince Philip was born the 8th of April at Valladolid D Galceran de Alluanel a Catalonian Gentleman of great Learning and Modesty was appointed his Preceptor and D. Balthasar de Zun̄iga Anno 1606. At Valladolid on the 18th of August was born the the Princess Mary At Toledo died the Lady Stephania Manrique Great Grand-daughter to D. Roderick Manrique Master of Santiago Her Revenue and that of her Brother Peter neither of them being married were given to the Colledge and Monastery of the Jesuits in that City where they both lye with Inscriptions upon their Tombs Anno 1607. At Madrid Prince Charles was born in September The Parliament gave the King 23 Millions payable in 8 years This Tax is raised out of the 8th part of all the Wine and Oyl of the Growth of the Kingdom The first time it was imposed was in the Reign of King Philip the 3d but was not laid so high as this time Anno 1608. In the Church of S. Hierom in Madrid upon Sunday the 13th of January Prince Philip was sworn Heir to the Crown The Cardinal of Toledo said Mass and performed the Ceremony His Grand-mother by the Mother's side the Princess Mary of Bavaria died at Gratz the Capital of Stiria in Germany on the 29th of April Her Daughters she left nobly matched Charles the Archduke was her Husband her Son was Ferdinand the Archduke Brother to Margaret Queen of Spain and Cousin-German to the Emperor Rodulphus About this time the Territory and Government of Cazorla was after great and tedious Disputes restor'd to the Church of Toledo through the Means and Procurement of the Archbishop D. Bernard de Rojas y Sandoval Anno 1609. In the Netherlands on the 14th of April a Truce was concluded with the Dutch Rebels but not well observ'd tho the King ratified it at Segovia in July Prince Ferdinand was born at the Escurial the 17th of May. The 27th of June the Pope Beatified the Holy Father Ignatius de Loyola Founder of the Jesuits Pope Gregory the XV. Canonized him March the 12th 1622. Anno 1610. At Paris on the 14th of May Francis Ravilliac a bloody Villain who had been a School-Master barbarously murder'd Henry IV. King of France stabbing him with a Ponyard His Son Luis XIII succeeded him The Princess Margaret was born the 25th of the same Month at Lerma In November by the contrivance of a certain Moor with whom private Correspondence was held our Forces possessed themselves of the strong Castle of Alarache a place of great importance upon the Coast of Africk on the Ocean About it is a Bay and River called Mamora which was a Den of Pyrats For this reason four Years after D. Luis Faxardo Admiral of the Fleet possessed himself of that place and built a good Castle in which he left a sufficient Garison The Moores at first flocked thither to hinder this Work but prevailed not This Year was very remarkable for the banishing of all the Morisco's that is those descended of the Moores out of Spain This wicked Race held correspondence with the Turks and Barbary Moores So great a Work could not be finished this Year but was afterwards continued however many are said to have remain'd behind not being well known to be such tho the multitude of those that departed was incredible Anno 1611. This Year was unfortunate for the death of Margaret of Austria Queen of Spain who for her extraordinary good Qualities was entirely beloved of all her Subjects She was deliver'd on the 22th of September at the Escuriall of a Son call'd Alonso who lived not out a Year and she died on the 3d. of October Her Body was buried in the Escuriall She built at Madrid a Monastery of Nuns called of the Incarnation Anno 1612. Treaties were a-foot at Paris and Madrid for two Matches the one between our Prince and the Lady Elizabeth Sister to the French King The other betwixt the same King and the Princess Anne the Consummation was put off because the Parties were so young Rodulphus the Emperor by reason of his want of Health lived a long time retired at Prague the Capital City of Bohemia There the last Year on the 11th of August he resigned up his Dominions of Hungary
Spain Siena given to the Duke of Florence War renewed betwixt France and Spain John III. King of Portugal dies Battel of S. Quintin Great Floods Plague Calis taken Dauphin of France Marries the Queen of Scots Battel of Graveling Mary Qu. of England dies Elizabeth Queen of England Peace betwixt Fra. and Spain K. Philip Marries his third Wife Philip returns into Spain Pius IV. chosen Pope Spaniards worsted by the Turks Rebellion in France Disputes about Religion in France Council of Trent again opened 22 Gallies cast away Duke of Guise murder'd by the Hugonots Spaniards at the Council of Trent Calvin and Beza Penol in Africk taken Malta besieged by the Turks Synods in Spain Pius V. chosen Pope Solyman dies before Sigeth Rebellion of the Low Countries Queen of Scots Imprison'd Duke of Alva Governor of the Low-Countries Rebels in France besiege Paris Prince of Orange heads the Rebels in Holland Morisco's Rebel in Spain Hugonots twice over thrown Qu. Elizabeth Excommunicated Jesuits murder'd Cosmo created D. of Tuscany Earthquake Christian League against the Turk Battel of Lepanto Pope Pius dies French K's Sister married to the Prince of Navarre Several Places in the Low-Countries revolt League against the Turk dissolved Venetians make Peace with the Turk D. John of Austria at Tunez A Comet A new Governor in the Low-Countries King of France dies D. John made Vicar of Italy Archb. of Toledo condemned The Low-Countries conspire against Spain Antwerp plunder'd D. John in the Low Countries Catherine Q. of Portugal dies A Comet Birth of P. Philip. Sebastian K. of Portugal slain with all his Army in Africk General Defection of the Low Countries D. of Alenson in the Low Countries Cardinal Henry K. of Portugal Mount Etna Henry K. of Portugal dies Duke of Alva reduces Portugal Queen of Spain dies Alenson Heads the Rebels in the Low Countries Prince of Orange wounded Synod at Toledo Gregorian Account The Empress in Spain Antony the Bastard of Portugal vanquished Pr. James of Spain dies Alençon returns into France Prince of Orange killed Pr. Philip sworn Heir of Spain Duke of Savoy in Spain Pope Gregory dies Sixtus V. chosen Prince of Parma successful against the Rebels in the Low-Countries Conspiracy against the French King Q. of Scots murder'd Sr F. Drake attempts Cadiz 30000 Germans in France Spanish Armada against England destroyed Duke of Guise put to Death Henry III. King of France murder'd by Clement Antony the Bastard with the English Fleet at Portugal Escuriall finish'd Death of two Popes Mortality Antony Perez his Sufferings Mutiniers punish'd Tumults in Aragon appeas'd K. Philip aspires to the Crown of France Quiroga Archbishop of Toledo Archduke Albertus governs the Netherlands Valladolid made a Bishoprick Sir Francis Drake plunders the Coasts of America Cadiz plundred by Drake Amiens taken by the Spaniards Netherlands given to the Princess Elizabeth K. Philip the 2d dies Marriage of K. Philip the 3d. Great Jubilee The Court at Valladolid Birth of the Princess Ann. Final betrayed Embassy into England Peace betwixt Spain and England concluded Pope Clement dies Leo the 11. succeeds Birth of P. Philip. Princess Mary born A great Tax P. Philip sworn heir of Spain Truce with the Dutch Rebels St. Ignatius beatified Henry IV. King of France murder'd Alarache in Africk taken Morisco's banish'd Queen of Spain dies Marriages of Princes An Earthquake Mamora taken War of Savoy and Mantua Pr. Philip Marries the French K's Sister New Passage into the South-Sea Victory over the Hollanders Duke of Lerma leaves the Government K. Philip in Portugal Pr. Ferdinand Archbishop of Toledo Philip III. dies Pope Paul dies Gregory 15th succeeds Philip the 3d dies Philip 4th succeeds Two Sea Fights Rod. Chalderon beheaded Martyrdoms in Japan P. Gregory dies Vrban the 8th chosen Charles P. of Wales in Spain Ormuz taken by the Persians Discovery of Cathay and Tibet Conversion of Ethiopia Dutch in Brasil Dutch and Turks defeated Jubilee at Rome Breda taken Brasil recovered Cortes of Aragon Floods Persecution in Japan Cazal besieged Birth of P. Balthasar Theatines in Spain War in Italy Gustavus Adolphus French in Lorain Pernambuco taken by the Dutch Conversion of Chaldeans A Fire at Madrid Gustavus Adolphus kill'd Death of the Princess Governess of Flanders Duke of Feria in Alsace Wallestein Executed Monstrous Birth War betwixt Fra. and Spain Spaniards take Towns in Picardy Places in Guienne taken Storm of Wind and Rain Defeat of the French in Sardinia Ships taken Landresi taken by the French Marquis de Leganez in Savoy Dukes of Savoy and Mantua die Commotions in Portugal Dutch routed French twice over thrown An Earthquake Roussillon invaded by the French Catalonia rebels Portugal follows the Example The French join with the Rebels Perpignan taken by the French Great Floods Lerida recovered Elizabeth Q. of Spain dies Cortes of Aragon Valencia A hard Winter Cortes of Castile Olivença taken from the Portugueses Spaniards overthrown in Catalonia Castle of Termes taken Overthrow of the French French in Italy Places in the Low-Countries taken by the French Pr. Balthasar dies D. John of Austria at Sea Prince of Conde in Catalonia Montferrat invaded by the Spaniards Truce with Holland Rebellion of Naples Troubles of France Actions in Portugal Courtray taken Ipres delivered to the French Cambray relieved Charles K. of England murder'd Cromwel's Embassador in Spain killed Portolongone taken English Fleet before Lisbon Catalonians return to their Duty Tortosa taken Leopold the Archduke in Champagne Year of Jubilee Castle of Alcaraz surprzed Spanish Ambassador received by the Rebels in England French decline in Catalonia Queen of Spain delivered of a Daughter D. John of Austria at the Siege of Barcelona Feast of S. Rosalia Barcelona recovered Portugueses worsted Cazal taken Taking of Gravelin Dunkirk also gained Turenne overthrown by Conde Succours sent the French Rebels by the Spaniards French invade Catalonia with the Rebels Small Encounters in Portugal Repulfe of the French Pantheon finished French pass the Pyreneans Bulls for Portugues Bishops refused by the Pope Prince of Conti takes Ville Franche Duke of Lorrain apprehended Portugues Ambassador's Brother in England beheaded Pope Innocent X. dies Duke of Guise set at liberty Turks before Candia Perfidious Act of the Portugueses Peece with Oliver Cromwell English invade Hispaniola Ships taken Galleons destroyed Berga in Catalonia recovered D. John of Austria takes Solfona Pope Alexander VII chosen D John of Austria sent for Flaudert Defeat of the French at Valenciennes D. John takes S. Gillain French and English join Montmidy surrendred to the French Plague at Naples French obliged to quit the Siege of Alexandria Exploits of Mallorquins Spanish West India Fleet burnt by Blake Dunkirk taken by the French and English Great Floods Embassie from a Black King Marquess of Mortara attacks the French and is repulsed Duke of Ossuna makes an Irruption into Portugal Badajoz besieged by the Portugueses Badajoz relieved Posture of Affairs in Flanders Cessation of Arms betwixt France and Spain Conferences for Peace Peace Concluded A Bell Rings of it self K. Philip goes with the Princess his Daughter to the Frontiers Ceremony of Contracting the Princess The marriage of the Princess D. John of Austria commands against Portugal He takes Aronches and other Places Enterprizes on the Frontiers of Portugal Duke of Ossima his Actions in Portugal Prince Philip dies A terrible Storm Riches of the Spanish Fleet. Marquess de Leganez destroys many Moors about Oran War betwixt the Venetians and Tarks Turks enter Transilvania A Prodigy D. John of Austria enters Portugal He takes Borba and Juramenha D. John takes Evora and i◠afterwards routed Duke of Ossuna again in Portugal The K.'s Daughter Margaret married to the Emperor War betwixt the Emperor and the Turk Slaughter of the English Garison at Tangier Marques de Caracena General against Portugal K. Phil IV. dies K. Charles II of Spain proclaimed Overtures of Peace betwixt Spain and Portugal Queen Regent of Portugal dies Alarache in vain attempted by the Moors A murder committed by a Woman Turkish Fleet beaten The French begin the War in Flanders French Kingtakes Towns in Flanders Pope Alexander the 7th dies Clement the 9th chosen Rogusa destroyed by an Earthquake Peace concluded with Portugal Alonso K. of Portugal imprisoned by his Brother K. Alonso of Portugal sent to the Island Tercera D John of Austria Ld. Lieutenant and Capt. General of Aragon F. Nitard sent from Court Collation rf great Officers
which make it look like a Terrestial Paradise In our days the principal Trade of that City is Silk At that time it was well Fortify'd and had a strong Garison Some Sallies were made at first in which the Besieg'd came off always with loss In conclusion the Siege had not lasted long before the Moors Capitulated and Surrendred the Place On the other side King Alonso at Alcala de Bençayde came to an Accommodation with the Moors of Granada upon the following Conditions That the King of Granada break the League with Hudiel King of Murcia That he pay 50000 Ducats Yeatly as was done before That King Alonso on his part no longer Protect the Moors of Guadix and Malaga provided the Moorish King grant them a Truce for a Year That the King of Murcia if taken by the Christians have his Life spar'd These Articles being sign'd King Alonso hasted to take possession of Murcia after the surrender whereof King Jayme was return'd home At the Town of Santistevan Hudiel King of Murcia met King Alonso and falling at his Feet begg'd pardon for what was past which was granted upon condition he should no longer use the Stile of King but be content with such Revenues as were assigned him The Title of King was given to Mahomet the Brother of that Abenhut who we said above was kill'd at Almeria Only the third part of the King's Revenue was allotted him the rest to be paid to the Crown of Castile this was the end of the War which had held most People in suspence CHAP. VIII The Kingdom of the Normans in Sicily extinguish'd by the French Wars in Italy The Empress of Constantinople comes into Spain And Jayme King of Aragon to Toledo WHilst the War was in Andaluzia and Murcia the other parts of Spain enjoy'd Peace or there were no considerable Troubles a thing rare among so many Princes and in such a time of Popular Liberty Only Gonçalo Yanez Baçan a Nobleman of Navarre having by a publick Instrument renounc'd his Country with the King of Aragon's consent built a Castle he call'd Boeta whence he infested the Lands of Navarre S. Luis King of France at the same time sent to Pamplona a piece of the Crown of Thorns which was put upon our Saviour's Head Baldwin the Emperor of Constantinople had pawn'd it to him for a Sum of Money In Italy Charles Brother to the King of France slew King Manfredus possess'd himself of all his Dominions and at Rome was Crown'd King of Sicily and Naples The Battle was fought near Benavente which put an end to the Dominion of the Normans when it had lasted many years in those parts The new King oblig'd himself to pay 40000 Ducats every Year to the Church of Rome as an acknowledgment for that Feof and engag'd not to accept of the Empire tho' offer'd him without his Procurement King Jayme much concern'd at the misfortune of his Ally Manfredus study'd how to retrieve that loss As soon as the War was concluded in Murcia he went to the farthest part of Catalonia to be ready if there were any means left to restore the remainder of the Normans and possess himself of that Kingdom which he pretended belong'd to his Son in the Right of his Wife the only Daughter of Manfredus Mean while King Alonso was busie in setling the Affairs of Murcia gathering People to inhabit that Country and building Castles for its security Castile could not furnish a sufficient Multitude therefore he brought many out of Catalonia to settle there Tho' contrary to the late Capitulation he ceas'd not to relieve the Moors of Malaga and Guadix The King of Granada came himself to Murcia to complain of this wrong and receiving no satisfactory answer return'd home worse offended than he came Some Nobles who before were disgusted at King Alonso laid hold of this opportunity and advis'd the Moor to take Arms. The chief of these was D. Nun̄o Gonzalez de Lara a Rich and Powerful Man who pretended the King had much wrong'd his Father D. Nun̄o and D. John his Brother This was the beginning of new Troubles at such time as the King promising himself a lasting Peace was gone to view the Building of Villareal Thence he sent Embassadors to S. Luis King of France to demand his Daughter Blanch in Marriage for his eldest Son Prince Ferdinand This done he went to Vitoria where the King of England had appointed to meet him upon Affairs of high concern yet came not Nevertheless he sent Edward his Son at such time as King Alonso was gone back to Burgos At the same time the Empress of Constantinople being drove from her Empire came to confer with the King Baldwin her Husband and Justinian the Patriarch being Expell'd Greece by Michael Paleologus were taken by the way and fell into the Hands of the Soldan of Aegypt The Empress whose Name was Martha agreed to give 30000 Marks of Silver for his Ransome To gather this great Sum she had recourse to the Pope and King of France and lastly coming to Burgos in the Year 1268. made her address to the King for only the third part of that Sum. The King gave her the whole which was Profuseness rather than Liberality at a time when the Royal Treasures were quite exhausted Some Historians reject this Relation and say Baldwin was never taken by the Soldan of Aegypt In this I have follow'd the Authority of our Histories tho' I know Fame often exceeds the truth Baldwin the Emperor having recover'd his Liberty and lost his Empire went into France and thence to Namur which City was his own where he spent the residue of his Life By a Grant made to the Knights of Calatrava in the Year of our Lord 1264. it appears the See of Toledo was then Vacant unless as it often happens the Years therein be mistaken Either this Year or rather some time sooner Sancho Son to Jayme King of Aragon succeeded Pascualis Archbishop of Toledo I imagine the new Prelate being under Age staid some time in Aragon before he came to his Church which might give occasion to some to write that the See was vacant His Father lov'd him tenderly and therefore about this time came to Toledo to see him as shall presently be related Great Wars and Confusions were now in Italy for Conradin the Suevian strove by force and against the will of the Pope to recover his Father's Dominions Frederick Duke of Saxony accompany'd him out of Germany and Henry Brother to the King of Castile went to him from Rome where he was a Senator his Birth as I suppose supplying his Defects Besides these all the Gibellins of Italy took up Arms for him With these Forces Conradin broke into Naples and in Abruzzo near the Lake Taliacoso came to a Battle with King Charles who was there ready to receive him The French obtain'd the Victory Frederick and Henry were taken in Fight Conradin in the pursuit which
Italy where he gave the Pope an account of his Negotiation and then went into Sicily to stir the People there to Rebel Such was the Security of the French and the Secrecy of the Conspirators that nothing was discover'd At this time dy'd Pope Nicholas and Martin the IVth native of Tours succeeded him This Pope was wholly devoted to King Charles and to oblige him Excommunicated the Greek Emperor Besides he refused to Canonize Raymund of Penafuerte which the King of Aragon solicited for pretending that nothing ought to be granted him whilst he refused to pay the Tribute he ow'd to the Church of Rome but instead thereof he recall'd the Grant of the Tenths of Ecclesiastical Revenues which his Predecessors had made to King Jayme Father to him now Reigning What might have terrify'd the Aragonian made him the more eager and therefore he furnish'd a mighty Fleet on the Coast of Aragon giving out it was to go over into Africk where two Sons of the King of Tunez who was deposed by Conrade Lança were at variance about the Cities of Constantina and Bugia This was given out but his real design was against Sicily The Popes and King of France's Embassadors pressing to know the intent of those Preparations as being both concern'd for King Charles the King of Aragon in a Passion answer'd If he thought his Shirt knew his design he would take it off and burn it The Grecian Emperor according to promise sent a considerable Sum of Mony The Conspiracy of the Sicilians was put in Execution at the holiest time of the year to wit on the 21st of March being Easter Tuesday when the French were most secure being wholly bent upon Sports and Pastimes At the time when the Bells Rung to Vespers or Evensong all the French throughout the whole Island were Massacred and thence came the Proverb of the Sicilian Vespers Besides the Sicilians seiz'd upon all the Fleet provided in the Ports of that Island against the Grecian Emperor then declar'd an Enemy by the Pope This is the most receiv'd Relation of that memorable Action Yet others affirm it began at Palermo where a French Man offering to search a Woman for Arms the People laid hold of that occasion to Rise and kill all the French in the City Castle and Country without sparing either Age or Sex insomuch that they slew such Women as they thought to be with Child by them that none of the Race might remain The City of Palermo was Plunder'd as if an Enemy had entred it All other Towns follow'd the Example of Palermo Only Mecina was some time quiet because Herbertus Aurelianensis Governour of the whole Island for the French was there yet soon after the Mecineses expell'd the Governour and Garrison William Porcelotte a Provençal who was Governour of Calatafimia in the Heat of that Confusion was permitted to depart peaceably the general opinion conceiv'd of his Goodness and Modesty protecting him This was the event of that most famous Conspiracy of John Prochita The Sicilians after their Fury was over reflecting on their Danger and resolving rather to Dye than fall again into the hands of the French thought fit to have recourse to the Ring of Aragon for Protection Whilst this was doing in Sicily he was at Tortosa with his Fleet in a readiness and thence went over into Africk where having plunder'd and ruin'd the Sea Coasts on a sudden he Sail'd over to Corsica There he was inform'd of what had been done in Sicily and that King Charles was gone in great haste from Tuscany and had laid Siege to Mecina Battering it with the greatest Fury imaginable The French acted with Rage seeking to revenge the Slaughter of their Country-men and the Besieg'd defended themselves with such Resolution that the Women and Children were not exempted from the Labour or Danger Now the King of Aragon arrived at Palermo where the more to tye him to the Interest of the Island he was Crowned and there his Fleet was Increas'd with the Addition of the Ships taken by the Sicilians and provided by the French against the Grecian Emperor Hope of speedy Relief encourag'd the Besieg'd and King Charles was forc'd to quit the Siege and with Shame return into Italy The Two Kings sent one another Letters full of reproachful Language and declar'd open War The King of Aragon expected Supplies from Spain King Charles from France and Marseilles The later incamp'd with his Army near the Streight of Mecina in sight of Sicily King Peter had distributed his Forces in Garrisons He finding the Enemy was Strong and that his own Recruits were to come from far off thought good to make use of Policy King Charles was Brave and valu'd himself much upon his Strength and Skill at all Weapons King Peter sent him a Challenge to Fight Hand to Hand and decide the Quarrel without the Effusion of so much Blood as must of necessity be shed in a Battel So say the French Historians But the Aragonians affirm that King Charles Challeng'd King Peter and that Simon Leontius a Dominican brought the Challenge Certain it is the Challenge was accepted and they agreed to Fight with 100 Gentlemen on a side A Dispute arising about the Place of Combat Bourdeaux was agreed upon as an indifferent Place being then in the Hands of the King of England They appointed the Day and swore to the Conditions of the Combat The Pope knowing what had been done in Sicily charg'd the King of Aragon to desist and not disturb the publick Peace but he refusing to obey on the Ninth of November was Excommunicated He also sent to the King of England to forbid him permitting the Battel in his Dominions yet that avail'd not Queen Constance by her Husband's Order went to Sicily that the Sicilians might not Revolt she being their Natural Sovereign She arriv'd at Mecina on the 22th of April 1283. and with her her Son Jayme to whom his Father design'd to give the Kingdom of Sicily Both Kings prepar'd for the Challenge King Charles went over into France and he of Aragon with his Fleet into Spain On the first day of June the day appointed for Battel King Charles with his Troop of Gentlemen appear'd at Bourdeaux King Peter came not The French Authors attribute this to Cowardize and Falshood for at the same time the King of Aragon was making Warlike Preparations Our Historians excuse him saying he was warn'd by the Governour of Bourdeaux to have a care of Treachery for that the King of France was Marching that way with a powerful Army so that his 100 Aragonian Horse were to encounter with the whole Power of France This gave occasion to every one to make Reflections according to their inclination and was the ground of a lasting War As soon as the King of Aragon return'd home he took in hand two several Affairs One was to drive D. John Nun̄ez de Lara out of Albaraçin since relying on the Strength
