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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
england_n	ambassador_n	king_n	peace_n	4,428	5	6.4303	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A65019	The travels of Sig. Pietro della Valle, a noble Roman, into East-India and Arabia Deserta in which, the several countries, together with the customs, manners, traffique, and rites both religious and civil, of those oriental princes and nations, are faithfully described, in familiar letters to his friend Signior Mario Schipano : whereunto is added a relation of Sir Thomas Roe's Voyage into the East-Indies.; Viaggi. Parte 3. English	Della Valle, Pietro, 1586-1652.; Havers, G. (George); Roe, Thomas, Sir, 1581?-1644.; Terry, Edward, 1590-1660. Relation of Sir Thomas Roe's voyage.	1665 (1665)	Wing V48; ESTC R10032	493,750	487

coming this year he should receive another as he might see in the Vice-Roy's Letter which he presented to him And hereupon the Ambassador arising from his Seat went to present the same to him almost kneeling upon one knee and he without moving a whit took it and gave it to Vitulà Sinay who gave it to another probably the principal Secretary without reading or opening it The Ambassador had brought a Letter to him likewise written in the King of Spain's Name but did not present it now because the Portugals say that the first time of going to Audience they are onely to make a Visit and not to treat of business Then they drew forth the Present before the King which was some pieces of cloth within one of those wooden gilt boxes which are us'd in India a Lance of the Moorish shape to wit long and smooth like a Pike the point of Iron gilt and the foot embellish'd with Silver a gallant Target and the Horse above-mention'd cover'd with a silken Horse-cloth which Horse was brought into the Court where the King sate After he had receiv'd and view'd the Present and taken the Iron of the Lance in his hand which the Ambassador said was of Portugal they caus'd the rest of us to sit down near the outer wall of the Porch on the left side upon a rough Carpet strip'd with white and blew of that sort which the Turks and Persians call Kielim spread upon the pavement of the Porch The Ambassador although he sate yet never put on his Hat before the King for so the Portugal Nobles are wont to do before the Vice-Roy namely to sit but not to be cover'd nor did the King speak to him to cover himself but let him continue uncover'd wherein to my thinking he committed an error for going as he did in the name of the State which amongst them is as much as to go in the King of Spain's Name why should he not be cover'd before so small a Prince And the error seem'd the greater because he was the first that went Ambassador to Venk-tapà Naieka in the name of the State and consequently hath made an ill president to such as shall come after him And in introducing such prejudicial customs a publick Minister should have his eyes well open but the truth is the Portugals of India understand little are little Courtiers and less Polititians how exquisite soever they be accounted here as this Sig Gio Fernandez is esteem'd one of the most accomplish'd and I believe not undeservedly At night I could not forbear to advertise some of his Country-men hereof in a handsome way it not seeming fit for me a stranger and the younger man to offer to give him a Lesson However he never put on his Hat and Civility oblig'd us to the same forbearance but indeed it was too much obsequiousness for such a Prince as also for the Ambassador to tell him of the other times that he had been privately at that Court and kiss'd his Highnesse's Feet with other like words little becomming an Ambassador Nevertheless he spoke them professing himself much the servant of Ven-tapà Naieka out of hope that he as Vitulà Sinay had promis'd him at Goa would write to the King of Spain in his favor by which means he should have some remuneration Indeed the Portugals have nothing else in their Heads but Interest and therefore their Government goes as it does As we sate down being four of us that did so besides the Ambassador to wit the Chaplain Caravaglio Montegro and my self I handsomely took the last place because knowing the nature of the Portugals I would not have them think that I a stranger went about to take place and preheminence of them in their solemnities and they conformably to their own humor not onely us'd no Courtesie to me as well-bred Italians would have done by saying to me Amice ascende superiùs but I saw they were greatly pleas'd with my putting my self in the last place Caravaglio taking the first the Chaplain the second and Montegro the third I little caring for this or for shewing and making my self known in the Court of Venk-tapà Naieka laugh'd within my self at their manners and with the observation recreated my Curiosity which alone had brought me into these parts The King's discourse to the Ambassador was distended to divers things and as he was speaking he frequently chaw'd leavs of Betle which a Courtier reach'd to him now and then and when he was minded out a lump of the masticated leaves another held a kind of great Cup to his Mouth for him to spit into The King ask'd concerning the flowness of the Ships this year as that which disgusted him in regard of the Money they were to bring him for Pepper He inquir'd of several things of India and desir'd to know some kind of News The Ambassador told him all the News we had at Onòr which were uncertain being onely the Relations of some vulgar persons and therefore in my judgement too immaturely utter'd affirming for certain the coming of the Fleet with a great Army the Alliance between Spain and England the passage of the Prince of England into Spain and moreover Good God! the reduction of all England to the Catholick Faith by the publick command of that King with other such levities usual to the Portugals who are very ignorant of the affairs of the world and of State The King further spoke long concerning things transacted with him in the War of Banghel particularly of the Peace that concluded it for which probably being disadvantageous to the Portugals he said he heard that many blam'd him the Ambassador who negotiated it with his Ministers and that they not onely blam'd him for it but said he would be punish'd by the King of Spain who was offended with it whereat being sorry as his Friend he had sent several times to Gao to inquire tidings concerning him The Ambassador answer'd that 't was true there had been such accusations against him and greater some alledging that his Highness had brib'd him but that they were the words of malevolent persons which he had always laugh'd at knowing he had done his duty and onely what the Vice-Roy had appointed him and that in Spain they give credit to the informations of the Vice-Roy and not to the talk of others as well appear'd by the event Venk-tapà proceeded to say that that Peace was very well made for the Portugals and that much good had follow'd upon it intimating that they would have made it with disadvantage if it had not been concluded in that manner as he concluded it As if he would have said It had been ill for the Portugals with manifest signes of a mind insulting over them and that the business of Banghel was no more to be treated of Then he ask'd the Ambassador How old he was How many Children he had Putting him in mind of his using to come when a very Youth to Ikkeri with his

