Council held at Valence on purpose in the Year 890. Thus France was divided into three Kingdoms The Kingdom of France which comprehended Normandy Aquitain and the Dutchy of Burdundy the Kingdom of Arles and the Kingdom of Lower Burgundy Eudes was not long in quiet possession of a Kingdom to which he could pretend no Right Charles the Simple had his Partisans who sent for him from England whither his Mother had carry'd him and caus'd him to The Reign of Charles the Simple be Crown'd at Rheims in the Year 893. He immediately enter'd into possession of a part of the Kingdom and rais'd a Civil War between the two Parties which within a while was appeas'd and wholly ended by the Death of Eudes which happen'd on the Thirtieth of January 898. By his Death Charles the Simple took possession of the Kingdom of France not of that of Arles nor of Lower Burgundy In the Year 918. he added Lorrain to his Dominions having conquer'd it from Henry the Falconer after the Death of Conrad But the Malecontents among the French Nobles took an occasion from this War to cut him out new Work and elected Robert the Brother of Eudes King who was Crown'd at Rheims on the Twentieth of June in the Year 922. so that Charles was forc'd to quit Lorrain to come and fight Robert This last was kill'd in Battle but his Party elected in his room his Brother-in-Law Radulphus II. Duke of Burgundy Charles the Simple struck up on Alliance with Henry the Faulconner 〈◊〉 whom he remitted Lorrain upon condition that he should aid him but he was treacherously taken in the Year 923. by Hebert Count of Vermandois who kept him Prisonner in Thierry Castle The Queen his Wife withdrew into England with her Son Lewis From that time Charles the Simple was always in the Power of Hebert or Hugh le Blanc Count of Paris Robert's Son who kept him Prisoner till his Death which happen'd in the Year 929. Upon his Death Radulphus was left in quiet possession of the Kingdom to the Year 936. at which time he Radulphus dy'd without Issue leaving the Dukedom of Burgundy to his Brother Hugh the Black and the chief Authority of France to Hugh the White Count of Paris and Orleans and Duke of France his Brother-in-Law However this Man had not the Heart to take the Crown upon him being afraid of Hebert Count of Vermandois and Gisalbert Duke of Lorrain and he thought it more advisable to send for the Son of Charles the Simple out of England who upon that account was call'd Lewis d'Outremer Lewis d'Outremer He was receiv'd without any Opposition and Crown'd at Laon in the Year 936. Lewis during his Reign had great Contests with the Counts Hebert and Hugh and was sometimes at War sometimes at Peace with Otho King of Germany But at last having accommodated Matters with Hugh he dy'd peaceably in the Year 954. leaving the Title of King to his Son Lotharius an Infant Lotharius of Fourteen or Fifteen years of Age and the Administration of the Government to Hugh to whom the young King granted the Dutchy of Burgundy and Aquitain Hugh dyed in the Year 956. and left four Children of whom the Eldest nam'd Hugh-Capet was declar'd Duke of France in the Year 959. by Lotharius who gave him likewise Poictou Lotharius reign'd peaceably Three and Thirty years having after the Death of Hugh the White reassum'd the Royal Authority But this was lost in the hands of his Son Lewis sirnam'd the Fainthearted who surviv'd his Father only sixteen Lewis the Faint-hearted Hugh-Capet and Robert Months under the Tutelage of Hugh-Capet and was the last King of the Carolignian Line For after his Death Hugh-Capet was Elected King by the Nobless of Nayon about the end of May in the Year 987. and afterwards Crown'd at Rheims without any regard had to Charles Duke of Lorrain Brother to Lotharius whom they hated because he had taken an Oath of Allegiance to the King of Germany for his Dutchy of Lorrain The next year Hugh-Capet caus'd his Son Robert also to be Crown'd However Duke Charles was not altogether out of hopes of re-investing himself in the States of his Ancestors and having seis'd on Laon and Rheims he made War for some time with Hugh but was taken in the Year 991. in the City of Laon and carried Prisoner to Senlis and from thence to Orleans where he was shut up in a Tower wherein he dy'd three years after And thus the Kingdom of France was transferr'd from the Carolignian Line to that of Hugh-Capet who liv'd till the Year 996. and left his Son Robert in quiet possession of the Kingdom which this good King govern'd till the Three and thirtieth year of the ensuing Century And thus much may suffice for what concerns the Political Estate of the Kingdom of France let us now proceed to the Ecclesiastical Affairs wherein the Archbishops of Rheims had a principal share FULCUS Arch-Bishop of Rheims FULCUS succeeded Hincmarus in the Arch-bishoprick of Rheims in the Year 882. He was Fulcus Arch-Bishop of Rheims a Person of Quality who had been a long time at Court Immediately he sent to Pope Marinus his Confession of the Faith according to Custom and receiv'd the Pall from him In a Second Letter he demanded a Confirmation of the Privileges granted by the Popes to his Predecessors and made Complaints to him of the Estate bequeath'd by his Brother Rampo for the building of a Monastery of which Ermenfroy who had married his Widdow had taken Possession Marinus wrote on this last point to to Gerard Arch-bishop of Sens in whose Diocess this Monastery was and to John Arch-bishop of Roan to whose Diocess Ermenfroy did belong giving him orders to enjoyn him to relinquish the Estate which he had so unjustly possess'd himself of and if he would not do it to make use of Canonical Punishments against him Fulcus wrote likewise to Pope Adrian the Successor of Marinus to Congratulate his Advancement to the Popedom and at the same time sent him some Copies of the Privileges granted by the Popes Leo Benedict and Nicholas to the Church of Rheims to which he desires him to grant a Confirmation In the same Letter he intreats him to send a Commission to the Arch-bishops of Sens and Roan to adjust the business of the Monastery which Ermenfroy had taken possession of and writes in favour of Frotarius Arch-bishop of Bruges who was accus'd by a Monk of his Diocess assuring the Pope that he had been Elected by the Bishops of his Province by the Clergy and Laity of his own Diocess and Confirm'd by Pope Marinus He sent another very submissive Letter to Pope Stephen wherein he thanks him for the Honour he did him in writing to him and in treating with him as a Friend and Brother Titles which he could not pretend to thinking it an Honour to be his Servant and Subject He assures him
nor in the Riches of this World In the Fifty seventh he admonishes Prince Godfrey that he did not use sufficient severity in the punishing of Criminals and shews how necessary it is that Princes should be very punctual in the Administration of Justice In the Fifty eighth he demonstrates That there is no perfect Felicity in this World and that all profane Sciences are not capable of making us truly Wise or Happy Therefore he warns Boniface to whom he writes that if he has not taken a resolution entirely to renounce worldly Wealth and Knowledge at least he ought to make use of them only as means for the attaining of the real Possessions and of the true Wisdom In the Fifty ninth he treats of the last Judgment and Antichrist and shews that it is difficult to discourse appositely on that Subject but very profitable to meditate seriously upon it He says that Antichrist shall reign three Years and a half that he shall be kill'd on the Mount of Olives and that forty days shall pass from his Death to the coming of JESUS CHRIST during which the Persecution shall cease and the Just whose Faith has been shaken shall perform Acts of Repentance That afterwards the Earth and Air shall be involv'd in universal Flames which shall purifie the Elect. Then he produces ten Signs that ought to precede the Day of Judgment according to St. Jerom. The Sixtieth and last Tract contains Allegorical Explications on divers Passages of the Book of Genesis We have given an account of the Opuscula after the Letters because the greatest part of those Tracts are in effect only of that nature and it were more expedient to leave them among the Letters as in the first Edition and to dispose them all according to the Order of time or the Subjects they treat of than to distribute them in such a manner as they appear at present Let us now return to the second Tome that contains Peter Damien's Sermons which are Seventy five in number disposed according to the Order of the Festivals of the Year but some of them do not belong to this Cardinal particularly that of St. Martin The second Sermon of St. Andrew that of St. Nicolas that on Christmass-Eve and that of St. Stephen the Protomartyr which are inserted among St. Bernard's Sermons and which were publish'd by Father Mabillon in the Edition of the Works of that Saint under the Name of Nicolas Abbot of Cairvaux as also those on the Festivals of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and of All-Saints the first on Christmass-Day and that on the Dedication of a certain Church appear to have been compos'd by the same Author The Sermons are follow'd by the Lives of St. Odilo St. Maurus Bishop of Cesena St. Romualdus St. Rodulphus Bishop of Eugubio and the History of the Passions of St. Flora and St. Lucilia As for the other Lives of the Saints taken out of Surius by Peter Damien they constitute part of the Sermons In the last Tome are contain'd divers Prayers Hymns and †A part of the Mass. Proses attributed to Peter Damien to which are annexed certain Extracts taken out of the Works of that Father by a nameless Writer who was one of his Pupils and out of the Rule of the Canons compos'd by PETRUS de HONESTIS a Clerk of Ravenna whom some have unadvisedly confounded Petrus de Honestis with Peter Damien since that Rule was dedicated to Pope Paschal II. who was not promoted to the Papal Dignity till A. D. 1099. after the death of the latter The Treatise of the Reformation of the Bishops and Popes extant in Goldastus is not a Work flasly ascribed to Peter Damien as Possevinus imagin'd but a Fragment of the twelfth Letter of the first Book The five Sermons that Father Luke Dachery set forth under the Name of Peter Damien in the seventh Tome of the Spicilegium do not belong to this Author but rather to St. Retrus Chrysologus as it is own'd by that Father himself in the end of his Preface to the eighth Tome Peter Damien wrote with a great deal of facility and clearness His Style is Polite and Elegant full of Figures and agreeable Varieties He produces divers fine Notions and Peter Damien's Character gives an admirable turn to his Writings insomuch that some of his Letters are compos'd with all possible Art and Accuracy He had a Genius proper for Negociations and was so dextrous in the Management of Affairs that even those whom he condemn'd or reprov'd were constrain'd to acknowledge that he had reason to do it He deliver'd his Mind with a great deal of freedom to the Popes and other Persons of Eminency nevertheless without failing to shew all the Respect that was due to their Quality He us'd his utmost endeavours to revive at least a shadow of the ancient Discipline in that corrupted Age and to put a stop to the Career of the Enormities committed by the Clergy and Monks of his Time He attain'd to a profound skill in Ecclesiastical Affairs and more especially in those that relate to the Constitutions and Discipline of the Church He was also well vers'd in the Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures but insisted on the Allegorical rather than the Literal Sense of them He had perus'd the Works of the Latin Fathers and chiefly those of St. Augustin and St. Gregory whose Doctrine and Maxims he thoroughly imbib'd He argues subtilly about Theological Questions and Controversial Matters He shew'd a great deal of Devotion to the Virgin Mary and was a punctual Observer of the Rites of the Church and of Monastical Customs But he produces a great number of Visions and Apparitions which he very easily gives Credit to The Works of this Author were published by Father Constantin Caietan a Monk of the Order of Mount Cassin and printed at Rome in three Volumes in the Years 1606 1608 and 1615. These three Tomes were re-printed with a fourth at Lyons A. D. 1623. in one single Volume in Folio and afterwards at Paris in 1663. not to mention an Edition of his Letters in Quarto set forth by Nivelle at Paris in 1610. CHAP. IX An Account of the Churches of England from King William the Conqueror to Henry I. with the Life of St. Anselm Arch-bishop of Canterbury and an Abridgment of his Works THE Churches and Kingdom of England which were in a flourishing condition and enjoy'd a profound Peace and Tranquility in St. Dunstan's time were miserably distress'd after his Death according to his Prediction with innumerable Troubles and Calamities The Countries over-run by the Barbarians the Churches were Pillag'd and set on Fire the Monasteries were ruin'd the City of Canterbury was Burnt and Alphegus the Arch-bishop was carry'd away Prisoner with the Clergy of that Province These Calamities were follow'd by the Dissensions and Civil Wars between King Edward the Son of Ethelred and Godwin Earl of Kent with his Son Harold as well as by a general
by Pope Urban but his Residence in that City being inconvenient by reason of the excessive Heats he retir'd to a Village near Capua where the Pope soon gave him a Visit upon his arrival at the Siege of Capua which Place was invested by Roger Duke of Apulia After the raising of the Siege the Pope held a Council at Bari in which St. Anselm assisting disputed earnestly against the Greeks about the Procession of the Holy Ghost and entreated the Pope and the Bishops not to excommunicate the King of England When the Council was concluded he accompany'd the Pope to Rome and some Days after the King of England to whom Urban had written that he ought to re-establish St. Anselm in his Metropolitan See sent thither an Ambassador who obtain'd a Demurrer till the Festival of St. Michael St. Anselm being inform'd of the matter determin'd to go to Lyons but the Pope oblig'd him to stay in order to be present in a Council which was to be held at Easter in the Year 1099. Thus he resided during six Months at Rome and was very highly esteem'd in that City The Writer of his Life observes that certain English Men who came to visit him being desirous to Kiss his Feet as it was usually done to the Pope's he would not sufâ—er them to do it and that the Pope admir'd his Humility in that particular Lastly St. Anselm having assisted in the Council of Rome A. D. 1099. in which Laicks who took upon them to give Investitures and those Clergy-men who receiv'd them from their Hands were excommunicated he took leave of the Pope and retir'd to Lyons where within a little while after he was inform'd of the Death of Urban II. and afterward of that of William II. King of England which happen'd in the Month of August A. D. 1100. Henry I. his Successor immediately recall'd St. Anselm to England where he was no sooner arriv'd but he had new contests with that Prince about the Investitures and the Oaths of Allegeance and Supremacy which he refus'd to take Forasmuch as this Affair was regulated at Rome it was requisite that the King should make application to that Court to endeavour to cause the Resolution which had been taken there to be chang'd However St. Anselm reâ—us'd to ordain the Bishops who had receiv'd Investiture from the King and nothing could be obtain'd from Rome Afterward this Arch-bishop being perswaded by the King to take a Journey to Rome to find out some Expedients for the adjusting of that Affair went thither accompany'd with an Ambassador Upon their Arrival the Matter was debated A. D. 1105. in the presence of Pope Paschal II. to whom the Ambassador peremptorily declar'd That the King his Master would sooner be prevail'd upon to part with his Kingdom than with his right to the Investitures The Pope reply'd That he would sooner lose his Life than suffer him to retain it However at last it was agreed upon That the King of England should enjoy certain Privileges which were in his possession but that he should lay no manner of claim to the Investitures Therefore the Excommunication which he was suppos'd to have incurr'd by granting the Investiture of Benefices was taken off but it was ordain'd That those Persons who had receiv'd them from his Hands should remain excommunicated for some time and that the giving them Absolution for that Offence should be reserv'd to St. Anselm The Affair being thus determin'd the Ambassador and St. Anselm set forward in their Journey but when they were arriv'd near Lyons the Ambassador declar'd to him in his Master's name that he was forbidden to return to England unless he would promise him to submit to the Custom which prevail'd in that Kingdom without having any regard to what had been ordain'd to the contrary by the Pope St. Anselm refusing to enter into such an Engagement stay'd some time at Lyons and having pass'd from thence into Normandy at last came to an Accommodation with the King of England on condition that the Churches which King William II. had first made subject to the Payment of a certain Tax should be exempted from it and that his Majesty should restore what he had exacted of the Clergy and every thing that was taken from the Church of Canterbury during the exile of the Arch-bishop After this Agreement which was concluded A. D. 1106. between the King and the Arch-bishop at Bec Abbey St. Anselm return'd to England was re-establish'd in his Arch-bishoprick and enjoy'd it peaceably till his Death which happen'd three Years after in the 16th since his advancement to that Dignity and the 76th of his Age A. D. 1109. St. Anselm is no less famous for his Learning and the great number of his Writings than for his Conduct and the Zeal he shew'd in maintaining the Rights of the Church The largest Edition of his Works is the last published by Father Gerberon and it is that which we shall follow being divided into three Parts The First of these containing Dogmatical Treatises bears the Title of Monologia that is to say a Treatise of the Existence of God of his Attributes and of the Holy Trinity It is so call'd by reason that it is compos'd in form of the Meditations of a Man who reasons with himself to find out Divine Truths and who explains them accordingly as they are discover'd by him It is a very subtil Work and contains a great Number of Metaphysical Arguments He continues to Treat of the same Subject and observes the same method of Writing in the Prostogia where the Person who reason'd with himself in the first Work making his Addresses to God Discourses of his Existence Justice Wisdom Immensity Eternity and of his being the Summum Bonum or Soveraign Good A certain Monk nam'd Gaunilon having perus'd this Treatise could not approve the Argument which St. Anselm makes use of therein to prove the Existence of God taken from the Idea of a most perfect Being We have says he at least the Idea of a most perfect Being therefore this Being of necessity Exists Gaunilon not being able to comprehend this Argument which seems to be a Sophism or meer Fallacy to those who are not endu'd with a sound and penetrating Judgment to discern the force of it wrote a small Tract on purpose to refute it in which he objects every thing that is most subtil and plausible to overthrow this Ratiocination St. Anselm return'd a very solid Answer in which he enervates his Adversary's Objections and makes it appear that his Argument is Rational and Convincing The Treatise of Faith of the Holy Trinity and of the Incarnation Dedicated to Pope Urban II. was written against a French Clergy-man nam'd Rocselin Tutor to Abaelard who undertook to prove That the three Persons of the Trinity are three different Things because otherwise it might be said That the Father and the Holy Ghost were Incarnate St. Anselm being as yet Abbot of Bec began a Treatise to confute
Germany where they assisted in the Assembly of Wurtzburg against Pope Alexander and bound themselves by an Oath with the Bishops of Germany to stand for Paschal the Antipope nevertheless they did not forbear to continue their Journey and to meet Alexander to whom they deliver'd the Letter of their Prince who threaten'd to withdraw himself from his Obedience if he did not give him satisfaction as to the affair of Thomas Becket The Pope to advance a Person whom the King thought fit to depress constituted him Legate Thomas Becket maâ—e Legate of the Holy See in England of the Holy See throughout the whole Kingdom of England except the Province of York Thomas being Invested with this new Dignity thought himself obliged to shâ—w the effects of it Therefore he condemn'd and abolish'd the Customs that were publish'd at Clarendon Excommunicated all those who observ'd e'm or caus'd 'em to be observ'd by others sent word to the Bishops that they were by no means oblig'd to the Oath they had taken and threaten'd the King of England with an Anathema On the other side the King to prevent him appeal'd to the Holy See by the advice of the Prelates of Normandy and dispatch'd John of Oxford to Rome to entreat the Pope to send a Legate a latere into England to the end that they might determine or make up the Business However he threatn'd the Monks of Cisteaux to destroy all the Monasteries that they had in his Dominions if they entertain'd the Arch-bishop any longer at Pontigny Therefore he was forc'd to depart from thence and made choice of the Monastery of St. Columba in the City of Sens for the place of his abode He Excommunicated many Persons of the Kingdom of England and some Bishops more especially the Bishop of London his greatest Enemy In the mean while John of Oxford having gain'd the favour of part of the Court of Rome by his Presents assur'd the Pope That the King of England would no longer inâ—ist upon the John of Oxford's Negotiation at Rome Customs that he caus'd to be receiv'd in the Assembly of Clarendon and procur'd William Cardinal Bishop of Pavia to be nominated Legate to determine the Affair of the Arch-bishop of Canterbury but in regard that he might be surpriz'd by reason of the intimate Correspondence that there was between him and the King of England the Pope appointed Cardinal Otho to be his Collegue He also gave Absolution in particular to John of Oxford whom Thomas Becket had Excommunicated granted him the Deanry of Salisbury and Suspended Thomas's Authority till the arrival of his Legates These advantages which it seems the King of England obtain'd at the Court of Rome startled the Arch-bishop of Canterbury and his Friends insomuch that Peter Lombard wrote about it to the Pope as well as Thomas Becket who excepted against the Judgment of the Cardinal of Pavia These two Legates being arriv'd in France inform'd the Arch-bishop of the occasion of their being sent by the Pope and the Cardinal of Pavia told him that he came to put an end to the Difference between him and the King of England Thomas had prepar'd a very sharp Answer but he suppress'd it by the advice of William of Salisbury and wrote to him with greater Moderation The two Legates could not immediately execute their Commission by reason that they were oblig'd to mediate a Peace between the Kings of England and France The Cardinal The Negotiations of the Pope's Legates in England of Pavia openly maintain'd the Interest of the former and gave occasion of complaint to the other nay the Pope upon his sollicitation prohibited Thomas to pronounce any Sentence of Excommunication against the Person of the King of England or of Suspension against his Dominions At last the Legates gave notice to the Arch-bishop to make his appearance on Novemb. 10th A. D. 1168. on the Frontiers of the two Kingdoms but he desir'd and obtain'd a delay for seven days to get together again the Companions of his Exile At last he appear'd with a numerous retinue at Gisors the place appointed for the Conference and there met with the two Legates accompanied by the Arch-bishop of Rouen who represented to him the inflexibility of the King of England and the Calamities that the Church endur'd by the Persecution of which he was the Cause Afterwards they insisted upon the Grandeur and Power of that Prince the Kindness and Respect that he always express'd for the Holy See and the extraordinary Favours that he had Conferr'd on the Arch-bishop of Canterbury They related with exaggeration the complaints that he made against him accusing him of having induc'd the King of France and the Count of Flanders to make War with his Majesty Lastly they exhorted the Arch-bishop to humble himself and to testifie his Obedience to his Sovereign by making a voluntary submission and by suppressing his Anger and the fierceness of his natural Disposition Thomas Becket resolutely made his defence and clear'd himself from the suspicions that the King of England had conceiv'd against him and more especially as to the particular accusation that he had excited the War between that Prince and the King of France who condescended so far as to give Testimony to his Innocence by declarâ—ng upon Oath that it was not true that he sollicited him to undertake that War The Aâ—ch bishop of Canterbuâ—y added that he was well persuaded that a Bishop ought not to have recourse to those sorts of means That he was ready to shew to the King all manner of submission and deference provided that the Glory of God the Honour of the Aposâ—olick See the â—iberty of the Church the Dignity of the Priesthood and the Church-Revenues might receive no detriment They propos'd that he should promise the King to observe all the Customs that were in use in the time of the Arch-bishops his Predecessors or at least that he should tolerate them and conceal his resentments But he would not engage to do either no not so much as to keep silence Then they insisted that he should resign his Archbishoprick in case the King could be prevail'd with to renounce the Customs that were contested but he likewise rejected that Proposal Lastly the Legates asked him whether he were willing to acknowledge them as competent Judges for the deciding of the Differences between him and the King or not He was somewhat perplex'd at this Demand for on the one side he was unwilling openly to disown their Authority and on the other side he did not look upon it as safe that he should be tryed in any other Tribunal but that of the Pope himself Therefore he reply'd That when the Goods and Chattels of which he was depriv'd were restor'd to him he would readily submit to the Judgment of the Pope or to that of any other Persons to whom he should grant a Commission to be his Judges Thus ended this Conference which had no effect Thomas Becket gave