the King of Castile D. Gutierre de Toledo Master of Calatrava leading a Convoy to Monviedro was defeated and kill'd by the Aragonians Martin Lopez de Cordova succeeded him The King of Castile thought to make himself Master of Orihuela but the Aragonian offering him Battel and he refusing the place was relieved and the Aragonian return'd home At the beginning of the Year 1365 the King of Aragon besieg'd Monviedro and had it surrender'd to him On the other side the Castilians after a long Siege took Orihuela D. Gomez de Porras Prior of St. John either because he fear'd King Peter for loosing Monviedro or to curry favour with Count Henry deserted to the Aragonians with 600 Horse that were in that Town From this time the Forces of Castile began to decrease and there being Peace betwixt France and England many French came to serve the King of Aragon These were no better than common Robbers to whom the Pope and King of France gave great Summs of Mony to purchase their absence They were invited into Spain by Count Henry This Body was made up of English and Germans as well as French to the Number of 12000 Frossarte a French Historion says 30000. Bertran Claquin and Hugo Carbolaye were their chief Commanders On the First of January 1366 their advanc'd Parties came to Barcelona the rest of them soon after The King of Aragon receiv'd them joyfully distributed a Summ of Mony among them and promised much more Bertran Claquin he made Earl of Borgia The King of Castile held his Cortes or Parliament at Burgos and demanded supplies of Mony Monsieur de la Brie who came out of France to serve him advis'd to buy off the Strangers that follow'd Count Henry and undertook to manage that affair but King Peter being a Man without fear gave no attention to his Counsel Count Henry and the King of Aragon met at Zaragoça where the foreign Forces were There the League betwixt them was renew'd the limits of their Dominions in case they succeeded determin'd and it was agreed that D. John the Count's Son should marry Ellenor the King's Daughter This done the King stay'd at Zaragoça and Count Henry having assembled all his Army enter'd Castile by the way of Alfaro Ynigo Lopez de Horosco was Governour of that Town which was very strong therefore the Army stay'd not to besiege it but march'd towards Calahorra the chief City in those parts seated on the River Ebro Ferdinand Bishop of that place and Fernan Sanches de Tovar the Governour open'd the Gates to the Count on the 16th of March. Here a Councel was held to consider how to proceed Some were for marching directly to Burgos the chief City of Castile Others advis'd Count Henry to take the title of King that so there might remain no hope of reconciliation with King Peter of Castile Bertran Claquin spoke much to this purpose and all the chief Officers of the Army siding with him they easily perswaded him to accept of the Title and immediately proclaim'd him about the Streets The new-made King was bountiful of what was not his own giving Towns and Cities to all present To Bertran Claquin he gave Trastamara and to Hugo Carbolaye Carrion with the Title of Earls To his Brother D. Tello he restor'd Biscay to D. Sancho he gave Albuquerque the Master-Ship of Santiago to Gonçalo Mexia that of Calatrava to Peter Muniz to D. Alonso de Aragon that King's Uncle the Marquisate of Villena and all that belonged to D. John Manuel and as much more to many others Thus Castile was divided betwixt two Kings striving for the Crown Nothing kept the people in their Obedience to King Peter but fear tho his was the undoubted Right the other being a Bastard Henry advanc'd towards Burgos leaving LogronÌ„o as believing it in vain to attempt it Navarrete and Bribiesca surrendred King Peter was at Burgos doubtful that course to take as confiding but little in his People At length he resolv'd to go to Sevil for there were his Children and Treasure The People of Burgos offer'd to stand by him he thank'd them but would not then make use of their Zeal and absolv'd them from their Oath of Fidelity that if they were put to Streights they might receive Count Henry without being look'd upon as Rebels Before his departure he put to death John Fernandez de Tovar Brother to him that deliver'd up Calahorra On the 28th of March he set out from Burgos sending Orders by the way to the Commanders of the conquer'd places in Aragon to burn them and with all Speed march to meet him at Toledo Thus all he gain'd in some Years was lost in one Day He stay'd some time at Toledo to secure that City and left D. Garci Alvarez de Toledo Master of Santiago to command there No sooner was King Peter gone from Burgos but the Citizens sent to invite Count Henry thither They stil'd him Count but offer'd him the Crown if he would take it in that City according to ancient Custom He accepted their Offer march'd thither and was Crown'd in the Monastery of Huelgas After the Example of Burgos most Cities in that Kingdom within 25 Days submitted to him Thus his Power became equal to his Adversary the Nobility and Commonalty striving to gain the Favour of the new King The Affairs of Castile and Leon being setled he remov'd to Toledo where he was receiv'd with joy Garci Alvarez de Toledo resign'd the Mastership of Santiago in lieu thereof and for deserting his Master had Oropisa and Valdecorneja given him Count Henry being posses'd of Toledo all the rest was easy so that King Peter durst not stay longer in the Kingdom but imbarqâ—ing his Children and Treasure aboard a Galley fled to Portugal The King of Portugal would not receive him Ferdinand his Son favour'd Count Henry and kept correspondence with him Yet King Peter had no Wrong offer'd him but was suffer'd to pass quietly through that Kingdom into Galicia where he design'd to gather a Fleet in order to sail to Bayonne At Compostella he caus'd D. Suero Arch-Bishop of that See and the Dean to be put to death Having got together Twenty two Ships and some smaller Vessels he set Sail for France carrying with him his Son D. John and two Daughters for Beatrix the eldest was dead tho Polydore writes she dy'd at Bayonne There he arriv'd safe that place being then in the Hands of the English with a considerable part of his Treasure for the rest which his Treasurer Martin Yanez had in a Galley was taken by the People of Sevil to please Count Henry who after the surrender of Cordova was expected at Sevil. The new made King Henry being come to Sevil concluded Peace with the Kings of Portugal and Granada That done as if nothing more remain'd to do he disbanded his Army retaining only 15000 Lances of the Foreignes under the command of Bertran Claquin and Bernal
Relief and a solemn Embassy was sent thither The Embassadors having laid down the miserable Condition of their King made humble suit for assistance and all the Nobles of France unanimously agreed the King ought to be supported It was resolv'd 2000 Horse should be sent into Castile under Luis de Bourbon the King's Uncle by the Mothers side and 100000 Florines for their pay They promis'd if this relief prov'd too small that the King himself would March in Person with all the Power of France and esponse the Quarrel of Castile Pope Clement from Avignon wrote a letter to King John comforting him in his Adversity Peter Earl of Trastamara the King's Cousin who deserted from his Army to Coimbra and thence went over into France being pardon'd return'd now into Castile These Helps were small but the slowness of the English prov'd the safety of Castile The King of Portugal besieg'd Coria but could not take it because some fresh Forces got into it therefore he return'd Home with much Booty The Corses met again at Segovia in order to lay Taxes for raising of Mony Here the King Publish'd a Manifesto to prove his Title to the Crown against the Duke of Lancaster But what just Title could the Son of a Bastard have where there were so many of the True Line living The Duke of Lancaster accepted of the Offers made by the Portugues He endeavour'd to obtain passage through Aragon and the King of Castile to hinder it Both parties sent their Embassadors to that King upon this account Passage being refus'd the Duke came over from England into Spain by Sea and landed at Coruna on the 26th of July In that Port he took 6 Galleys of Castile Fernan Perez de Andrada Governour of the Town defended it with such bravery it was not taken The English were only 1500 Horse and the like number of expert Archers a small Body but might have done great Harm had they immediately joyn'd the Portugueses The time they lost before Corun̄a gave a great Advantage to their Enemies Nevertheless they took several Towns in Galicia and even the City of Santiago the Metropolis of that Kingdom Some Men of Note of that Country went over to the English The Duke of Laucaster at length sail'd for Portugal and Anchor'd at the Mouth of the River Duero The King and Duke met at Porto With the Duke came his Wife Constance his Daughter Catherine and Philippa and Elizabeth two Daughters by his first Wife It was resolv'd they should joyn their Forces That the Duke should have the Kingdom of Castile and the Portugues certain Cities and Towns They agree'd the new King should marry the Dukes Daughter Philippa in Case the Pope would dispense with his Vow of Chastity as Master of Avis The King of Castile was at Zamora making Preparations to defend himself and gathering the Forces that came from France and Castile He publish'd an Edict by which all were ennobl'd who should serve two Months with Horse and Arms at their own Cost and Charge D. John Garcia Manrique Arch-bishop of Sevil was sent with a good Body of Men to secure Leon. All things succeeded better than was expected The third part of the English not us'd to that Climate was consum'd by Sickness Besides many ranging the Country disorderly were cut off by the Boors Thus nothing remarkable was done that Summer only some Messages pass'd betwixt the Kings The Duke sent to challenge the King of Castile and require him to resign up that Crown to him The King also sent Persons of Note to justify his Title but underhand to propose a Match betwixt his Son and Heir Henry and the Dukes Daughter by the Lady Constance This Proposal was no way displeasing to the Duke yet in publick he answer'd He would hear of no Terms but delivering up the Kingdom Near about this time tho far remote as to Place dy'd three Kings On the 4th of June Charles King of Naples was kill'd in Hungary his Head being cloven with a Partesan On the first of January following which began the Year 1387. Charles the IId King of Navarre ended his Days at Pamplona Some say it was the Year before His Body was buried in the Cathedral of that City Four Days after Peter the IVth King of Aragon departed this Life at Barcelona He liv'd 75 Years and reign'd 51 wanting 19 Days Of Stature he was small not Healthy very quick a great lover of Honour and of making a show of Majesty in so much that he was call'd Peter the Ceremonious He maintain'd War against powerful Princes without Foreign Aids only by his own Valour and Conduct was a lover of learned Men and particularly addicted to Astrology and Chimistry His Body was first bury'd at Barcelona and thence translated to Poplete as he had ordain'd Charles King of Naples upon the death of Luis King of Hungary had that Crown offer'd him by the Nobility he went thither and being entertain'd at Dinner by the Queen was murder'd by her Order He left a Son and a Daughter which were Ladislaus and Joanna they both reigned in Naples successively and the one being a Child the other unfit for Government they were the cause of Bloody Wars in Italy The King of Navarre had long been troubled with a Leaprousy It was commonly reported he was burnt to death for that by the Advice of Phisitians he us'd to be wrap'd in Cloaths dip'd in Brimstone on which a Spark of Fire accidentally falling is said to have consumed the Bed and Him This was the more easily believed because he was Cruel Covetous and Lascivious Joanna his youngest Daughter was Married to John de Montforte Duke of Britany who had by her four Sons and three Daughters Charles the Son of him Deceased Friend and Brother-in-Law to the King of Castile inherited the Crown of Navarre He return'd out of Castile and in the Cortes caus'd Pope Clement to be own'd as had been done in Castile for till then Navarre as well as Aragon had stood Neuter This was thought to be done rather to please the French and Castilians than out of respect to Justice The King of Castile to oblige the new King withdrew his Garrisons out of several Towns in Navarre which he held by Contract and forgave him a great Summ of Mony his Father ow'd Thus the new King was encourag'd to attempt the recovery of many Towns taken from his Father in Normandy by the French and English and sent Embassadors to them accordingly This King was mild liberal and generous whence he came to be call'd the Noble By his Wife the Lady Ellenor he had the Princesses Joanna Mary Blanch Beatrix and Elizabeth his Sons Charles and Luis died Young Illegitimate Godfrey Marques of Cortes the Founder of that Family and Joanna marry'd to In̄igo de Zuniga In Aragon King John was Crown'd after the death of his Father He was a meek Prince if not provok'd He could not be present at the
that he had killed 90 Christians by the way who lay very secure upon Sierra Nevada The Citizens with great Acclamations proclaimed him King Albohazen at the beginning of this Mutiny went away to Almun̄ecar where his Treasure lay There his cruel Brother caused him to be Murdered only to secure himself in the Throne he had usurped King Ferdinand tho many were of Opinion the Soldiers who were harassed with the late Expeditions ought to rest commanded the Army to Rendezvous at Alcala Real because that Town was upon the Frontiers and went himself thither from Cordcua upon the first of September notwithstanding the Heat was excessive that part of the Country being naturally hotter than the rest of Spain The Earl of Cabra desiring to signalize himself begged he might first enter the Moorish Territories as he did with 700 Horse and 3000 Foot He was ordered to take with him Martin Alonso de Montemayor and to sit down before Moclin a strong Town near Granada the King promising to back them with the whole Army The Earl marched day and night to surprize the new King Albohardil who he understood was quartered near that place with 1500 Horse and a greater number of Foot This Design being discovered to the Moore he removed to a Hill and at break of day fell upon the Christians in certain Defiles with such fury that the best Soldiers were killed and most of the Foot The Earl lost his Brother Gonçalo and he with a few Horse fled towards the way where he expected to meet Garzi Lopez de Padilla Master of Calatrava who followed those that had advanced before This Loss so troubled King Ferdinand that he retired for some time On the Frontier near Jaen are two Towns and Castles called Cambil and Albahar The River Frio runs betwixt them and tho small is difficult to be waded because of its high Banks Both these Places were besieged Albahar is beyond the River and near it is a Hill that commands it on which the King tho with much labour caused the Cannon to be planted This so terrified the Moores that they surrendred both Towns and Castles on the 23d of September being the very day on which they were lost 120 years before After this the King put the Army into Winter Quarters and went himself with the Queen to Alcala de Henares During this Expedition died D. Alonso de Aragon Duke de Villahermosa the King's Brother a brave Commander His Body was deposited at Baeça and thence translated to Poplete the burial-place of his Ancestors Of him are descended the Dukes of Villahermosa and Earls of Ribagorça In Toledo the Inquisition severely punished those who renouncing the Christian Faith became Jews A great number of those People who were reconciled and implored Mercy was pardoned They are now called De la Gracia that is the People of Grace The Nobility of Naples had now raised a Bloody War against their King Ferdinand upon the usual Pretences Pope Innocent favoured them but it was rather in Words than Effect for he was ancient and otherwise employed The chief of the Conspirators were the Princes of Salerno Basigniano and Altamura as also the Marquess del Gasto It was reported that Frederick the King's Son under-hand supported the Rebels but this could never be proved The Wicked Life of Alonso Duke of Calabria the King 's Eldest Son was one great Motive of this Revolt The King resolved to reduce the Rebels rather by Policy than Force and therefore gave his General Pardon to all the Mutiniers King Ferdinand of Spain also sent the Earl of Tendilla his Ambassador to ingage to those Noblemen for their safety provided they laid down their Arms. But the King of Naples as soon as the Storm was over made no account of those Promises and at several times as occasion served seized the Heads of the Rebellion and put them all to death King Ferdinand of Castile ceased not to protest against those Proceedings but he of Naples ceased not to proceed in cutting off his Enemies which proved fatal to him at last as we shall see in its place Let us turn back On the 16th of December Queen Elizabeth at Aloala de Henares was delivered of a Daughter called Catherine well known in the World as Wife to two Brothers Sons to the King of England and for her great Sufferings caused by the inordinate Lust and infidelity of her Husband which also drew great Calamities upon the whole English Nation Their Sins and Rebellion drew Judgments upon them Richard III. having murdered his Two Nephews Edward and Richard the rightful Heirs of the Crown usurped the Kingdom He Govern'd like a Tyrant and ended accordingly Henry Earl of Richmond who had been a Prisoner in Britany having obtained his Liberty overthrew the Tyrant in Battle and killed him By that means he secured the Crown to himself This Henry had a Son called Henry like himself who was the Eighth of that Name King of England and famous for his Incontinency for putting away Catherine his Wife and for disowning the Supremacy of the Pope besides many other Crimes which have left an indelible stain upon his Name CHAP. V. The Tumults in Aragon and Catalonia Several Towns taken from the Moores A Sedition in Galicia King Albohardil attacks the Castle call'd Albaizin in Granada and is repulsed Azamor on the Coast of Africk delivered to the Portugueses SOme small Tumults hapned in Aragon but those in Catalonia were more dangerous yet the Prudence of King Ferdinand overcame them all The City Zaragoça is seated in a Plain on the Banks of the River Ebro and is in Beauty Riches and number of Inhabitants almost equal to the best in Spain This Place has often Mutinied in defence of its Priviledges as it hapned at this time John de Burgos the King 's Alguazil gave some ill Language to Peter Cerdan the Chief of the Aldermen and Head of their Counsel Others coming in apprehended the Alguazil Tried Condemned and Hanged him which was a great Affront to the King He was then upon the point of entring upon the Kingdom of Granada with his Army and therefore sent Orders to John Hernandez de Heredia supream Governor of that Kingdom to punish all that had a Hand in that Affair with the utmost rigor and at the same time told the Deputies sent by the City that no harm should be done for he was expert in Dissembling The Head of the Aldermen could not be apprehended because the Chief Justice of Aragon protected him but Martin Pertusa who was the next and had been very active in the Business of the Alguazil was suddenly Executed the King's Letters being carried before him upon a Spear to awe the People who were ready to Rescue him This struck a Terror into the others and so the Sedition was appeased Soon after another Tumult hapned upon account of a more Hainous Crime than the last Peter Arbuc was Inquisitor in that City and punished
seized whereupon he went over to the other Party The Spanish Soldiers who according to the King's Order were to be dismissed tho' it was given out they should be sent to the Conquest of Gelves mutinied and much perplexed the Great Captain Yet he appeased and sent them to Spain as he was ordered The Emperor and King Philip met to ratifie the Treaty concluded with the King of France from whom came also the Cardinal of Amboise who took the Oath and did Homage to the Emperor in the Name of the King his Master for the Investiture of Milan granted to him and his Heirs Males and for want of them it was to devolve to his Daughter Claudia and Charles her Husband Yet in case that Marriage were disappointed through the King of France's means then that Dukedom should again fall to the House of Austria It was also declared that Investiture was given saving always a better Title which afterwards the Sons of Sforcia pleaded for recovery of that Dukedom On account of the first of these Conditions Prince Charles when Emperor pretended that Dominion appertained to him but then the King of France was to be repaid the 200000 Livres he gave for the Investiture Nothing was concluded concerning the Kingdom of Naples but the Marriage of Prince Charles and the Princess Claudia being confirmed it was supposed to be designed for her Dowry as had been before agreed These things perplexed the Catholick King who therefore contrived how to gain the King of France and secure himself on that side He thought the best way was to marry Germana de Foix that King's Niece F. John de Enguerra of the Order of S. Bernard and Inquisitor in Catalonia was sent to propose this Match This was so pleasing to the King of France that he resigned over the Kingdom of Naples to his Niece and her Heirs On the other side the Catholick King consented That in case he had no Issue by her that Kingdom should devolve to the King of France and his Heirs Besides he engaged to pay him 500000 Ducats within the space of 10 Years He also promised to restore the Barons of the French Faction which was hard to be done All the Prisoners the Great Captain had were also to be set at liberty and namely the Prince of Rosano and Marquess de Bitonto Only Duke Valentine and the Earl of Pallas were excepted On these Terms the King of France promised to aid the Catholick King against the Emperour and his Son in case they attempted to remove him from the Government of Castile Guicciardin adds That the Catholick King engaged to assist Gaston de Foix his Brother-in Law to conquer the Kingdom of Navarre to which he pretended to have Right As also That the King of France should send the Queen-Dowager of Naples with her Children into Spain and if she would not go then to order her to depart his Dominions All these Articles were agreed upon this Summer and on the 25th of August D. John de Sylva Earl of Cifuentes and Micer Thomas Malferit were sent from Segovia to France with the former Ambassador F. John d' Enguerra to Sign them They had also Orders to release the Prisoners at Naples and to secure the return of those that were banished It was also proposed to Robert de Sanseverino Prince of Salerno and Head of the Banished Barons to marry the Lady Marina d' Aragon Daughter to D. Alonso d' Aragon Duke of Villahermosa and Earl of Ribagorça which was so pleasing to the King of France that he endeavoured to hinder King Philip from going into Spain sending his Secretary to require him not to undertake that Journey till the Differences betwixt him and his Father-in Law were adjusted To make the surer of him he encouraged the Duke of Guelders to prosecute the War against him with a greater Power This Treaty put the Kingdom of Naples into an Uproar and those Barons who were possessed of the Lands of them that were fled combined to stand by one another Prosper Colona went to Rome and offered the Pope to conquer that Kingdom for him provided the King of France would quit his Claim The Nobility of Castile were no less disgusted it being reported That Queen Elizabeth before she died obliged King Ferdinand to swear he would never marry before she committed to him the Government of the Kingdom Some blamed the Great Captain because he did not declare for King Philip since that Match of King Ferdinand cut off Prince Charles from Inheriting the Kingdom of Naples whether the King had Issue or not King Philip was not a little offended to have the Kingdom of Naples absolutely disposed of from him and the Crown of Aragon left disputable if King Ferdinand should have a Son The Catholick King to prevent further Misunderstandings sent D. Peter Ayala the Protonotary who had been before Ambassador in England to Flanders that he with Gutierre Gomez de Fuensalida his Ambassador there should acquaint King Philip with the Treaty concluded and endeavour the Enlargement of Lope de Conchillos kept close Prisoner at Vilvorde As to the Marriage King Philip in general Terms answered He rejoiced at it that King Ferdinand was free and might marry where he pleased For what concerned Lope de Conchillos he said he was his Servant and received Wages from him and therefore having imprisoned him for his Demerits he did not design to release him Still the Venetians looked on without perceiving how great a Storm threatned them True it is they compounded with the Pope retaining Faença and Arimino and restoring what they had in the Earldoms of Imola and Sessena On these Terms they took into their protection the Duke of Urbino and the Prefect of Rome the Pope's Nephew whom the Duke had adopted and to the intent he might inherit the Dukedom given him to Wife the Daughter of the Marquess of Mantua his Brother-in-Law Advice was given to the Great Captain of the Peace concluded with the King of France and he ordered to come to Spain the Archbishop of Zaragoça being privately appointed Viceroy of Naples The Great Captain expressed Joy for the Peace and caused it to be proclaimed at Naples and as to his departure answered it should be very speedily but still he found Excuses to delay it which encreased the Jealousie before conceived of him and furnished much matter of Discourse tho' he sent his Secretary John Lopez de Vergara to justifie him CHAP. VII Mazalquivir in Africk taken from the Moors The Nobility of Spain divided for and against King Philip The Agreement made betwixt the Two Kings Ferdinand and Philip The latter in England THE Archbishop of Toledo never forsook the Catholick King but upon all occasions stood by him with extraordinary Fidelity and was a great Check to many disaffected Persons This Prelate was a Man of a mighty Spirit and more Generous than might have been expected of his mean Education He often pressed the
these as hard Conditions and being of a haughty Spirit would have no Body Capitulate with him but submit to his Will The Catholick King seeing there was no Expedient to prevent that mighty Breach resolved to declare for the Pope In order to it he altered his Design of going over himself into Africk and sent home 1000 English Archers the King of England had furnished for that Expedition They arrived at Cadiz in June where he Rewarded and Dismissed them well satisfied Moreover he articled with that King that in case the King of France would not Restore Bolonia to the Pope and desist from calling a general Council then the Catholick King should assist the Pope and the King of England should make War in Guiene to prevent the French invading the Frontiers of Spain This done King Ferdinand went away from Sevil to Burgos From Guadalupe he sent Orders to Count Peter Navarro to go with the Forces he had to Naples where D. Raimund de Cardona the Viceroy under pretence of the War in Africk had all the Horse in the Kingdom in a readiness It was ordered that Tripoli should be annexed to the Crown of Sicily that the Viceroys might thence Relieve and Defend it D. Jayme de Requesens was sent Governour thither with a good Fleet. This was done because the King designed James de Vera the former Governor to be General of his Artillery D. Jayme enjoyed that Command but a short time for a mutiny happening among the Soldiers of that Garrison the Viceroy of Sicily Removed them and their Governor and sent his own Brother William de Moncada to succeed him in that Post The Catholick King laboured by all means to withdraw the Emperor from his Ingagements with the King of France To this purpose he sent Peter de Urrea to him who was to succeed D. Jayme de Conchillos Bishop of the Canaries as Ambassador at that Court The Emperor being a Man of a various Temper could be brought to no Resolution At last he agreed to send an Ambassador to the Pope and D. Peter de Urrea to Venice that they might conclude some Accord The Pope in the Name of that Republick offered that the Emperor should retain Verona and Vincenza and the Venetians all other Places that he pretended to yet so that they should pay down 250000 Ducats for the Investiture and a Pension of 30000 yearly All other Differences he would have referred to himself and the Catholick King to be by them Terminated These were advantageous proposals yet rejected by the Emperor Nor did Peter de Urreas journey produce any good Effect for the Venetians perceived by what was working that all Italy would soon be in confusion which would give them a time to Breath and perhaps to recover their Losses The Emperor and Princess Margaret made application to the Catholick King for Supplies either of Men or Money against the Duke of Guelders who countenanced by the French Infested Flanders and took some Towns there being no body to oppose him But the Catholick King was so intent upon Italy that he regarded nothing else and the Emperor himself thought fit to connive at it rather than break with France The End of the 29th BOOK The History of SPAIN BOOK XXX CHAP. I. Affairs of India The Pope Summons a Council to meet at S. John Lateran The League betwixt the Pope King of Aragon and the Venetians The War in Italy THIS Summer the Affairs of the Portugueses advanced gloriously in India throug the Valour and Conduct of Alonso de Albuquerque King Emanuel of Portugal understanding some Years before that beyond Goa and Calicut was the famous City Malaca a place of great Trade he ordered James Lopez de Sequeira who sailed from Lisbon 3 Years before this with 5 Ships to discover that Place With him went Garcia de Sousa and Ferdinand de Magallanes He first discovered the Island Sumatra opposite to Malaca under the Equinoctial It is very large and fruitful divided into many Kingdoms and Inhabited by Moors and Gentiles He Traded with those People and then sailed to Malaca a large and rich City having a mighty Trade Formerly it was subject to the King of Siam at this time had a King of its own called Mahomet With this King Sequeira Treated and they settled an Alliance Sequeira sent Roderick Aroas ashore with certain Portugueses to settle a Factory The Moors being jealous of the Portugueses attempted to seize the Ships and being disappointed seized the Men that were in the City Those at Sea were not strong enough to revenge that wrong they hoised Sail and having touched at Cochin Returned to Portugal with what Loading they could get Alonso de Albuquerque then Governor of India resolved to revenge this Injury He gathered a Fleet and sailed to Sumatra and thence to Malaca By the way he took a Ship which his Men having entred there arose such a Flame they were forced to quit her afterwards it appeared that Flame was Artificial and did no harm Soon after they discovered another Sail which after a vigorous resistance they also made themselves Masters of It was observed that the Captain of her called Nahodabeguia tho' he had many large wounds did not bleed He being stripped and a Gold Bracelet taken from him the blood presently gushed out It was found that in the Bracelet was set a Stone which in the Kingdom of Siam is taken out of certain Creatures called Cabrissas and has wonderful Virtue to stanch Blood The Fleet arrived at Malaca on the first of July After a vigorous Resistance made by the Inhabitants the City submitted to the King of Portugal Thus Christianity was disfused into the utmost limits of the Earth In Italy the Authority of the See Apostolick was much impaired by reason of the Schism that was like to be The Pope leaving the War Returned to Rome and there to oppose the Designs of the Schismatick Cardinals summoned a General Council to meet in the Church of S. John Lateran on the 19th of April of the following Year In that Council among other things he proposed to declare that the present Queen of France was not lawful Wife to that King and that the Provinces of Normandy and Guiene belonged to the King of England the People thereof being consequently absolved of their Oath of Allegiance taken to the French King This was in order to strike a Terror into that King He hereupon began to give Ear to a Peace with the Venetians but at last thought better to stick to the Council of Pisa which the Emperor desired should be removed to Verona or Trent The French King who influenced this Affair would not consent but hastened the Cardinals to open the Council at Pisa but they delayed and proposed to be reconciled to the Pope At Rome the Pope deprived the four Cardinals Carvajal Cosenza S. Malo and Bayzeux of all their Dignities tho' at first the College opposed it and some excused them affirming the
went thither with Forces To secure the Passage into France the Duke of Alva passed the Mountains and took S. John de Pie de Puerto The Marquess of Dorset was desired to join the Spanish Army and enter Guienne He pleaded it was then too late the Summer being spent and his Men sick He complained of the Catholick King who was only intent upon his own Business in Navarre without regarding the Conquest of Guienne Therefore the Marquess returned into England which gave some cause to suspect as Antony de Nebrixa writes that he was corrupted with French Gold The Affairs of the French in Italy were changed no otherwise than if they had lost the Battel of Ravenna The Pope laid an Interdict on the Kingdom of France Excommunicated their King and absolved the People of Guienne and Normandy of their Oath of Allegiance The Duke of Urbin marching with the Robe's Forces towards 〈◊〉 that Pepple set up the Pope's Colours The Duke of Ferrara upon Composition come to Rome and publickly begged Pardon of the Pope who granted it yet restored not Rhegio but thought to have secured him had not Fabricius Colona conveyed him away The Viceroy of Naples soon recruited his Army and found with the 2000 Spaniards brought by the Commendar◠〈◊〉 he had 7000 Foot the Command of whom was given to the Marquess of Padula and because he hurt himself in the Hand it was transferred tothe Commendary Solis Men at Arms there were 1200 and 550 Light-Horse Besides these Prosper Colona got together 400 Horse and was to Command the Vanguard This was the Viceroy's Strength when he received Orders from the Pope not to march any farther for that Lombardy was already subdued and there was no need of more Forces His Design was ever to expel all Strangers out of Italy and having already drove out the French thought to do the same with the Spaniards Nevertheless the Viceroy marched as far as the Castle of S. Peter in his way to Bolonia where certain Deputies from the Swissers met him requiring him not to advance any further which if he did they would oppose him the French being already expelled Lombardy These were all Contrivances of the Pope The Viceroy answered He was General of the League and consequently obliged to obey the Orders of the Confederate Princes After some Disputes betwixt the Emperor's and Catholick King 's Ambassadors as also the Venetians it was agreed the Viceroy should restore the Family of Medicis to Florence they being then banished It was also decreed That Maximilian Sforcia who now called himself Duke of Milan should come into Italy in order to reduce the rest of Lombardy where the Forces of the Pope possessed themselves of Plasencia and Parma Sickness and other Inconveniences caused the Council then held at Rome after Two Sessions only to be Prorogued till the beginning of December The Pope proposed making War upon the Turks the Sons of Bajazet being then at variance yet malicious Persons gave out this was only a Project of his to get the Spaniards out of Italy under that Pretence The Viceroy marched towards Florence pretending only to restore that Republick to its Liberty and reconcile it to the Church He came without meeting any resistance to Prato which is only 10 miles from Florence which Place offering to oppose him he battered and took by Storm on the 29th of August The Florentines immediately sent their Deputies to compound with the Viceroy and consented to restore the Families of Medicis and Pazzis to all their Estates as also to enter into the League forsake the French and put themselves under the Protection of Spain To express their Zeal they chose the Marquess of Padula their General and furnished some Money towards the Charge of the War The same was done by the Cities of Siena and Luca. At same time Janus Maria de Campo Fregoso was chosen Duke of Genoa in favour of the League and King Ferdinand to encourage those Cities ordered Berengarius d' Olm to ply upon those Coasts with his Galleys All things in Italy succeeded as well as he could wish which was the cause he first delayed and afterwards quite put off the Great Captain 's Voyage thither After the Battel of Ravenna he had been looked upon as the only Man that could restore Affairs in Italy whereupon the King resolved to send him thither tho' jealous of him at the same time He accepted of the Command and went to Malaga to prepare for his Voyage Vast Numbers of People flocked to him and even the King's Guards disbanded themselves to follow him Many of the Gentry made Preparations to bear him company upon their own Charges all which made the King limit the number to go with him to 500 Men at Arms and 2000 Foot Still King Ferdinand delayed the departure of the Great Captain hoping some good Accident might re-establish the Viceroy for whom he had so great a Kindness that many suspected he was his Son The Affairs in Italy being mended as has been said the King ordered the Great Captain to lay aside all Thoughts of going to Italy during the Winter and to send all the Gentry that was with him to serve in Navarre These Orders much troubled the Great Captain and he complained grievously of it All the Officers resented it so heinously that never a Captain of Men at Arms went to serve in Navarre except only Gutierre Quixada The Great Captain sent to ask leave of the King to go to his Estate in Terranova in Italy but the King persuaded him it was better to retire to his House at Loxa He was so much out of Favour that the King refused him the chief Commendary of Leon vacant by the Death of Garcilasso de la Vega as he did also the Commendary of Hâ—rnachos both which he made suit for Two Reasons may be ascribed for this Strangeness One That King Ferdinand was not well satisfied with that Gentleman and often complained he held secret Intelligence against him The other it common to all Princes who when a Man has done more for them than is in their Power to requite look upon him as the Debtor and commonly prove ungrateful For it is ever more certain to have Faults punished than Desert rewarded No Recompence or Honour could have been too great for a Man so deserving But who can persuade Kings to curb their own private Distate Or who can limit their Jealousie especially when it is daily encreased by whispering Courtiers CHAP. V. The Siege of Pamplona The Viceroy of Naples takes the City Bressa Duke Maximilian Sforcia recovers Milan King Ferdinand falls sick THE Duke of Alva continued at S. John de Pied de Porte and his Forces took some small places of little Importance Thither James de Vera with great difficulty brought the Artillery The Dukes of Longueville Bourbon and Monpensier the Sieur de la Palisse and Monsieur de Lautrec lay at Sauveterre and the neighbouring places to
afterwards they lost their Liberty King Henry of England hearing what had happened declared for the Pope and the League before spoken of The King of France also upon the same News sent his General Odet de Lautrec with Forces into Italy who joining with the Venetians took Alexandria and Pavia two considerable Cities in the State of Milan Margaret Sister to the French King was Married to Henry d' Albret King of Navarre and had Issue Joanna who for want of Heirs Male inherited her Father's Dominions This Lady most obstinately persisted in Heresie as I suppose because the Pope had given away the Kingdom of Navarre from her Forefathers Anno 1528. At Madrid the Three Estates swore the young Prince Philip Heir to his Father's Kingdoms The Emperor complained that the French King did not keep his Word or perform what he had so solemnly promised when he was Prisoner in Spain The French King sent a Herauld to challenge him to fight him Hand to Hand This Affair was advised about with the Nobility On the 24th of June the Emperor sent his Answer by Letter accepting the Challenge and appointing the Place of Combate But the King of France was so cautious he would neither open the Letters nor give Audience to the Herauld sent from Spain upon that Errand Mean while Lautrec having wintered at Bolonia marched towards Naples laid Siege to that City hoping soon to possess himself of all the Kingdom On a sudden the Plague began to rage so violently in his Army that great part of it Perished and he among the rest Others were made Prisoners and among them Count Peter Navarro who spent the rest of his Days under severe Confinement This Disaster moved Andrea Doria a Genoese but Admiral of the French Fleet to go over to the Emperor and afterwards he restored his Country to its Liberty having defeated and expelled the Family of Fregosa for which and his great Virtues he gained immortal Renown Anno 1529. Charles the Emperor earnestly desired to go over into Italy by Sea there to receive the Imperial Crown at the Hand of the Pope To this purpose he was reconciled with him after so many Discontents and Affronts and promised to give his Bastard Daughter Margaret in Marriage to Alexander de Medicis as also to restore that Family to its Country At the same time he renewed the League with the King of France the Embassadors of both Princes meeting to that purpose at Cambray on the Frontiers of France and Flanders He sent home that Kings two Sons ransomed for Two Millions of Gold and with them sent his Sister Ellenor who was to be Married to that King From this time forward the Low Countries were wholly exempted from the Jurisdiction of France and on the other side Burgundy was entirely made over to that Crown It remained now to agree the Differences with Portugal about the Molucco Islands It was concluded that the King of Portugal should lend the Emperor 350000 Ducats upon Condition that till such time as that Sum was repayed the Castillians should forbear Trading in those Islands or laying any Claim to them This done the Emperor went over by Sea into Italy Solyman the Great Turk at the Instigation of John the Vayvod of Transilvania laid Siege to Vienna which was bravely defended by Philip the Count Palatin who was in it with a strong Garison Anno 1530. At Rome the Citizens were disgusted and impoverished by the late Disorders and Sacking of the City wherefore it was agreed the Coronation should be performed at Bolonia The Concourse of People was incredible the publick Demonstration of Joy extraordinary and the Majesty of the Ceremony such as passed belief On the Day of S. Mathias which was His Majesty's Birth-day he was saluted Augustus and Crowned by the Pope His Holiness and the Venetians interceded for Francis Sforcia that the Dukedom of Milan might be restored to him which was done accordingly he taking to Wife Christiern Daughter to the King of Denmark and the Emperor's Neice He was ordered to pay 900000 Duccats and the City of Como and Castle of Milan were to remain in the Emperor's Hands till that were performed The Marquis of Mantua had the Title of Duke conferred upon him The Pope and Duke of Ferrara were at Variance about the Cities of Modena and Reggio and the Emperor as Umpire betwixt them adjudged them to the Duke After this he set out for Germany where he had Summoned the Dyet to meet at Ausburg on the 8th of April The principal aim was to reduce the Hereticks as had been intended at other Diets Little was done in this Affair only that the Hereticks presented in Writing a Confession of their Faith which of that City was called the Ausburg Confession He that composed it was named Philip Melancton a Learned Man The Imperial Forces having long besieged Florence reduced the City to such streights that they were forced not only to admit the Family of the Medicis but to receive Alexander de Medicis for their Duke and so lost their ancient Liberty Philibert Prince of Orange and Alonso Davalos Marquis del Gasto and of Pescara since the Death of his Cousin Ferdinand were the Generals that commanded at this Siege Margaret the Emperor's Aunt died at Mecklin in Brabant on the 1st Day of December She was Governess of those Provinces and Mary Queen Dowager of Hungary succeeded her in that Charge which she held for the Emperor her Brother many Years Anno 1531. By the Emperor's Order the Archbishop of Mentz whose Place it is Summoned the Electors of the Empire to meet at Cologn to chuse a King of the Romans Upon the day appointed by the unanimous Consent of them all but one Ferdinand Archduke of Austria King of Hungary and Bohemia was elected Only Frederick Duke of Saxony protested against their Proceedings but the Year after he agreed with the rest at the Diet of Ratisbon having obtained Liberty in Matters of Religion Many Earthquakes happened and in the Low-Countries the Dikes being shaken the Sea broke in and whole Towns were drowned and some of the Steeples are yet to be seen above Water Lisbon suffered extreamly insomuch that the King fearing his Palace should fall upon him for several Days lay in Tents in the Field The Waters separating in the Channel of Tagus left a sort of an Island in the middle for some time In England the Antient Catholick Religion was now subverted on this Occasion King Henry indulging his Appetite had cast an Amorous Eye upon Anne Bullen To satisfy his desire he put from him Queen Catharine upon pretence that she had been Married to his Brother Arthur and took Anne Bullen to Wife notwithstanding he had a Daughter called Mary by his Lawful Wife The Pope opposed this Proceeding and could not be brought to approve of it Hereupon the King commanded all his Subjects to disown the Supremacy of the Pope