of Exhortations and gentle Admonitions and the other of severe Reprimands and Threats with Orders to deliver the former at first and in case he obstinately persisted in his Resolution to add the second These two Legates conducted the Arch-bishop to the Place appointed for the Interview where the two Kings were Present and admonish'd him to humble himself before his Sovereign He followed their Advice and only insisted that the Glory of God might be secur'd in these Terms Ad honorem Dei King Henry was offended at that Expression and requir'd That the Arch-bishop should promise and bind himself by Oath as a Priest and a Bishop in the presence of the whole Assembly sincerely to observe the Customs that were follow'd by the Reverend Arch-bishops under the Kings his Predecessors which he had also engag'd to do upon another occasion The Arch-bishop promis'd to be faithful to him in every particular as far as it was possible Salvo ordine suo and added That for Peace sake he would engage to observe as far as his Dignity would allow such Customs as were in use amongst his Reverend Predecessors The King peremptorily insisted That he should promise to observe the Customs of his Kingdom without any manner of Restriction but the Arch-bishop would by no means consent to it and upon that refusal his Majesty departed out of the Assembly The Legates having exhorted him to re-admit the Arch-bishop to his Favour and to Restore him to his Church he reply'd That perhaps he might one day be prevail'd upon to do the latter but that he would take care never to make him his Confident During a second interview between the two Princes they presented to King Henry the Pope's menacing Letter but he was not at all concern'd at it and always insisted upon the Promise that the Arch-bishop of Canterbury had made to act conformably to the Customs of the Kingdom which the Arch-bishops his Predecessors had observ'd before him Thomas Becket made Answer That he was ready to obey his Majesty as far as it could be done without infringing the Privileges of his Dignity and thus this Negotiation took no more effect than the others insomuch that the Pope being wearied with the delays of the King of England revok'd the Suspension of the Arch-bishop's Authority and left him at liberty to act as he should think fit Some time after King Henry designing to Crown his eldest Son appointed the Arch-bishop of York to perform that Ceremony but the Pope being inform'd of his Intention prohibited that Arch-bishop and all others under pain of Suspension to make any attempt upon a Right that apparently belong'd to the Arch-bishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket likewise wrote to the Arch-bishop of York and to his Collegues to notifie to them the same Prohibition whereupon the King was so extremely incens'd that he took a resolution to oblige his Subjects to take an Oath That they would not obey the Pope nor the Arch-bishop of Canterbury and caus'd his Son to be actually Crown'd by the Arch-bishop of York at Westminster in a Church belonging to the Jurisdiction of Canterbury The young King in like manner took an Oath to observe the Customs of the Kingdom that were publish'd at Clarendon In the mean while the Pope being press'd by the Remonstrances of the King of France of the Arch-bishop of Canterbury and of William Arch-bishop of Sens declar'd the Arch-bishop of York suspended from all manner of Ecclesiastical Functions and pronounc'd the same Sentence against all the Bishops who assisted at that Ceremony He sent word at the same time to Rotrou Arch-bishop of Rouen and to Bertrand Bishop of Nevers to meet the King of England in order to admonish him the last time in his Name to make Peace and in case he refus'd to do it to suspend all his Dominions from Divine Service that were situated on the hither side or beyond the Sea At the same time he dispatch'd a smart Reprimand to the King of England requiring him in the Name of God and by Virtue of the Apostolick Authority to be reconciled with the Arch-bishop of Canterbury and to give Peace to the Church if he design'd to avoid an Anathema like to that which was pronounc'd against the Emperor Frederick insomuch that those urgent Threats oblig'd King Henry to bethink himself seriously of an Accommodation and personally to entreat the Legates to use their utmost endeavours to procure it Whereupon Thomas Becket went to meet the King accompanied with the Arch-bishop of The King of England reconciled to Thomas Becket Sens and his Majesty receiv'd him with such particular Marks of Kindness as he never shew'd him since their falling out The Arch-bishop demanded Justice for the Indignities put upon the Church of Canterbury and more especially for the injury he had lately done him by the Coronation of his Son The King promis'd to give Orders that that Prince should be Crown'd again and then Thomas Becket caus'd Intercession to be made by the Arch-bishop of Sens who began to speak that his Majesty would vouchsafe to restore to him the Church of Canterbury with all the Revenues belonging to it and to do him Justice as to what relates to the Coronation of the Prince his Son he for his part engaging at the same time to yield to his Majesty all the Respect Obedience and Submission that is due from an Arch-bishop to his Sovereign Prince according to the Ordinance of God The King accepted of those Terms and thus the Peace was at last effectually concluded Afterwards the Arch-bishop of Canterbury humbly entreated the King his Master that he might have liberty to take leave of the King of France to return Thanks for the many signal Favours he had receiv'd from him He also continu'd some time longer in France with a design not to pass over into England till he had receiv'd Information that those Persons were actually put in Possession of the Revenues of the Church of Canterbury whom he sent thither for that purpose In the mean while the Arch-bishop of York and the Bishops of London and Salisbury us'd all possible means to break off the Agreement and further to incense King Henry against the Arch-bishop At that time one Renulphus who was the Minister of the Arch-bishop of York's Fury made no difficulty to pillage the Revenues of the Church of Canterbury but neither that Injury nor the Coldness with which the King then treated Thomas Becket were sufficient to divert him from the resolution he had taken to return to England notwithstanding the Advice of his Friends to the contrary and the Threats of his Enemies Therefore he embarked at Calice in the end of the Year 1170. and arriv'd at Sandwich but Thomas Becket ' s return to England before his departure he sent into England the Letter that the Pope had directed to him and which he kept till that time By vertue of that Letter his Holiness suspended the Arch-bishop of York with the
were an intention to begin again that which was already done but the same Ceremony may be re-iterated when 't is perform'd for a different end and has another effect That therefore the Holy Chrism is put on the Fore-head after having anointed the top of the Head with it because those several Unctions produce different Effects But that Extreme Unction cannot be re-iterated by reason that it is a Sacrament In the Tenth he proves That the Bishops ought not to exact any thing for Benedictions and Ordinations and asserts it to be a kind of Simony in a Bishop not only to receive Money for the Benediction of an Abbot but also to exact of him an acknowledgment by which he binds himself by promise to his Diocesan The Eleventh is a Constitution about the manner how Monks ought to proceed in accusing others and in defending themselves in their Chapter In the Twelfth he explains in a few words three Vertues necessary for Pastors of the Church viz. Justice Discretion and Fore-sight The Thirteenth and Fourteenth are certain Dialogues between God who upbraids the Sinner with his Ingratitude and the Sinner who acknowledges his Offences and implores the Mercy of God The Fifteenth and Sixteenth are Prayers made by a Sinner to God in which he humbly sues for his Mercy and begs pardon for his Transgressions These Tracts are concluded with four Hymns or Proses viz. one directed to the Virgin Mary and the three others on the Repentance of Mary Magdalen All these Works are follow'd by eleven Sermons on the Nativity Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ On the Purification and Festivals of the Virgin Mary On Mary Magdalen whom he confounds with the Sinner On the penitent Thief and on St. Benedict These Sermons are dry and barren containing nothing that is Eloquent and indeed generally speaking all the Pieces of this Author are not written with much Elegancy or Politeness However his Compositions are very natural and his Explications easy and familiar Father Sirmond caus'd them to be printed at Paris A. D. 1610. from two Manuscript Copies and annex'd Annotations on the Letters which are very serviceable to make known the Persons and to illustrate many Historical Matters of Fact that are mentioned therein HILDEBERT Bishop of Mans and afterwards Arch bishop of Tours HILDEBERT Born at Lavardin in the Diocess of Mans of Parents of mean Condition Hildebert Bishâ—p of Mans. joyn'd the Study of the Liberal Sciences to that of Divinity and was chosen Bishop of Mans A. D. 1098. His first Exercises of the Episcopal Functions were disturbed by the War that broke forth between William II. Sirnam'd Rufus King of England and Helie Count of Mans who being taken Prisoner by that Prince the City of Mans fell into the Hands of Foulques Count of Anger 's The King of England was Marching at the Head of an Army to take it when the Bishop and Inhabitants fearing lest the Count of Anger 's should make an Agreement at their Cost Surrendred it to him on Condition that their Count should be set at Liberty Afterwards the Count having got together some fresh Troops re-enter'd the City of Mans and Besieg'd the Forts that were possess'd by King William's Forces but he was repuls'd and the King remain'd Master of the City Hildebert was accused of having been concern'd in that enterprize and oblig'd to pass over into England to clear himself The King enjoyn'd him to cause the Towers of his Church to be pull'd down and Hildebert returning with that Order found his Church laid waste by the outrages that were committed against the Clergy by the pillaging of its Revenues and the burning of the City But the King of England dying a little while after A. D. 1100. Count Helie re-took the City granted a Composition to the King's Soldiers who were in the Forts and re-establish'd Order and Peace in those Parts When Hildebert saw his Native Country restor'd to its former Tranquillity he undertook a Journey to Rome and went to visit Pope Paschal II. by whom he was very kindly entertain'd and returned from Rome laden with Honours and Preferments Some time after he was apprehended at Nogent le Rotrou where he went to bear the last Will and Testament of the Count of Rotrou who was detain'd Prisoner at Mans. At last having procur'd his Liberty he solemniz'd the Consercation of the Cathedral Church of Mans newly re-built and continu'd to Govern his Diocess in Peace till the Year 1125. when he was translated to the Arch-bishoprick of Tours after the Death of Guillebert Hildebert not long after his Promotion to that Dignity fell out with Lewis the Gross King of France having refus'd to dispose of the Benefices belonging to that Church more especially the Deanry and Arch-Deaconry at the pleasure of his Prince who caus'd the Revenues to be seiz'd on and prohibited him to enter his Dominions The Person who was nominated Dean was at variance with the Canons who were maintain'd by the Court which gave occasion to disturbances in the Church of Tours At last these dissensions being appeas'd he was restor'd to the King's Favour and died A. D. 1132 after having possess'd the Episcopal See of Mans 27 Years and the Metropolitan of Tours six Years and as many Months The Letters of this Author are the most valuable Pieces amongst his Works They are written in a fine Epistolary Style after a very Natural manner and contain divers Important Points of Morality Church-Discipline and History We shall here produce the Extracts of those that Treat of these Matters omitting the others which relate to meer Compliments or to particular Affairs such as the six first Therefore we shall begin with the seventh in which the Author determines That a Virgin Betroathed before she was Marriageable whose Husband died without knowing her Carnally cannot Marry the Brother of her former Husband because Marriage does not consist in Carnal Copulation but in the consent of the Parties The seventeenth is likewise written on the same Subject In the Ninth he declares That he refus'd to assist at the Consecration of one who was chosen Bishop of Anger 's because he was a Young Man and not as yet in Orders and was not Canonically Elected by the Clergy but proclaim'd in a Popular Tumult against whose Election the Dean the Chanter the Arch-Deacons and the greatest part of the Chapter had protested He declares the same thing to that Elected Person in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Letter and exhorts him not to suffer himself to be Consecrated By the Fourteenth he deposes a certain Person who had given Money to be Ordain'd a Deacon The Eighteenth is a Letter directed to Paschal II. and Compos'd with a great deal of Art to excuse the Canons of St. Martin at Tours who had given offence to the Pope by insisting too much on their Privileges In the Nineteenth he excuses himself for not being able to be present in a certain Council by reason that his Church and
he sought for after the example of his Predecessours who had long ago form'd a Design to bring the Church of Rome under subjection to their Dominion and upon that account favour'd the Schismaticks and excited Divisions in that City That Octavian had absolutely made him the Master of his Fortune that he laid the Marks of the Pontifical Dignity at his Feet and that he afterwards receiv'd from him the Investiture of the Church of Rome by the Ring and Staff causing the Imperial secular Power to triumph over the Priesthood That the Emperor call'd a Council to confirm that Choice and compell'd the Bishops by force to sign a Writing by which they own'd Octavian as lawful Pope That that Writing was full of manifest Untruths and that the Bishops could not by their definitive Sentence render an Election valid that was null in its Original Besides that the Gallican Church which always had the good fortune to maintain Justice and Truth and to afford a Sanctuary to the Popes when persecuted by the German Princes after having examin'd the Elections of Alexander and Octavian in a Council call'd by the King's Order for that purpose had determin'd in favour of the former but that the King had prudently defer'd the Publication of that Resolution by reason of the union between him and the King of England to the end that they might act jointly together That the latter had in like manner sufficiently declar'd on Alexander's behalf in regard that he receiv'd his Letters and more especially protested that he would not own any other Pope having also rejected those of Octavian In the mean while he admonish'd them to take care that Injustice might not prevail over the Truth through the sinister practices of some English Noble-men who gave it out that they were related to Octavian and exhorted them when ever they met together strenuously to maintain the Truth without fear of offending those Opponents In another Letter written to the Cardinals he gives a particular account of divers remarkable Circumstances of the Elections of Alexander and Octavian viz. That the Bishop of Frascati who was the first of the three Electors of the latter being a voluptuous Man took great delight in Feasting and soon retir'd from the Conclave because Dinner-time drew near That one of the two others took it ill that he was deny'd the Office of Chancellor and that the third was Octavian's Kinsman That as soon as those three had given their Votes for him he himself took the Cope and thrâ—w it over his Shoulders with so great Precipitation that that part which ought to lie on the Neck fell to the Ground that he got upon the Papal Throne in that Equipage and that having causâ—d the Doors of the Church to be set open it was immediately fill'd with his Guards who conducted him to the Palace That the King of France call'd an Assembly of the Estates of the Realm as well of the Clergy as of the Nobility to determine which of the two Elections ought to be ratify'd That some were of Opinion that nothing should be done in a hurry about an Affair of that importance and that it ought to be deferr'd for some time longer because it was dangerous to excite a mis-understanding between the King and the Emperor upon that account That they also added that the Church of Rome was always burdensome to Princes that 't was requisite to shake off the Yoke since so fair an Occasion offer'd it self to that purpose that the Death of the two Competitors would put an end to the Contest and that the Government of the Bishops might be sufficient till God should more clearly make known his Will Lastly that the Respect due to the Emperor's Ambassadors who were present and to the King of England whose Sentiments the King of France declar'd himself ready to follow caus'd those Measures to be taken in the Assembly Arnuâ—phus in the end of this Letter advises the Cardinals not to exasperate the King of England by their Threats but to pacifie him since the Obedience of the Kingdoms of England France Spain Ireland and Norway depended on his Declaration Although Arnulphus had done such notable Services to Alexander III. nevertheless that Pope upon the Accusations brought against him by Sylvester Treasurer of his Church and by John Nephew to the Bishop of Seez did not forbear to nominate the Bishops of Mans and Avranches Commissioners to take cognizance of that Cause Arnulphus appear'd before them and William Bishop of Paris and Cardinal was present at the Tryal The Treasurer own'd before the Judges the Falshood of the Complaints that he had made against his Diocesan and promis'd that he would not renew them for the future John still maintain'd what he had averr'd but the Sentence not being favourable to him he appeal'd from that Court to the See of Rome although the Pope gave Commission to the two Bishops to pass Judgment without any Appeal However Arnulphus who upon that account might have exempted himself from going to Rome and might have refus'd to suffer his Cause to be tried again there after having inform'd the Pope of the manner of the Proceedings assur'd his Holiness that he would repair to Rome as soon as it was possible and entreated him to detain John till he arriv'd to shew how that Person and the Bishop of Seez his Uncle have committed a Trespass against the Church and the Holy See He explains this in the following Letter directed to Alexander One of his Relations was sometime Bishop of Seez who substituted Regular Canons in that Church in the room of Secular This Reformation was approv'd by the Popes Honorius II. Eugenius III. and Adrian III. and by Henry II. King of England who made them a Donation These Canons were to have all their Goods in Common according to their Original Institution and the Bishops his Successors were likewise oblig'd before they were install'd to maintain that Settlement The Bishop then incumbent design'd to ruine it or at least to obtain a License of the Pope to confer the Arch-deaconries on Lay-men that he might have wherewithal to bestow on his Nephews and Relations Arnulphus sent word to the Pope That that Bishop palliated his Carnal Affections with the pretence of Piety giving it out That there was not any Person in that Diocess capable of performing those Functions as if the Simplicity of the Canons were not to be preferr'd to the worldly Wisdom of others or in case there were none to be found at Seez worthy of possessing those Benesices some might not be taken out of the Church of St. Victor and St. Rufus He adds that having been Arch-deacon of Seez and educated in that Church he thought himself oblig'd to maintain its Rights and Privileges and that for that reason he judg'd it expedient to certifie his Holiness thereof by a Letter Notwithstanding this Information the Pope granted to the Bishop of Seez a License to Secularize his Arch-deaconry but