which was the Introduction to all the Disorders that afterwards happen'd in England Civil Wars broke out between the Catholick and Heretick Cantons of Swisserland They came to a Battel near Zurick in which the Catholicks had the better In this Fight Zuinglius was killed At Basle Ecolampadius was found dead in his Bed Both these were Heads of that wicked Sect of Sacramentarians Anno 1532. The Emperor assembled the Diet at Ratisbon to raise the Forces of the Empire to oppose Solyman the Great Turk who threatned Hungary Liberty of Conscience was granted to the pretended Reformed Religion whereupon the Professors of it joined with the Catholicks in raising Forces The Pope sent a Supply of Italians under the Conduct of the Cardinal Hippolito de Medicis The King of Portugal also sent Succour Thus about 20000 Horse and 80000 Foot were raised They encamp'd near Vienna whither the Turks had designed to advance The Emperor in Person commanded this Army The Infidels understanding the great Power of the Christians tho they were much more numerous durst not hazard a Battel but contenting themselves with having ravaged Hungary and part of Austria returned the same way they came At the same time Andrew Doria with the Imperial Fleet sailing into the Morea took Coron and Modon John Frederick Duke of Saxony a great Favourer of Martin Luther died and his Son of the same Name and no better a Christian than he succeeded him The Emperor having setled the Affairs of Germany passed over into Italy At Bolonia he had a Conference with the Pope concluded a League with him against the Turk and it was proposed to call a General Council to put a stop to the growing Heresies But the main Design of these Princes was to prevent the French returning into Italy for it was thought that King would never desist till he had recover'd Milan Anno 1533. It seems there was no reality in their Proceedings for as soon as the Emperor returned into Spain the Pope and King of France met at Marseilles This Meeting it was fear'd would produce new Commotions and Wars in Italy The Death of the Pope which soon after ensued broke all those Measures All that took effect was that Catharine Daughter to Laurence de Medicis was Married to Henry Son to the King of France who afterwards Francis the Dauphin his Elder Brother dying came to be Dauphin and at last King She had in Dower certain Towns in Auvergn and a great Sum of Money Anno 1534. D. Alonso de Fonseca Archbishop of Toledo died the 4th of February and the Cardinal D. Jobn de Tavera succeeded him in that Dighity Pope Clement immediately after his return out of France fell sick of a lingring Disease and having setled his own Affairs and those of the City departed this Life at Rome the 24th Day of September On the 15th of October Cardinal Alexander Farnesius born at Rome and well versed in all the Affairs of that Court was chosen his Successor took the Name of Paul the III. and govern'd the Church 15 Years and 28 Days In his younger Days he had two Children unlawfully begotten which were Peter Luis and Constance Peter Luis was Father to Alexander Farnesius Constance was Mother of Guido Sforcia Both these were made Cardinals in the first Promotion Alexander Farnesius had two Brothers Octavius afterwards Duke of Parma and Raynuncius Knight of S. John of Hierusalem and lastly a Cardinal In England this November it was by Law establish'd That the Pope should have no Spiritual Jurisdiction within that Kingdom but that the King was Head of the Church Some who would not consent and among them certain Carthusians John Fisher Bishop of Rochester and Sir Thomas Moore late Chancellor were put to Death A Famous Pyrat called Ariadenus Barbarkssa had made himself King of Argiers and being afterwards Admiral of the Turkish Fleet took the City Tunez on the Coast of Africk expelling thence Muleasse the rightful King Anno 1535. The Emperor set Sail with a powerful Fleet from Barcelona on the 30th of May to restore Muleasse who had fled to him for Protection Prince Luis of Portugal kept him Company with certain Galleons fitted out by his Brother to that purpose They had a favourable Passage and landing on the Coast of Africk at their first arrival took the strong Castle of Goletta and in the Month of July were Masters of the City of Tunez The City was delivered to King Muleasse D. Bernardin de Mendoça was left in the Castlc with a Garison of 1000 Men. This done the Emperor sailed over to Sicily and thence to Naples Mean while the King of France passing the Alpes took from Charles Duke of Savoy the City of Turin and many other Places in Piemont whence ensued great Broils To encrease which Francis Sforcia Duke of Milan dying without Issue appointed the Emperor Charles his Heir Anno 1536. From Naples the Emperor went to Rome where in the Presence of the Pope and Cardinals he grievously inveighed against the King of France and was so far transported with Passion that he challenged him to Fight hand to hand upon Easter-Monday following Soon after departing Rome he entred France with a powerful Army He advanced as far as Marseilles to which he laid Siege but was forced to return without doing any thing remarkable In this Expedition Garcilasso de la Vega the Famous Spanish Poet was killed by certain Country People from a Tower which the Emperor so highly resented that he caused the Tower to be razed and all those Men to be hanged Antony de Leyva a famous Commander and then General died also in this Undertaking Three things remarkable happened this Year The first the Death of Francis the Dauphin of France suspected to have been Poisoned The second a Provincial Council held at Cologn by Hermanus Archbishop of that City who seven years after turned Lutheran was therefore deposed by the Pope and Adolphus placed in his stead The third was the Death of Erasmus Roterodamus who departed this Life at Basle being 70 Years of Age a Person of great Learning but no good Reputation In England on the 29th of May Anne Bullen tho the King had by her a Daughter called Elizabeth was accused and convicted of Adultery and accordingly Beheaded Jean Seymour stepped into her Place but the Year after she died in Childbed Her Son lived and was called Edward After this the King Married Anne Sister to the Duke of Cleves from whom he was soon after Divorced having before establish'd a Law to allow of Divorces Thus he Married his fifth Wife Catherine Howard but her also he put to Death for Adultery and because she had lost her Virginity before she was Married to him Lastly he Married the Lady Catherine Par her he made not away for soon after he died himself Anno 1537. Duke Alexander de Medicis was murdered at Florence the 6th of January by the
There he died two Years after more glorious and great in despising than in obtaining the Empire This Year died Henry d' Albret King of Navarre His Daughter Joanna an abstinate Heretick succeeded him Anno 1556. On the 5th of February a Truce was concluded for Five Years betwixt France and Spain It was hoped that this Cessation might end in a lasting Peace both Parties being worn out with tedious Wars but all fell to nothing by reason of the War the Pope unseasonably raised At the beginning of this Year he began to persecute the Noblemen of the House of Colonna some of them fled others were taken all whose Estates he presently seized The Catholick King ordered the Duke of Alva not to suffer any wrong to be done to them On the other side the king of France having entred into a League with the Pope sent a powerful Army into Italy under the Conduct of the Duke of Guise These Forces marched through Lombardy to Rome where they stayed some time and then marched to the Kingdom of Naples They did nothing remarkable but the greatest part of them died of Sickness and the rest returned to France Mean while the Duke of Alva having possessed himself of most of the Pope's Dominions near Rome marched with his Army and incamp'd before that City He could easily have sacked it again but he had such respect for the Place that he forbore and made Peace with the Pope upon very reasonable terms But this was about the end of the ensuing Year At the beginning of this War Cosmo Duke of Florence prevailed with the Catholick King to deliver to him the City Siena To obtain his desire he alledged the Charge he had been at in the War with that City and that some promise had been made of delivering it to him The King yeilded to Necessity and put the City into his hands upon his paying a Sum of Money down and obliging himself to hold it of the Crown of Spain Anno 1557. The War betwixt France and Spain was not thus at an end but broke out in several Parts Success was so various that neither side had any great advantage to boast of Cardinal John Sicileus died the last day of May in his place succeeded as Archbishop of Toledo F. Bartholomew de Miranda of the Order of S. Dominick He arose so high to have a greater fall On the 13th of June departed this Life at Lisbon John the Third King of Portugal a very Religious and Renowned Prince His body was buried in the Monastery of Bethlehem King Sebastian his Grandson succeeded him In the time of King John the Inquisition was first brought into Portugal for the punishment of Hereticks and Jews He founded the University of Coimbra and endued it with great Revenues bringing to it learned Professors from all Parts and assigning them plentiful Salaries Cardinal Henry the Kings Brother following his Example some time after Founded the University of Ebora which was wholly delivered up to the Care of the Jesuits a heavy burden but very profitable The Catholick King had laid Siege to S. Quintin a strong Town on the Frontiers of Flanders seated near the River Some The French came to relieve the Place but were overthrown by Philibert Duke of Savoy the Spanish General with great slaughter and many French-men of Note made Prisoners The Catholick King came thither afterwards which so terrified the Besieged and encouraged our Men that the 4th Day after they took the Town by Assault Many Prisoners were taken within it and among them Gasper Coligni the French Admiral who governed the Town and was soon after the grand Incendiary in the Civil Wars of France There happened this Year mighty Floods particularly in Italy in the Month of September the River Arnus overflowed its Banks and did great harm at Florence and all the Country about The Tiber swelled to such a degree that it drowned most part of the City On the 14th of September being the day after was concluded the Peace with the Pope At Palermo in Sicily the great Floods overthrew many Houses and drowned a multitude of Men and Women It is reported 4000 Houses were thrown down All Spain suffered this Year extream scarcity of Bread Anno 1558. This Year many Thousands died of the Plague The Contagion broke out at Murcia and thence spread to Valencia and so at last to Burgos It lasted some Years before it was quite allay'd The King of France after the defeat of S. Quintin caused the Duke of Guise to leave Milan and return into France in January The Duke having gathered a mighty Army took Calis the only Town the English possessed in France The same Month died Queen Ellenor Charles the Emperor's Sister at Valladolid In her Will she left certain Towns she possessed in Burgundy to her Daughter Mary whom she had by Emanuel King of Portugal On the 18th of April Francis the Dauphin of France Married Mary Stuard Queen of Scotland afterwards a most Unfortunate Princess The Infection of Heresie spread in both the Kingdoms of France and Scotland and many of the Nobility were taâ—nted The War continued very hot in Flanders Among all other Actions the Battel of Graveling was remarkable There the French were defeated and sustained so great loss that they presently began to treat of Peace On the 21th of September the great Emperor Charles the Fifth departed this Life at the place of his Retirement His Body was deposited in that Monastery whence some Years after by Order of the Catholick King his Son it was translated to the Royal Monastery of the Escurial In England Queen Mary and Cardinal Reginald Poole died both at the same time and with them fell the Catholick Religion in that Kingdom Anno 1559. Her Sister Queen Elizabeth being declar'd Queen repealed all the Laws made in Defence of the Catholick Religion and restor'd the Reformation began in the time of King Edward The Pope on the 23th of January banish'd out of Rome his Nephews the Sons of his Brother John Alonso These were John Garrafa Duke of Paliano the Marquis Antony and Cardinal Charles Garrafa The Crimes laid to their Charge were very heinous and one of the greatest that they suffer'd none to have access to the Pope but such as pleased them and kept Spies to observe what every one spoke On the 5th of February Charles Duke of Lorrain Married Claudia the King of France his younger Daughter for her Father design'd Elizabeth the eldest should be Married to the King of Spain The Embassadors of both Crowns met at Cambray where they handled the Business so effectually that a Peace was concluded upon these Conditions That the Duke of Savoy should be restor'd to all his Dominions which was perform'd and he had also the City Aste given him tho it was the Portion of Valentina Daughter to John Galeazzo Duke of Milan That all Places taken during the War
their King who was assisted by the German Hereticks the Kings of England and Denmark and the Dutch The Catholick Electors Kings of Spain and Poland the Pope and Princes of Italy favour'd the Emperor On the 8th of November near Prague the Rebels were overthrown and 8000 of them slain The next day the City Prague was deliver'd to the Emperor Anno 1621. Pope Paul the V. died the 28th of January Cardinal Luis of Bolonia succeeded him and took the Name of Gregory the XV. On the 15th of March following died Philip the III. King of Spain at Madrid at the Age of 43 and having Reign'd 22 Years and a half His Body was buried in the Royal Monastery of S. Laurence of the Escuriall His Son Philip the IV. succeeded him being then 16 Years of Age. The End of Mariana 's Supplement The SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE History of SPAIN From the Year 1621 till 1649. Written by the Reverend F. Ferdinand Camargo y Salcedo Preacher and Historiographer of the Order of S. Augustin Anno 1621. AT the Beginning of the Year 1621 Pope Paul the 5th governed the Church Philip the 3d was King of Spain Luis the 13th of France James the 1st of England Ferdinand the 2d was Emperor F. Alonso Vinacourt Master of Malta Antony Prioli Doge of Venice and Osman Emperor of Constantinople These were the Princes that ruled at the Beginning of the Year which before its End shewed the Instability of worldly Affairs in the Death of some of these Potentates Pope Paul the 5th departed this Life the 28th of January being 66 years of Age and having reigned 15 Years and 9 Months In his Place was elected on the 9th of February Alexander Ludovisius Cardinal and Archbishop of Bolonia being then 76 years of Age who took the Name of Gregory the 15th D. Emanuel de Azevedo y Zuniga Count de Monterrey went in the Catholick King 's Name to yield Obedience to him Upon Ashwednesday being the 31st of March the Great Monarch Philip the 3d of Spain changed this Life for a better He was a most singular Prince for Piety and Vertue and the best beloved of any that has held these Kingdoms His Death was in the 43d Year of his Age and 23d of his Reign King Philp the 4th as soon as he heard of his Father's Death took upon him the Government and began to act with greater Wisdom than could have been expected of his tender years He ordained that all Ministers of State should give in an Estimate of what they were worth when they first came to serve On the 22d of June he opened the Cortes at Madrid being 16 years of Age when he began his Reign as born the Year 1605 upon Good-Friday at Midnight Cardinal Bellarmine died at Rome September the 17th a Person of extraordinary Piety and Learning as appears by his Books against the Hereticks of our times and for the use of all other Persons Of two Galleons that came out of India one arrived safe at Lisbon the other fought 3 days with several Turks and having sunk 7 was himself at last burnt the loss was valued at above 2 Millions besides 600 Souls Other 13 Sail of Infidels being met in the Streights by D. Frederick the Admiral he sunk 9 took 2 and 2 fled The same D. Frederick with only 9 Ships fought 18 Hollanders at the Mouth of the Streights with good Success Upon the 21st of October D. Roderick Calderon was beheaded in the great Market-place of Madrid after he had been 2 years and a half Prisoner at Valladolid Much has been writ about him by the Name of Marquis of 7 Churches and his Wife had the publick Tears of all Persons to comfort her He himself was a rare Example of Patience and Constancy which lifted him above his Fortune Anno 1622. D. John Manrique Viceroy of Oran this Year several times defeated the Moores by which means their Insolency was abated At Rome in February 3 Suns were seen two of which were very small Xongusama Emperor of Japan provoked by the Villanous Insinuations of the Hollanders in hatred to the Catholick Religion caused diligent search to be made after the Preachers thereof and put to Death 125 of them burning alive 11 Dominicans 8 Augustinians 5 Franciscans and 9 Jesuits Osman the Great Turk invaded Poland with a mighty Army but having lost 160000 Turks in eleven several Battels he had with Prince Vladislaus returned with Shame to Constantinople There it being given out that he intended to remove his Court to Grand Caire the Janizaries mutinying put him into the Castle of the 7 Towers where they murdered him and taking out his Uncle Mustapha who was kept Prisoner there proclaimed him Emperor Anno 1623. Pope Gregory the 15th departed this Life at Rome July the 8th and on the 6th of August Cardinal Barberino was chosen in his Place and took the Name of Vrban the 8th This Year also died D. Peter de Castro y Quin̄ones Archbishop of Sevil at the Age of 102 years Charles Prince of Wales Son to King James of England set out of London in a Disguise and at Paris whither he went Post saw the King and Queen at Dinner without being known Thence he departed and came to Madrid by the Post March the 17th taking up his Lodging at the English Embassador's who gave notice of his Arrival to Count Gondamar and he to the Duke de Olivares That Afternoon the Marquis of Buckingham went to visit him and gave him the reason of the Prince's coming to Spain The King caused him to remove to S. Hierom from whence he conducted him to the Court giving him the right-hand He was entertained with all the Majesty and Grandeur imaginable The Business he came about which was to marry the Princess Mary was canvassed but he proposing among other Articles the restoring of the Elector Palatin whom the Emperor had expelled for his Rebellion the Treaty was broke off and he returned to England dissatisfied but without reason The King of Persia with the assistance of the English took the City Ormuz a most important Place in the Gulph of Persia being the great Mart of Europe Asia and Africk D. James Pimentel General of the Gallies of Naples near Sardinia discovered 6 Sail of Turks whom he fought and took but with the loss of his Life having received a Musket-shot of which he died the 4th of October Mustapha the new Sultan being judged incapable to govern so great an Empire the Janazaries deposed him and set up in his Place Amurat Brother to Osman whom they had before murdered Anno 1624. This Year the Kingdoms of Grand Cathay and Tibet were discovered They lye beyond India bordering upon China on the North-side and are very large delightful and plentiful Countries The People abhor the Mahometans and scoff at the Pagans They have particular Ceremonies of their own and many Priests whom they call Lambas some
the main Army towards the Enemy to bid him Battel but the Summer was spent without any further considerable Action On the Frontiers of Portugal the Enemy to the number of 400 Horse and 800 Foot came over the Mountain Gata and by the way of the Bridge of Perales to Villas Buenas which they plundered and burnt some Houses A Party of ours meeting them in their return tho inferiour to them in number easily recovered all the Booty and destroyed about 90 of their Horses taking several Prisoners the rest flying without ever looking back This Year hapned the unparallel'd Murder of Charles the First King of England who being barbarously tryed and condemned by his own Subjects was publickly beheaded before his own Pallace to the Astonishment of all the World except his own inhumane and bloody People who were the Actors of that most villanous Tragedy According to the foreign Account the Murder of the King was in this Year which they begin from New-years-day and not from the 25th of March as in England On the 20th of February the Cortes of Castile were opened at Madrid in the great Hall of the Pallace where after all the Commons had kissed the King's Hand his Majesty represented to them the State of the Kingdom the great Wars he had in hand and the Need there was of extraordinary Supplies to support them The End of the Second Supplement THE SUPPLEMENT TO THE General History OF SPAIN From the Year 1650 till 1669. Continued by F. Basil Varen de Soto once Provincial of the Regular Clergy Anno 1650. THIS Year commenc'd successful to the Crown of Spain for Fortune which before seem'd to have turn'd her back upon it now thought nothing too much to bestow on it No place was besieged but yielded and that without great Expence or loss of Time Major-General Francis Totavila bravely relieved the Castle of Castil-Leon in Val de Aran and by that means secured the Passage over the Pyreneans into Catalonia Several Embassadors came to the Court from divers Princes of Europe and among the rest one from the King of England then in Exile The English Parliament sent a Resident who came to Court upon his Majesty's safe Conduct on Whitsunday and on the Monday following six Englishmen upon pretence of welcoming him entred his House and killed him at Table The strangeness of the Fact alarm'd the Court. They who had committed the Fact took Sanctuary in the Hospital of S. Andrew of the Flemings where they were apprehended by D. Ferdinand Altamirano an Alcalde de Corte who cast them into Prison whilst the other Alcaldes took cognizance of the Fact The Prisoners pleaded the Sanctuary and were restored to it Afterward to appease Oliver Cromwell one of them was drawn out of the Sanctuary deceitfully whereupon the Vicar Excommunicated the Alcaldes After much convassing the Matter the Prisoner out of meer State Policy was Executed in the Year 1653 For all this Time was spent in contesting between the Ecclesiastical and Secular Power He that suffer'd was the principal Actor though at their Examination every one of them said he himself had kill'd the Envoy The Duke of Guize Peer of France taken by D. John of Austria in the Troubles at Naples and sent into Spain was kept Prisoner in the Castle of Segovia with an honourable Guard as became a Prince He was attended by Gentlemen of his own Country had 1000 Duccats a Month allowed for his Expences and was upon all Festivals carried out in the Governour and Mayor's Coaches to partake in the publick Joy The Citizens relying upon his Honour grew careless in observing him and he in order to make his escape feigned himself sick that he might not be seen by any body and having disguised himself on the 23d of November made his escape out of the Castle but being missed and Expresses sent all ways after him he was taken by the Governour of Vitoria He was sent back to Burgos and thence to Segovia where he was more carefully observed but still kept with the same Generosity such was the extraordinary goodness of our King The recovery of Portolongone taken by the French was a great Undertaking and worthy the Arms of Spain D. John of Austria Admiral of the Seas and Viceroy of Sicily having deputed the Duke of Montalto Governor of that Kingdom and the Earl of On̄ate left his Brother D. Beltram de Guevara to supply his place they set sail with a powerful Fleet and landed on the 19th of May at a convenient place for the investing of that Town The consequence of which is well known to those who are acquainted with the Coasts of Italy and the French had from thence put a stop to all Trade by their Privateers Our Forces first took Piombino which rendred the Conquest of the other the easier and consequently soon after it submitted to His Majesty to his greater Honour for that his Enemies had thought it impregnable The Duke of Bragança King John of Portugal drew most Garisons from the Frontiers to secure the Sea-Coasts leaving most of the inland defenceless He also order'd all the Biskets to be brought out of the Garisons to Lisbon where a Bushel of Wheat was worth 150 Royals Plate The English Fleet in June came before the Bar of Lisbon which put the Inhabitants in fear of an Invasion and obliged the Duke to draw his Forces thither The English took 9 Ships loaden with Sugar from Brasil two French Ships loaded with Corn and at several times 100 lesser Vessels with other Merchandize and sent them to Cadiz These Misfortunes put the Kingdom of Portugal into a great Consternation As soon as the English were gone to Cadiz to sell their Prizes the Portugueses who were assisted by several Princes now made use of Prince Rupert Brother to the Count Palatin and Cousin to the King of England He sailed from Lisbon in quest of 5 English Ships loaded with Cloath and other things of great value Having entred the mouth of the Streights with 12 Men of War upon the Coast of Spain he took two of the said Ships and understanding the other three were about Tunez he steer'd thither with 7 sail sending the other 5 with the two Prizes to Lisbon The Parliament Admiral being inform'd that Prince Rupert was in the Streights sailed after him with 9 Frigats and discover'd these 5 Ships and the 2 Prizes off of Velez Malaga He gave them chase they making a running fight till such time as they could no longer avoid him then they Canonaded one another a whole day in sight of Carthagena and Night coming on the Prince's Ships stood in for the Harbour For want of Pilots one of them ran a-ground the Men got ashore and set fire to her The other 4 with the 2 Prizes got into the Harbour with a strong gale at S. W. and coming to an anchor all the Men ran ashore and went away to the Kingdom of Murcia 300 Irish that were
of it he drew up his Men placing 3 Regiments on a rising Ground on the Left and as many on the Right which be cause it was not so advantageous a Post as the other he fortified the best the time would permit It being impossible by reason of the River to attack him any way but in the Front he drew up the Foot before the Horse This done he advanced himself to view the Enemy whom he discovered ranging his Battel about a Cannon-shot from him and leaving two Companies to advertise him of their Motion he returned to the Army He was scarce come to it when he perceived the two Companies retire the Enemy advancing with all speed to attack him Three Charges the Enemy gave upon the Right and Left Wing but the fiercest on the Right as being the weakest but our Foot behaved themselves with such Bravery that Grance was forced to retire having about 600 Men killed or wounded besides the Prisoners taken Next day the Enemy marched away towards Montferrat the Marquess tho' inferior to him in number keeping close after him Several days passed in this manner and the Marquess perceiving Grance's Design was to get Quarters in the rich Country up the Upper Novara he prevented him only by two hours The Floods now rising gave them a good Pretence to retire out of the Country and were a convenient Excuse for us to suffer them so to do without molestation Christina Queen of Sweden who inherited her Father the Great Gustavus Adolphus's Kingdom and his Wars sent this Year an Ambassador to the Court of Spain to settle Peace and Commerce between the Two Crowns He was favourably received and having concluded the Business he came about to his Satisfaction returned home to give an account of his Negociation Soon after King Philip to make his Peace the more firm and permanent sent D. Antony Pimentel y Prado his Ambassador to the Court of Sweden where he was received and entertained with all the Honours due to his Character In England the Usurper Oliver Cromwell this Year settled the Council of State Next he made War upon the Hollanders Then he marched into London with his Army formed a House of Commons to his own Mind and was at last declared Protector of the Commonwealth of England wanting nothing but the Title of King which he also aspired to His wonderful Fortune had raised him to that pitch that all Princes sought his Friendship and were jealous of his Power Anno 1654. Now was the Pantheon at the Escurial designed for the Burial of the Kings of Spain and began by King Philip II. finished by King Philip IV. All things being prepared with Magnificence for the Ceremony of Translating the Bodies on the 16th of March King Philip attended by a great number of the Nobility and Prelates repaired thither to be present at the Solemnity Each Body was carried by 3 Noblemen and 3 of the Religious of that House and were those of the Emperor Charles V. and his Empress King Philip II. and his Queen Philip III. and his Queen and Queen Elizabeth of Bourbon who had been Wife to Philip IV. then reigning The French passing the Mountains entred the County of Pucerdan and laid siege to the City of that Name a strong and populous Place and at that time well provided There they understood that our Horse had blocked up Roses in order to besiege it hereupon they rose and in 3 days came to Lampurdan which is usually 7 days march 400 of our Horse and 500 Foot lay at this Place Upon the approach of the Enemy our Foot retired but the Horse stood upon their Guard The Enemy's Vanguard consisting of 1000 Horse charged them and were so well received that they retired with loss but their main Body coming up our Men drew off in good Order At the same time 3500 Foot and some Horse were coming from Girona but perceiving the French went into Roses they turned back The Queen's Regiment consisting of 1000 Foot and a Body of 1300 Horse came now out of France to recruit their Army and entred by the way of Cabsir which is opposite to Cerdagne D. Thomas Ban̄uales a Catalonian Gentleman having notice of their coming gathered 500 of the Country-People and giving D. Peter Valencuela an account of his Design marched to meet them D. Peter followed them with 600 Men and finding the Catalonians already engaged so encouraged them and dismayed the Enemy that the Queen's Regiment was broke and above 600 of them taken as was most of the Horse and all their Baggage which the French affirmed to be worth 80000 Ducats there being a great quantity of Merchan dize King Philip being well satisfied of the great Abilities of D. John Francisco de Montemoyor y Cuenca and being sensible of the great Losses the Island Hispaniola has always sustained by Pirates constituted him Governor and Captain-General of that Island that with his Conduct he might Redress those Evils He perceiving the Island of Tortuga was their chief Resuge fitted out a Fleet for the Reducing of it At Monte Christi they met 3 French Ships come from Tortuga which being hard chased ran ashore where Two of them were taken and the other cast away The Fleet holding on its Voyage on the 8th of January 1654 came to Tortuga and landed the Forces at a Creek beyond the Fort. They marched forwards and possessed themselves of some Hills that Commanded the Fort which were vigorously defended by the Enemy On the 12th the Fleet drew near to Cannonade the Fort. Monsieur de la Fontain was Governor of the Island for the French he being summoned to surrender answered He would die rather than betray his Trust Yet seeing 16 Pieces of Cannon mounted and all hopes of Relief cut off he capitulated On the 19th of January about 500 Men Women and Children came out of the Fort and were shipped for their Plantations our Men at the same time taking possession This was the common Resuge of the Pyrates whence they went out to Rob all those Seas In the Castle were found 74 Pieces of Cannon Many Indian Slaves taken by the Enemy in the Year 1652 were set at liberty Two Ships one small Frigot and other lesser Vessels were taken After the reducing of the Fort another Vessel laden with Salt not knowing what had hapned came into the Harbour and was seized The Salt was divided among the owners of the Flocks of Basaha to salt meat for the Garrison in which were left 100 Spaniards and some Irish Ferdinand King of the Romans and of Hungary and Bohemia Son to the Emperor Ferdinand III died at Vienna upon the 4th of July of the small Pox Leopold of Austria his Brother succeeded him in the Kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia and afterwards in the Empire which he still enjoys The Duke of Bragança King of Portugal pressed the Pope to fill up the vacant Sees of that Kingdom there being then but one Bishop in all
Aragon 219 Peter the 4 th King of Aragon 266 Dies Peter Prince of Portugal Marries the Lady Agnes de Castro and She is murder'd 273 Is Proclaim'd King 276 Executes the Murderers of the Lady Agnes de Castro 279 Declares his Children by her Legitimate 280 Dies 285 Peter Insante of Portugal a great Traveller 349 His Death 408 Petreius 45 Phanatick Moor. 467 Phoenicians build Towns and settle in Spain 10 Are driven into the Island of Cadiz 12 Crave Aid of the Carthaginians 13 Philip the Emperor Reigns above 5 Years 58 Philip the Fair King of France dies 226 Philip the 1 st King of Spain in England 515 Lands in Spain Declares against the Treaty with King Ferdinand 516 Dies 521 Piso succeeds Furius and isworsted 39 Pious Gifts of the King of Castile 306 Pius the 3 d elected Pope 502 Places that send Representatives to the Cortes or Parliament 267 Plague and Famine in Portugal 186 Plague at Madrid 314 In Spain and France with great Floods In Spain 320 In Portugal 365 Plain of Granada wasted 455 Plaucius twice defeated by Viriatus 36 Plot to rescue King John of Castile 370 Pompey the Great in Spain 37 Treats with the People of Numantia frauaulently 38 Comes again into Spain 42 His Sons in Spain 46 Pompey Cn. His Death 47 Pompey Sext renews the War in Spain Defeats Pollio 48 Pope Invades the Land of the Ursini 473 Returns to Rome 290 Seizes the Lands of the Duke of Ferrara 538 Press'd to call a General Council 541 In vain labours for an Accommodation with France 543 Popes Legate his unjust Proceedings 152 Pope's Legate in Aragon 205 Pope's Legate a fronted by the Rebels 409 Popilius the Pretor sent into Spain 36 Popilius the Censaâ— defeated by the Numantians 38 Portugal Original of that Kingdome 134 164 Descrivd 164 Under on Inâ—crdict 169 213 Made Independant of Castile Fol. 216 p. 2 Portugueses overthrow the Castilians 165 That favour'd the King of Castile 300 Sustain loss at Azamor but relieve Arzila 631 4000 of them stain in Africk 560 Posthumius Alomus 32 Posture of Affairs in Spain 137 Potter's Son set up King of the Moors 173 Practices against the Earl of Castile 125 Of the Spaniards 501 Of the Emperour 525 Preaching among the Tartars 216 Prefect of Rome submits to Spain 506 Preparations for War 260 For War with the Moors 441 For the Lateran Council 548 Of the Turks against Italy 557 For War in Aragon 349 Presumption of a Legate 280 Pretenders to the Crown of Aragon 329 Prince Henry in open Rebellion Imprison'd 342 Prince of Viana flies to Naples 384 Prince of Salerno expell'd Naples 480 Prince of Segorve come into Castile 418 Princes of Aragon join with the Rebels of Castile 365 Priscilian's Heresie He and his Adherents Condemn'd to Death His Errours 65 Proceedings of the Catholikes against the Albigenses 193 Of the Rebels in Catalonia 406 Prodigies 21 22 341 388 411 Progress of the Rebellion in Castile 272 366 Of the Christians against the Moors 262 Of the War in Naples 368 Of the Aragonians at Naples 360 Of the Affairs of Italy 470 Of Portugues Discoveries 474 Of the Siege of Saulses 502 Proposals concerning the Kingdom of Naples 473 Proscription 48 Prosperous Expedition 202 Publius Manlius 32 Punishment of Mutineers 531 Q. Queen of Portugal delivered of a Son Dies 482 Queen of France Dies 556 Queen of Navavre accused of Adultery by her own Sons is defended by a Bastard 136. Queen Mother of Castile joyns the Rebels 273 Queens of Castile and Portugal Dies 370 Quintilianus Reigns 17 Days 59 Quintius Crispinus 32 Quintius defeats and is again worsted by Viriatus 37 Quintus Caecilius overthrown by the Vacei 45 Quintus Fontlius 32 Race of Earles of Barcelona extinct 330 Raymund or Ramon Earl of Barcelona 131 Dies 137 Raymund Earl of Barcelona Son in Law to King Ramiro II. upon his resignation Governs that Kingdom 169 Makes War in France 170 Successful against the French and Moors His Death 177 Raymund III. Earl of Barcelona murdered and his Son Raymund succeeds him 149 Raymund or Ramon IV. Earl of Barcelona Raymund Earl of Toulouze a Heretick reduced 204 Ramundus Lullus 240 Ramiro I. King of Leon. 111 His Death 112 Ramiro II. King of Leon his Religious Works He resigns the Crown and Dies 123 Ramiro III. King of Leon under the Tuition of his Mother and Aunt 126 Ramiro King of Aragon Wars on his Brother of Navarre 139 Recovers his Dominions 141 Ramiro II. King of Aragon 167 Puts to Death 15 Noblemen 168 Resigns the Government 169 Ratification of the Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal 438 Ravenna surrendred to the French Rebellion in Gallia Gothica 91 Among the Moors 115 In Auiturias 122 Against the King of Leon. 127 Suppressed 298 111 Of Castro and Albuquerque in Castile 259 In Navarre 205 445 In Old Castile 315 In Catalonia 402 In Naples 447 In Castile 224 236 In Biscay 368 Of the Bastards of Castile Rebellious Moors defeated 412 Rebels every wheee worsted by Wamba 92 Of Castile hardened 259 Suppressed in Castile 258 Of Castile associate are Punished 252 Punished 277 Defeat the Royalists 278 Of Castile join with the King of Aragon 405 Disband 408 In Catalonia choose the Duke of Anjou for their King 408 Excommunicated 410 Reduced 412 Recaredus King of Spain makes War in France 81 His Reign and Troubles on account of his Conversion 82 Reslores the Church Possessions Overtbrows the Francs Hereticks Conspire against him He Punishes the Conspirators His General Claudius overthrows the Francs 83 He Marries Clodosinda Sister to Childebert King of Lorrain His Death 85 Recaredus II. Reigns but 3 Months 87 Recaredus and Alonso the First Kings of Spain had the Title of Catholick 105 Reception of a Legate in Castile 417 Recesuinthus advanced to the Crown by his Father His Actions and Death 90 Rendevouz of the French at Aste 555 Revolutions at Genoa 554 Rhodians their coming into Spain 10 Rightful Princes of Castile Prisoners 227 Released 231 Robert King of Naples Dies 264 Roderick King of Spain ravishes Count Julian's Daughter 97 Roderick Diaz de Bivar called Cid who he was Many Fables concerning him 141 His Opinion touching the subjection of Spain to the Empire The whole Relation suspected to be Fabulous His Original 142 Ravages the Dominions of the Moors Is Banished 147 His further Actions 148 Takes Valencia Marries his Daughters to the Earls of Carrion 157 His Death 158 Roderick Archbishop of Toledo invades the Moors 206 Rodulphus of Ausburg chosen Emperor 216 Roger Lauria the great Aamiral Dies 242. Roman Army mutinies 46 Roman Missaâ— ana Broviary introduced 152 Romans declare War the 2d time against Carthage 21 Successful in Spain 22 Overthrown 25 Defeated 85 Quite expelled Spain 88 Romantick Relation about Spain being exemptea from the Roman Empire 141 Rome taken by Alarick King of the Goths in the Year 410. 67 Ronda taken 446 Rousillon and Cerdagne Restored
French and Aragonians at variance Henry K. of Castile dies Castile divided betwixt the Rightful Princess Joanna and Elizabeth the Usurper 1475. Ferdinand received in Castile Marquess de Villena his double Dealing Nobles of Castile join with Portugal in favour of the Rightful Heiress Ferdinand labours to gain the Nobility of Castile Alonso K. of Portugal proclaimed King of Castile being Contracted to the Rightful Heiress French and Portuguese Forces against Castile 1476 John Pr. of Portugal comes to his Fathers assistance into Castile Fight betwixt the Portugues and Castilian Armies Defeat of the Portugueses Great Disorders throughout Casile Factions in Navarre Alonso King of Portugal goes over into Africk and thence into France Endeavours to pacifie Navarre Toro surprized by the Castilians King Ferdinand chose Master of Santiago in trust Moores of Granada invade Murcia Noblemen secure to themselves all the strong holds Disorders in Sicily and Sardinia The King of Portugal resolves to go in Pilgrimage to Hierusalem and resigns his Crown to his Son John Prince of Portugal restores the Crown to his Father 1478 Sardinia reduced Birth of Prince John of Castile Inquisition first settled in Spain Actions on the Frontiers of Castile and Portugal Peace betwixt Castile and France 1479. John King of Aragon dyes Factions continue in Navarre Heretical oppinions condemned in Spain Counâ—ess of Medellin a turbulent-Woman Overthrow of the Portugueses King Ferdinand goes into Aragon Peace concluded betwixt Castile and Portugal 1480. Grants made by King Henry declared void by the Cortes The Turks take Otranto in Italy 1481. Ferdinand's Son sworn Heir of Castile Aragon and Catalonia Alonso King of Portugal dies John II. of Portugal Three great Men die 1482. Francis Crowned King of Navarre 1483. The young K. of Navarre dies Traitors punished in Portugal 1483. Ratifications of the Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal Luis XI King of France dies The famous War with the Moors of Granada 1481. Zahara surprized by the Moors 1482. Alhama taken by the Christians Alhama in vain besieged by the Moors Preparations for War with the Moors Loxa besieged by the Christians without success The War with the Infidels put off for some time Troubles Galicia 1483. Slaughter of the Christians Two Moorish Kings at Granada destroy one another Defeat of the Moores Moorish King taken Moorish King set at Liberty Rebellion in Navarre 1484. Pope Sixtus dies Innocent the 8th succeeds Alcara taken from the Moores Boabdil the Moorish King flies to Cordova Ronda taken Christians defeated Rebellion in Naples Tumults in Aragon and Catalonia 1482. Azamor in Africk submits to the Portugueses Divisions among the Infidels Loxa and other Places taken 1487. King Ferdinand takes Malaga and other Places Discoveries of the Portugueses Troubles in Aragon stop the progress of the War of Granada 1488. Several Places taken from the Moores The Moores recover the lost Towns Masterships of Military orders annexed to the Crown 1489. Three Cities and othe small Towns taken from the Moores 1490. The Moorish King submits Elizabeth Princess of Castile married to Alonso Prince of Portugal Death of Prince Alonso and King John his Father The Moorish King besieged by his own People The Plain of Granada wasted War with the Moors renewed 1491. Description of the City Granada K. Ferdinand builds a Town to lie in during the Siege of Granada A Phanatick Moor. Granada surrendered to K. Ferdinand Character of K. Ferdinand and Q. Elizabeth 1492. Affairs of Britany in France Jews banished Spain Pope Innocent VIII dies Alexander VI. succeeds Navarre pacified Discoveries and Conquests in the West-Indies Controversies betwixt Castile and Portugal about their Discoveries Roussillion and Cerdagne restored to King Ferdinand Palma one of the Canary Islands conquered Mastership of the 3 Military Orders inseparably annexed to the Crown Original of the Neapolitan War 1494 Ferdinand King of Naples dies French Invade Naples Luis Sforcia Duke of Milan French King at Rome 1495. Alonso King of Naples abdicates League against the French French King returns home Venetians overthrown by the French Ferdinand King of Naples successful against the French John II. King of Portugal dies Agreement between the Duke of Milan and French King 1496. Progress of the Affairs in Italy Ferdinand of Spain called Catholick King by the Pope Emanuel King of Portugal settles the Government England enters into the league against France Ferdinand King of Naples dies The Emperor Besieges Leghorn in vain The Pope Invades the Lands of the Urfini Duke of Gandia Murdered Proposals concerning the Kingdom of Naples Progress of the Portuguses discoveries 〈…〉 Mozambique discovered Description of India Vasco de Gama at Calicut Vasco returns to Portugal Account of the Navigation of Vasco de Gama 2 Daughters of K. Ferdinand matched 1497. John Prince of Castile dies Prince of Salerno expelled Naples Accord betwixt France and Spain 1498. Charles VII King of France dies Luis XII succeeds him Hierome Savanarola a famous Preacher in Florence burnt King of Portugal sworn Heir of Castile Queen of Portugal being delivered of a Son dies 1499. Perplexity of King Ferdinand 1499. The Duke of Milan expelled his Dukedom University of Alcalá Founded Moors in the Mountains Rebell Ferdinand assists the Venetians Birth of the Emperor Charles the 5th The Fr. posses themselves of the Duke and Dukedom of Millan 1500. Great Year of Jubilee Peace betwixt Fr. and Spain Cefalonia taken from the Turks Double-dealing of K. Ferdinand Disagreement betwixt the French and Spaniards Descripti-of the Kingdom of Naples Frederick King of Naples puts himself into the hands of the French French perish by Pestilence and Stress of Weather The Arch duke comes into Spain The Great Captain's Actions at Naples Disagreement about the Division of Naples Conference of the French and Spanish Generals Archduke and Princess sworn Heirs of Aragon Archduke returns to Flanders War betwixt the French and Spaniards at Naples A notable combat of Eleven on each side Several losses of the French Marquess del Gasto comes over to the Spaniards 1503. Great booty taken by the Spaniards Combat betwixt 13 French and as many Italiuns Several losses of the French Marquess del Gasto comes over to the Spaniards Archduke concludes Peace betwixt Spain and France The peace takes no effect Succours from Spain land in Naples Lord of Aubigni defeated and taken The Battel of Cirinola Almost all Naples subdued by the Great Captain Reception of the Great Captain at Naples St. German taken Gaeta besieged Practices of the Spaniards The French in Roussillon Pius III. Elected Pope Progress of the Siege of Saulses Ninetten Sail of Infidels destroyed Siege of Saulses raised Julius II. Pope French Army marches through Italy Mutiny in the Spanish Army Defeat of the French Notable Valour of a Spaniord Defeat of the French again Gaeta surrendred to the Great Captain Prefect of Rome submits to Spain Nobility of Naples swear Fidelity to Spain Several Cities of Italy Sue for Protection of Spain Truce for 3 Years betwixt France and