and in case he should find the two Elections which had been made faulty to make them proceed to a new Election in the ordinary forms By the thirty seventh and thirty eighth he recommended to the Prelates and Lords of Sicily Walter Earl of Braine whom he sends into Sicily with his Legates and a Marshal to carry on the War against Marcovaldus In the thirty ninth to the Bishop of Auxerre who had demanded of him 1. Whether the Power which he had of disposing of the Estate of the Clergy that died intestate extended it self to Canons as well as others 2. Whether such as left their Estates to be disposed of at the will of another might not be accounted to have died intestate The Pope answer'd That under that name of Clergy were comprehended Canons and that it was not to be thought that those Persons made no Will who left other Persons Masters of their Estates The forty first is a Confirmation of the Privileges of the Bishop of Siponto The forty second is a Letter of the King of Armenia complaining of the Templers promising to remain in unity with the Holy See and desiring him to grant that neither he nor his Subjects nor his Country nor the Latins which were in it might be excommunicated or interdicted by any other than the Holy See The Pope grants him his Request by the following Letter The forty fourth is a Letter of the Patriarch of Armenia to the Pope desiring help of him The Pope promises it him by the next and exhorts him to keep the Churches of Armenia in union and submission to the Holy See The forty sixth is written to the Pope by another Archbishop of Armenia who asks for a Pallium which the Pope grants in the next Letter The forty eighth is written by the Pope to the Archbishop of Rheims about the Design of Philip King of France to get himself separated from his Wife He tells him that it 's fit the Queen should have liberty to produce her Witnesses and Proofs as well as the King and that he ought to advise the King not to demand what cannot be in justice granted In the next which is written to that Prince about this Affair he talks with him about that which his Ambassadors had complained of that he had had harder usage in this case than other Princes had received upon the like occasions seeing that King Lewis his Father and the Emperor Frederick and very lately John King of England had been separated from their Wives by the Judgment of their Prelates and Estates which the Holy See had without any scruple confirmed The Pope answers that they were his Legates who separated the Emperor Frederick and that King Lewis and the King of England were parted by their Prelates but that was because there had been no complaint made to the Holy See which was the very Reason that the Judgment was not revoked because no body protested against it but the matter now in hand had been laid before the Holy See Pope Celestin had revoked the Sentence of Divorce and had sent his Legates into France who might perhaps have put an end to the Affair if he had not eluded their Judgment that it was in the power of the Holy See if it would go to the rigour of the business not only to annul the Sentence but likewise to use Censures against those that had given it as Pope Nicholas had done against Gontierus Archbishop of Cologn and Tetgâ—…dus Archbishop of Treves for having divorced King Lotharius of Tetberge that he had offered his Ambassadors to send two understanding Persons into his Kingdom to hear the Witnesses and to go to Denmark if there was need to receive the Queen's Evidence to the end that they might give a true Judgment in the matter that he was very willing if the Queen would consent that he should choose two Persons out of his own Kingdom In fine he advises him to observe due form of Law in the Sentence and to use his Queen well In the fiftieth he order'd his Legates in Sicily and his Marshal to make up the Marriage of King Frederick with the Sister of the King of Arragon In the fifty first and fifty second he forbids the Archbishop of Bourges to meddle in a business if separation which had been brought before the Holy See and says that an action against a Marriage which has for so long time remained firm ought not to be easily admitted In the fifty third he gives Judgment in a difference about the Archdeaconry of Richmond in favour of him who had been first chosen by the Archbishop of York The fifty fourth is about the same business The three next concern particular Affairs of some Churches in England In the fifty eighth he takes off the suspension of the Archbishop of Messma By the fifty ninth he declared that the Desertors of the Order of Citeaux should not be received tho they had Letters of Reestablishment from the Holy See except these Letters expresly said that it should be no prejudice to the Discipline of the Order The sixtieth contains three Collects and three Prayers for the Feast of St. Bernard The three next have nothing remarkable By the sixty fourth and sixty fifth he forbids giving of Benefices to the Children or Nephews of the Patrons In the sixty sixth he checks the King of England for the Violences he had done to the Bishop of Lâ—noges The three next are about the Election of a Bishop and two Abbots The seventieth is a Confirmation of a Treaty made between the Abbot and Monastry of Dâ—…e on one side and Andrew of Chavigni Lord of Chatearoux on the other By the seventy first he confirm'd a certain Person 's right to a Canonship By the seventy second he commissioned the Archbishop of Arles and the Abbots of St. Gâ—…a and of Vallemagne to publish the Deposition of the Abbot of St. William and to get another chosen The seventy third is written against the Canons of St. Antoninus of Placentia who would not receive a Canon who had a Mandate from the Holy See for a Prebend of their Church The seventy fourth is written to the Archbishop of Melphi to excommunicate all that took the part of Marcovaldus By the seventy fifth he forbids turning a Church into a Monastry without the consent of the Bishop By the seventy sixth he granted the Monks that lived in the place whither St. Bennet reâ—…ed six Livres of Mony every year out of the Apostolick Chamber beside the Subsistence which they had from the Monastry of Sublac In the seventy seventh he imposes this Penance upon a Soldier that had cut out a Bishop's Tongue to go naked with his Tougue tied with a string fastned about his neek carrying Rods in his hand to present himself in this posture at the Church door for fifteen days together where he should have Discipline given him fasting all this time only with Bread and Water and then to go for
Last Wills and Testaments 20. To Extirpate that Crime which is Odious to name 21. Lastly to Punish that Disorder with severity according to the Rule made in the Lateran Council on that Subject The Council of Montpellier in the Year 1215. IN the Council held at Montpellier in the Year 1215 by Peter of Benevento Cardinal upon the Affair The Council of Montpellier 1215. of the Earl of Montfort they Publish'd Forty six Decrees The Four first relate to the manner how the Bishops and the other Clergy ought to be Habited It is therein order'd That the Bishops shall wear a Linnen-Vest and a long Habit sew'd on their Shoulders and ty'd with Ribbans on their Breast That the Canons and other Benefic'd Persons shall not make use of any guilded Loops or Shoes and that they shall not frequent the Court or Taverns nor have any familiar Converse with Women that they wear no colour'd or close-body'd Coats That the Arch-Deacons and others promoted to any Dignity in Cathedral or Collegiate Churches shall wear a long Habit closed from the Top whether it be of Woollen or Linnen That the Curates shall observe the same thing That the Benefic'd Clerks shall wear a round Coronet about their Heads that so the Hair above and below may be parted by an equal Circle The Three next relate to the Manners of the Clergy He forbids them to Lend upon Usury or to keep Hawks The Eighth prohibits the giving Prebends to Laicks The Two next provide for the Execution of the former In the Eleventh and Twelfth the Bishops are enjoin'd to bestow Benefices Gratis on Persons capable of Holding them and are Prohibited from granting them to Young Persons who are as yet in the lesser Orders The Two next relate to the Abbots and Monks and contain the Ordinances so often repeated at that time about the Modesty which they ought to have in their Habits their Renouncing of all Property the forbidding the Exacting of any thing for Admittance into a Monastery the prohibition of being Advocates the Alms which they ought to give to the Poor of what is remaining at their Tables The Five next concern the Regular Canons They are enjoin'd to wear great Coronets and the Monks to wear larger to be meanly shod not to go out of the Monastery wherein they are to enter into another to have Surplices over their Habits and when they Travel a close black Cassock and to give nothing for a Prebend By the Twenty nineth the Priests and Monks are Prohibited to admit of Usurers Excommunicated and Interdicted Persons to the Communion or to give them Burial In the Thirtieth and Thirty first it is enjoined That three Monks at least should be put into the Priories and if the Revenues be not sufficient to maintain them more should be united to them that so there might be in each a Prior and two Monks The next are Laws for the Observation and Preservation of Peace In the Last the Arch-Bishops and Bishops are ordered to have a Priest and two or three Laicks in each Parish who are oblig'd by Oath if need be to declare to the Bishop the Lords and Judges of the Place the Hereticks which they have discover'd in their Quarter The Fourth General Lateran Council Held under Pope Innocent III. in the Year 1215. THis Council was Appointed by Inoncent III. the 20th of April 1213. to be Held two Years and an half after that is just the beginning of November in the Year 1215. The Pope in his Letters The IV. Geneneral Lateran Council held 1215. of Indiction gives his Reasons why he thought that Council necessary viz. The recovering of the Holy-Land and the Reformation of the Catholick Church He saies That whereas those two Things affect the General State of the Church he had resolv'd according to the Advice of his Brethren and other judicious Persons to call a General Council for the Salvation of Souls for the eradicating of Vice and planting of Virtue to correct Irregularities reform the Manners condemn Heresies put a stop to Divisions establish Peace prevent Outrages re-establish Liberty and to engage the Princes and People to Retrieve the Holy Land That in the Interim till the Council should meet he had taken care to inform himself of the Abuses which needed Reformation and to send Persons into the several Provinces to dispose them for the Expedition to the Holy-Land He enjoins the Arch-Bishops and Bishops to come to the Conncil excepting one or two Bishops who should remain in each Province and those who could not come in Person to send Deputies and admonishes them to order all the Chapters to send likewise their Deputies thither In the mean time he recommended to them the diligent Enquiring into whatever was necessary to be Reformed or Amended in their Provinces that so they might speak of it in the Council and to Contribute all they could towards the promoting the Expedition to the Holy Land This Circular Letter was directed to the Patriarchs Arch-Bishops Bishops and Soveraign Princes of all Christendom The Council met at Rome in the Church of St. Saviour on the time prefix'd in November 1215. and consisted of Four hundred and twelve Bishops in Person near Eight hundred Abbots and Priors and a great many Deputies of the absent Prelates or of the Chapters The Latin Patriarchs of Constantinople and Jerusalem were there in Person The Patriarch of Antioch who was sick sent a Bishop thither and there came a Deacon the Deputy of the Patriarch of Alexandria which was then under the power of the Sarazens The Ambassadors of the Emperor of Constantinople of the King of Sicily the Emperor Elect of the Kings of France England Hungary Jerusalem Cyprus Arragon and of the other Princes were there The Pope open'd the Session by Preaching on those Words of our Saviour With desire have I desired to eat the Passeover with you He therein took notice of three sorts of Passeovers which he desir'd to Celebrate with the Fathers of the Council the Corporeal the Spiritual and the Eternal The Corporeal which was the passing from one Place to another for the Deliverance of Jerusalem the Spiritual which was the passing from one State to another by the Reformation of the Church and the Eternal which is the passing from the Temporal State to the Glory of Heaven Upon the first Head he exhorts the Ecclesiastscks to do all they could for the succouring of the Holy Land Upon the Second he exhorts them to make use of Spirstual Punishments on the Delinquents that so they might reduce them from their Error He exhorts them in particular to Correct the Ecclesiasticks because the Disorder proceeded chiefly from the Clergy whose evil Example the People follow'd He observes That from hence chiefly proceed the Evils which infest the Church of God 'T is this saies he that overthrows the Faith disfigures Religion destroys Liberty treads Justice under Foot increases the number of Hereticks makes the Schismaticks Insolent the
revoked all the Commendams of Cathedral Churches and Abbies granted by his Predecessors to all Persons whatsoever except Cardinals and Patriarchs He compelled all Bishops to reside in their Churches forbad plurality of Benefices made void all Favours Expectant which were not agreeable to the Rules of the Civil Law he deprived all Persons unworthy of their Benefices and carefully put in fit Persons where he had Power he abolished the use of several Dispensations remedied many Abuses and Clancular Dealings made use of in gaining Bulls employ'd rightly the Revenues of the Church of Rome by giving Alms and bestowing Charity on the Poor during the Famine He took great pains to unite the Christian Princes and did all he could to procure Peace with all Kings He revoked the Tax of Tenths which his Predecessor had granted to Philip King of France for his Voyage into the Holy Land because that Prince could not go through with his Design He shewed his Zeal to Justice by causing those Officers to be punished severely who had deliver'd the Ambassadors of Edward King of England which were come to Avignon to the King of France He made a Reformation among the Black-Monks as well as Cistertians who lived loosely he appointed persons of Merit and Learning to visit their Monasteries that they might inform him of such Abuses as ought to be amended and made Constitutions for the Reformation of them He had also made several Rules for the Friars Mendicants if he had not been prevented by Death He only ordered that such Monks as were in his Court without any permission obtain'd should return to the Monasteries and forbad them leaving their Order to go over to the Cistertians or Cluniacks without the express permission of the Pope Lastly That Pope lived in a way suitable to so great a Bishop keeping close to his Duty being Zealous for Religion and for the Discipline and Reformation of the Church Virtuous Charitable free from Ambition and wordly Interests He did not as several other Popes have done raise his Nephews and Relations to the great Offices and Dignities of the Church nor enrich them with the Goods of the Church or by impoverishing private Men. He preferred but One of his Relations whom he made Archbishop of Arles for his Merit which he did not do without some difficulty at the earnest Request of the Cardinals He married but one of his Neices whom he bestowed upon a Merchant refusing several great Lords who offered themselves as being above her Quality This is the Relation which all the Historians of his Time give of his Piety and Virtue who are more to be relyed on than some Modern Authors who will have him to have been a Man of a disorderly Conversation He died at Avignon April 25. 1342. which was the Eighth Year of his Papacy This Pope Composed several Works Rainaldus has published his Opuscula or small Tracts The Works of Benedict XII concerning the Poverty of JESUS CHRIST and his Apostles and about the Vision of God There is a more considerable Treatise of this Pope's in the Vatican Library upon the last of these Subjects He also made a large Commentary upon the Gospel of St. Matthew which is yet in MS. in Mr. Colbert's Library with Three other Treatises against Ockham Most of his Letters and Bulls are extant in the Annalists and Register of Bulls Clement VI. was chosen Pope May 7. 1342. and Crowned the 9th of the same Month. He The Election of Clement VI. was called before Petrus Rogerius Born in the Castle of Maumont in the Diocess of Limoges He was a Monk of the Abby of Casa-Dei in Auvergne and having taken his Degrees in Divinity he went to the Court of John XXII at Avignon This Pope gave him the Abby of Fescamp and made him afterward Bishop of Arras He received as much Favour at the Court of France as Avignon for there he was admitted into the Council of that King who had a particular respect for him insomuch that he was translated from the Bishoprick of Arras to the Arch-bishoprick of Sens and in the next Year to that of Rouen and lastly was raised to the Dignity of a Cardinal of the Title of S. Nereus and Achilleus by Benedict XII The First thing that he did after his rise to the Papal Dignity was to send his Legatees to Rules made by Clement about the Affairs of Italy make way for a Peace between the Kings of France and England He sent also a Cardinal-Legate into Italy to appease the Troubles and Wars which were in that Country Robert King of Apulia died about that time and his Kingdom fell to Jane his Daughter then an Infant who was married to Andrew King of Hungary The Pope took upon him the Government of that Realm till that Prince came to take Possession of it which he was scarce come to do but he was Slain by Treachery The Romans sent to the Pope 18 of their principal Citizens to desire Three Things of him I. To make the Senators Governor and other Magistrates of their City Friends who presented themselves to him as Petrus Rogerius and not as Clement VI. who was Pope for his Life only II. To come and make his Residence at Rome III. That since the Life of Man is so short that few lived to an Hundred Years to which Age Boniface VIII had annexed a Plenary Indulgence for those who visited the Church of S S. Peter and Paul at Rome he would please to reduce that time to the Fiftieth Year The Pope granted the First and Last of their Demands for he reconciled the Magistrates presented to him upon Condition that it should be no Prejudice to his Rights and brought the Jubilee to the 50th Year appointing That every 50th Year there should be a Jubilee but for the Second he put it off by declaring That the design which he had of coming to Rome he could not put in Execution for the present and he could not tell them when he should be able to do it Lewis of Bavaria used all his Endeavours in this Papacy to be reconciled to the Church and Lewis of Bavaria Excommunicated a-new by Clement prayed the King of France to intercede for him This Prince told him That he must submit himself and humbly beg Absolution The Ambassadors of Lewis desired such a Form as the Pope would accept but they gave him such an intolerably severe one that he would not subscribe it when he was in Prison for it signified that he gave Power to Humbertus the Dauphin's Uncle to the Provosts of Augsburg and Bemberg and to Henry his Arch-Chancellor to confess all the Errors and Heresies that he was accused of to make a Renunciation of the Empire with a Promise never to resume it but by the Pope's consent and to put his Children and Goods into the hands of his Holiness They annexed also other Clauses which concerned the Empire These Ambassadors approved of this Proposal but when
or no he would resign up his Papal Dignity at such time as the Council should prescribe unto him But when the Cardinal refus'd to accept of this Proposal the Bishop of Ferden appeal'd in the Name of King Robert and signify'd in his Act of Appeal That it belong'd to the King of the Romans to call the Council and declar'd That since the Council of Pisa was assembled against his Will and without his Order it could Decree nothing against Gregory This Appeal he caus'd to be fix'd upon the Gates of the Church and then retir'd suddenly and secretly The 25th of March which was the Day appointed for the meeting of the Council being come it was open'd in the Cathedral of Pisa by the Cardinals of Palestrina Albano Ostia Puy Tuzi Saluces and St. Angelo of the Obedience of Benedict and by the Cardinals of Naples Aquileia The Council of Pisa. Colonna Ursini of Brancacio Ravenna Landi and St. Angelo who were of the Obedience of Gregory The Bishop of Meaux was present there in the Quality of Ambassador from the King of France and the Bishop of Gap in the Name of the King of Sicily with two Knights and a Secretary One Knight one Doctor and one Clergy-man were present from the King of England The Cardinals were plac'd on high Seats at the right Hand of the Entry into the Quire the Bishops and Abbots on both sides of the Nave of the Church and the Deputies of Chapters and Monasteries underneath them and the Ambassadors who were not Prelats and the Doctors in the Body of the Church The Processions the solemn Mass and other usual Prayers being ended two Cardinal-Deacons two Archbishops and two Bishops together with some Doctors and Notaries went by Order of the Council to the Gate of the Church and ask'd with a loud Voice Whether Peter de Luna and Angelus Corarius Competitors for the Papal Dignity were present or any one for them And no Person appearing they made their Report to the Council who nominated some Managers or Proctors in the Name of the Universal Church to plead enquire and do whatever should be necessary or expedient for the Extirpation of Schism against the two Competitors for the Pontificat and for the Union of the Church These Officers nam'd by the Council presently accused them and requir'd that they should be declar'd Contumacious in the Matter of Schism and of Faith and that they should be prouounc'd in Contempt They caus'd to be read the Acts by which the two Competitors had been summon'd and the Verbal Process of the Citation But the Council notwithstanding the Affair was now ripe put off any further Consulation about it until the next Session which was to be held to Morrow And then the Council caus'd them to be cited again as they were at first and when no Body appear'd for them they put off this Affair until the 30th of the next Month. When this Day was come the Competitors being call'd again and no Body appearing for them they were declar'd Contumacious in Matters of Faith and of Schism and the Sentence was pronounc'd against them by the Cardinal of Palestrina otherwise call'd of Poitiers with the unanimous Consent of the Fathers of the Council and the further Prosecution of this Affair was deferr'd till the 15th of April On this Day it was ordain'd That the Cardinal of Todi should be cited as adhering to Gregory and the Cardinals of St. Sabine St. Adrian St. Mary in via lata of Flisque and Challont as adhering to Benedict and that if the two Competitors and the Cardinals should not appear at this time they should proceed further against them The Cardinals of Milan and Bar who had been at the Assembly of Frankfort arriv'd in Pisa at this Session and brought with him ninety partly Archbishops and Bishops partly Abbots and Doctors who had not been present at the preceding Sessions The Ambassadors of Robert Duke of Bavaria Elect King of the Romans appear'd at the Fourth Session and proposed several Objections against the Authority of the Council and requir'd that it should be remov'd and assembled in another place at which Gregory offer'd to appear Their Reasons were demanded in Writing and Time was given them till the 24th of the same Month to bring in their Answer Charles Malatesta of Rimini made the same Demand of the Council on behalf of Gregory and propos'd more Difficulties Two Cardinals of each Obedience were deputed to confer with him who gave him to understand that he could not hope to obtain what he demanded and answer'd his Objections Notwithstanding this Remonstrance they went on with the Process and after they had ask'd at the Church-gate if any of the two Competitors were come they were declar'd anew to be Contumacious and the next Session was put off to the 24th In this Session the Advocate of the Council alledg'd all the Facts concerning the Schism from its first beginning and from thence prov'd the Collusion the erroneous Proceedings and the unworthiness of the two Competitors in 57 Articles and requir'd in the Name of the Proctor of the Council That the Assembly should declare that the Union of the two Colleges was lawful and just that the Cardinals had Power to appoint the General Council and that the City of Pisa was a fit Place for holding the Assembly That the Citations given to the two Competitors should be confirm'd and that they should be reputed Contumacious and their Favourers and Adherents should be depriv'd of all their Dignities Benefices and Offices and that it should be lawful for the Secular Judges to punish and chastise them in case they should oppose the Decree that was to pass against them and that Kings and Princes should be absolv'd from their Oaths and from any Obligation of Obedience to the two Competitors He added That altho' the Facts alledg'd against them were notorious yet he requir'd that the Council should name Commissioners to inform themselves more fully about them The Council from this Day declar'd that the College of Cardinals being united had Power to call the Council and that in the present Circumstances they had the Right to do it That this General Council representing the Church Universal was lawfully assembled and had Power to proceed to a Definitive Sentence That the number of Prelats now assembled was sufficient That the City of Pisa was a place very commodious That Peter de Luna and Angelus Corarius had been sufficiently summon'd and cited to the Council The Remainder was put off to the next Session which was appointed to be held on the last Day of March Some time after Simon de Craâ—aut Patriarch of Constantinople the Deputies of the Universities the Ambassadors of the Dukes of Brabant Holland and Liege those of the King of England * Viz. Robert Hallum Bishop of Salisbury Henry Chichely Bishop of St. Davids and the Prior of Canterbury who were chosen Ambassadors in a Synod held as London the beginning of
the Year 1409 and arriv'd at Pisa April 25th with whom were sent also Thomas an Abbot the Earl of Suffolk John Colme Kt. and Richard Canyngston Doctor of the Laws Dachery's Spicileg Tom. 6. p. 346. the Archbishops of Mayence and Collen arriv'd at Pisa. In the 6th Session the Bishop of Salisbury Ambassador from the King of England made a Discourse to the Council taking for his Text the Words of the 83d Psalm Justice and Judgment are the preparation of your Throne from which he exhorted the Fathers of the Council to Peace and said he had full Power from the King his Master as to all things which were to be treated of in the Council Nothing else was done in this Session and the next was appointed to be May the 4th In the mean time the Cardinals of Bourdeaux and Spain arriv'd at Pisa. The Council being Assembled on the Day appointed Peter de Ancharano a Dr. of Bologne made a Discourse wherein he answered some Questions propos'd by the Ambassadors of the King of the Romans altho' they were absent for they had withdrawn themselves from the 21st of April after they had publish'd on the 9th of the same Month an Act of Appeal against all that the Council had done or should do and show'd That the Objections were of no Force That the Competitors had been lawfully Summon'd That the Council had Power to proceed against them That the Intention was to procure the Peace of the Church and on the contrary the Design of the Ambassadors of the Duke of Bavaria was to hinder it In this Session Commissioners were Nam'd to receive and examine the Depositions of Witnesses that should be produc'd by the Proctor of the Council who were the Cardinals of Landi and St. Angelo for the two Colleges the Bishops of Liseaux and the three Drs. for France and one Dr. for England It was also ordain'd That the Council should send Deputies to Laodislaus who call'd himself the King of Sicily to pacifie him The next Session was put off to the 10th of May. In a Congregation which was held before the General Assembly of the 8th Session the Council nam'd Deputies to assist in the Assemblies of the College of Cardinals that all things might be done by common Agreement The same Day the Cardinal of Albano told the Assembly That he was inform'd that the Ambassadors of Peter de Luna wou'd quickly come to Pisa and that they must consider how they should be receiv'd About this there was a Consultation the next Day being the 9th of May and on the Day following being that of the Session the Proctor of the Council requir'd That they should Decree that the Union of the two Colleges was lawfully made That they were now become but one College That they should declare the Calling of the Council to be Legal by them That the Council was held in a secure and fit place That it represented the Church Universal and that the Cognizance and Decision of what concern'd the Union and Peace of the Church and the Extirpation of the Schism belong'd to them When it was demanded If all of them were of this Opinion the greater part answer'd affirmatively But the Bishops of Salisbury and Evreux remonstrated as to the first Head of this Demand That there could not be an Union of the two Colleges as long as the Cardinals of Benedict obey'd him as they did while all the rest refus'd to acknowledge Gregory the 12th That it was necessary there should be a general withdrawing of Obedience from them Many more Things were said upon this Subject The Patriarchs of Alexandria the Germans and French were of this Opinion but the Cardinals of Benedict who had not yet withdrawn their Obedience from him could hardly be brought to any Resolution in this Case In fine the Proctor of the Council having mounted into a Pulpit demanded still That in consideration of the Contumacy of the two Competitors who were notoriously guilty of continuing a Schism in the Church by their Collusion contrary to the Oaths they had taken the Council would pronounce and declare That from the time it had been manifest the two Competitors had no mind to procure the Peace of the Church by the means they had sworn to make use of it had been lawful to subtract Obedience from them and that now they ought no more to be obey'd He ask'd if this was the Opinion of the whole Council and every one answer'd in the Affirmative with Joy except two Bishops the one of England and the other of Germany But notwithstanding their Opinion the Matter was determin'd according to the Demand of the Proctor and the Patriarch of Alexandria having mounted into a Pulpit together with the Bishop of Salisbury pronounc'd the Definitive Sentence by the Authority of the Council The Proctor demanded That it should be drawn up in the Form of an authentick Act which was granted him and the next Session was put off to the 8th Day that the Commissioners might have time to examine Witnesses The 9th Session was held the 17th of May and the Act of Subtraction which had been drawn up by some Doctors and review'd in private Congregations was then presented and the Proctor demanded that it should be read in full Council The Patriarch took the Act mounted into the Pulpit and read it with a loud Voice It contain'd That the Council judg'd it had been lawful to subtract Obedience from the two Competitors ever since it was evidently prov'd That they had no mind to procure Union by the way of Resignation as they had sworn to do That all Christians ought to subtract the Obedience from them That the Council did Null and make Void all Sentences which the Competitors might have given or should give against those that did subtract Obedience from them That those who were Judges in the Council might be Witnesses against them That the Commissioners might draw up Articles of Accusation and a Verbal process of Interrogatories as they should think convenient In the 10th Session which was held the 22d of the same Month the Proctor caus'd the Advocate to inform the Council That the Commissioners had heard Witnesses and put the Depositions in Order and that they were ready to make the Report of them to the Council by the Mouth of the Archbishop of Pisa. The Council agreed to this Proposal and Deputies were sent to the Church-gate to know if any of the two Competitors who had been cited to hear the Depositions of Witnesses would appear but they not being present nor any one for them they were declar'd Contumacious and it was ordain'd That the Prosecutors might proceed further to draw up a Process against them and publish the Depositions of the Witnesses After this the Arch-bishop of Pisa went up into the Pulpit and caus'd to be read the Articles propos'd against the Competitors in the 10th Session and observ'd upon each Article by how many Witnesses it was prov'd and of what
Quality they were Twenty Articles were made ready this Session and the rest in the next which was held the Day after After which the Advocate of the Council mounted into a Pulpit and required in the pain of the Proctors and Managers of the Council That all the Facts alledg'd might be declar'd notorious manifest and well prov'd and that now they might proceed further The Council deferr'd the Consultation about this Demand until the 25th of the Month which was appointed for the next Session in which they agreed with the Conclusions of the Advocate the Sentence about them was publish'd and the Power of the Commissioners was recall'd The next Session was put off to the 29th of May at which they were to declare the Day when they should give a Definitive Sentence The Council was then made up of 140 partly Cardinals partly Archbishops Bishops and Mitred Abbots of 26 Doctors of Divinity of 300 Doctors of Civil and Canon Law and of Ambassadors from the Kings of France England Jerusalem Cicily Cyprus Poland from the Dukes of Brabant Austria Bavaria from the Count of Cleves the Marquiss of Brandenburgh and Moravia from the Arch-bishops of Collen Mayence and Saltzburgh from the Bishop of Utrecht the Master of the Order of Prussia from the Patriarch of Aquileia and many Princes of Italy There were also Deputies present from the University of Paris On the 29th of May the 12th Session was held in which Peter Pluen Dr. of Divinity of the Faculty of Paris mounted into the Pulpit and made a Discourse wherein he proved by many Reasons That the Church was superior to the Pope and made it appear That Peter de Luna was an obstinate Schismatick and even a Heretick that he had fal'n from the Right of the Pontifical Dignity of which the Council should immediately deprive him He said That this was the Opinion not only of the University of Paris but also of the Universities of Angiers Orleans and Tholouse An Italian Bishop Ascended after him into the Pulpit and read the Opinion of 300 Doctors of the University of Bononia which agreed with that of the University of Paris In fine the Advocate of the Council demanded That a Day might be appointed for passing the Definitive Sentence against the two Competitors and required that it might be Wednesday next being the 5th of June and that in the mean time a Congregation should be held on Saturday next to hear new Depositions against the two Competitors This was granted him and on the 1st Day of June an Assembly was held wherein the Archbishop of Pisa repeated all the Articles and upon each of them he declar'd the number and Quality of the Witnesses that depos'd it and gave publick notice That all those who would see the Depositions entire might do it on Monday or Tuesday next in the Convent of the Carmelites where they should find Carmelites that would show them to any one that desir'd it In fine at the 14th Session which was held on Wednesday being the 5th of June the Advocate of the Council demanded That they would proceed to a Definitive Sentence against the two Competitors They were call'd for again several times at the Church-gate and seeing neither of them appear'd nor any Person for them the Council order'd That the Patriarch of Alexandria should publish the Definitive Sentence against them and in pursuance of this Order this Patriarch assisted by the Patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem pronounc'd with a loud Voice in the presence of the Assembly and the People who were now suffer'd to come into the Church the Definitive Sentence which was to this effect That this Holy General Council representing the whole Church to whom belong'd the Cognizance and Decision of this Cause having examin'd all Matters relating to the Union of the Church and the Schism between Peter de Luna call'd Benedict the 13th and Angelus Corarius otherwise call'd Gregory the 12th upon mature Deliberation have declar'd with an unanimous consent That all the Facts alledg'd against them by the Proctors of the Council are true and notorious and that the two Competitors are manifestly Schismaticks Favourers of Schism Hereticks guilty of Perjury and of the Violation of their Oaths that they give a Scandal to the whole Church by their manifest Obstinateness and Contumacy that they are unworthy of all Honour and Dignity and particularly of the Pontifical and that they are fal'n from it depriv'd of it and separate from the Church ipso facto That nevertheless the Church does now deprive them by this Definitive Sentence and forbids them to use the Title of Sovereign Pontiffs declares That the Church of Rome is vacant absolves all Christians from the Obedience which they may have promis'd them and forbids any Person to obey them to help or conceal them for the future Ordains That those who shall not obey this Sentence shall be punish'd by the Secular Powers declares all the Judgments or Sentences which they have given or shall give to be Null and Void as well as the Nominations of Cardinals which have been made by them some time ago viz. those of Angelus Corarius since the 3d of May and those of Peter de Luna since the 15th of June in the Year 1408. And lastly to the end That the Decrees made by the Competitors to the prejudice of Union may be Null'd and what concerns the Promotions they have made may be Regulated the Council appointed a Session on Monday next being the 10th of June On this Day the Archbishop of Pisa read an Instrument in Writing by which the Cardinals promis'd That whoever among them should be chosen Pope should continue the Council and not dissolve it nor suffer it to be dispers'd until it had made a Reformation of the Universal Church and of its present State both in the Head and the Members and that in case any one of the Cardinals that was absent should be chosen they should bind them by a Promise of sufficient Force and Validity to execute what they had before and did now at present approve viz. the Continuation of the Council during the vacancy of the See Nothing else was done in this Session and the Council was adjourn'd to Thursday the 13th of June In this a Writing was read by which the Council consented and ordain'd That the two Colleges of Cardinals should proceed according to the usual Forms to the Election of a Pope The next Day the Ambassadors from the King of Arragon and those of Peter de Luna presented themselves to the Council The former were heard and desir'd to be inform'd of what had pass'd in the Council and tho' they protested that they did not hear with a Design to approve their Actions yet Answer was made That Deputies should be nam'd to inform them But as to the Ambassadors of Peter de Luna they were answer'd that they came too late and that they were not to be heard Nevertheless out of respect to the King of Arragon it
He died at last in the City of Aquila in Abruzzo May the 20th 1444. he was Canoniz'd by Nicolas V. in 1450. The Works of this Saint are divided into Four Tomes the 1st contains Sixty one Sermons under the Title of the Quadragesimale of the Christian Religion The 2d another Quadragesimale Entituled The Eternal Gospel The 3d. two Advents one upon the Beatitudes and the other about Inspirations two Quadragesimale's one Entituled Of the Spiritual Combate and the other Seraphim and some particular Sermons A Treatise of Confession the Mirror of Sinners a Treatise of the Precepts of the Rule of Minors a Letter to the Regulars of his Order in Italy containing some Regulations Aspirations to God for all the days of the Week a Discourse by way of Dialogue between the World and Religion before the Pope a Treatise of Obedience by way of Dialogue Father La Haye does not think that the two Quadragesimale's which are in this Tome are truly St. Bernardin's because they are of another Stile and are written with less Exactness Elevation and Judgment The last Tome contains Sermons upon other Sundays of the Year and the Festivals of our Lord and the Saints with a Commentary upon the Revelations The Treatise of the Conception of the Virgin mention'd by Trithemius and other Authors is not St. Bernardin's The Sermons of this Saint are not of a sublime Stile but they contain a solid Morality and well drawn out into Particulars and the Author does not fall into such false and Childish Thoughts as other Predicants have done These Works have been Printed at Venice in 1591. by the Care of Rodulphus Bishop of Sinigaglia and at Paris in 1636. by the Care of Peter de lay Haye in 2 Volumes in Folio Augustine of Rome of the Order of the Hermites of St. Augustine was chosen their General Augustine of Rome Archbishop of Nazareth in the Year 1419. made Bishop of Cesena in 1431. and afterwards Archbishop of Nazareth in the Kingdom of Naples and died in 1443 or 1445. He wrote many Books a Treatise upon the four Books of the Sentences Commentaries upon the Epistles of St Paul and the Revelations a Book of Original Sin a Book of Free-Will a Treatise of the Power of the Pope a Treatise of the Divinity of Jesus Christ and of his Church a Treatise of Jesus Christ as Head of the Church a Treatise of his Charity towards the Elect and of his Infinite Love 'T is not known where these Works are Bellarmine says That the three last are in the Index of Prohibited Books which makes it credible that they have been printed Possevin affirms That he saw in the Library of the Augustines at Padua a Manuscript containing this Author's Commentaries upon St. Paul's Epistles the Canonical Epistles and the Revelations William Lyndwood a famous English Canonist in the University of Oxford flourish'd under William Lynwood Bishop of St. Davids the Reign of Henry V. King of England and was sent by this Prince Ambassador into Spain and Portugal in 1422. After the Death of this Prince who died in France in the Castle of Vincennes he forsook the Court and retir'd into England where he was made Bishop of St. David's in 1434. and died in the Year 1446 He wrote a Collection of the Constitutions of the Archbishops of Canterbury from the time of Stephen Langton to Henry Chichely divided into five Books printed at Paris in 1505. at London in 1557. and at Oxford in 1579. and Dr. James in his Tract of the Corruption of the Fathers p. 201. adds that Lynwood being sent Ambassador from Henry VI. to the Council of Basil presented an Appeal in the King's Name to the Fathers of that Council against the Pride and Arrogance of the Popes and asserted that the Kings of England own no Superior oâ— Earth in Temporals which Appeal says he is hitherto fradulently leâ—â— out by all the Editors of the Councils 1663* Alexander Carpenter so call'd because he was the Son of an English-man of that Trade Alexander Carpenter an English man flourish'd about the Year 1430. and wrote a Treatise Entitled Destructorium Vitiorum printed at Nuremburg in 1496. and at Venice in the Year 1582. under the Name of Alexander the English-man About the same time flourish'd Raymund of Sabunde or Sebeyde a Spaniard Professor at Tholouse Raymunde of Sabunde Professor at Tholouse who is the Author of a Treatise Entitled The Natural Theology of Men and Creatures or a Treasure of Divin Considerations printed at Daventer without Date at Strasburg in 1496. at Paris in 1509. at Lyons in 1540. at Venice in 1581. at Frankfurt in 1631. He put the same Work in the form of a Dialogue Entitled The Violet of the Soul which differs not from the former but only as it the Form printed at Colen in 1501. and at Lyons in 1568. This Work of Natural Theology was translated out of Spanish into French by Montague who shews a greater value of it than it deserves It is a Work that contains many wild and metaphysical Discourses and Reflections upon Religion and Christian Morality Peter of Jeremy of Palermo entred into the Order of Friars Predicant at Bologne and returning Peter of Jeremy a Dominican into Sicily he founded there and reform'd many Monasteries of his own Order after which he return'd anâ— died at Bologne in 1452. He was famous for Preaching and has left us Sermons for the whole Year and upon the Festivals of the Saints an Explication of the Lord's Prayer an Explication of the Decalogue a Treatise of the Passion of Our Lord and a Treatise of Faith These Works were printed at Hagenau in 1514. John of Ragusio of the Order of Friars Predicant was present at the Council of Basil and made there a long Discourse about Communion under both kinds against John of Rocksana John of Ragusio a Dominican After this he went over to the Party of Pope Engenius who made him Bishop and sent him to Constantinople in the Quality of Legat to the Emperor John Palaeologus His Discourse is at the end of the Acts of the Council of Basil. Henry Kalteisen a Native of Coblentz of the Order of Friars Predicant a Doctor of Colen Henry Kalteisen Archbishop of Nidrosia and of Caesarea was appointed by the Pope to Preach the Croisade against the Bohemians He was present at the Council of Basil where in a Discourse that lasted three Hours he refuted Ulrick a Priest of the Sect of the Orphelines concerning Preaching of the Word of God His Design is chiefly to shew That mere Priests ought not to thrust themselves upon the Office of Preaching without a Mission He was honour'd with the Dignity of being Master to the Sacred Palace in 1440. and waâ— made Inquisitor General in Germany In the Year 1452. he was Consecrated by Nicholas V. Archbishop of Nidrosia or Drant in Norway and of Caesarea and he died October the 3d in 1465. The