Spain Great Famine and Earth-quakes Perfidiousness of Duke Valentin The great Captain contrary to his faith given sends Duke Valentln into Spain The great Captain ill represented to the King The Emperor Archduke and King of France join in League League against the Venetians Calamities of Princes Frederick King of Naples dies Elizabeth Queen of Spain dies Differences about the Government of Castile 1505. King Ferdinand becomes odious to the People The Emperor and King Philip of Castile ratifie the Peace with France K. Ferdinand agrees with the French King Mazaliquivir in Africk taken Nobles in Castile for and against K. Philip. Accord twixt the 2 Kings Ferdinand and Philip 1506. King Philip in England Little Faith in King Fernand A bloody mutiny at Lisbon King Ferdinand Marries Queen Joanna King Philip lands in Spain King Philip declares against the Treaty with King Ferdinand Christopher Columbus dies Flemmings and Spaniards disagree Forces raised by Ferdinand Many forsake Ferdinand Ferdinand forced to quit Castile Interview of the Two Kings A League Defensive and Offensive betwixt the Two Kings of Spain Jealousie the cause of King Philip's Queen's Distemper New Troubles in Castile King Ferdinand and his Queen at Zaragoça Jealousies raised against the Great Captain King Philip dies Confusions upon the death of King Philip. Government settled for the present King Ferdinand in Italy He comes to Naples Uncertain Government of Castile Q. Joanna wholly unfit to Govern Embassies to K. Ferdinand at Naples Practices of the Emperor 1507. Q. Joanna delivered of a Daughter Mutiny at Toledo Duke Valentine slain K. John of Navarre subdues his Rebellious Subjects Treaty betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand Affairs of Naples setled Fâ—ench King in Italy Interview of the two Kings King Ferdinand returns to Castile The Emperor disgusted with Ferdinand The Emperor proceeds against Milan Malecontent in Andaluzia Punishment of the Mutiniers Penon in Africk taken by the Spaniards Portugueses sustain loss at Azamor but relieve Arzila Conspiracies in Castile discovered League of Cambray Soldans Fleet worsted in India Death of Henry the VII of England Henry the VIII succeeds him Oran in Africk taken Venetians set upon on all sides Venetian Army routed Padua recovered by the Venetians Navarrois and Arragonians make War Accord betwixt the Emperor and K. Ferdinand Ferdinand desires Peace with Venice 1510. Bugia and other places taken by the Spaniards Goa in India taken by the Portugueses Vincenza taken by the Imperialists The Pope seizes the Lands of the Duke of Ferrara Cortes or Parliament held at Monçon Investiture of Naples granted to K. Ferdinand D. Garcia de Toledo sent with Forces into Africk Rout of the Spaniards in Africk King Ferdinand assists the Pope Cardinals fall of from the Pope Jealousies of Princes 1511. The Pope pressed to call a general Council Agreement betwixt K. Ferdinand and the K. of England The Emperor cannot be separated from France Success of the Portugueses in India The Pope in vain labours for an accommodation with France League for defence of the Church The War in Italy King of England prepares to invade France Bergamo and Bressa return to the Obedience of the Venetians Venetians overthrown by the French King and Queen of Navarre excommunicated The French advance towards the Confederates Preparations for the Lateran Council Swissers descend into Italy Grounds of the War in Navarre The Duke of Alva enters Navarre Navarre 〈…〉 Ferdinand French decline in Italy Florence Siena and Luca join with the Confederates Great Captain forbid to pass into Italy 〈◊〉 invaded by the French 〈…〉 Bressa taken by the Viceroy Duke Maximilian Sforcia recovers Milain 1513. Pope Julius dies Leo X. chosen Peace betwixt France and Venice A Truce betwixt France and Spain Actions in Navarre Revolutions at Gema Rendezvouz of French at Aste Swisse rout the French K. Henry of England takes Theourenne and Tournay Azaomr taken by the Portugueses Venice Canonaded Queen of France dies Truce betwixt Spain and France prolonged Preparations of the Turk against Italy An Ambassador from Ethiopia arrives in Portugal Luis King of France dies 1515. Alonso de Albequerque his Actions in India 4000 Portugueses slain in Africk Milan recovered by the French Overthow of the Swiss Great Captain ordered to be apprehended Barbarossa besieges Bugia in vain Great Captain dies 1516. K. Ferdinand dies French K in Italy Swiss routed Spaniards expelled Millan K. Ferdinand dies Navarre pacified Henry King of Navarre Mary Qu. of Portugal dies Cardinal Adrian K. Charles in Spain Downfal of the Sultans of Egypt Heresy of Martin Luther K. Charles his Sister married to Emanuel K. of Portugal Maximilian dies Charles the Fifth chosen Emperor Charles the Fifth Crowned Rebellion in Spain Navarre over-run by the French French in Biscay Emanuel K. of Portugal dies Pope Leo dies Adrian chosen Pope Return of the Emperor into Spain K. Christiern expell'd Denmark Death of Pope Adrian Leo the X. chosen Pope Overthrow of the French John King of Portugal marries the Emperors Sister Francis K. of France taken by the Imperialists Accord betwixt Spain and France K. Francis released The Emperormarries the Sister of the K. of Portugal Practices against the Emperor Turks over run Hungary Rome sacked Medicis expelled Florence Prince Philip sworn Heir of Castile Naples besieged Doria quits the French tervice Composition betwixt Fra. and Spain Agreement with Portugal Vienna besieged Coronation of the Emperor Diet at Ausburg Medicis restor'd to Florence Ferdinand chosen K. of the Romans Inundations in Flanders Change of Religion in England CivilWars in Swisserland The Emperor arms a-against the Turks Pope and Emperor meet at Bolonia Pope and King of France meet at Marseilles Pope Clement dies Paul III. succeeds Tuncz taken by the Emperor French invade Savoy Emperor in France Three things remarkable Diet at Worms Diu besieged by the Turks League against the Turks Truce for 10 Years French K. and Emp. meet The Empress dies Rebellion of Ghent Ebora made an Archbishoprick Jesuits confirmed By the Pope Disputes about Religion in Germany Council of Trent Swarms of Locusts Prince Philip Governour of Spain French and Turks take Nice A great Eclipse Barbarussa ravages the Coasts of Italy Emperor and King of England in League against France Marriage of Prince Philip. Proceedings against Hereticks Council of Trent opened Martin Luther's death Disputes betwixt Catholicks and Hereticks Death of two Kings and a Qu. Overthrow of the Saxons Council of Trent breaks up Concessions for reducing Hereticks Maximilian Governour of Spain Rise of the Xerifes in Africk Pope Paul dies Julius III. Elected Council of Trent again summoned War in Flanders Hereticks at the Council of Trent S. Francis Xaverius Turkish Fleet at Naples Siena expells the Imperialists Edward K. of England dies Birth of Prince Sebastian of Portugal Mary Qu. of England Marries Philip Pr. of Spain Julius dies Marcellus succeeds he dies and Paul IV. is chosen Pope Siena surrendred to the Emperor Abdication of the Emperor Truce betwixt France and
was very bloody Conradin and Frederick had their Heads cut off at Naples a hard Judgment upon such great Princes At this time another Debate arose in Aragon Gerard de Cabrera pretending to the Earldom of Vrgel pleading that his Brother Alonso's Children were not Legitimate Raymund Folch their Uncle by the Mother's side and other Men of Note supported them King Jayme seem'd to espouse Gerard's quarrel and that the more for that he had made over his Right to the King as not able to carry it off himself The King of Granada prepar'd to make War upon Guadix and Malaga and was offended that King Alonso contrary to what had been agreed did underhand support them D. Nun̄o de Lara and D. Lope de Haro being disoblig'd by the King blew the Coals They promis'd the Moor if he would take up Arms not only they but many other Men of Note would go over to him There was some rumour spread abroad of these Practices but there wanted Witnesses to prove the Fact This mov'd the King to go into Andaluzia This Year the King chang'd the Name of the Village call'd S. Peter de Ariznoa in Guipuscoa into that of Vergara and made it a Market-Town The Affairs of Andaluzia being setled and Winter coming on King Alonso return'd to Toledo to entertain his Father-in-law the King of Aragon who came to be present at the first Mass of his Son D. Sancho the Archbishop which was to be Celebrated on Christmass-day D. Sancho accordingly said Mass that day the two Kings of Castile and Aragon the Queen and Prince Ferdinand being present King Jayme of Aragon staid but 8 days at Toledo being resolv'd tho' very old to go over to the War in the Holy-Land inflam'd with the desire of restoring the ancient Glory of the Christians in those parts A great and valiant Prince worthy to have succeded better than he did in that Expedition CHAP. IX The King of Aragon 's Expedition for the Holy-Land The Kings of France and Navarre and the eldest Son of the King of England move upon the same Enterprize The Nobles of Castile Revolt Troublesin Aragon THE Affairs of the Christians in the Holy-Land were reduc'd to the last extremity Now unexpectedly a fair opportunity of restoring their losses offer'd it self and stirred up at one-time England France and Spain to take Arms. Whilst Pope Innocent IV. held the General Council at Lyons in France he sent four Preachers of the Holy Order of S. Dominick among the Tartars to try whether that Barbarous People could be reduc'd to embrace Christianity Those Preachers were so successful as to gain Reputation among the Barbarians who began to show some affection towards the Christian Religion These People had now Invaded that part of Syria which was under the Saracens and the great Cham their King sent Embassadors to invite most Princes of Europe to share in that Conquest Particularly he sent Embassadors to the King of Aragon with John Alaricus of Perpegnan whom the King on account of an Embassy receiv'd before had sent into Tartary The Tartar Embassadors staid ar Barcelona Alaricus went to Toledo where in an Assembly of the Nobles he gave an account of his Embassy King Jayme resolv'd to go in Person to that War without regard to his great Age or the Intreaties of King Alonso and Queen Violante King Alonso seeing he was not to be disswaded promis'd him 100000 Ducats towards the Charge of the War Some Nobles of Castile offer'd to bear him Company and among them the Master of the Knights of Santiago and D. Gonçalo Pereyra Grand Prior of S. John From Toledo he went to Valencia where he gave Audience to the Tartars and also to another Embassador from the Emperor Paleologus who promis'd to furnish Provisions and all other Necessaries After all things were in readiness at the request of Queen Violante his Daughter he went as far as Huerta and there took his leave of her his Sons and Grandchildren On the 4th of September in the Year 1269. he set sail with a Fleet of 30 great Ships and some Galleys The Season was not fit for such Expeditions In three days they had sight of Minorca where a violent Storm dispers'd the whole Fleet which was drove to several Ports The King was put in at Marseilles and thence remov'd to the Gulph of Agde Some Ships and among 'em that in which went Fernan Sanchez the King's Son weather'd the Storm and arriv'd at Acre in the Holy-Land After refreshing himself at Montpelier the King now repenting that he had undertaken that Expedition return'd to Catalonia In Castile King Alonso with Edward Son and Heir to the King of England went as far as Logrono to meet his Daughter-in-law who was coming out of France thro' Navarre to her Husband This Marriage was Solemniz'd with greater Splendour than was ever seen before for there were present at it Jayme King of Aragon Grandfather to the Bridegroom Peter his eldest Son Philip eldest Son to the King of France Edward Son and Heir to the King of England the King of Granada King Alonso his Brothers Sons and Uncle Alonso Lord of Molina A great number of French Italian and Spanish Nobility was there and among them William Marques of Montseratte who Jovius says was Son-in-law to King Ferdinand Sancho Archbishop of Toledo was also present some say he Marry'd them This Match was contriv'd that the King of France might quit the Pretensions he had to Castile as being the Son of Blanch eldest Sister to King Henry After the Solemnity King Alonso accompany'd the King af Aragon as far as Tarraçona The English and French went further than the Aragonians in the Expedition of the Holy-Land but without much Success Edward eldest Son to the King of England with a good Fleet arriv'd at Ptolemais and escap'd himself the danger of the Assassins S. Luis King of France set Sail from Marseilles on the first of March 1270. Theobald King of Navarre having committed the Government to his Brother Henry accompany'd S. Luis After a Storm they landed at Tunez Invested the Town overthrew the Infidels twice in the Field and continu'd the Siege the space of 6 Months The great heat caus'd the Plague whereof vast numbers dy'd and among them Prince John the King's Son and lastly the King himself on the 28th of August Charles King of Sicily landing at this Juncture the Besieg'd agreed to pay him 40000 Ducats a Year and then the Army went over into Sicily Theobald King of Navarre dy'd there in the City Trapana on the 5th of December The Body of S. Luis was carry'd to S. Denis near Paris that of the King of Navarre to Champagne Queen Elizabeth his Wife dy'd on the 25th of April the Year following at Hiere in Provence Let us return to Castile King Alonso at this time was perplex'd with many cares The ambition of taking upon him the Empire of Germany had
Abbot of Valladalid for that it was he who started that Discourse and consulted with the Queen how to be reveng'd They thought fit to call him to Aâ—â—ount for the administration of the Royal Revenue which he had Charge of and the Business was committed to the Arch-Bishop of Toledo King Sancho went away to Santiago in 〈◊〉 and by the way in the Monasterâ— of Sahagun finding that the Bonca of King Alonso the VIth and his two Queens Elizabeth and Mary were meanly laterred he â—â—us'd them to be put into decent Tombs with 〈…〉 Being return'd to Valladâ—lid he honour'd D. Lope Diaz de Haro â—â—rd of Biscay to whom chiefly he 〈…〉 Crown with the place of Lord Steward of his Household and his Standard heaâ—ery Besides he made him Governour of many Forth and on the 1st of January gave him the Title of an Earl all these Honours in remainder to his son James Lopez de Haro 〈…〉 de Haro Brother to D. Lope was made General of 〈…〉 Thus that Family increas'd Riches and Power and D. Lope became the King 's Favouriâ—â— all Things were govern'd according to his Will in so much that the other Nobles complain'd he tyranniz'd in the Name of King Sancho Paticularly the People of Leon and Gâ—â—cia found fault that he bestow'd all 〈…〉 upon his own Creatures D. Lope great yâ—t more Hanghty having marry'd his Daughter Mary to Prince John and endeavour'd to have the King put away his Queen that he might Marry his Consin Gulielma Daughter to â—astâ—n Earl 〈…〉 This was not at all pleasing to the King who had now by the Queen another Son call'd Alonso and therefore sought an Opportunity to â—ake off D. Lope yet fearing some Rebellion kept him close about his Person in the same Hâ—â—â—ur whilst he visited the Kingdom of Toledo and went to 〈◊〉 The Design of this burney was to 〈◊〉 the People of Galicia who had revolted and put a stop to the incursions of the 〈…〉 Prince Alonso the King of Portugal's Brother and D. Alvar NunÌ„oz de Lara Son to D. John de Lara a restless Man and us'd to live upon Rapine Prince Alonso was possess'd of the 〈◊〉 of Pertalegâ—â— and Roncaâ— on the Frontiers of Castile and Portugal 〈◊〉 Lope de Haro was lest to reduce the Rebels of Galicia The affair of Portugal was 〈◊〉 of between that King and him of Castile and they agreeing with joynt Forces laid Siege to Ronca destroy'd all the Country and oblig'd it to surrender The two Kings being together at this Siege the Portuguese advis'd the Castilian to take D. Alvar NunÌ„ez de Lara into Favour that his Greatness might serve as a check to D. Lope de Haro which was done accordingly D. Lope diving into that Design upon pretence of visiting his Cousin the Viscount of Bearne withdrew into Navarre The Navarrois were of themselves inclinable to make War against Castile and therefore upon his coming took up Arms. Clement Luna a Frenchman was then Viceroy of Navarre Many Incursions were made by the Navarrois as well into Castile as Aragon but nothing of Note was done except taking the Town of Salvatierra from the later The Aragonians made War into Italy with better success Roger Lauria a brave Commander and famous for his late Victories surpriz'd a mighty Fleet of the Enemy near Naples and after a sharp Dispute obtain'd a compleat Victory taking 42 Sale and 5000 Prisoners among which were many of Note Most of them were ransom'd only Guido de Montfort was not releas'd the Kings of England and Aragon being his 〈…〉 Enemies because this Man was Great Grand-son to Simon Earl of Montfort who as has been said overthrew and kill'd Peter King of Aragon in the War of Toulouze And Simon Grand-son to the other Simon took Richard Brother to King Henry of England Prisoner Guido also cruelly Murder'd Henry the Son of that Richard the Emperour in the Cathedral of Viterbo at Man in Revenge for his Father kill'd in Battle by Edward King of England The French and English Historians affirm 〈◊〉 Guido was deliver'd up to the King of England A Sicilian Writer of that Age positively says he 〈…〉 Sicily of a Disease which could not be cur'd without having to do with a Woman which he absolutely refus'd because he would not wrong his Wife Margueriâ—e who after his Death behav'd not her self so well as she ought to have done The Aragonians were now at Peace and famous for their Riches Strength and the memorable Action they had perform'd Only the King of Majorca â—â—â—ested the Coast of â—â—â—alonia but â—â— nothing Remarkable Alonso King of Aragon was renowned and had the Ballance of Peace and War in his Hands keeping the two rightful Princes of Castile Prisoners in Aragon and him of Salerâ—o in Sicily These Princes growing weary of their Confinement inclin'd to admit of any 〈…〉 so they might be enlarg'd and great Kings interceded for them Many 〈…〉 sent from France and Castile upon that Affair but the Authority of Edward King of England was of most Weight because the Aragonian sought to Marry his Daughter Ellâ—â—or â—â—ose Kings resolv'd to meet at the City Oloron in the Province of Bearne and there 〈…〉 of the King of England it was agreed that the Prince of Salerno should be set at Liberty within a Year upon these Conditions That the Kingdom of Sicily should remain to D. Jayme That he should prevail with the Pope to give his consent and take 〈…〉 censures under which the Kingdom of Aragon lay That he should Pay 30000 Marks of Silver That Charles of Valcis should quit his Pretensions to the Crown of Aragon given him by Pope Martin And that if all this were not perfor 〈◊〉 within the Term of three Years that Prince should return in Prison and in the mean while should give his Three Sons Robert Charles and Luis and Sixty Men of Note of 〈…〉 as Hostages Charles Prince of 〈◊〉 being set at liberty went over into France and thence into Tuscany and after having appeas'd the Tumults rais'd by the 〈◊〉 in Rodâ— was at last by Pope 〈◊〉 the IV th declared King of Apulia and Sicily and accordingly 〈…〉 Pope pretended the late Agreement was invalid being made without his Consent that Kingdom being an antient Fleâ— of the Church This highly perplexed the King of Aragon and the Wordâ— for that he understand that Sancho King of Castile was 〈…〉 to break 〈◊〉 him and joyn with the King of France the Queen and Arch-Bishop of Toledo favouring the French and many others oppos'd He â—â— many Troubles ensu'd and D. Lope de Haro dying â—â— shall be related but Friends and 〈…〉 fled to Aragon and were the 〈◊〉 of new Wars This 〈…〉 speedily with the French The Embassadors of both Kings and the Popes 〈…〉 at the â—â—ity Lyons in French and â—here they agreed Thâ—â— King Sancho should give to D. Alonso de la Cerda the Kingdom of Mâ—â—câ—â— upon Condition he
the Country want of Provisions and the Resolution of that People Some Hopes there had been of gaining D. James de Haro Brother to D. Lope by the means of Ruy Perez Ponce Master of Calatrava and the Lord-ship of Biscay was partly offer'd him but he chose rather to retire into Aragon resolving to stand by his Nephew All things were disposed for a Rupture when D. James de Haro Son to D. Lope dy'd very fortunately for King Sancho His Death caus'd the Affections of his Followers to cool and all Biscay which till then held out to submit to the Valour of James Lopez de Salzedo a Man in great esteem to whom that Affair was committed King Sancho having settled Biscay and put off the Interview with the King of France left his Brother Prince John Prisoner in the Castle of Burgos whence he was remov'd to Curiel and he himself being perplexed in Mind about the War with Aragon went to Sabugal a Town on the Frontiers of Portugal There he concluded a League with that King against the Aragonians and the out-Laws of Castile who prepar'd for War under Colour of restoring D. Alonso de la Cerda who stil'd himself King of Castile to his Grand-father's Kingdom These Things concluded King Sancho March'd with all the Forces he could gather to meet the Aragonians at Almaçan The Two Armies met in the Month of April 1289 but nothing remarkable was done Only Moron was taken by the Aragonians and Almaçan Besieg'd On the other side King Sancho entring the Frontiers of Aragon destroy'd all the open Country and burnt many Towns D. James Lopez de Haro in the same manner wasted all the Territory of Cuenca and Huete and defeated a Party of the Enemy near Pajaron killing Redorick de Sotomayor Commander of the Castilians D. James sent the Colours taken to the City Tiruel One Misfortune still follow'd upon the Neck of another and the Innocent People suffer'd for these Quarrels of the great Ones Most Cities sided with King Sancho but at Badajoz there happen'd a great Tumult That City of old was divided into Two Factions the Bejarani and the Portugueses The Bejarani being expell'd the City by their Enemies apply'd themselves to the King for Redress he order'd they should be restor'd but the Portugueses obey'd not Hereupon the Bejarani having gather'd a good Force kill'd many of their Adversaries and forc'd the rest to quit the Place This done they fortify'd themselves in the upper Part of the City and proclaim'd D. Alonso de la Cerda King King Sancho highly offended hereat laid Siege to the Town which presently surrender'd having Articled only for Life Contrary to Agreement 4000 Men and Women were put to the Sword The same happen'd to Talavera a considerable Town in the Kingdom of Toldo upon the same Account 400 of the principal Inhabitants were publickly Quarter'd at the Gate which for that Reason was ever since call'd the Gate of Quarters This the Inhabitants have by Tradition tho no Author makes mention of it These Two Towns serv'd for an Example to all others The following Year 1290 it was again agreed the Kings of France and Castile should meet They both accordingly came on the Day appointed to Bayonne The chief Points agreed upon at this Interview were That the King of France should desist giving any farther Protection to the two Princes of Castile That he should renounce all Claim and Title to that Crown as Great Grandson to Queen Blanch. And that both Kings should make War upon Aragon At the same time Tolosa Segura and Villafranca which began to be Rebuilt in Biscay in the time of King Alonso were now finish'd by King Sancho as appears by publick Instruments sign'd at Vitoria and Valladolid whither the King went from Bayonne The King of Aragon finding himself too weak to make Head against France Castile and Italy inclin'd to Peace notwithstanding Charles King of Naples did not perform his Promise at which the King of England who had procur'd his Liberty was highly offended All Parties had recourse to the Pope laying their Case before him He answer'd he would send Legates who having heard them all should endeavour to reconcile these Differences Benedict Colona and Gerard de Parma two Cardinals were sent into France to this Purpose Mean while Charles King of Naples and the King of Aragon upon Security given on both Sides met at Junquera a Town in Catalonia There they concluded a Truce for some Months whilst the Cardinals could settle a Peace which both earnestly desir'd King Charles that he might recover Sicily and the Aragonian to take off that long Interdict under which his Kingdom lay and put an end to the War with France that he might be at Leisure to bend his Force against Castile CHAP. IX The revolt of D. John Nunnez de Lara The Death of the King of Aragon His Brother Jâ—â—me succeeds him Matches betwixt the three Kings of Spain Defeat of the Moors at Sea Original of the Dukes of Medina Sidonia D. John NunÌ„ez de Lara began again to incline to take part with the Aragonians either out of his natural Inconstancy or because some Overtures were made of restoring Albarazin to him King Sancho understanding of what Consequence his stay or departure might be did all he could to oblige him and therefore made him General of the Frontiers of Aragon and bestow'd other Favours upon him All prov'd ineffectual and the more for that at Burgos where the Court then was Letters were brought him intimating some Design against his Person whether true or false is not known D. John who was naturally jealous gave Credit to those Letters and withdrawing from Court went away nastily through Navarre to Aragon notwithstanding the Queen us'd means to stop him and the King himself went after him as far as Valladolid As soon as D. John had joyn'd the other Conspirators he enter'd Castile and did all the harm he could as far as Cuenca and Alarcon A Body of King Sancho's Forces coming to oppose him was defeated and many Colours taken after which he forc'd the Town of Moya and return'd to Valencia with a great Number of Prisoners and Cattle From thence the King of Aragon D. James de Haro and D. John de Lara made an Incursion by the way of Molina Signença Berlanga and Almaçan and destroy'd all the Country without meeting any Opposition King Sancho endeavour'd to put a stop to this Mischief but an Ague kept him in such a Condition he could neither Act nor give the necessary Orders insomuch that he was given over by the Doctors The Queen who was lately deliver'd of a Prince call'd Peter tho' not perfectly recover'd set out to see the King Her Presence was comfortable to him and produc'd good Effect She reduc'd D. John de Lara who now repented his Change being disappointed of recovering Albarazin It was agreed that Elizabeth Daughter to the Lady Blanch and the Queen's Brother