Discourse which he spoke in the Council of Basil is printed in the Twelfth Tome of the Councils Trithemius assures us That he wrote also many Sermons of Time and of Saints and upon the Magnificat some Questions and Conferences We may also place in the Rank of Ecclesiastical Writers John Polemar Arch-deacon of Barcelona John Polemar Arch-deacon of Barcelona a Doctor of Vienna who open'd the Council of Basil and made there many Discourses among the rest one about the Temporal Dominion of the Clergy against the Discourse of Peter Payne an English-man which is printed in the Twelfth Tome of the Councils John Patriarch of Antioch who was present at the Council of Basil in the Year 1434. wrote John Patriarch of Antioch a Treatise of the Superiority of the Council above the Pope which is at the end of the Acts of this Council At the same time and in the same Council flourish'd John Archbishop of Taranto who John Arch-bishop of Taranto made an Harangue to the Fathers of the Council which is in the Acts of that Council where there is also a Discourse of Gerard Landrianus Bishop of Lodi Ambassador from the Council to the King of England and his Council and many other Discourses of the same Nature Gerard Landrianus Bishop of Lodi which are to be found 〈◊〉 the Acts of the Council of Basil. Jordan of Brice a Civilian Consistorial Advocate and Grand Judge of the Province in the Year 14â—3 wrote a Pâ—ece at the desire of the Cardinal of Foix to defend the Election of Eugeaius IV. against the Objections made by Cardinal Dominick of Capranica This Cardinal was Jordanus Brixius a Civilian Dominick of Capranica Cardinal advanc'd to his Dignity by Martin V. on the 24th of May in 1426. together with the Bishop of Lorida Prosper Colonna and Julian Caesarine but his Promotion was kept secret until the Death of Martin V. which happen'd six Years after at which time he had done no Office belonging to a Cardinal When this Pope died Capranica came to enter into the Conclave by Vertue of the Decree of Nomination Sign'd by the Cardinals importing That in Case Martin V. should die before the Publication of this Nomination the Cardinals chosen should be publish'd immediately after and admitted into the Conclave yet the College of Cardinals would not receive him and the Eâ—ection was made without him He was also cited before the Cardinals whom Eugenius appointed to judge of this Affair but he appeal'd from them to the Council of Basil whither he came in Person and there he was acknowledg'd for Cardinal Nevertheless he was Reconcil'd to Pope Eugenius and waited upon him at Florence where he receiv'd a Cardinals Hâ—t from his Hand and liv'd after that till the Year 1458. in great Credit at the Court of Rome While he was at the Council of Basil some would have made use of his Exclusion to nullifie the Election of Eugenius IV Upon which Question the Civilian of whom we are speaking wrote in favour of Eugenius IV. and proves First That the Decree of Nomination made by Martin V. is null Secondly That the Consent which the Cardinals gave Jordanus Brixius the Civilian to it is also null and does not oblige them at all Thirdly That tho' this Decree should be of some force yet the Eâ—ection of Eugenius would be valid and that the Exclusion of Capranica did not make it null These are the three Points which this Author handles after the method of the Canonists in his Consultation publish'd by Monsieur Baluzius in the third Tome of his Miscellanies together with the Funeral Oration of the Cardinal of Capranica made by Baptista Poggio his Son The Cardinal of Capranica wrote also some Treatises as an Introduction for the Administration Dominic of Capranica Cardinal of the Pontificat the Art of dying well a Discourse to Alphonsus King of Naples some Letters to Philelphus and some other Works Alphonsus Tostatus a Spaniard finish'd his Studies in the University of Salamanca at the Alphonsus Tostatus Bishop of Avila Age of 22 Years and made so great Progress in all Sciences that he was fit to Teach them at that Age and did it He was present at the Council of Basil and was afterwards made Bishop of Avila and advanc'd to the chief Offices in the Kingdom of Spain He died in the Year 1454 aged 40 Years and was inter'd in the Church of Avila with this Epitaph Hic stupor est mundi qui scibile diseutit omne In effect his Memory was burden'd with an infinite number of things and he was an able Man in all Sciences But what is most astonishing is this That in the time of a very short Life he could not only study so many different things but also write such a great number of Volumes upon all sorts of Subjects for there is scarce any Author whose Works amount to so great a Collection There are 27 Volumes in Folio of them whereof the first 24 are Commentaries upon the following Books of Scripture The first upon Genesis the second and third upon Exodus the fourth upon Leviticus the fifth and sixth upon the Book of Numbers the seventh upon Deuteronomy the eighth and ninth upon Joshua the tenth upon the Books of Judges and Ruth the eleventh and twelfth upon the first Book of Kings the thirteenth fourteenth and fifteenth upon the three other Books the sixteenth and seventeenth upon the Book of Chronicles the seven following Volumes upon the Gospel of St. Matthew The twenty fifth contains his Tracts which are the Defence of three Conclusions a Book of five figur'd Paradoxes a little piece of the Trinity another upon these Words A Virgin shall bring forth a Son a Work against Concubinary Priests a Treatise of the State of Souls after Death and another of Good Politicks the two last Tomes are Tables All these Works were printed at Venice in 1530. by the Order of Cardinal Ximenes at the same place in 1596. and at Collen in 1612. 'T is the last Edition which is in twenty seven Volumes Besides this there are also some other Treatises of Tostatus printed a-part by themselves as the Censure of the Conference at Ratisbonne printed in 1608. a Commentary upon the Chronicle of Eusebius in Spanish printed at Salamanca in 1506. fourteen Questions whereof the first four are an Abridgment of the History of Scripture and the rest of the Morality printed in Spanish at Antwerp in 1551. He wrote also many other Books as well upon Profane Sciences as Ecclesiastical Matters among the rest a Treatise of five Laws i. e. of the Law of Nature of the Law of Moses of the Laws of Pagans of those of Mahomet and the Laws of Christians A Treatise of the Origin and Distinction of Jurisdictions A Treatise of the Power of the Pope A Treatise of the Reformation of the Church A Treatise of Indulgences A Treatise of the Councils A Work against the Jews and
to the Just and that a sharp Death remits Sins He examines why Baptism remitting Original Sin does not free Men from the Law of Death and he gives two Reasons for it taken out of S. Austin and of Julian Pomerius He believes Angels assist the Just at their Death and that Devils do then lie in wait for them He commends the Piety of the Faithful who take care to do the last Office to their Parents hereupon he produces some Passages out of S. Austin about the Sacrifices offered for the Dead and the Suffrages of Martyrs In the Second which is of the State of Souls after Death he says Those of perfect Christians are immediately carried into a Paradise where they remain joyfully waiting for the Resurrection of their Bodies And that they enjoy in that Place the Happiness and the Knowledge of God He believes those of them who have some Sins to blot out are detain'd for a while but neither the one not the other do enjoy as perfect a Vision of the Divine Substance as they shall do after the Resurrection tho' they do already see God and reign with Christ That the Wicked immediately after Death are precipitated into Hell where they undergo endless Torments He establisheth * Vid. not u Purgatory which he believes to be a real Fire wherewith Sins remaining at ones Death are expiated in the other World and that the Time of the Soul 's abiding there is proportion'd to the number or the grievousness of Sins committed by them He affirms That the Souls of the Dead may know one another He says The Dead pray for the Living but not for the Damned that they know what is done here below that they pity those they have been acquainted with that they are earnestly desirous of Men's Salvation that sometimes they appear to the Living that the Damned see only some of the Blessed c. The Third Book is of the Judgment and Resurrection These are his Opinions Neither the Time nor the Place of the Final Judgment can be known nor how long it will last Jesus Christ shall appear descending from Heaven with Angels carrying his Cross At the Sight of him the very Elect shall tremble for fear and that Fear shall purify them from their Sins but the ungodly shall be in a strange Confusion All the Saints shall judge the World together with Christ. All Men shall rise in a Moment and shall put on again a true Body and Flesh but uncorruptible without Defect Imperfection or Mutilation in a perfect Age and perfect Beauty The Difference of Sexes shall remain but without Lust without any need of Food or Raiment All Children who had any Life in their Mothers Womb shall rise again Angels shall separate the Good from the Bad the Consciences of both shall be laid open the ungodly shall be cast down head-long into real Fires in which their Bodies shall burn without being consumed there shall be different Torments according to the Difference of Crimes and the Children guilty of Original Sin only shall suffer the easiest Pain of all It is needless to ask where that Fire shall be after the Condemnation the Recompence of the Just shall follow and then the Heaven and the Earth shall be set on Fire there will be a New Heaven and a New Earth where the Saints may dwell tho' they may also ascend up into the Heavens they shall then see God as the Angels do see him now they shall enjoy a Liberty so much the more perfect as they shall no more be obnoxious to Sin they shall all be happy tho' in different Degrees of Happiness they shall be wholly employed in praising God they shall place all their Felicity in the perpetual Contemplation and Love of him These are the Points of Doctrine which Julian gathereth from the Fathers of the Church for properly this Work is nothing else but a Collection of Passages of the Fathers chiefly of S. Augustin S. Gregory and Julian Pomerius The Treatise against the Jews is more of Julian's Composition He proves in the first Book That the Signs of the Messias's coming pointed at in the Old Testament are come to pass That the Time set down by Daniel agrees with the coming of Christ and that after Jerusalem's Destruction the Jews can expect no other Messias In the second he shews by the History of the New Testament That Jesus Christ is the Messias and that the Apostles did convince the Jews of it In the last he distinguisheth the Ages of the World by the Generations and shews we are in the sixth Age The first is from Adam to the Flood the second from the Flood to Abraham the third from Abraham to David the fourth from David until the carrying away into Babylon the fifth from the carrying away into Babylon to Jesus Christ. He compares the Account of the Years of the Hebrew Text and of the Septuagint and preferrs the latter because it was more suitable to his Design finding by this means 5000 Years run out from the Beginning of the World to Christ's Birth He extols the Authority of the Version of the Septuagint and affirms that the Jews have corrupted the Hebrew Text. He adds That altho it were not so yet the distinction of the Generations shews the fifth Age of the World was run out when Christ came into the World The History of the Acts of Wamba in Gallia being no Ecclesiastical Work we will make no Extract of it here contenting our selves in observing that it is found in the first Volume of the Historiographers of France put out by Du Chesne In the Bibliotheca Patrum of Colen in 1618. they have attributed to Julian of Toledo a Book of Antilogies * at Basil in 1530. at Colen in 1533. octavo or seeming Contrarieties of the Scripture which had been already printed without the Author's Name but it was found to be Berthorius's Abbot of Mount Cassin There was also part of a Commentary upon the Prophet Nahum published under Julian's Name But besides that there is nothing said of it in Felix's Catalogue the Style and the manner of the Writing of it shews plainly enough it belongs to another Author tho' bearing Julian's Name in the Manuscript upon which Canisius publish'd it THEODORUS of Canterbury THEODORUS bred a Monk of Tarsus was ordained Bishop by Pope Vitalian and sent in 668. into England to govern the Church of Canterbury He arrived there Two Theodorus of Canterbury Years after his departure staying long in France as he went and was well entertained by King Egbert who had sent to Rome to desire a Bishop to be sent to him He laboured much in the establishing of the Faith and the Church-discipline in England He held several Councils made Bishops founded Monasteries made Peace between Princes kept the People in their Duty and having thus performed all the parts of a good Pastor during the space of 20 years he died in 690. being 88 years old He
to the Christians of the Holy-Land and renews to those that do so the Privileges and Immunities granted by Urban and Eugenius his Predecessors and puts their Estates Wives and Children under the protection of the Holy See The Sixtieth is directed to all the Bishops of Christendom on the same Subject to the end that they might publish the preceding Letter in their respective Diocesses and induce the Princes and People to so pious an Undertaking In the Three following Letters directed to certain Prelates of England he gives them an Account after what manner he concluded a Treaty of Peace with the Emperor at Venice These are the Letters of Pope Alexander III. that are contain'd in the first Collection to which three Additions have been since annex'd the first of those Additions comprehends Fifty six Letters publish'd by Father Sirmondus in the end of the Works of Peter Abbot of Celles In the first Eighteen which are almost all directed to Peter Abbot of St. Remy at Rheims he nominates him in a Commission with others to determine divers particular Affairs The Nineteenth directed to the Arch-bishop of Upsal in Sweden and his Suffragans contains several Constitutions against Simony and against the Privileges of Clergy-men taken out of the Councils and the Decretals of the Popes In the Twentieth he recommends to the Charity of the Northern Christians Fulcus Bishop of the Estons a People of Sweden In the Twenty first he exhorts the Northern Kings and Potentates to perform the Duties of Christian Princes to endeavour to procure the advancement of the Church by encountering its Enemies In the Twenty second directed to the Arch-bishop of Upsal and his Suffragans he specifies the Pennances that they ought to impose for the Crimes of Incest and Uncleanness and inveighs against two Abuses that prevail'd in their Country viz. the first That the Priests were wont to celebrate Mass with the Lees of Wine or with Crums of Bread steept in Wine and the second concerning clandestine Marriages that were contracted without the Benediction of the Priest The following relate to many particular Affairs of Churches or Monasteries which he himself decides or for the determination of which he grants a Commission to other Persons in the respective places In the second Addition are compris'd 109 Letters directed to Lewis VII King of France or to the Prelates of his Kingdom the greatest part of which relate to the Affairs of the Churches of France as also some to the Contest between Alexander and Victor and others are only recommendatory Letters or full of Compliments They are taken out of the Collection of the Historians of France by Du-Chesne The last Addition contains 22 Letters of which the six first are written on the Schism rais'd by Victor the two following treat of the Privileges of the Canons of Challon In the Ninth he acquaints Henry Arch-bishop of Rheims after what manner he was receiv'd in Rome The five following were written in favour of the Church of Vezelay In the Fifteenth he commends Hugh Bishop of Rhodez for establishing a general Peace in his Diocess The Seventeenth and Eighteenth are the Bulls for the Canonization of Edward King of England and St. Bernard The Twentieth Twenty firâ—… and Twenty second are Acts of Approbation of the Order of the Knights of St. James in Spain of that of the Monks of the Abbey of St. Saviour at Messina and of that of the Carthusians and of their Constitutions There are also in the Addition to the Tenth Tome of the Councils five other Letters attributed to Alexander III. of which the four first relate to the Immunities of the Schools and Chapter of Paris and the last to those of the Chapter of Anagnia Lucius III. having possess'd the See of Rome but a little while has left us only three Lucius III's Letters Letters By the First he takes off the Excommunication of William King of Scotland and the Suspension of his Kingdom denounced by the Arch-bishop of York in Pope Alexander's Life-time for opposing the Consecration of John elected Bishop of St. Andrew The Second Letter is directed to Henry II. King of England in which he exhorts that Prince to permit a Tax to be rais'd in his Kingdom for the Relief of the Holy-Land The Third is a Decree against the Hereticks of that time in which he pronounces a perpetual Anathema against the Cathari the Patarins those that style themselves the Humbled or the poor People of Lyons the Passagians the Josepins and the Arnoldists and prohibits all sorts of Persons to profess Divinity or to Preach publickly unless they have obtain'd a License from the Holy See or from the Diocesan Bishop He likewise condemns all those who presume to maintain any Doctrines or Practices different from those of the Church of Rome concerning the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ Baptism the Remission of Sins Marriage or the other Sacraments with their Abetters and Adherents He ordains That Clergy-men convicted of those Errors shall be depos'd and Laicks deliver'd up into the Hands of the Secular Judges to be punish'd unless they immediately abjure them without allowing any Pardon to Relapses He enjoyns the Arch-bishops and Bishops to make a Visitation every Year either Personally or by their Arch-deacons in order to discover such Miscreants He exhorts the Counts Barons Lords and Magistrates vigorously to aid and assist the Clergy-men in the Prosecution of those Hereticks under pain of Excommunication and Privation of their Dignities And in that Case he grants a peculiar Jurisdiâ—…n to the Arch-bishops and Bishops over such Persons as enjoy certain Immunities and are subject only to the Holy See provided they be obey'd as the Pope's Delegates notwithstanding all manner of Privileges Urban III. gave notice to all the Bishops of his Election by a circular Letter dated January Urban III's Letters 11. A. D. 1186. which is the first of his Letters The Second dedicated to William King of Scotland relates to the Contest between the Bishops of St. Andrew and Dunckell the Tryal of which was referr'd to the See of Rome in the time of his Predecessor but could not be deterâ—…d till the Popedom of Urban who entreats the King in this Letter to take the Bishop of Dunckell into his Protection and makes the same Request in the following to Jocelin Bishop of Glasco In the Fourth he writes to Baldwin Arch-bishop of Canterbury about the building of a new Church in Honour of St. Stephen and St. Thomas In the last he approves the Foundation of a House of Hospitallers at Bononia and ratifies their Constitutions and Privileges Gregory VIII was no sooner advanc'd to the Papal Dignity but he wrote a Circular Letter Gregory VIII's Letters to all the Faithful to exhort them to relieve the Holy Land He gives a lively description of the most deplorable Calamities that befel the Christians when the City of Jerusalem was taken by Saladin and earnestly presses the Faithful to undertake
an account of all these particular Circumstances to the Pope in a Letter and the two Legates went to Communicate them to the King of England Whereupon that Prince and the Prelates of his Kingdom demanded of the Legates whether they had not receiv'd Orders from the Pope to bring Thomas Becket to his Tryal or whether they were not impower'd to do it by vertue of their Office They declar'd that they had no such Power and that all that they could do was only to cause the Pope's Letters to be read publickly by which he prohibited the Arch-bishop of Canterbury to Excommunicate the King or to pass any Sentence of Suspension on his Kingdom as also to inform him of the purport of them with a prohibition to attempt any thing to the prejudice of that Order and to confirm the Absolutions that were given to the Bishops and other Excommunicated Persons under pretence that the Pope allow'd that such Absolution should be granted them in case they were in danger of Death and that those Persons being constrain'd by the King's Orders to pass over the Sea ran the hazard of losing their Lives But the Pope having permitted it only upon Condition that they should restore the Church-Revenues and the greatest part of them not having done it Thomas Becket wrote to the Legates that they ought to oblige them to make restitution if they were desirous that their Absolution should be ratify'd The Pope himself likewise wrote to the same effect but the Cardinal of Pavia eluded that Order alledging that he could not put it in execution without offending the King In the mean while Thomas Becket made great complaints against those Proceedings and sent word to the Court of Rome at the same time entreating the Pope to recall those two Legates who shewed too much partiality insomuch that his Holiness not being able to withstand the importunity of those who adher'd to the Interest of that Arch-bishop at Rome immediately sent for the Legates and depriv'd them of all manner of Authority Cardinal Otho before his departure us'd his utmost endeavours to induce the King of England to do Justice to the Arch-bishop whereupon his Majesty reply'd that he would consent that that Prelate should return to Canterbury and possess his Church in Peace and that he for his part would renounce the Customs that were not in use in the time of his Predecessors but that he would not hear talk of doing him Justice and those of his Party as to the Estates they enjoy'd for a long time pretending that they had put them to a good use The Cardinal in like manner spoke to the King much to the same effect but all their Remonstrances serv'd only to draw upon them the displeasure of that Prince who complain'd when they came to take leave of him that he was betray'd by the Pope and threatn'd to yield him Obedience no longer if he did not take care to do him Justice with respect to the Arch-bishop of Canterbury Afterwards the King of France interceded at the sollicitation of the Pope to accommodate An Interview be-between Thomas Becket and King Hen. Iâ— in the presence of the King of France that Business with the King of England and procur'd an Interview during which the Arch-bishop of Canterbury threw himself at King Henry's Feet and after having implor'd his Clemency declar'd that he would resign to him every thing that had occasion'd the differences between them provided that the Glory of God might be indemnify'd His Majesty receiv'd that Restriction with a great deal of dissatisfaction and propos'd to the King of France that he would leave Thomas in the quiet possession of the See of Canterbury saying That he expected to enjoy'd the Rights that were enjoy by the Kings his Precedessors in the time of the Predecessors of the Arch-bishop who should likewise enjoy the Immunities that his Predecessors had actually enjoy'd This proposal seem'd reasonable to the Assistants and even to the King of France nevertheless Thomas Becket would not accept of it alledging that his Predecessors had Tolerated some Abuses which his Adversaries would fain compel him to approve against his Conscience This refusal caus'd a murmuring among the Lords of both Nations and gave no manner of satisfaction to the two Kings The Enemies of the Arch-bishop accus'd him of Arrogancy and even many of his Friends did not approve his Inflexibility However the King of France soon alter'd his Mind commended the constancy of that Prelate and instead of Banishing him out of his Dominions as it was expected he admitted him into his Presence suffer'd him to reside at Sens and continu'd to assist him King Henry sent Envoys to complain to that Prince that he treated a Rebel so kindly who had refus'd to accept of Peace upon reasonable Terms but perceiving that the French King was resolv'd not to abandon him he sollicited the Pope again by two Deputations and prevail'd with the King of Sicily and the Estates of Italy to joyn their entreaties to his against the Arch-bishop of Canterbury However all that could be obtain'd of the Pope was that he would send two other Legates to endeavour again to procure a Reconciliation between them Gratian the Nephew Other Legates sent into England and their Negotiation of Pope Eugenius III. and Vivian Advocate of the Church of Rome were chosen for that purpose The Pope deliver'd to them the Articles of the Agreement ready drawn up and oblig'd them to take an Oath not to go beyond the Orders he had given them He prohibited them to receive any thing of the King of England till the conclusion of the Treaty and order'd them to declare to that Prince that if he neglected to make Peace upon the Conditions prescribed by him he would enjoyn the Arch-bishop of Canterbury to make use of the Authority of the Church against him These Legates manag'd divers Negotiations in the Year 1169 but none of them took Effect King Henry offer'd to permit Thomas Becket to return to England and to re-establish him in his Arch-bishoprick and in the possession of his Estate but would have this Condition annexed Provided always that the Rights of the Kingdom be maintain'd but the Legates refus'd to admit that Clause unless this were also Inserted Provided that the Liberties of the Church be not infringed There was also an Interview at St. Denis between the two Kings the Legates and the Arch-bishop which prov'd ineffectual So that the Legates return'd without coming to any manner of Agreement The King of England who was not well satisfy'd with these Legates demanded others of the Pope with much importunity and even with Menaces His Holiness was not of Opinion that his request ought to be deny'd and even Suspended the Arch-bishop's Authority till the Differences were finally determin'd He nominated Simon Prior of Mont Dieu and Bernard de Corila to be his Legates on that occasion and gave them two Letters for King Henry viz. one full
be distributed to them and that they who put it to another use are to be look'd upon as Robbers This Discourse is follow'd by another pronounc'd in a Synod held for the Ordination of a Bishop He begins with the Commendation of the Church and afterwards rejects the Person of Girard who was propos'd alledging That although there was a form of Election in his favour nevertheless he ought not to be ordain'd by reason that it is not to be endur'd that the Liberty of Elections which was introduc'd for the Benefit of the Churches should be made prejudicial to them and therefore that the Election of Girard was null as having been carry'd on only by some few Persons devoted to his Interest He acquaints that Pope in another Letter That he had pass'd Sentence in favour of Hugh Abbot of Senlis in a Cause that was depending between that Abbot and Garnier a Priest concerning the Church of Marine for the Tryal of which he was nominated a Commissioner with Henry Bishop of Senlis He likewise gave him notice in the following Letter that the King of England had favourably receiv'd his Letters and Nuncio's and that he had re-instated the Arch-bishop of Canterbury but he complains that the Nuncio's did not promote the making of Peace and entreats the Pope to do it In another Letter he informs the same Pope That he had put an end to the Contest between the Abbot of La Couture and Hermier the Priest about the Church of Breule In one of the Letters directed to the Pope's Legates Albert and Theodin he determines That it is not expedient to bestow Altars that is to say Benefices on the Sons of Priests lest it should occasion disorders Afterwards he writes to Pope Alexander against those Monks who refuse to obey their Bishop and claim a right to retain Cures and Tithes He complains in particular of the Abbot of St. Evrou who presum'd to celebrate Divine Service notwithstanding the Sentence of Suspension he had pronounc'd against him The Poems of this Author are not very considerable as to the Subjects but they are exact in reference to the Rules of Poetry and the Verses are very fine The first is on the Nativity of Jesus Christ the second is an Encomium of the Bishop of Windsor and the rest on the alteration of the Seasons and on some other profane Subjects There are also two Epitaphs of Queen Mathilda one of Algarus Bishop of Coutances and another of Hugh Arch-bishop of Roan Father Dachery has publish'd in the second Tome of his Spicilegium an excellent Discourse dedicated to Geffrey Bishop of Chartres and compos'd by Arnulphus when as yet Arch-deacon of Seez against Peter de Leon the Antipope and Gerard Bishop of Angoulesme his Legat. It is written with a great deal of earnestness and energy so that the Author gives us a very lively description of the Irregularities and Vices of that Antipope and of his Legate maintains the Election and Proceedings of Innocent II. and makes it appear that the latter is the true Pope Father Dachery has likewise set forth in the end of the Thirteenth Tome of the Spicilegium a Sermon upon the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary and five Letters by the same Author The other Works of Arnulphus Bishop of Lisieux were printed at Paris from a Manuscript of Adrian Turnebus's Library A. D. 1585. and afterwards in the Bibliotheca Patrum PETER de CELLES Bishop of Chartres PETER sirnam'd de Celles from the Name of his first Abbey commonly call'd Monstierla-Celle Peter de Celles Bishop of Chartres in the Suburbs of the City of Troyes was descended of an honourable Family of Champagne He apply'd himself to Study at Paris and was apparently a Novice in the Monastery of St. Martin des Champs He was chosen Abbot of Celles A. D. 1150. translated from thence to the Abbey of St. Remy at Rheims in 1162. and at last made Bishop of Chartres in 1182. in the place of John of Salisbury After having govern'd that Church during five Years he died Feb. 17. 1187. The following Works of this Author were collected and publish'd by Father Ambrosius Januarius of the Congregation of St. Maur and printed by Lewis Billaine in 1671. But the first of his Works is a Course of Sermons on all the Festivals of the Year which were never as yet printed However notwithstanding the Reputation they might have in his time Father Januarius observes that they are weak and that Peter de Celles is not very sollicitous to prove a Truth thoroughly but passes lightly over from one Subject to another although his Writings are full of pious Conceptions Flowers of Scripture and very useful Instructions He might also take notice that they are full of Puns affected Antitheses sorry Allusions mean Descriptions and Notions which have not all the Gravity that is requisite in Discourses of that Nature In his Eighth Sermon on the Lord's Supper we find the Term of Transubstantiation which is also in Stephen Bishop of Autun who liv'd in the same Century And indeed those two Authors are the first that made use of it The three Books of Bread dedicated to John of Salisbury contain a great number of mystical Reflections on all the sorts of Bread mention'd in the Holy Scripture The Mystical and Moral Exposition of the Tabernacle is a Work almost of the same Nature The Treatise of Conscience dedicated to Aliber the Monk relates altogether to Piety and that of the Discipline of the Cloister comprehends many Moral Instructions in the Exercises of the Monastick Life which he follow'd above Thirty Years This Piece was set forth by Father Dachery in the third Tome of his Spicilegium The last Work in this Edition is a Collection of the Letters of Peter de Celles which were already publish'd with Notes by Father Sirmondus A. D. 1613. They are divided into nine Books and relate either to pious Subjects or to certain particular Affairs or are merely Complimental Indeed they are written with greaâ—er Accuracy than his other Works being of a more natural and less affected Style nevertheless they are full of verbal Quibbles and Puns In this Collection are three Letters on the Festival of the Conception of the Virgin Mary in which Peter de Celles strenously maintains St. Beâ—nard's Sentiments on that Subject NICOLAS a Monk of St. Alban was of a contrary Opinion and averr'd That Nicolas Monk of St. Alban the blessed Virgin was never obnoxious to Sin This is the Subject of the Twenty third Letter of the Sixth Book but the Monk vindicates his Opinion in the Ninth Letter of the last Book and confutes that of St. Bernard yet not without expressing a great deal of Respect for the Person of that Saint However he does not treat Peter de Celles with the same Moderation who being nettled returns him a somewhat sharp Answer in the Tenth Letter of the same Book Peter was then Bishop of Chartres JOHN of SALISBURY Bishop of Chartres
Archbishop of Canterbury refuses to admit as Judges of the Controversy between him and the King of England the Pope's Legates in the Assembly at Gisors and pleads his own Cause so resolutely that it breaks up without concluding any thing He obtains of the Pope sometime after the revocation of those two Legates A Council at Lateran in which Pope Alexander pronounces a Sentence of Deposition against the Emperor Frederick An Assembly at Gisors in the Month of November The Death of Odo de Deuil Abbot of St. Cornelius at Câ—â—peigne 1169 X. Pope Alexander who had retir'd to Benevento returns thence in the end of the Year The Romans refuse to admit him but on condition that he shou'd order the Walls of Frascati to be demolish'd which he had fortify'd The Pope does it accordingly but the Romans having broke their word he causes Frascati to be refortfy'd and returns to Benâ—â—â—ntâ— XVIII The Emperor is defeated by the Milaneses and escapes with much a-do to Germany An Interview between the Kings of England and and France at St. Denis about the Affair of Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury where they come to no Agreement The King of England causes his Son Henry to be Crown'd by the Archbishop of York to the prejudice of the Archbishop of Canterbury to whom this Right belonged XXVII The fruitless Negotiations of two other Legates of the See of Rome concerning an accommodation of the Differences between the K. of England and the Arch-bishop of Canterbury The King of England being dissatisfy'd with the proceedings of these two last Legates desires two others to be sent which suit is granted but they have no better success in their Negociation than the former The Pope revokes the Suspension of the Authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury He Suspends the Arch-bishop of York and the Bishops who assisted at the Coronation of the King of England ab Officio c.   1170 XI The Anti-pope Paschal dies His Partisans Substitute John Abbot of Seruma in his place under the Name of Calixtus III. XIX An Interview between the Kings of England and France at St. German en Laye who conclude a Mutual Treaty of Peace XXVIII Manuel Comnenâ—s causes a Proposal to be made to the Pope for the re-union of the Greek and Latin Churches in case he wou'd cause him to be Crown'd Emperor of the West but the Pope replies that the Matter being of too great difficulty he cou'd not grant his request Theorianus is sent to Armenia by the Emperor Manuel Comnenus to endeavour to procure a re-union between that and the Greek Church He finds means to gain the Patriarch of the Armenians The Interview between the the two Kings at St. Germain en Laye where were present the Legates of the Pope and Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury produce no effect as to the reconciliation of this Prelate with his Prince Rotrou Archbishop of Roan and Bernard Bishop of Nevers are sent by the Pope to the King of England with Orders to suspend the whole Kingdom from Divine Service if he refus'd to be reconcil'd to the Archbishop of Canterbury and to restore Peace to the Church This Prince yields to their Remonstrances and even entreats 'em to promote the Accommodation which is at last terminated this Year Theoâ—old the Kinsman of William of Champagne Archbishop of Sens is ordain'd Bishop of Amiens The Archbishop of York and the Bishops of London and Salisbury whom Thomas Becket had Excommunicated create him new Troubles in England and he is no sooner arriv'd at Canterbury but he is Assassinated in his Church on the Festival of Christmass Pontius the fifth Abbot of Clairvaux is made Bishop of Clermont in Auvergne The Birth of St. Dominick  Henry Arch-bishop of Rheims writes to the Pope and Cardinals in favour of Dreux or Drogo Chancellor of the Church of Noyon Peter of Poitiers Chancellor of the Church of Paris composes his Book of Sentences Robert of Melun Bishop of Hereford Alexis Aristenes Simeon Logotheta John of Cornwall Gerochus Provost of Reichersperg Peter de Riga Canon of Rheims 1171 XII XX. XXIX The King dispatches an Envoy to Rome to clear himself of the Murder of Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury The Pope sends two Legates to oblige him to make satisfaction to the Church and in the mean while Excommunicates the Murderers The King meekly submits to the Penance impos'd on him by the Legates dis-annuls the Customs publish'd at Clarendon and at last receives Absolution at the Door of the Church Richard succeeds Thomas in the Archbishoprick of Canterbury The Assassins of Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury come to Rome to get Absolution where the Pope enjoyns 'em to take a Journey to Jerusalem in the Habit of Pilgrims One of 'em perishes by the way and the two others spend the remainder of their Lives in doing Penance being shut up in a place call'd Monte-Nigro   1172 XIII XXI XXX Guarinus or Warinus is constituted the fifth Abbot of St. Victor at Paris Henry II. King of England is absolv'd in the Council of Avranches A Council at Lombez in which the Heretick Oliverius and his Followers call'd Bons Hommes or Good Men are convicted and condemn'd A Council at Cassel in Ireland held in the Month of October A Council at Avranches The Death of Gilbert Abbot of Hoiland 1173 XIV XXII The Young King of England Rebels against his Father who is oblig'd to repair to the Tomb of Thomas Arch-bishop of Canterbury to implore his Assistance XXXI The Canonization of Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury  Richard of St. Victor dies March 10. 1174 XV. XXIII XXXII The Canonization of St. Bernard Jan. 18. William Arch Deacon of Tyre is advanced in the Month of May to the Dignity of Arch-bishop of that Church   1175 XVI XXIV The Emperor makes War in Italy XXXIII The Pope approves the Institution of the Order of the Knights of St. James in Spain and of that of the Monks of the Abbey of St. Saviour at Messina Nivelon de Cherisy is made Bishop of Soissons Geffrey Arthur Bishop of St. Asaph who had quitted his Bishoprick by reason of some Disturbances that happen'd in Wales and had retir'd to King Henry's Court who gave him the Abbey of Abington is sollicited in the Council of London to return to his Bishoprick but upon his refusal other Incumbents are provided both for his Bishoprick and Abbey and he remains destitute of a Benefice Geffrey who was translated from the Abbey of Igni to that of Clairvaux going into Italy is there made Abbot of Fossanova and some Years after of Hautecombe A Council at London held on the Sunday before the Festival of the Ascension in which were present the two Henrys Kings of England Geffrey Abbot of Clairvaux William Arch-bishop of Tyre 1176 XVII XXV The Emperor's Army is entirely defeated by the Milanese Forces and that Prince is oblig'd to send Ambassadors to Pope Alexander to sue for Peace XXXIV The
Poitiers 73 Walter Cornu Archbishop of Sens. 61 Walter of Exeter a Dominican 79 Walter Mapes Archdeacon of Oxford 58 Wernerus Abbot of St. Blaise 58 Wilbrand of Oldenburgh 58 William Abbot of Andrews 61 William Deacon of Bourges 80 William Bishop of Paris 57 63 William Monk of St. Denis 61 William Monk of St. Martin 73 William Prior of Affighem 77 William the Brittan 61 William of Bresse Archbp. of Sens. 80 William of Chartres 75 William Durant Bp. of Menda 75 76 William Guarron a Franciscan 75 * William de la Mare a Franciscan 76 William of Nangis 61 William the Pilgrim 58 William Perault a Dominican 72 William of Puilanrent 59 William of Rishauger 74 William of Rusbrock 80 William of St. Amour 138 139 c. William of Sanvic 75 * William of Segnelay 57 William of Tripoly 80 An Alphabetical TABLE of the Councils in the Thirteenth Century A. Years Pages ALby 1254 116 Anger 's 1269 122 Anger 's 1279 130 Arles 1234 109 Arles 1260 118 Arles 1275 126 Avignon 1209 91 Avignon 1270 122 Avignon 1282 128 E. BEziers 1233 108 Beziers 1246 115 Beziers 1255 117 Bourdeaux 1255 116 Bourdeaux 1262 119 Bourges 1225 152 Bourges 1276 127 Bourges 1286 133 Buda 1279 129 C. CAnterbury 1295 136 Chateau-Gonthier 1231 107 Chateau-Gonthier 1268 122 Chichester 1289 135 Chichester 1292 125 Clermont 1263 156 Cognac 1238 112 Cognac 1260 118 Cognac 1262 119 Cologn 1260 118 Cologn 1266 120 Cologn 1280 131 156 Compeign 1270 122 Constantinople 1277 83 Constantinople 1284 84 D. DAlmatia 1199 90 Durham 1276 127 E. EXeter 1287 134 L. LAmbeth 1206 90 Lambeth 1261 119 Lambeth 1281 131 Langeis 1278 127 Lateran IV. General 1215 95 Lavaur 1213 151 Laval 1243 114 Lions I. General 1245 114 Lions II. General 1274 123 Lisle in Provence 1288 135 London 1200 90 London 1237 111 London 1268 120 London 1291 136 M. MElun 1216 103 Melun 1232 Â Ments 1225 105 Merton 1300 136 Montilly 1209 150 Montpellier 1215 94 Montpellier 1224 152 Montpellier 1258 117 N. NAntes 1264 119 Narbonne 1207 150 Narbonne 1227 105 Narbonne 1235 110 Nismes 1284 132 Nogarol 1290 135 Nimphea in Bithynia 1233 82 O. OXford 1222 104 P. PAris 1209 144 Paris 1212 92 Paris 1223 152 Paris 1226 152 Poictiers 1280 131 Poictiers 1284 131 Ponteau-de-Mer 1279 128 Q. QUentin 1271 122 R. RAvenna 1286 132 Reading 1279 129 Rennes 1273 122 Rome 1210 2 Roan 1299 136 Ruffec 1258 117 S. SAintz 1298 136 Saltzburgh 1274 125 Saltzburgh 1281 125 Saltzburgh 1291 136 Saumur 1253 115 Saumur 1276 127 Saumur 1294 136 Sens. 1198 89 Sens. 1269 122 T. THolouse 1229 106 Tours 1236 110 Tours 1239 113 Tours 1282 132 V. VAlence in Dauphine 1248 115 Vienna in Austria 1267 120 W. WIrtzburgh 1209 2 Wirtzburgh 1222 3 Wirtzburgh 1287 135 A HISTORY OF THE Controversies in Religion And other AFFAIRS transacted in the CHURCH DURING THE Thirteenth Century CHAP. I. The History of the different Revolutions in the Empire and Italy during the Thirteenth Century THE Affairs of the Church in this Century are so interwoven with those of the Empire that before we can enter upon Ecclesiastical Matters we must lay down a Scheme of the State of Germany and Italy of the principal Revolutions that have happen'd in them and of the scuffles that the Popes had with the Emperors and the Princes of Italy This is what I design to do in this Chapter The Emperor Henry VI. dying at Messina about the end of the year 1197. or as others Contests about the Empire between Philip and Otho will have it at Palermos at the beginning of 1198. left behind him a Son nam'd Frederick of about seven years of Age. Him by his last Will he made Heir and Successor to all his Estates as well as the Empire to which he himself had been chosen some time before by the Princes of Germany He desired the Pope to settle him in the Possession of them and to engage him order'd that he should receive from Frederick for the benefit of the Holy See all those Estates that had belonged to the Princess Mathilda and some other Towns In the mean while he constituted his Brother Philip the Duke of Suabia Regent of the Empire Constantia the Mother of Frederick demanded of the Pope to have him crown'd King of Sicily which was accordingly done but as for the Empire Frederick was not put into possession of it that being disputed by Philip Duke of Suabia who was chosen by the major part of the Electors and crown'd at Mentz by the Bishop of Tarentaise and also Otho Son of Henry Duke of Saxony was elected by the Archbishop of Cologn and some other German Princes to whom the Country of Cologn the Palatinate Thuringen and Livonia submitted while all the rest of Germany were for Philip. The King of France stood for Philip and England for Otho Pope Innocent III. declared for Otho confirm'd his Election and rejected that of Philip who nevertheless had the better of it in Germany and by the force of his Arms had brought many of those that had acknowledged Otho to submission Upon this in the year 1201. the Pope sent his Legate Cardinal Guy Bishop of Palestrina into Germany to countenance Otho's Party who straight declar'd Philip no better than a Rebel and commanded all the Germans under pain of Excommunication to acknowledg Otho for their Emperor Still this did not put a stop to the Progress of Philip's Arms who having drawn over Adolphus Archbishop of Cologn to his side got himself crown'd a second time by the hands of this Arch-bishop in the year 1204 at Aix la Chapelle maugre all the opposition of the Popes Legate and understanding that Conrade Archbishop of Mentz was dead he got the Vacancy supply'd by the Election of Diepold or Lupold Bishop of Worms but he was no sooner gone from thence but that the greater part of the Canons protested against the freedom of the Election and thereupon having put in an Appeal to the Holy See they reassembled themselves at Bingen and elected Sifroy to the Archbishoprick of Mentz whose Election wâ—â— confirmed by the Pope who likewise excommunicated Lupold and the next year by his Legate deposed Adolphus Archbishop of Cologn and chose Bruno into his place In the year 1206. Otho was besieged in Cologn by Philip and not thinking himself in a condition to sustain the Siege retired with some Troops accompanied by the new Archbishop Bruno but being set upon by Philip he was defeated Bruno taken Prisoner and Cologn forc'd to receive Philip for its Master Otho secur'd himself in Saxony and from thence pass'd into England The Princes of Germany being at length desirous to settle an entire Peace in the Empire dispatch'd their Envoys in the year 1207. to Pope Innocent desiring him to acknowledg Philip and apply himself to the reconciling of the two Pretenders to the Empire The Pope agreed to the Proposition but upon this condition that Philip's Daughter
the Sollicitations of those of Ottogar King of Bohemia who thought the Empire had been assured to him tho some Historians say that he refused it Rodolphus was crowned the same year at Aix la Chapelle and the next was confirmed by the Pope in the Council at Lions and acknowledged in an Assembly at Nuremberg by all the Princes of Germany except Ottogar King of Bohemia who refused to be there Rodolphus declared him a Rebel and required him to deliver up Austria and many other Provinces which he pretended belonged to the Empire Ottogar refusing to deliver them Rodolphus declares War against him and lays siege to Vienna in 1276. Ottogar came with an Army to its assistance and the King of Hungary to that of Rodolphus but yet they did not come to a Battel the Princes of Germany interposing their Authority to make up these Differences 'T was agreed that King Ottogar should content himself with Bohemia and Moravia and should restore Austria Stiria Carinthia Carniola and the other Provinces to Rodolphus for the performance of which he should take his Oath and to the King of Hungary those Cities which he had taken from him as well as the Hostages and Treasures that he had of his This Peace did not last long for the King of Bohemia not caring faithfully to perform these Articles and being very angry that he should be thus forced to submit to Rodolphus provides a new Army and comes to set upon the Emperor but he lost the Battel and his own life Rodolphus took Moravia from Wenceslaus the Son of Ottogar about eight years old leaving him Bohemia under the Tuition of his Uncle Otho Marquess of Brandenburg He gave Austria to his eldest Son Albert whose Posterity took the name of Austria as more illustrious than that of Hapsburg The Establishment of Rodolphus lessen'd Charles the King of Sicily's Authority in Italy Pope Charles despoiled of his Authority by the Pope Nicholas III. took from him the Vicariate of Tuscany and the Quality of Senator of Rome and in recompence received of Rodolphus Romagna and the Lieutenancy of Ravenna which he gave to the Holy See leaving all the other States of Italy in a sort of liberty dependant upon the Empire But it would not content the Pope that he had deprived Charles of his Authority in the upper Italy he had a design to get the Kingdom of Sicily from him too and about this deals with Peter King of Arragon as Heir of the House of Suabia by his Mother Constantia the Daughter of Manfred This gave occasion to the Conspiracy that was laid by Sicily rebels against Charles The Sicilian Vespers Charles his defeat and death John Lord of the Island of Crocida whom Charles had rob'd of his Possessions against this Prince and all the French that were in Sicily which did not break out till after the death of Nicholas when the Sicilians massacred all the French in the Kingdom on Easter Sunday 1282. Charles coming to revenge this cruel Action the King of Arragon enters into Sicily with his Army and amuses Charles with a Truce His Admiral Soria lays siege to Naples in the year 1284 and having defeated Charles his Troops takes his Son Charles the Lame Prisoner and sends him into Arragon Charles had enough to do to keep Apuleia and Calabria and not being able long to survive his Misfortunes died at Foggia in Apuleia the 7th of January 1285 leaving his Son Charles the Lame his Heir who got out of Prison in 1287 but on condition that he should renounce all Pretences to Sicily Yet he was no sooner got out but he made himself The division of the Kingdom of Sicily be crowned at Rome King of Sicily and Apuleia on the 28th of May 1289. Alphonsus dying some time after Charles made up the matter with Dangianus his Successor the latter renouncing his Pretensions to the Kingdom of Sicily on condition that Charles of Valois should lay down his to Arragon Yet for all this Charles the Lame could not enjoy Sicily in peace for Frederick the younger Brother of Dangianus to whom Alphonsus by his Will had left this Kingdom got himself crowned King by the Sicilians so that Charles was never in possession of any but the Continent the Kingdom of Sicily as it is called being from that time divided into two one beyond the Pharos of Messina which is the Island of Sicily the other on this side of that Tower call'd the Kingdom of Naples The Emperor Rodolphus ended his days at Germesheim near Spire the last day of September The Reign of Adolphus 1291 having reigned eighteen years He laid the foundation of the prodigious Greatness of the House of Austria but he laid down as it were the Empire of Italy by neglecting to go thither as well as by selling his Power over many Cities of Tuscany Adolphus Earl of Nassaw was chosen into his place the 6th of January 1292 and crowned at Francfort He peaceably enjoyed the Empire for some years but the German Lords being discontented that he had not allow'd them a share in a sum of Mony that the King of England had given for help The deposing of Adolphus against France and seeing that he had not authority nor strength sufficient to maintain the peace of Germany deposed him in 1298 and in his stead elected Albert Duke of Austria Son of the Emperor Rodolphus Adolphus defended his right but the fortune of War quickly decided Election of Albert Duke of Austria the case in favour of Albert Adolphus being defeated and kill'd in the first Engagement near Worms in the month of July After his death Albert was elected anew and crowned at Aix la Chapelle and remain'd in peaceable possession of the Empire of Germany CHAP. II. The Life Letters and other Writings of Pope Innocent the Third INNOCENT the Third before he was raised to the Pontifical Dignity went by the The Life of Pope Innocent III. name of Lotharius He was born at Anagni being the Son of Thrasimond of the Family of the Earls of Signi and of Claricia a Roman Lady He studied at Rome Paris and Bologn and being upon his return to Rome was ordained Subdeacon by Gregory the 8th and when he was but 29 years old was made Chief Deacon by the Title of S. Sergius and S. Bacchius by Clement the 3d. His Learning and Merit made him be unanimously chosen by the Cardinals on the very day of Celestin the 3d's Death which happened on the 8th of January 1198 although he was then but very young and no more than Deacon He was consecrated Priest the 21st of February the same year and raised to the Pontifical Throne on the Sunday next after the Feast of the Chair of St. Peter at Antioch After having satisfied the People by the ordinary Largesses and received an Oath of Allegiance from them he made an Order forbidding all Officers in the Court of Rome to take any Fee or