in the King's Favour and his Interest alone was greater than that of all the Nobility The Lady Ellenor Sister to the King of Aragon was contracted to Edward Prince of Portugal who was 36 Years of Age the Marriage by Proxy was solemniz'd at a Village call'd Ojos Negros in the Territory of Daroca the King of Aragon being present Her Portion was 200000 Florins The Lady Constance de Tovar D. Ruy Lopez Davalos his Widow was appointed her first Lady of the Bedchamber This Princess from Valencia travelled through Castile and at Valladolid the King entertain'd her nobly and thence she went on richly presented towards Portugal to meet her Husband The Joy for this Match was the greater because that Prince had so long put it off and it was fear'd he would not Marry At the same time Peter Brother to Prince Edward after his long Travels in which he visited the Emperor Sigismund and Tamerlan the Tartar return'd to Spain and many fabulous Stories are writ of his Peregrination He landed at Valencia in June and in September marry'd Elizabeth the eldest Daughter of the Earl of Vrgel who was in Prison By her he had Elizabeth afterwards Queen of Portugal Philippa who became a Nun Peter Constable of Portugal James a Cardinal and Bishop of Lisbon John King of Ciprus and Beatrix Wife to Adolphus Duke of Cleves Prince Peter after his Marriage visited the King of Castile at Aranda and came safe to Portugal Whole Towns went out to meet him admiring him as if he had dropp'd from Heaven the Ignorance of that Age making his Travels appear Supernatural The King of Castile having setled Old Castile and releas'd Garci Fernandez Manrique who as has been said was apprehended at the same time with Prince Henry of Aragon and restor'd him his Estate return'd towards the end of this Year to the Kingdom of Toledo and having spent some time at Alcalá went thence to Illescas Thither came to him Joseph Abencerrage who fled from Granada to espouse the depos'd King's Quarrel The King treated him generously and sent along with him Alonso de Lorca to the King of Tunez to exhort him to take Compassion on that Injur'd King and assist him with his Forces to recover his Crown promising not to be wanting on his part The King of Tunez encourag'd by this Embassy sent King Mahomet into Spain with a good Fleet and 300 Horse He landed at Vera and immediatly a wonderful change appear'd for all places submitted to him and even the City Granada was deliver'd up at the beginning of the Year 1429. The Usurper retir'd to the Castle call'd Alhambra where he was soon after taken and put to Death leaving the Crown he had unjustly possess'd to the rightful owner Thus much in Spain France could hardly be in a worse Condition the English being Masters of Paris and the greatest part of that Country Charles the VII King of France in that Distress sent Embassadors with great Submission to beg Assistance of several Princes and among them of the King of Aragon Mathias Rexaque sent on this Embassy came to Barcelona in April At that time the King of Aragon was bent upon two several Wars That of Naples troubl'd him most Prince Peter his Brother being return'd thence into Spain having lost all hope of Success Dalmatius Sasera was left in his Place to preserve what remain'd in the Hands of the Aragonians Besides the King of Aragon was making great Preparations for a War with Castile For these reasons the French Embassy had no Success But the Affairs of France were recover'd out of that desperate Condition by a wonderful Providence The English had besieg'd Orleans seven Months and Hunger began to pinch the besieg'd when on a sudden a Maid about 18 years of Age whose Name was Joan and is commonly called The Maid of Orleans persuaded the French she was sent from Heaven to relieve Orleans She gain'd Credit and put Relief into the Town and at lengh the Siege was rais'd From this time the English lost many Towns this Maid encouraging and leading the French At last she was taken by the English carry'd to Roan where she was tryed condemned and burnt for a Witch Many have been of Opinion she was wrongfully put to Death and the French to this Day reverence her as a Saint Her Statue is upon the Bridge of Orleans kneeling on the left Hand of a great Crucifix and the King on the Right But these things belong to the Histories of France and England where they are handl'd at large Peter Cardinal of Faux Legate from Pope Martin the V assembled a Synod of the Bishops of the Province of Tarragona in that City What Acts pass'd in that Synod is not known But the matter of greatest Concern there brought to Perfection was that they prevail'd upon the Canon Giles Mun̄oz to resign the Title of Pope and the Cardinals that follow'd him were depriv'd of that Dignity This was done by the King of Aragon's Order to oblige Pope Martin whom before he kept under by Terror and now endeavour'd tō oblig'd by this Courtesy Peniscola which before belong'd to the Knights of St. John was now annex'd to the Crown Giles Mun̄oz in requital for his Resignation was made Bishop of Majorca Alonso de Borgia was also chosen Bishop of Valencia in recompense of the Pains he had taken to reduce Giles Mun̄oz and his Companions to Complyance and this was the first step Borgia made to attain the highest Dignities All this was done at Tortosa in August This was the end of that Schism which lasted longest and was hottest maintain'd of any that has been in the Church Processions and all manner of Devotions were perform'd in Thanksgiving for this Blessing and to implore the Mercy of God that such Judgments might be averted for the future It will be well we conclude this Book with Peace to begin the next with a bloody War betwixt the Kings of Spain The End of the Twentieth Book THE History of SPAIN The One and Twentieth BOOK CHAP. I. The War betwixt Aragon and Navarre on the one side and Castile on the other The King of Navarre crowned John King of Castile breaks into Aragon with a powerful Army and does much harm there SPain had of late years enjoyed Peace the Kings there of being tyr'd with the former Wars and now ally'd to one another in a very strict Degree With the Moors of Granada there was a lasting Truce or if there happen'd any Breach it was of no great Moment True it is the Christians wanted not the Will to extirpate that perverse Nation and a good Opportunity seem'd to offer it self the Moors being divided into several Factions among themselves But these Thoughts were lay'd aside by reason of a new War that broke out betwixt the King 's of Aragon and Navarre on the one side and him of Castile on the other and yet the noise prov'd much more than the Execution
the Two distressed Kings Alonso and Ferdinand and Joanna the Queen-Dowager Gonçalo Fernandez de Cordova was stopped some Days with his Men at Majorca and Sardinia but arrived at Meçina on the 24th of May. King Ferdinand of Naples had already possessed himself of Rijoles and other neighbouring Places in Calabria in which Province Everard Stuart Lord of Aubeni a renowned Commander was left Governour by the King of France Rijoles Cotron Amantia and some other Places were delivered to Gonçalo Fernandez to hold them for the King his Master till he should be paid the Charges of that War as also to secure Sicily Some difference arose betwixt the new King and Gonçalo Fernandez because the King was positive for marching with all his Forces directly to Naples the Citizens inviting him even before the King of France was gone thence Gonçalo Fernandez would not abandon Calabria where he had those Strong-holds and doubted not but the rest of the Country would declare for the King of Spain for whom they testified a singular Affection It was agreed to relieve Semanera which was distressed by the French The Lord Aubeni lay in the way with whom the King came to a Battel was defeated and had been killed or taken his Horse falling dead under him had not a Gentleman called John Andrew d' Altavila mounted him on his own Horse so the King escaped and the Gentleman was killed which was an extraordinary Demonstration of Loyalty in those corrupt Times This Battel was fought on June 21. Our Forces retired to Semanera thence the King went over to Sicily resolving to return again to Naples before the News of that Misfortune could come thither Gonçalo Fernandez went away to the other part of Calabria where he soon took several Places and at last subdued the whole Province The King with 60 Sail he found at Meçina without any Land-men passed over to Naples where he was received with great Joy The People rose and plundered the Houses of the Princes of Salerno and Basignano The Duke of Monpensier and Prince of Salerno retired to Castelnovo Capua and all Apulia followed the example of Naples Besides upon the News of the Battel of Tarro the Colonels forsook the French and agreed with the King of Naples On the other side the Ursini joined with the French Still the Castles of Naples held for the French but were close blocked up A Moor who was in the Monastery of Santa Cruz still held by the French advertised the Marquess de Pescara he would give him admittance into it The Marquess coming thither at night that Fellow gave him a mortal Wound This Nobleman was the King's General he left a Son called Ferdinand who was afterwards a famous Commander Prosper Colonna succeeded him in his Command The Castles were at length surrendered the Duke of Monpensier and Prince of Salerno being before gone to the City Salerno by Sea During this War of Naples was first discovered a new Disease contagious only by way of carnal Copulation The Italians called it the French Disease and the French the Neapolitan Disease the Africans the Spanish-Disease It is most likely it came from the Indies and was carried to Naples by the Spaniards Tenerif one of the Canary Islands was this Year brought under the Dominion of Spain by Forces sent thither by the King The King of that Island being brought to Spain was sent as a Present to the Republick of Venice Alonso de Lugo for his good Service in the Conquest of this Island and that of Palma was made Lieutenant of the Canaries Thus all those Islands were brought under the Dominion of Spain CHAP. VI. The Death of John II. King of Portugal The French quite expelled the Kingdom of Naples Ferdinand King of Spain Honoured by the Pope with the Title of Catholick King The Posture of Affairs in Portugal under Emanuel the New King THE Catholick King laboured to draw the Kings of England and Portugal into the League against France He of Portugal excused himself upon account of his ancient Friendship with France and his Dissatisfaction against the Pope who refused to Legitimate his Son George whom he had by a Lady of Quality and designed to make his Heir having to that purpose sollicited the Emperor to renounce any Claim he might lay to that Crown To the King of England it was not only proposed he should enter into the Confederacy but also marry his Heir to one of the Princesses of Castile Both things succeeded but it was after some time The King of Portugal being troubled with a Dropsie went to the Baths of Algarve which are the best in those Parts This Remedy failed and he died on the 14th of September at Alvor In his Will he appointed Emanuel his Cousin Son to his Unkle Ferdinand to succeed him In case he died withour Issue he substituted his Bastard-Son George to whom for the present he gave the Mastership of the Order of Christ and the Dukedom of Coimbra From him are descended the Dukes of Aviero This Prince had a mixture of Good and Evil He encouraged Brave and Virtuous Men was a Lover of Justice had a piercing Judgment and Noble Inclinations The Blood he spilt made him hateful to his Subjects and his Device was a Pelican that feeds its young with its own Blood His Body was first buried in the Cathedral of Silves and thence translated to the Monastery of Batalla among his Ancestors After his death Emanuel was by the General Consent of all Men proclaimed King notwithstanding Maximilian the Emperor had a better Title as being the Eldest of the late King's Cousin-Germans but this availed him not D. Henry Enriquez Earl of Liste who Commanded on the Frontiers of Russillon made an Incursion into the Frontiers of Narbonne D. Peter Manrique did the same by the way of Guipuzcoa They did nothing considerable but were the cause that the King of France who stayed at Aste till the end of Autumn made haste to conclude a Treaty with the Duke of Milan The principal Articles agreed upon were That Novaro should be restored to the Duke That the Castellet of Genoua should be put into the hands of the Duke of Ferrara and free Passage and Assistance given the French to recover Naples And That the Duke of Milan should pay down 50000 Ducats to him of Orleans This done the King of France returned to his Country The King of Naples complained of this Agreement and the Duke made Necessity his Excuse The Neapolitan the more to oblige the King of Castile to protect him proposed to marry one of his Daughters This being delayed at last by the Advice of the Queen Dowager he resolved to marry the Lady Joanna her Daughter and his own Aunt being Sister to his Father He demanded Aid of the Venetians and they sent him some Forces Commanded by the Marquess of Mantua and 15000 Ducats in Money For this Aid the King put into their hands as a Pawn the Cities Brindez
that held out for the French The Garrison of the Castle agreed to surrender upon the same Articles if not relieved in 21 days This same day being the 25th of October the Spanish Army mustered at Castanerola near Bressa It was found above 8000 Foot strong Commendary Solis was left in that City with 1000 Men the rest of the Army marched to besiege the Castle of Bergamo the City being already surrendered Admiral Villamarin sailed from Naples with 7 Galleys to join those of the Pope at Civita Vecchia in order to besiege the Castle of the Lantern at Genoa which held out for the French They found there 3 Galleys of Venice sent to the same effect Four other Galleys the Duke of Genoa had furnished but ill equipped The Siege went on slowly At Marseilles the French had but 6 Galleys and one Galleon The Schismatick Cardinals continued their Council at Lions and made large Offers to several Princes D. Hugo de Moncada Viceroy of Sicily sailed over to Tripoli to give Orders for fortifying that Place The Duke of Urbin lay between Ravenna and Bologna with 500 Men at Arms and 1000 Swiss His Italians who were more numerous daily ravaged the Country but did nothing considerable Maximilian Sforcia stayed at Trent till the French were quite expelled the Dukedom of Milan and the Milaneses had satisfied the Swiss who as they stood firm to his Interest so they would have their share in the Booty The Milaneses agreed to give them 150000 Ducats in hand and 40000 yearly for ever and offered Three Strong-holds in that Dukedom for their Security The Emperor coveted that Dukedom for one of his Grandsons but the Princes of Italy were against it In fine to put an end to all Disorders Maximilian Sforcia entred that City upon the 29th of December immediately preceding the Year 1513. He was received with the Pomp and Joy usually expressed to the former Dukes The Swiss Ambassadors presented him the Keys with much Ceremony Next care was to reduce those Places still held by the French The Marquess of Padula with the Spanish Infantry soon took the strong Castle Trezo on the Banks of the River Abdua That of Novara was surrendered to the Duke's Forces In order to conclude a Peace betwixt the Emperour and the Venetians the Truce which was expired in January was continued till the end of March The Cardinal of Gurse would have the same Conditions the Pope promised the Year before to the Emperour but the Venetians would hear of nothing unless Verona were restored to them It was thought convenient to make War upon them with the Forces of the Emperour Spain and Milan without making mention of the Swiss who it was believed would soon agree with the French through the Negociation of Monsieur de la Trimouille sent to that purpose which was the beginning of new Troubles The Viceroy to secure Milan where the French had still footing and Trivulcio had gathered 5000 Foot more Supplies daily resorting to them placed Prosper Colona at Aste with a good Body of Men to secure that Pass The Catholick King thought it convenient to make use of the Power of England against the French and because the English were not willing to mix with other Men he perswaded that King by the way of Calais to invade Normandy while at the same time he undertook to conquer Guienne and deliver it up to him King Henry fitted out 50 Sail to transport 9000 Foot all choice Men and well Armed and and at the same time sollicited the Catholick King to send him 50 Ships more It was not easie to answer in so many places at once for besides all other things in hand King Ferdinand was sick and Andaluzia in an uproar The occasion of his Sickness was a certain extravagant Potion the Queen made him drink at Medina del Campo in hopes of conceiving so Dr. Carvajal and Peter Martyr relate it as a thing allowed by all Men. The effect of it was such that the King grew very weak and delighted in nothing but being in the Woods His Disease daily encreased he had fainting Fits and Signs of a Dropsie Andaluzia mutinied upon the death of Henry Duke of Medina Sidonia He had a Sister by the same Father and Mother called Mencia and married to D. Peter Giron and also a Brother only by the Father's side called D. Alonso Perez de Guzman In his Will he appointed his Sister to Inherit affirmming the Second Marriage of his Father was invalid Upon this account D. Peter Giron thought to possess himself of that Estate and secure◠Medina and Sidonia The Lady Ellenor de Zun̄iga Stepmother to D. Mencia and the late Duke stood up for her Son who had the true Title and the King favoured his Cause intending he should marry the Lady Anne of Aragon Daughter to the Archbishop of Zaragoça This Dispute was like to be decided by force of Arms both Parties having powerful Supports Justice prevailed and the Brother of the Duke carried the Estate Gonçalo Marin̄o commanded at Bugia and Martin Argote at Oran as Lieutenant to the Marquess of Comares Some Skirmishes hapned with the Moors but nothing remarkable only that Muley Abdalla with some Forces came up to Bugia and burnt the Suburbs No part was left standing but one Tower where the Jews saved themselves Gon\l = c \alo Marin̄o breaking the Articles concluded with the Moors was the cause of this Misfortune for which he was removed from that Post and D. Raymund Carroz sent in his Place CHAP. VI. Pope Julius dies Leo X. Succeeds him The Truce betwixt Spain and France The War in Navarre and Revolutions at Genoa POpe Julius being sick and his Recovery despaired of Advice was sent to Milan Florence Siena and Luca to secure the Roads that the Schismatick Cardinals might not come to the Conclave At length the Pope died on the 20th of February The People mutinied at Rome and there was great Contention betwixt the Coloneses and the Ursini The Monastery of S. Paul of Benedictine Monks was plundered and other disorders committed Hierome Vic the Spanish Ambassador contributed much to pacifie the Multitude On the 4th of March the Cardinals entred the Conclave having first discharged the Son of the Duke of Mantua kept as a Hostage till then and on the 11th by Votes of almost all of them Cardinal John de Medicis was chosen Pope and took the Name of Leo X. That very day he declared he would continue in the League and bring the Emperor and King of England into it The Cardinals Carvajal and Sanseverino who were at Lions but in no great Esteem designed to go into Italy and get into the Conclave Prosper Colona favoured them and designed himself to go to Rome and have a Pope of his own creating But the Viceroy would not suffer him to go lest he should raise some Mutiny and put a restraint upon the Conclave The Cardinals came in a Galeon to Leghorn but