the two hundred and eighteenth he order'd the paiment of the yearly penny for every Family which the Earl of Couthnes had obliged himself to make all his Subjects pay as an Alms to the Holy See and because the new Bishop of that Country had been the occasion of stopping the paiment of that Duty he empowered the Bishops of Kirchval and Rosse to force him to it by Ecclesiastical Punishments By the two hundred and nineteenth he declar'd null the Grant which his Predecessor had made of a Church to a Canon of Mascon not knowing that he had been excommunicated by his Chapter The two hundred and twentieth is written against a certain Chaplain that used to require Mony for the burial of the Dead and the benediction of Marriages and would pretend some hindrance or other if they would not pay him By the two hundred twenty first he committed to the Bishop of Lisbon and two Priors the Judgment of a Case between the Bishop of Coimbra and the Templers In the two hundred and twenty second he sent back to the Abbot and two Monks of the Abbey of Alcobacius in Portugal the Examination of the Difference which was between the Bishop of Coimbra and the Monastry of the Religious of the Holy Cross of Arganil about an Exemption they pretended to under covert of a Privilege which they had by a trick gained of Pope Clement by feigning that the Mother-Church was not the Cathedral Church but the Church of Rome His Determination is That if this were all they went upon they must e'en be subject to the Jurisdiction of that Bishop The five following are likewise written to maintain the Privileges of the Bishop of Coimbra The two hundred and twenty eighth is written to the Archbishop of Rouen forbidding him to absolve those Persons which his Suffragans had excommunicated and ordering him to send them back to their Bishop and then if he should refuse to absolve them giving him leave to do it first taking security of the Accused upon Oath and upon condition of full satisfaction being made to the Bishop if he do not find that the man was unjustly excommunicated In the two hundred and twenty ninth he granted the Bishop of Lizieux the Privilege of not appearing before the Bishop of Rouen as Judg Delegate in case he suspected him unless his Letters of Commission should have this particularly in them The two hundred and thirtieth is to the King of England wherein he gave him an account of what he had done as to the Restitution of that Mony which the Germans had exacted of him for his Ransom and of what he had done against the King of Navarr to make him restore those Castles which belonged to him Lastly he makes a relation of the complaints and differences between the Kings of France and England and protests that it was not his design to declare for either side but to do all he could to make peace between them In the two hundred and thirty first he order'd the Archbishop of Bourges to inform against the Bishop of Angouleme accused by his Chapter of wasting the Estate of his Church and a great many other Irregularities In the two hundred and thirty second to the Abbot and Religious of Cherlieu he decided That one of their Monks who was gone over into the Order of the Black Monks and had there taken the Order of Priesthood could perform the Offices of his Order In the two hundred and thirty third he determined moreover that the Canons may be Witnesses in the Civil Causes of their Church and that credit ought to be given to their Testimony In the two hundred and thirty fourth he commissions the Bishop of Autun and the Abbots of Oigny and of St. Margaret to reform the Monastry of St. John of Autun The two hundred and thirty fifth is written to the Archbishop of Rheims and to the other Archbishops and Bishops of the Kingdom of France against the forging of the Popes Bulls and to prevent it for the time to come he order'd that the Bulls should be received either from the hands of the Pope or of them who are commissioned by him to deliver them And for the remedying what was past he would have a Provincial Council called and all that pretended to have any Letters from the Pope ordered to produce them that they might be compared with the true ones and if they were found to be forged ones those who forged them should be punished the Laicks with Excommunication and the Clergy by being suspended ab officio beneficio Lastly he order'd that it should be publish'd That all those who to their knowledg had any of these forged Letters should be bound to produce them within a fortnight under pain of Excommunication not to be taken off by the Pope himself except at the point of death In the two hundred and thirty sixth he wrote to the Archbishop of Magdeburg to force the Duke of Suabia to restore that Mony to the King of England which the Emperor Henry had exacted from him for his Ransom The two hundred and fifty second is to the Duke of Austria upon the same subject In the two hundred thirty seventh he empower'd the Bishop of Tarentaise to absolve those Incendiaries that could not come to Rome within three years by reason of their sickness or hindrance by their Enemies In the two hundred and thirty eighth he settled upon the Bishop of Neytrach or Bezzenza all the Possessions that he might have and exempts all the Lands of his Church which he kept in his own hands from all sorts of Tithes In the two hundred and thirty ninth he determined that the Bishop of Oviedo was not obliged to restore the fruits of a piece of Land which belonged to the Bishop of Zamora until he had paid what was owed him that he might be in a condition to pay his debts By the two hundred and fortieth and forty first he revok'd that Privilege which he had granted the Bishop of Lizieux of not answering if he did not please before the Archbishop of Rouen but he order'd that this Archbishop should never proceed against him till after having thrice admonished him and that whensoever he appealed a futuro gravamine the Archbishop should have no power to attempt any thing farther either against him or his Church In the two hundred and forty third he gave leave to the Prior of Locheier to keep the Estate of his Church in his own hands paying the Chapter the Rents which the Farmers used to pay them In the two hundred and forty fourth to the Bishop and Chapter of Angouleme he determined That the non-resident Canons should have no power to oppose any Orders made by the Chapter in their absence In the two hundred and forty fifth to the Archbishop of Canterbury to the Bishops of Lincoln and Worcester and to the Abbot of Tewksbury he order'd That the Monks be reestablished in the Church of Coventry who had been
the Bishop of Limoges to reprehend and correct the Clergy of his Diocess The three hundred and thirty first is an Approbation of the Order of Premontre and a Confirmation of its Customs and Privileges In the three hundred and thirty second he entrusted the Dean of Lisbon and two Priors to examine the Privilege granted by the Bishop of Coimbra to his Chapter In the three hundred and thirty third he determined That a deaf and dumb Person may marry In the three hundred thirty fifth he suspended the Bishop of Hildesheim for removing to the Bishoprick of Wirtzburg without the leave of the Holy See and deprived the Canons of Wirtzburg of the power of Election for this time for having chosen him The three hundred and thirty sixth is a circular Letter exhorting all Princes and People to take up Arms for the defence of the Holy Land against the Saracens The three hundred and thirty seventh is a Mandate granted to a Clerk for a Canon's place in the Church of Trevisi In the three hundred and thirty eighth written to the Archbishop of Sens he declar'd That in case the Dean and Chapter of Sens had with an Oath fixed the number of Canons before the Pope granted his Mandate to the Clerk then the Mandate should be null and that all the Clerk had to do was to make them come to Rome to maintain their pretended right because says he as we expect to be punctually obeyed when we command any thing so we would not command any thing which is unjust The three hundred and thirty ninth is a Mandate granted to a Clergyman for an Archdeaconship vacant in the Church of Ivrea In three hundred and fortieth he exempts the Chapter of St. Domnin's Burg from the Jurisdiction of the Bishop of Parma In the three hundred and forty first to the Bishop of Otranto he advised him to put the Religious of Citeaux into a Chappel and into a Monastry in compliance with the desire of the Earl the Founder of the Chappel and Patron of the Monastry The three hundred and forty second is a Confirmation of a Privilege of Exemption granted to the Church of St. Nicholas du Mont near Narni In the three hundred and forty third he exhorted the Bishop of Lydda to continue his care and preaching in Sicily to promote the raising of an Army for the Recovery of the Holy Land By the next he gave him power to absolve those Excommunicated whose Cases belonged only to the Holy See to remit on condition that they would go in person to the Holy Land In the three hundred and forty fifth addressed to the Prelates of France he recommended to them the Legate whom he had sent into that Kingdom to make peace between the King of France and the King of England and to gain them to assist against the Saracens In the three hundred and forty sixth he gave power to his Legate to summon such English Prelates as he thought necessary to procure the Peace By the following he order'd him to proceed by way of Interdict against the Kingdom of France if King Philip did not take his Wife again within a month He exhorted this Prince to make and conclude the Peace with the King of England in the three hundred and forty eighth Letter In the three hundred and forty ninth written to the Archpriest and Canons of Milan he discover'd a Forgery which had been practised in a Bull by taking the Seal from another Letter and fastning it to this forged one He order'd the punishment of him who was suspected of it and at the same time takes notice of the different ways that the Letters of the Pope might be forged The first is to fasten a false Bull to them The second is to tear the Bull from another Letter and fasten it to a false one by putting another Thread through it The third is to cut one of the sides of the Thread of the Bull and to fasten it to another Letter by joining the Thread together again with Flax of the same Colour The fourth is to slit the Load in two and take out of it one side of the Thread and afterwards to join it together again The fifth is to raze out the writing of the Letters and change them as we please The sixth is to carry false Letters and to mingle them rightly among the others and so get the Bull fastned to them This last sort is the hardest to be found out and cannot be discovered but by the Stile or by the Hand or by the Parchment whereas the others might be found out only by inspection In the three hundred and fiftieth he declared That all Believers might appeal to the Holy See and that no one ought to act against them in prejudice to that Appeal or to proceed against those who would appeal And in the following he says That no one can proceed against a Person who is gone to Rome for this is as it were an appeal in facto and ought to be more considered than a verbal one By the three hundred and fifty second he ordered the Bishop of Ariano to inform about the Election of an Abbot of Benevento that he might know whether it was fit to confirm it or no. In the three hundred and fifty third he exhorted the Emperor of Constantinople to aid the Holy Land against the Saracens and to labour for the union of the Greek and Latin Churches In the next Letter he gave the same exhortation to the Patriarch of Constantinople In the three hundred and fifty fifth he exhorted the Kings of France and England to peace and to furnish out Troops for the assistance of the Holy Land In the three hundred fifty sixth he ordered the Magistrates the People and the Great Lords of the Dutchy of Spoletto to obey his Legate as being Subjects of the Holy See to which the Duke of Spoletto had given up his Estates This same Letter is also written to many other Cities of Italy In the three hundred and fifty seventh he wrote to the King of England about a Chappel which the Archbishop of Canterbury had newly built and had a mind to put Canons into and make his ordinary residence at The Pope is earnestly against this Establishment and exhorted the King of England not to promote it In the three hundred and fifty eighth he recommended himself to the Prayers of the Abbots met together in the Chapter General of Citeaux and desires them to excuse one of their Brothers whom he employ'd to preach in Sicily In the three hundred and fifty ninth he gave order to the Bishop of Ostia to consecrate some Altars which they said were not yet consecrated in obedience to a Vision which a Priest said he had seen in which St. Peter appeared to him many times and ordered him to give the Pope notice that there were a great many Altars which wanted consecration and that he was careful to have them consecrated Innocent says at the end
by a Bull Dated August 28. in the Year 1294 which was Confirm'd by Benedict IX in the Year 1304. The Order of the Valley of Scholars The Order of the Valley of Scholars Founded in France by William Richard Everard and Manasses Doctors of Divinity in Paris and by Frederick Doctor of Law who retir'd into the Diocess of Langres in the Year 1219 with Thirty seven Scholars who follow'd the Rule of the Regular Canons of Saint Victor and had some particular Constitutions which are to be met with in the Eighth Tome of the Spicilegium by Father Luke Dachery This Order was Approv'd by Honorius III. in the Year 1218. There were many other Orders whose Number grew so great that Gregory X. was oblig'd in the General Council of Lions Held 1274 to prohibit the Founding of new Ones to abolish all that had been Founded since the Fourth General Lateran Council without the Approbation of the Holy See and even to order That the Monasteries of such as had been Confirm'd by the Pope but had not wherewith to subsist should Admit no more Novices nor make any more Progress However he excepts the Dominican and Franciscan Friars and as to the Carmelites and the Augustine Hermites whose Institution he said had preceeded the General Lateran Council of the Year 1215 he orders That they should remain in the same State wherein they were till the Holy See should provide otherwise Notwithstanding this Prohibition about the latter end of this Century there rose up the Frerots Begards Beguines and other sorts of Religious who were suppress'd in the next Century The End of the History of the Thirteenth Century A Chronological TABLE For the Thirteenth CENTURY A. C. Popes Eastern Emperors Western Emperors and Kings Ecclesiastical Affairs Councils Ecclesiastical Writers 1200 Innocent III. III. Alexius Angelus Reigns at Constantinop having turn'd his Brother Isaac Angelus out of the Throne VI. John Comatera Patriarch of Constantinople The Empire disputed between Philip Brother of the Emperor Henry VI. who was Crown'd at Mentz by the Arch-Bishop of Tarentaise and Otho D. of Saxony Crown'd at Aix-la-Chapelle by Adolphus Arch-Bishop of Cologne Philip had the most apparent Right whose Years we shall reckon III. Philip Augustus King of France the â—…h year of his Reign John Without Land King of England the 1st year of his Reign Alphonso VIII King of Castile the 42d year of his Reign Alphonso King of Leon the 12th year of his Reign Peter II. King of Arragon Alphonso II. King of Portugal  The Council of London Abbot Joachim dies about this year Bernard Bishop of France John Beleth Peter Chanter of the Church of Paris Dodochin Abbot of St. Disibede Albertus Patriarch of Jerusalem Hervard Arch-Deacon of Liege Robert de Corceon Cardinal These all Flourish'd at this time Peter of Corbeil is made Arch-Bishop of Sens. Alanus of Lisle Flourish'd from the Beginning to the End of this Century Simon of Tournay teacheth at Paris 1201 IV. VII IV. The Pope sends a Legate into Germany to support the Interest of Otho  The Council of Soissons held in April wherein Philip Augustus retook his first Wife Nicholas of Otrantes is sent to Constantinople and writes against the Greeks Absalom Abbot of Spinkerbac Andreas Sylvius Abbot of Marchiennes 1202 V. VIII V. The Death of William Abbot of Roschilda  Tagenon Dean of Pavia Anonimous Author of the History of Frederic's Expedition William the Pilgrim Walter of Coûtances Arch-Bishop of Roan Richard Canon of London Nicolas Arch-Bishop of Thessalonica 1203 VI. Constantinople taken by the French and Venetians who drive out the Emperor Alexius Angelus and take out of Prison the old Isaac Angelus whom they reseated on the Throne with his Son Alexis who is Crown'd Aug. 1. The Constantinopoliâ—…s dissatisfy'd with them Proclaim Nicetas Coâ—…abas Emperor VI.   Stephen of Stella Nova John de Nusco Flourish'd 1204 VII Alâ—…us Angelus falls upon the Latins by the Advice of Murzulphus They Besiege tâ—… City Murzulphus Seises on Connabas â—rids himself of Alexâ—…s and continues the War Murzulphus Flies Theodorus Lascaris Son in Law to Alexius Angelus i◠〈◊〉 up in his place by the Greeks Constantinople is taken by the Latins April 12. who chuse for Emperor Baldwin Count of Flanders and become Masters of the Dominions of the Greek Empire in Europe The Greek Princes maintain those of Asia where they set up several Soveraignties Theodorus Lascaris sets up the See of his Empire at Nice in Bithynia Michael of the Family of the Comneni Seises on part of Epirus David on Heraclea Pontus and Paphlagonia and Alexius his Brother on the City of Trebizonde where he set up an Empire which was always distinct from that of Constantinople Thomas Morosini is elected Parriarch of Constantinople by the Latins I. Balâ—…in Emperor VII Philip Crown'd King of Germany a second time by Aâ—…phus Arch-Bishop of Cologne The Bulgarians are reunited to the Roman Church The Emperor Baldwin writes to the Pope about the taking of Constantinople Coâ—… Arch-Bishop of Mentz being dead King Philip caus'd Diepold or Lupoldus Bishop of Worms to be Elected in his stead by some Canons 〈◊〉 is Elected by the Majority his Election confirm'd by the Pope and that of Lupoldus rejected  Nicetas Acâ—minates compiles his History Baldwin Count of Flanders writes his Letter about the taking of Constantinople Giâ—…ert Martin quits the Abby of Gemblours and retires into the Monastery of Villiers 1205 VIII II. Baldwin is taken 〈◊〉 15. near â—…ple by the Bulgarians who pâ—… him to a Câ—… Death after râ—…s Imprisonment VIII Adolphus Arch-Bishop of Cologne is depos'd by the Pope's Legate for having Crown'd Philip of Swabia and Bruno put into his Place  Geofrey of Ville-hardouin and Gonthier wrote against this time Lambert of Liege Monk of Duitz Helinand Monk of Froimond Anonimous Author of the Life of St. William of Roschilda Flourish'd Albertus Magnus Born 1206 IX 〈◊〉 thâ—… Brother of Bâ—… is Elected Emperor of Constantinople I. IX Otho is besieg'd in Cologne by Philip is forc'd out of the Place and deseated He escapes to Saxony and from thence goes over to England to beg Assistance Cologne surrenders and Arch-Bishop Bruno made Prisoner Stephen of Langton inâ—…ts the Kingdom of England because the King would not own him Arch-Bishop of Canterbury which yet he was oblig'd to do afterwards The Council of Lambeth in England Stephen of Langton Elected Arch-Bishop of Canterbury The Death of Nicecetas Acominates His Brother Michael Ar. Bishop of Athens makes his Panegyrick Joel Composes his Chronology Roger Bacon Born 1207 X. II. The Death of John Comatora Patriarch of Constantinople X. Peace concluded at Northusa between Philip and Otho The Empire to remain to Philip and his Daughter is promis'd in Marriage to Otho who is declar'd his Successor The Inquisition and Croisades against the Albigenses Adolphus Arch-Bp of Cologne Absolv'd by the Legates of the Pope in the Assembly of Northuâ—…a and Bruno
Subject whereof is not as some imagine That the Church can take away the Pope for ever but that there are many Cases wherein the Church may be for a time without the Pope and that there are some Cases wherein he may be Depos'd He takes for the Text of his Discourse the Words of Jesus Christ in St. Mark Ch. 2. The time will come when the Bridegroom shall be taken away from you whereupon he enquires First Whether Jesus Christ who is the Bridegroom of the Church can be taken from the Church and its Members And first he lays it down for certain That he cannot be taken away from the whole Church according to the Ordinary Law Secondly That tho' he may cease to be the Spouse of particular Believers in the Church Militant yet he cannot cease to be the Spouse of the whole Church Collectively Thirdly That he cannot cease to dispense continually his Graces to the whole Church and every one of its Living Members Fourthly That it was not possible That Jesus Christ should be taken away from the far greatest part of his Spouse so that the Church should subsist in one Woman only or in the Sex of Women only or in Lay-men only This is what concerns Jesus Christ. Now follow the Propositions which concern the Pope his Vicar First The Monarchical State of the Church Establish'd by Jesus Christ cannot be chang'd Secondly A Pope may cease to be the Vicar of Jesus Christ by Cession or Resignation of the Pontificat Thirdly He may be remov'd by a General Council even against his Will in some Cases and tho' the Council cannot take from him the Power of Order yet it may Deprive him of the lawful Execution of the Power of Order and of his Jurisdiction Fourthly The Council has Power to do this legally and with Authority Fifthly The Pope may be Depos'd as a Heretick and Schismatick tho' he be only mentally so in such Cases as he may be presum'd and judg'd to be such Sixthly He may in some Cases be depriv'd of the Pontificate without any Fault of his though not without cause as if he become incapable of doing his Duty if he do not prove that his Election was Canonical if his Deprivation be a means to procure the Peace of the Church or the Re-union of a great many People or if he has promis'd to resign Seventhly The Church cannot take away the Vicar of Jesus Christ unto the end of the World supposing that it shall last yet for some time From whence he concludes That those who contribute to maintain a Schism oppose the Order of Jesus Christ because they hinder the Church from having a lawful Head The 4th Treatise of Gerson is about the manner of our Behaviour during a Schism where he shews That when it is doubtful which of the Competitors is the true Pope we ought to abstain from Condemning one another and endeavour to procure the Peace of the Church either by obliging the Competitors to resign their pretended Rights or by withdrawing our Obedience to them but above all things we ought not to divide the Communion of one from the other At the end of this Treatise he has added an Appendix wherein he gives a Catalogue of the Schisms of the Church of Rome The 5th Work is a Treatise of the Unity of the Church wherein he shews with what Zeal we ought to seek after Union with one sole Head the Vicar of Jesus Christ and of what importance it is to procure it After this follows a Treatise of the different States of the Ecclesiasticks of their Duties and Privileges First With respect to the Pope who hath the Supremacy in the Church tho' he be subject to the Laws of General Councils and ought also to pay a Deference to other positive Laws Secondly With respect to the Bishops who are of Divine Institution and exercise their Power in Subordination to the Pope yet so that he cannot destroy it nor deprive the Bishops of it without Reason or restrain their Rights or Jurisdictions beyond reasonable Bounds Thirdly With respect to Parish-Priests who succeed the 72 Disciples and who are also instituted by Jesus Christ who although they be inferiour to Bishops yet are superiour to the Regulars having a Right to Preach and Administer the Sacraments Fourthly With respect to the Regulars who are priviledg'd and have been chosen to Preach and hear Confessions a long time after the Establishment of the Church a Privilege which they ought to use Charitably and not from a Principle of Interest Emulation or Ambition and to the Prejudice of the Parish-Priests and not at all but when they are approv'd by the Bishop The next Treatise is a Work purely of Morality wherein Gerson collects many Christian Maxims for all Estates after which follows a Sermon preach'd at Constance wherein he relates divers Signs of the approaching Destruction of this World among which he places the Pomp Pride and Tyranny of the Prelats of his time and the Novelty of Opinions After this we find a Catalogue of the Faults of Ecclesiasticks which are many The plurality of Benefices is not forgotten there nor the Tricks and Sollicitations that are us'd to obtain them the Absence of Bishops from their Diocesses the Negligence of Ecclesiasticks in performing their Office and reading Divine Service their Ignorance the worldly Life which they lead the Pomp and Pride of Cardinals and other Prelats and an infinite number of Disorders both in the Manners and Behaviour of the Ecclesiasticks The three following Treatises were Compos'd before the Council of Constance at such time as Benedict XIII was yet acknowledg'd by France wherein he proves the Right that Benedict had to the Pontificat and would have him put an end to the Schism by way of Compromise or Cession rather than by a General Council Gerson being sent to Pope Benedict by the University of Paris preach'd before him two Sermons at Taraseon in the Year 1404. one on the day of our Lord's Circumcision and the other about the Peace of the Church wherein he undertakes to persuade the Pope that he ought to embrace all ways for procuring it even by resigning if need were his Right to his Adversary This Discourse was ill taken wherefore Gerson was forc'd to justify himself by two Letters which he wrote whereof one is address'd to the Duke of Orleans and the other to the Bishop of Cambray In these Letters he speaks of another preceding Sermon deliver'd before the same Pope at Marseilles wherein he declares the Occasion of his Embassy which is printed after the other two whereof we have now spoken although it should be before them and there is also among them a Discourse which was not preach'd by Gerson till a long time after in the presence of Alexander V. The other Pieces of Gerson about the Schism are a Discourse spoken in the Name of the University of Paris in 1408. in the presence of the Embassadors from England who were
going to the Council of Pisa wherein he congratulates them that they were going to this Council to endeavour after the Peace of the Church exhorts them to make a Peace and shews them the means of procuring it There is a Trialogue of his about the matter of the Schism wherein he introduces Zeal Good-will and Discretion disputing together about the means of putting an end to Contention a Letter in the Name of the University of Paris against the Letter in the Name of the University of Tholouse and a Letter in the Name of the King of France to justify his Substraction of Obedience from Peter de Luna After these Works follow many Sermons preach'd at Constance during the time of the Council In the second he sets himself against the Partizans of the Duke of Burgundy who would hinder the Council from Examining and Condemning the Errors of John Petit and shews by many Reasons that 't is very necessary to be done At the end of this Sermon there is a small piece wherein he recollects divers Errors chiefly about this Precept of the Decalogue Thou shalt not kill against which some had advanc'd many cruel and sanguinary Propositions prejudicial to the Security of Princes and about the Validity of Confessions made to Friars Mendicants The Duke of Burgundy having caus'd the Proposition of John Petit to be maintain'd by Peter Bishop of Arras That it was lawful to kill Tyrants Gerson reply'd to him in the Name of the King of France in a long Discourse spoken in an Assembly of the Fathers of the Council on the 5th of May 1416. and made two other Sermons wherein he searches this Matter to the bottom and refutes at large the Propositions of John Petit and relates the Censure of it made at Paris both by the Bishop and the Doctors The three following Treatises are not concerning the Affair of the Schism but the Principles of Faith The first is entitled a Declaration of the Truths which must be believ'd and according to him they are as follow First All that is contain'd literally in the Canonical Books Secondly All that is determin'd by the Church and receiv'd by Tradition from the Apostles not all that it tolerates or permits to be read publickly but only what it defines by a Judgment condemning the contrary Thirdly The Truths which are certainly reveal'd to some private Persons Fourthly The necessary Conclusions of Truth which are establish'd upon the preceding Principles Fifthly The Propositions which follow from these Truths by a probable Consequence or which are deduc'd from a Proposition of Faith or any other suppos'd to be true Sixthly The Truths which serve to cherish and maintain Devotion though they be not perfectly certain provided they be not known to be false From these Propositions he draws the following Corollaries First That 't is false and heretical to affirm That the literal Sense of Scripture is sometimes false Secondly That 't is Blasphemy and Heresie to maintain That nothing that is evidently known can be of Faith Thirdly That 't is also Heretical and Blasphemous to say That the Precepts of the Decalogue are not of Faith and that the contrary Propositions are not Heretical Fourthly That the Learned are obliged to believe with an explicite Faith many Propositions that are the Consequences of the prime Truths which the common People are not oblig'd to believe Fifthly That the Pastors Doctors and other Persons plac'd in Ecclesiastical Dignity are oblig'd to believe explicitly the Precepts of the Decalogue and many other Points of Faith which other Christians are oblig'd to believe only implicitly The second Treatise is entitled Of Protestation or Confession in Matters of Faith against Heresies where he treats of Protestations both general and particular and of Revocations and Retractations which we are oblig'd to make in Matters of Faith and shews that a general Protestation is not sufficient to justifie a Man when he is guilty of particular Errors that a particular Protestation which is conditional and express'd in these Words I would believe this Truth if it were known to me to be so does no justifie neither before God nor Men. He that revokes an Error which he hath held ought no to satisfie himself with making a particular Protestation of the contrary Truth but ought to mention that he retracts the Error which he maintain'd and this Revocation does not hinder him from being an Heretick before Yet this is not necessary with respect to those who have been in Error but did not know it nor maintain it obstinately Lastly A Retractation does not hinder but he who has made it may still be suspected of Heresie if he discovers by external Signs that his Revocation is not sincere The third Treatise coâ—tâ—iâ—s the Characters of Obstinacy in Matters of Heresie In it he defines Obstinacy a Depravation of the Will caus'd by Pride or some other Vice which hinders him that is in Error from seeking carefully after the Truth or embracing it when it is made known to him The Signs of Obstinacy are these when he who is in Error suffers Excommunication when being Cited he does not appear when he defends an Error contrary to the Truth which he is oblig'd to believe with an explicit Faith when he hinders the explaining and defining of the Truth when he declares himself an Enemy to those who would have the Matter decided when he denies a Truth which he had formerly taught when being requir'd to explain the Truth to the Doctoâ— or Judges he will not follow their Advice when he stirs up Wars and Seditions because the Truth has been explain'd when he declares That he would rather die than change his Opinion when he defends or maintains a Heretick knowing that he is in an Error lastly when one does not oppose an Error as he may or ought either by his Office if he be a Judge or from brotherly Charity These according to Gerson are the 12 Signs of Obstinacy The Treatise upon that Question Whether it be lawful to appeal from the Judgment of the Pope in Matters of Faith was compos'd by Gerson after the Election of Martin V. upon occasion of that Pope's refusal to condemn the Propositions of which the Polanders desired the Condemnation There he maintains the Affirmative because the Judgment of the Pope is not infallible as that of a General Council is wherefore in Matters of Faith no judicial Determination of any Bishop or even of the Pope himself does oblige the Faithful to believe a Truth as of Faith although it oblige them under pain of Excommunication not to be Dogmatical in affirming the contrary unless they have evident Reason to oppose against the Determination founded on the Holy Scripture or Revelation or the Determination of the Church and a General Council but in every Case as we may appeal from the Judgment of a Bishop to the Pope so we may appeal from the Judgment of a Pope to a General Council The following Pieces are concerning
us'd by the Ancients the Twenty fourth wherein he describes very pleasantly a Property he had of smelling an Evil Scent in Pestilential Places the Twenty seventh wherein he treats Leamedly of the Causes of the Pest the Thirty ninth wherein he relates two Stories which had been told him by a Man whom he met in a Journey one about an Assassination discover'd in an extraordinary manner and the other of a Wild â—nd Hairy Man taken in a Forest the Sixty first wherein he relates a Story of a visible Judgment upon a wicked Wretch This Author is no whit inferiour to the Ancients for Eloquence and Nobleness of Thought and as to the Purity of his Words and the Chasteness of his Latin Style he does even surpass them His Discourse is adorn'd with the Natural Ornaments of true Eloquence without Affectation and abounds in choice Words rich Thoughts and happy Applications of the Passages of Sacred and Prophane Authors It is a little too Luxuriant in his Declamations and too Biting in his Satyrs but it is pleasant in his Descriptions polish'd in his Naâ—artives full in his Instructions earnest in his Exhortations and wise in his Advices In fine whatever may be said of him he will always pass in any Age whatsoever for an Author worthy to be read and valued Gerard Machet after he had studied in the College of Navar towards the end of the preceeding Gerard Machet Bishop of Castres Century took a Doctor 's Degree in 1411. He was promoted some time after to a Canonry in the Church of Paris and discharg'd the Office of Vice-Chancellor in the absence of Gerson and in this Quality he was appointed by the University to harangue the Emperor Sigismund as he pass'd through France Charles VII made choice of him for his Confessor and gave him the Bishoprick of Castres He wrote many Letters which are found in Manuscript in the Church of St. Martin at Tours whereof Monsieur Launoy speaks in his History of the College of Navar and has given us the Titles of the Chief of them but he has drawn nothing from them very remarkable as to Ecclesiastical Matters John de Courtecuisse in Latin Brevicoxa born in the Country of Mayence was admitted in John de Courtecuisse Bishop of Geneva the Year 1367. into the College of Navar where he took the Degree of Doctor in 1388. and after that was one of the Ambassadors from King Charles VI. to the Popes Benedict and Boniface for obtaining the Peace of the Church He was afterwards of the Opinion of the Substraction and made a Discourse in 1408. against the Interdict under which the Kingdom was laid by Benedict for which he was rewarded with the Office of Almoner to the King He perform'd the Duty of Chancellor to the University of Paris in the absence of Gerson and was afterwards chosen Bishop of Paris in 1420 But because he was not acceptable to the King of England who was then Master of that City he could not continue in the Possession of the Bishoprick but was forc'd to hide himself in the Monastery of St. Germain Despres and chose rather to quit Paris and go to Geneva whereof he had been made Bishop in the Year 1422. than submit to the Domineering of the English The Year of his Death is not certainly known His Works are not yet come to Light Those which are found in Manuscript are as follow A Treatise of the Power of the Church and the Council in the Bibliotheque of St. Victor A French Version of a Treatise about the Vertues of Seneca in the King's Library Divers Questions of Theology and Lectures upon many places of the Gospel in the Libraries of St. Victor and of the Church of Paris John of Lignano a Lawyer of Milan wrote a Book upon the Clementines and divers other Treatises of Ecclesiastical and Civil Law which are to be found in the Collection of Law-Treatises John of Lignano a Lawyer Printed at Venice in 1584. Among the rest there is a Treatise of Friendship a Treatise of the Plurality of Benefices a Treatise of Ecclesiastical Censures a Treatise of the Canonical Hours a Treatise of the Ecclesiastical Interdict and some Explications of the Three first Books of the Decretals He flourish'd at the beginning of the Fifteenth Century Rainaldus has publish'd at the end of the Seventeenth Tome of his Annals a Treatise of this Learned Lawyer in behalf of Urban VI. wherein he defends the Election of that Pope Nicholas Biart an English-man of the Order of Friars Predicant flourish'd at the beginning of the Fifteenth Century and wrote some Sermons some Moral Distinctions and a Sum about Nicholas Biart a Dominican Abstinence Works which are to be met with in Manuscript in England Adrian the Carthusian a Fleming flourish'd at the beginning of this Century and wrote in imitation of Petrarch a Treatise of the Remedies of both Fortunes Printed at Colen in Adrian the Carthusian 1471. Thomas Abbot of St. Andrew at Verceil of the Order of St. Benedict according to some and according to others Canon-Regular wrote a Commentary upon the Books attributed to Thomas Abbot of St. Andrew at Verceilles St. Denis the Areopagite Printed at Colen in 1526. with the Commentary of Denis the Carthusian upon the same Books There is also attributed to him a Commentary in Manuscript upon the Canticles He floâ—…sh'd according to some at the beginning of this Century and according to others in the Thirteenth John Petit a Licentiate in Theology of the Faculty of Paris of the Order of Friars Minors John Petit Friar Minor being a Mercenary Soul had the Impudence to maintain by word of Mouth and by Writing the Assassination of the Duke of Orleans in the Year 1407. by Order of the Duke of Burgundy whose Creature this Regular was He being condemn'd for this and driven away from the University of Paris retir'd to Hesdin where he died in 1411. He wrote besides this Treatise which was burnt at Paris another Book about Schism and some Questions which are to be met with in Manuscript in the Library of St. Victor At the same time a Regular of the Order of Friars Predicant call'd Martin Poree undertook to defend the same Cause and wrote a Treatise upon the same Subject for which he was Martin Poree Bishop of Arras rewarded with the Bishoprick of Arras This Treatise is to be found in Manuscript in the Library of the College of Navar together with the Answer Poree was one of the Ambassadors from the Duke of Burgundy to the Council of Constance and afterwards made a Journy into England He died September the 6th 1426. There was towards the end of the Pontificat of Boniface IX an English Writer nam'd Paul a Doctor in Law who wrote about the Year 1404. a Treatise Entitled A Mirror of the Pope Paul an English Doctor in Law and his Court by way of Dialogue wherein he writes against the Abuses
the 25th of December 1487 IV. XLVIII  1487.  Alexander of Imola died aged 54 Years 1488 V. XLIX  1488.   1489 VI. L.  1489. The Approbation of the Order of Nuns of the Conception of the Virgin Mary  Donâ—t Possius finish'd his Chronicle of the Archbishops of Milan The Death of John Wessel aged 57 Years James Picolomini died the 11th of December 1490 VII LI.  1490. A Conclusion of the Faculty of Theology at Paris about Contracts for Usury Another Conclusion of the same Faculty against a Superstitious Prayer Innocent VIII had a mind to impose Tenths upon the Clergy of France but the University of Paris oppos'd him and appeal'd from his Decree  John Pheffer Felinus Sandaeus Stephen Brulefer Vincent of Bandelle John Paleonydorus Oliver Maillard Michael Francis Nicolas Simon James Spinger Henry Institor Flourish'd 1491 VIII LII  1491.  John Picus of Mirandula Renounc'd his Sovereign Power and gave all his Estate to the Poor John de la Pierce Jerom Savonarola Aelius Anthony Lebrixa or Nebrissensis John Francis Picus of Mirandula Dominic Bolan James of Stralem Flourish'd The Death of Peter Shot at the Age of 31 Years The Death of James Perer and of Nicolas Creutznach 1492 The Death of Innocent VIII on the 25th of July Alexander VI. is chosen on the 4th of August I. LIII 1492.   William of Houpelande died the 11th of August and Nicasius of Voerde the 24th Hubert Leonard John of Milbach John of Roseau John Bertram Flourish'd 1493 II. The Death of the Emperor Frederick on the 19th of August Maximilian I. his Son succeeded him  1493. A Censure of the Faculty of Theology at Paris against Judicial Astrology Other Censures of the same Faculty against some Erroneous Propositions of Henry de Banqueville about the Incarnation and of John Grillot about the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Alexander VI. publish'd a Brief of Absolution for John Picus of Mirandula as to all the Prosecutions that had been against him upon the account of some Propositions he had advanc'd in his Theses  John of Keyserberg Sebastian Ticion or Brant James Wimphelinge Josse Beysselius Giles Netteler Theodorick of Osembruck Jerome of Padua Dominick Mancini Flourish'd 1494 III. II.  1494. The Nuns of the Conception quit the Rule of the Cistercians and take up the Rule of Sancta Clara.  Trithemius finish'd his Catalogue of Ecclesiastical Writers Nicolas Barian Flourish'd Bernardin of Tome died the 28th of September and John Picus of Mirandula the 17th of November 1495 IV. III. John II. K. of Portugal died without Issue on the 25th of Octob. Emanuel his Cousin-German the Son of Ferdinand his Uncle succeeded him  1495. A Censure of the Faculty of Theology at Paris against some Propositions about thè Essence of God  Laurence Buzel Flourish'd The Death of Gabriel Biel of Angelus de Clavalio and Robert Caraccioli 1496 V. IV.  1496.   1497 VI. V.  1497. A Censure of the Faculty of Theology at Paris about the sense of some Prophecies The same Faculty publishes its Decree about the Immaculate Conception A Censure of this Faculty against many Propositions of Morcel about the Blessed Virgin Mary  John Raulin a Doctor of Paris enters into the Order of Cluny 1498 VII VI. Charles VIII K. of France dies without Issue on the 6th of April Louis XII Duke of Orleans the next Heir of the Male Line succeeded him  1498. A Conclusion of the Faculty of Theology at Paris about the Power of the Pope and the Celebration of a Council A Censure of the same Faculty against many wicked Propositions of John Vitrier a Regular Observantine  Jerom Sabonarola is burnt at Florence the 23d of May aged 46 Years 1499 VIII VII  1499. The Condemnation of Herman Risvich who was Convicted of many Blasphemies  John Nauder or Vergehaus Arnold Bossius died the 4th of April The Death of Marsilius Ficinus A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE Ecclesiastical Writers OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY AND Of their Genuine WORKS PETER DE LUNA or BENEDICT XIII POpe at Avignon was chosen Pope in 1394 depos'd in 1409 in the Council of Pisa Excommunicated in the Council of Constance in 1417 died in 〈◊〉 His Genuine Works which we now have Are many Letters in Defence of his Right to the Papal Dignity in Theodoric of Niem and in the Councils An Answer to the Emperor Sigismund in Bzovius in the Year 1415. The Bull wherein he Excommunicates those who did own him in the Councils Tome 12. Five Letters in the Councils Tome 2. Some other Bulls and Letters in the Bullarium and the Annalists A Book of Consolation in Adversities which is attributed to him printed in Spanish A Treatise of the Power of the Pope and the Council which is said to be in Manuscript in the Vatican Library ANGELUS CORARIUS or GREGORY XII Pope at Rome was chosen Pope in 1409 depos'd in 1409 in the Council of Pisa resign'd in 1415 in the Council of Constance died in 1417. His Genuine Works c. Letters in his own Defence in the Councils Tome 11 and in Theodoric of Niem Other Letters Ibid. Tome 12 in the Annalists and Bullary PETER of AILLY Cardinal-Bishop of Cambray was born at Complegne in 1350 took the Degree of Doctor in the University of Paris in 1380 was made Bishop of Cambray in 1396 and Cardinal in 1411 died in 1425. His Genuine Works in Print and Manuscript See the Catalogue of them Pag. 58. JOHN CHARLIER call'd GERSON Chancellor of the University of Paris was born the 14th of December in 1363 made Dr. at Paris in 1392. and some time after Chancellor of the Church and University of Paris died in 1439. His Genuine Works which now remain A Treatise of the Ecclesiastical Power and the Origine of Right and Laws A Discourse spoken in the Council of Constance about the Authority of the Pope and the Council A Treatise entituled de Auferibilitate Papae Of the manner how we ought to behave our selves during the Schism A Treatise of the Unity of the Church of the Differences of Ecclesiastical States Maxims for all Estates The Signs of the approaching Ruine of the World Of Ecclesiastical Defects Three Discourses upon the means of putting an End to the Schism of the Popes Two Sermons upon the Circumcision of our Lord and the Peace of the Church A Discourse about the Schism to the Ambassadors of England A Trialogue about the Schism Two Letters about the Schism Sermons Preach'd at Constance while the Council was held there A Declaration of the Truths which we must believe A Protestation or Confession in Matters of Faith Characters of Obstiâ—acy in Cases of Heresie A Treatise upon the Question Whether it be lawful to Appeal from the Decision of the Pope in Matters of Faith Some Pieces about the Deposition of Peter de Luna A Treatise shewing whether the unjust Sentences of Pastors ought to be