Africa but the truth was they undertook this War at the Instigation of the French King whose Embassadors were aboard the Fleet. Anno 1552. Four Divines or Ministers of Wittemberg the chief of whom was Brencius came to Trent They presented to the Council a Book called the Wittemberg Confession All this was only to amuse the Council till such time as Duke Maurice had raised Men and made other warlike Preparations On the 2d of April News was brought to Trent that he had seized the City Ausburg and that the Emperor was in danger at Inspruck which caused the Council on a sudden to break up On the other side Albertus Marquis of Brandenburg possessed himself of Treves and the French of all Lorrain The Emperor was much perplex'd not being able to withstand so many Enemies He resolved to release the Duke of Saxony and the Landtgrave which pacified Duke Maurice On the Borders of Italy whither in the first Consternation he retired Forces flock'd to him from all Parts However he pardon'd the Marquis of Brandenburg designing to make use of him against the French This done he laid Siege to Metz with a great Army on the 20th of October but many of his Men perishing by reason of the badness of the Weather he was forced to quit that Enterprize On the 2d of December this Year departed this Life the Blessed F. Francis Xaverius as he was going to China He was a Native of Navarre and one of the Ten first Companions of S. Ignatius He preached among the barbarous People of India Japan and other Parts and was doubtless a Man of singular Sanctity and admirable in his Life His Body is preserved entire in the Church of his Order at Goa he being Canonized D. Peter de Toledo was Viceroy of Naples at such time as Ferdinand de Sanseverino Prince of Salerno caused the Turkish Fleet under the Command of Rustan Bassa to come against that City His Treason being discover'd he fled to Venice for which cause the Fleet returned to Constantinople without attempting any thing Only near the Island Ponça they met Andrew Doria overthrew his Fleet and took 7 of his Galleys The Prince of Salerno having declared himself went away to the Port to incite him the next Year to send another Fleet. The Emperor had put a Garison into Siena under the Command of D. James de Mendoza upon occasion of the Tumults and Factions in that City and to prevent its being deliver'd to the French D. James for his greater security raised a Fort for the Garison The Citizens suspecting this tended to deprive them of their Liberty put themselves under the Protection of France and then taking Arms expelled the Garison razing the Fort from the very Foundations which necessitated them to prepare for the ensuing War and for the Siege which was laid to the Place by D. Peter de Toledo in pursuance of the Emperor's commands This Year died at Florence Paulus Jovius at Ferrara Lillus Gregorius Giraldus and at Salamanca Ferdinand Pincianus the Greek Commentator Anno 1553. King Edward of England departed this Life on the 16th of July his Sister Queen Mary succeeded him tho opposed by many She being possessed of the Crown restor'd the Catholick Religion D. Peter de Toledo lying at the Siege of Siena died in the House of his Son-in-Law Cosmo de Medicis Duke of Florence His Forces return'd to Naples upon a Report of the approach of the Turkish Fleet under the command of the afore-mention'd Prince of Salerno This Fleet appear'd before Naples but there happening no Mutiny in the City it sailed on to Corsica great part whereof the Turks possessed themselves of it being subject to the Genoeses This Year John Prince of Portugal Married Joanna the Emperor's Daughter with great Solemnity but the Joy of this Match was not lasting Anno 1554. Before a Year was gone about after his Marriage the said Prince John died at Lisbon the 2d of January His Body was buried at the Monastery of Bethlem near Lisbon On the 20th of January his Wife was deliver'd of a Son who of the Day of his Birth was called Sebastian He was of a Noble and truly Royal Spirit but lived not long His Mother went away to Castile to govern those Kingdoms because her Brother Prince Philip was going away to be Married The new Queen of England desiring to secure her self in the Throne thought fit to chuse a Resolute and Powerful Husband and found none fitter for her purpose than Philip Prince of Spain to whom the Emperor his Father had on the last of October before resign'd up the Kingdom of Naples and Dukedom of Milan All Points being adjusted the Prince went over into England where the Marriage was Solemnized at Winchester on the 25th of July being St. James's Day Cardinal Reginald Poole was present being the Pope's Legate of the Blood Royal of England and great Sanctity of Life to reduce that Kingdom as he did to the Obedience of the Church of Rome Our Forces return'd to the Siege of Siena and the Marquis de Marignano the Emperor's General overthrew in Battel near that City Peter Strozzi a Banish'd Florentin sent by the French King with Forces to relieve the Besieged and drive the Imperialists out of Milan Anno 1555. Pope Julius died at Rome the 23d of March and on the 10th of April Cardinal Marcellus Gerninus born at Montepulchiano was chosen to succeed him and kept his former Name He held S. Peter's Chair only 22 days wherefore on the 23th of May Cardinal John Peter Garrasa born at Naples of noble Birth and a great Spirit was Elected in his room He took the Name of Paul IVth and governed the Church 4 Years 2 Months and 27 Days At length the City Siena tired with the Miseries of a long Siege was surrendred to the Emperor D. Francis de Mendoça Cardinal of Burgos was sent from Rome to settle the Government of that City At the Suit and Intercession of Cardinal Alexander Farnesius the Emperor pardoned his Brother Duke Octavius but kept in his hands the Citadel of Plasencia where a Spanish Garrison was left which King Philip the Second some Years after withdrew D. Ferdinand of Toledo Duke of Alva was at this time Viceroy of Naples he was ordered to march to Milan to oppose the Mareschal de Brissac who made War on that side for the King of France tho not with much vigor King Philip the Summer being well advanced departed out of England and came to Brussels where the Emperor his Father resigned up to him all his Kingdoms being desirous to take his repose as he accordingly did the Year following when having given up the Empire to his Brother Ferdinand he with his two Sisters the two Queens Ellenor and Mary went over into Spain and made choice for his retreat of the Monastery of S. Justa of the Order of S. Hierome in the territory of Plasencia
of Granada Andrew de Cuesta Bishop of Leon D. Martin de Ayala of Segovia D. James de Covarrubias of Cuidad Rodrigo and D. Antony Augustin of Lerida Of the Divines the most remarkable were the Fathers James Lainez Alonso Salmeron and Peter de Soto of the Order of S. Dominick a Learned and Pious Man He died at Trent in his old Age He was under a cloud at Rome Salarraez King of Argiers this year laid Siege to Oran and Mazalquivir The Earl of Alcaudete was in Oran and his Brother D. Martin de Cordova in Mazalquivir both of them behaved themselves with much Bravery but the Defence of Mazalquivir which was hardest press'd will ever be famous D. John de Mendoça General of the Spanish Galleys coming thither raised the Siege Anno 1564. John Calvin died at Geneva the 19th of May Theodorus Beza succeeded him former wicked but the latter if possible worse To discover how wicked a Man Beza was it suffices to read his Love Poems By them it appears he was a fit Head for the Sect he professed D. Garcia de Toledo Marquis of Villafranca Son to D. Peter de Toledo who was Viceroy of Sicily and Admiral of Spain this Year on the 6th of September near the City Velez on the Coast of Africk took from the Moores the strong Castle El Pen̄ol built formerly by Count Peter Navarro but at this time possessed by the Moores On the 25th of July the Emperor Ferdinand died at Vienna His Son Maximilian the second of the Name succeeded him Anno 1565. D. Luis de Biamonte Earl of Lerin and Constable of Navarre departed this Life without leaving any Issue-Male and D. James de Toledo younger Son to Duke of Alva Marrying his Daughter Brianda inherited all his Estate Thus ended that Family which for many Years had disturb'd the Kingdom always opposing the natural Kings from whom it was descended Elizabeth Queen of Spain with the consent of the King her Husband went to the Frontiers of France as far as the City Bayonne in Guienne where she spent 17 days with her Mother and Brothers and then returned into Spain At the same time the Island of Malta began to be infested by the Turkish Fleet. Three Months were spent in the Siege many Knights and a great number of the Enemy were slain and among them the Pyrate Dragut taken off with a Cannon-Ball At last the Turks understanding that D. Garcia de Toledo Viceroy of Sicily was coming to the Relief of the Besieged they raised the Siege and sailed off having sustained great loss In Spain in pursuance of the Decrees of the Council of Trent many Synods were held the principal were those of Toledo Salamanca and Braga In that of Toledo was the Bishop of Siguença D. Peter de la Gasca and among the Deputies for the Church of Cuenca D. Alonso Ramirez de Vergara a Man very much noted for Learning and Piety and extreamly Charitable especially towards the Jesuits for whom he built at his own Cost a Colledge at Alcala whither his Bones were translated with much Solemnity on the 25th of October 1621. to a stately Church there built by the Ladies Mary and Katherine de Mendoça The Body of the Martir S. Eugenius first Bishop of Toledo was with great Solemnity brought from the Monastery of S. Denis near Paris and arrived at Toledo the 18th of November The King was present at the Feast with all the Royal Family the Princes Rodulphus and Ernestus Sons to the Emperor and the Bishops who were Assembled at the Synod Pope Pius the Fourth departed this Life the 10th of December Anno 1566. Cardinal Michael Gislerius born at Boschio in the Territory of Alexandria a City of Lombardy and of the Order of S. Dominick was on the 7th of January chosen Pope He took the Name of Pius V. and Govern'd the Church 6 Years 3 Months and 23 Days His Life and Conversation were so Holy few have been to compare to him The Catholick King was in the Forest of Balsain by reason of the heat of the Summer when on the 12th of August the Queen was deliver'd of a Daughter called Elizabeth Clare Eugenia Solyman the Great Turk had laid Siege to Sigeth a strong but small Town in Hungary before it could be reduced he died but yet his Army afterwards took the place He left his Son Selymus the Second his Heir Margaret Dutchess of Parma the Catholick King 's Sister Govern'd the Low Countries for him the Hereticks contemned her because she was a Woman and consequently those Provinces began to Mutiny Many extraordinary Insolencies were committed in several Places but most they raged against the Images of Saints that were in the Churches The Queen of Scotland flying the Rebellion of her Subjects at Home was forc'd into England where upon false Informations contrary to all Human and Divine Laws she was cast into Prison Anno 1567. The Archbishop of Toledo after his Case had depended many Years was by Order of Pope Pius the Fifth sent to Rome where he arrived the 28th of May and was sent Prisoner to the Castle of Santangelo till Judgment should be given The Rebellion in Flanders ran high and continued for several Years D. Ferdinand of Toledo Duke of Alva was sent by the King to quench this Fire Soon after his arrival the Princess Margaret went away for Italy and the Counts of Horn and Egmont were taken up by the Duke The Rebel Hereticks in France besieged Paris The Constable Montmorancy marched to raise the Siege They came to a Battel near St. Denis where the Catholicks got the Victory but with the Death of the Constable The Enemy with the Admiral their General were put to flight Count Aremberg who came from Flanders with 4000 Burgundians to the Assistance of the Catholicks was very instrumental in obtaining this Victory Anno 1568. On the 7th of March the Bodies of the Holy Martyrs Pastor and Justus were brought from Huesca and interr'd at Alcala de Henares where they suffered and were born The principal Ring-leader of the Rebellion in the Low Countries was the Prince of Orange who fearing to meet with what he deserv'd was fled His Brother Count Luis with several Companies of Germans entred West-Frizeland Count Aremberg with his Forces and the Spanish Regiment of D. Gonçalo de Bracamonte march'd against him but being too hasty in charging was overthrown The Count and many more being slain the rest fled to Groningen through the Marishes the Country being overflow'd by reason the Dikes were broken Count Egmont and Count Horn being convicted of Treason as is believed very wrongfully were by the Duke of Alva's Order executed at Brussels They were publickly Beheaded on the 4th of June and to prevent the People Mutinying they were strongly guarded to the Scaffold and all the Streets lined This Execution rather incensed than appeased the People This done the Duke of Alva march'd against the
as the Slaugter-house Gate scarce leaving any Monuments that there had been Buildings there It also bore down the Wall at the new Gate and broke into the City filling several Streets and finding no way out still rose drowning some Quarters of the City and in S. John's Street came up to the Floors of the second Stories All the Street de los Almaçâ—nes or of the Storehouses was drowned and all the Provisions and Merchandize laid up there were lost Several Quarters of the City were totally ruined as were the Monasteries of S. Dominick and S. Francis being so shaken they were rendred uninhabitable Great numbers of People fled to the tops of their Houses which falling they were carried away into the Mediterranean or buried in the Ruines Among the other Destruction made by the River Guadalmedina it was observed to take one corner House away intire and carry it so for a great space till at last it fell in pieces with the death of 16 Persons that were in it At 3 in the Afternoon the Storm ceased and at 5 the Water was gone out of the Streets at which time the Bishop and Governour gave great Alms among the poor People that were found alive in the ruinated Houses Above 1600 Houses were utterly destroyed 3000 so shaken that they threatned Ruine above 2000 Persons lost and the whole Dammage was computed at above 3 Millions A Ship of the Biscainers putting out of S. Sebastian met a Vessel of 28 Guns bound from Bayonne to Portugal which refusing to produce any Pass was sunk and in it 35 Men only 17 being saved by the Biscaniers among whom were 3 Portugues Fidalgos or Noblemen There was also taken a Trunk with Letters in it from the Envoy in England to the King of Portugal which were sent to Court On the 26th of September arrived at CorunÌ„a our Squadron that was out to secure the West-India Fleet with the Ships of the firm Land and new Spain being 34 Sail. These Ships besides a Chest of Pearls of inestimable Value brought for his Majesty 3247460 Pieces of Eight and for private Persons 6476690 in all 9724150 Pieces of Eight The Fleet having landed the Plate there sailed again with the other Merchandize and arrived at Cadiz on the 13th of November Amar Aga Alcaide and Governour of Tremecen had destroyed all the Corn belonging to those Moors that lived about Oran and had submitted themselves to the Spanish Governour of that Place who was then the Marquess of Leganes These Moors used to bring their Corn to sell to that City and the Garrison subsisted upon it The Marquess finding that no fair Means or Threats prevailed upon those People to reduce them marched out with 350 Foot and 180 Horse and forded the River Cid Soliman six Leagues from Oran then falling upon the Moors who live along that River he took 64 Slaves 12 Horses and a great number of Cattle whereof notice was immediately given to Amar Aga. He gathering his Turks lay in wait for the Marquess in his Return at the Ford of the River Cique where they engaged and 15 Turks were killed among whom was Xeque Salem Beniahim Amar Aga was in danger of being taken having his Horse killed and escaped upon another given him by his Guards The Turks retired to Tremecen and the Marquess returned victorious to Oran Not content with this he went out again with the same number of Horse and Foot and marching 7 Leagues to Zanua Zafa and Mediona brought under 9 Hords of Arabs containing 986 Moors 132 Tents and 16000 Head of Cattle Thus all those neighbouring Moors were again brought under Subjection and the Turks disappointed to the great Honour of the Marquess of Leganes Three Ships sailed from Alicant richly Laden with Merchandize for Venice and had aboard the Servants and Equipage of the Cardinal D. Pasqual de Aragon and other Passengers Near the Island of S. Peter they met 5 Turkish Pyrats and after Cannonading one another above 3 hours one of the 3 Ships which was French sunk another which was a Hollander being in danger to be taken burnt it self the 3 getting off in the Night arrived safe at Leghorn with 7 Turks that remain'd alive of above 100 that Boarded her Cardinal Pasqualis of Aragon made his publick Entry into Rome on the 7th of June and on the 29th after the Pope had heard Mass presented him the Hacaney and Purse with 7000 Ducats which our Kings every Year pay as an Acknowledgment for the Kingdom of Naples and that Night there was publick Rejoicings throughout the whole City Cardinal Mazarine prime Minister of France died the 9th of March. A violent Storm of Wind on the 30th of March overthrew above 150 Houses in the City Pau in the Province of Bearn On the 31th the Duke of Orleans only Brother to the most Christian King married his Cousin German Henrietta Maria Sister to the King of England and on the 18th of April the Lady Luisa of Bourbon 2d Daughter to the Duke of Orleans was by Proxy contracted to Mathius eldest Son to the Duke of Florence The Pope's Bull was published at Paris the 19th of June absolutely forbidding the Doctrine of Jansenius Queen Christina of Sweden who resided at Rome having abdicated that Kingdom hearing of the Death of her Cousin King Charles Adolphus returned to Sweden and made a solemn Entry into Stockholm where complaining that her Pension of 200000 Rixdollers was not duly paid her it was agreed in the Dyet She should have 150000 paid every Year provided She retired to some part of the Kingdom or else to Rome where She was before Such was the hatred conceived against her for embracing the Catholick Religion The War still continued hot betwixt the Venetians and the Turks in Candia and other Parts 15 Turkish Galleys were cast away in the Euxine Sea and 5 others on the Coast of Morea as also three Barbary Pyrats on the Coast of Sicily A great Earthquake hapned at Constantinople which overthrew many Buildings and killed a great number of People The Venetian Fleet had a sharp Engagement with 18 Turkish Ships that were carrying Supplies to Candia but a sudden Storm parted and dispersed them into several Ports The Turks entred Transilvania with an Army of 60000 Men and laid Siege to Plasemburg near Hermanstadt the chief City Ragotzi Prince of Transilvania attempted to put Relief into the Place with only 4000 Men and tho' heexecuted it with the loss of only 700 of his Soldiers and the Destruction of 6000 of the Enemy yet he having received 14 Wounds and soon after dying the City was taken by the Infidels Hence the Turks began to spread into Hungary doing much Mischief but the Counts Herberstein and Serini gathering 12000 Men killed 800 of them took 700 Prisoners and returned with a great Booty After this the Turks made vast Preparations in all Parts and brought the Asian Forces into Europe in Order to invade the Dominions of
Persecution in Japan 37 Philip II. Sworn Heir of Castile 6 Governour of Spain 11 His Marriage 12 Marries a Third Wife Returns into Spain 17 Aspires to the Crown of France 29 Dies 30 Philip III. Born 24 Sworn Heir of Spain 26 His Marriage 30 In Portugal 33 Dies 34 35 Philip IV. Born 31 Sworn Heir of Spain 31 Marries the French Kings Sister 33 Goes with the Princess his Daughter to the Frontiers 89 Dies 90 Philip Prince of Spain Dies 84 Pius IV. chosen Pope 17 Pius V chosen Pope 19 Dies 21 Places in Guienne taken 40 Places in the Low-Countries taken by the French 46 Plague 17 At Naples 74 Pope and Emperor at Bologna 8 Pope and King of France at Marseilles 8 Portugues Ambassador's Brother beheaded 69 Portugueses worsted 62 Posture of Affairs in Flanders 80 Practices against the Emperor 6 Proceedings against Hereticks 12 Prodigy 86 Q. Queen of Spain Dies 25 32 Queen of Spain Delivered of a Daughters 60 Queen Regent of Portugal Dies 91 Quiroga Archbishop of Toledo 20 R. Ragusa destroyed by an Earthquake 93 Rebellion in Spain 3 In Ghent 10 In France 18 In the Low-Countries 19 In Naples 47 Rebels in France Besiege Paris 20 Riches of the Spanish Fleet. 85 D. Roderick Calderon behended 35 Rome Sacked 6 Rousillon Invaded by the French 42 S. S. Francis Xaverius 15 S. Ignatius Beatified 32 S. Rosalia her Feast 62 Savoy Duke in Spain 26 Sebastian King of Portugal his Birth 15 Slain with all his Army in Africk 24 Several Places in the Low-Countries Revolt 22 Ships taken 41 71 Siena expels the Imperalists Surrendred to the Emperor Given to the Duke of Florence 16 Sixtus V. chosen Pope 26 Slaughter of the English Garrison of Tangier 98 Solyman Dies before Zigeth 19 Spaniards expelled Milan 1 Take Towns in Picardy 40 Overthrown in Catalonia 45 Worsted by the Turks 18 At the Council of Trent 18 Spanish West-India Fleet burnt by Blake 75 Armada against England destroyed 27 Ambassador Received by the Rebels in England 50 Storm of Wind and Rain 40 Succours sent the French Rebels by the Spaniards 65 Swarms of Locusts 11 Swisse Routed 1 Synods in Spain 19 Synod at Toledo 25 T. Termes Castle taken 45 Terrible Storm 84 Theatins in Spain 38 Thirty Thousand Germans in France 27 Three Remarkable things 9 Tortosa taken 57 Troubles in France 48 Truce for Ten Tears 9 Betwixt France and Spain 16 With the Dutch Rebels 32 With Holland 47 Tumults in Aragon appeased 29 Tunez taken by the Emperor 8 Turenne overthrown by Condê 64 Turks over-run Hungary 6 Before Candia 70 Enter Transilvania 85 Turkish Fleet at Naples 15 Turkish Fleet beaten 92 Twenty two Galleys cast away 18 Two Sea Fights 35 V. Valladolid made a Bishoprick 29 Venetians make Peace with the Turk 22 Victory over the Hollanders 33 Vienna Besieged 7 Urban VIII chosen Pope 36 W. Wallestein Executed 39 War in Flanders 14 Renewed betwixt France and Spain 16 Of Savoy and Mantua 33 In Italy 38 Betwixt France and Spain 40 Betwixt the Venetians and Turks 85 Betwixt the Emperor and the Turk 96 X. Xerifes of Africk their Rise 14 FINIS Tubal in Spain Description of Spain It s Situation and Form Rivers and Mountains of Spain Ancient and Modern division of Spain Language of Spain Customs of the Spaniards Fabulous Kings of Spain Geryon the first known King Osiris the Egyptian kills Geryon Orus or Hercules kills the three Sons of Gerion Hispalus King Hesperus Atlas expells Hesperus and Reigns Siculus Son of Atlas Inherits the Crown Saguntum built by the Greeks Bachus builds Nebrixa Lusitani so call'd from Lusus Argonauts in Spain Trojaus come into Spain Gargoris or Mellicola Abides's Birth and Education His Reign A wonderful Dearth The Celtae a People of France come into Spain Coming of the Rhodians Phenicians build Towns and settled in Spain Carthiginians their undertakings Beleares Islands 132. Argantonius's great Age. Nebuchadnezzar said to Conquer Spain Toledo and other Towns whence so call'd Carthaginians their first coming into Spain Baucius Capetus General of the Spaniards Phenicians driven into the Island of Cadiz They crave Aid of the Carthaginians Baucius again General against the Carthaginians Carthaginians make War upon the Phenicians 252. Famine and Earth-quakes 271. Sappho the Carthaginian Himilco and Hanno 307. Himilco sails along the Coast of Spain Hanno's Voyage to the Southward 312. Hanno and Himilco return to Carthage Hannibal the Elder sent to Govern Spain 315. A bloody Battle betwixt Spaniards 327. An universal Plague Wars in Sicily 346. Carthaginians discover a new Island Hanno in Sicily with 21000 Spaniards and 1000 Africans 336. 371. Hanno's Actions in Spain 398. Floods Earthquakes 405. Storms A Colony from Marseilles builds Empurias 419. Three remarkable things An Embassy to Alexander the Great The first Roman and Carthaginian War 502. 507. Earthquakes Hamilcar sent to Conquer Spain 516. 521. 524. Asdrubal succeeds Hamilcar 528. Asdrubal's Death 532. Hannibal Governs in Spain Saguntum Besieged Saguntum destroy'd 536. The Romans declare War the second time against Carthage Hannibal marches through France towards Rome Prodigies Gn. Scipio passes into Spain He overthrows the Carthaginians Prodigies in several Countries Hannibal's Progress in Italy The Romans success in Spain P. Corn. Scipio sent to assist his Brother 538. The Battle of Cannae Commotitions among the Spaniards 539. The two Scipio's defeat Asdrubal in Spain Famine Plague Carthaginians again routed 540. Carthaginians forced from the Siege of Illiturgum Carthaginian Army routed 541. Spaniards honour'd to incline them to serve the Romans 542. Syphax routed by Massinissa Romans Overthrown Two Seipio's slain L. Marcius restoreth the Roman Power in Spain Carthaginians attack the Roman Camp and are repuls'd Asdrubal and Mago routed and 37000 of their Men kill'd P. Corn. Scipio Proconsul of Spain 544. Scipio takes Carthagena 545. Asdrubal Barchinus Routed by Scipio 546. 547. 548. Asdrubal Son of Gisgo entirely Defeated by Scipio Scipio gains the Africans Memorable Siege of Astapa Massinissa joyns with the Romans 549. Mandonius and Indibilis Revolt 550. 552. 554. The Spaniards Revolt from the Romans who kill 15000 of them 555. 556. 557. Another Revolt 558. 559. Cato the first Consulin Spain Helvius recovers Iliturgum and fouts the Spaniards 40000 Spaniards killed by Cato Several Provinces submit Cato returns to Rome and Triumphs Several Governors of Spain L. Digicicius and P. S. Nasica M. Fulvius Nobilior and Caius L. Aemilius Lepidus Paulus Hypseus and Bebius Dives Flaminius Man Acidinus add Caius Catinius 568. Calpurnius Piso and Quintius Crispinus Terentius Varro and Paulus Sempronius Longus Pub. Manlius and F. Flaccus Posthumius Albinus and Sempronius Gracchus 576. M. Titinius Curvus and Quintus Fonteius 579. Ap. Claudius Centho Servilius Cepio and Furius Philo. M. Marcienus and Gn. Fabius Buteo 582. Sp. Lucrecius and M Junius L. Canuleyus 585. M. Marcellus Fonteyus Balbus Gn. Fulvius and C. Licinius Nerva Numantia its Description The terms of Peace with Numantia by