whilst we saw them left behind And they told me that the nearer we came to India we should see more of these things The next Evening our Captain who was a little more merry then ordinary because the Captain of the Dolphin dining with us that day he had drank pretty freely in conversation discoursing with me as he was wont after Supper spoke very frankly to me concerning their affairs of Ormuz In conclusion he told me that their Treaty with the Persians stood thus That if they would deliver to the English the Fortress of Ormuz with half the revenues of the Custom-house and the City as they desir'd from the beginning then the English would people Ormuz and restore the trade as formerly keeping the same continually open with Persia and that for this purpose and also for guarding that Sea against the Portugals and other Enemies they would keep four ships in Ormuz That when this were agreed upon the English would transport a good number of people from England and whole Families with Wives and Children to dwell in Ormuz as the Portugals did before and then they would prosecute the War against the Portugals at Maschat and every where else But if these things were not agreed to they would make War no longer against the Portugals nor car'd they for the Traffick of Persia upon other terms Now should these Treaties take effect they would in no wise be advantagious for the Catholick Religion and were there no more to be fear'd the Portugals would thereby be for ever excluded from recovering Ormuz yea all the rest which they possess in those parts would be in great danger Imanculi Beig who was General of the Persians in the late Wars and with whom the English treated in Combrù concérning this affair Captain Woodcock said inclin'd to the bargain but it was not known what the Chan of Sciraz and which is more important the King would do On one side I know the Persians insisted much upon having Ormuz wholly to themselves accounting it a small matter to have gain'd with so much War and loss of men onely the half or rather less then half the Fortress being deducted which the English demanded for themselves so that the Persians would have but the same interest there as the King of Ormuz had with the Portugals and no more They conceive also that they have done little and perhaps ill should they make no greater acquisition in having onely chang'd the Portugals in Ormuz for the English and Christians for Christians that upon easier terms it might be hop'd that perhaps the Portugals after the loss of Ormuz would agree with the Persians now there was no more to lose and onely give the Persians that which the King of Ormuz a Mahometan like themselves injoy'd Moreover to the Persian no doubt the friendship of the Portugals would be more profitable in regard of the many States which they possess in India from whence they may with more facility and certainty maintain the accustomed Commerce with Persia. But on the other side to see the Portugals so worsted and the English more fortunate at least and couragious if not more strong 't is a clear case that Ormuz will never be reinhabited nor Trade set on foot again unless some Nation of the Franks which have ships and strength at sea reside there things which the Persians wholly want there being neither Mariners nor Timber in Persia about that Sea wherewith to build ships and the loss resulting to Persia by the tinguishing of this Traffick the charge of maintaining the Fortress of Ormuz without any profit and the continual danger of losing it every hour unless the English guard the Sea with their ships and help to defend it these and other like considerations may not improbably induce the King of Persia contented to have demonstrated his power and valor and chastis'd his Enemies the Portugals according to his desire to grant the English as much as they demand For he should not yield it to them upon force but out of his liberality and for his own profit give them that freely which to retain to himself as things now stand would not onely be of no advantage but of loss Peradventure he may also imagine now in the pride of his victory that as with help of the English he has driven the Portugals out of Ormuz so 't will be easie for him to expel the English too either by the help of others or else by his own Forces alone should they not comply with him However because these Treaties with the Persian are manag'd by the Company of Merchants who also made the War and not by the King of England and hitherto 't is not known whether their King approve the fact or no and will prosecute or let fall the enterprize therefore for a total conclusion besides the consent of the King of Persia they also wait the determination of the King of England and the greatest hope I have of the defeating of these projects so prejudicial to the Catholicks is this alone that the English King will not meddle in them and perhaps also prohibit his Subjects so to do as a person whom we know to be a Friend to Peace most averse from all kind of War especially with the King of Spain while the Match of his Son with the Daughter of Spain is in agitation In the mean time we began to find the Sea sufficiently rough being got wholly out of the Persian Gulph and enter'd into the open Sea term'd by the Ancients Mare rubrum and by us at this day the Southern Ocean and having pass'd not onely the Cape of Giasck but also that of Arabia which the Portugals vulgarly call Rosalgate as it is also set down in the Maps but properly ought to be call'd Ras el had which in the Arabian Tongue signifies Capo del fine or the Cape of the Confine because 't is the last of that Country and is further then any other extended into the Sea like that of Galicia in our Europe which for the same reason we call Finis Terrae On Saturday the 28. of Ianuary having taken the meridional altitude of the Sun according to daily custom and made such detraction of degrees as was necessary we found our selves twenty three degrees five minutes distant from the Equinoctial towards the North whence by consequence we had pass'd the Tropick of Cancer twenty six minutes and a half according to the opinion of the Moderns who reckon the Sun 's greatest declination where the Tropicks are twenty three degrees thirty one minutes and a half distant from the Equinoctial During the succeeding dayes we sail'd with a brisk but favourable wind and with a Sea not tempestuous but something rough Every day about the hour of noon the Sun's altitude was infallibly observ'd not onely by the Pilots as the custom is in all ships and the Captain who was a good Seaman and perform'd all the exercises of Art very well but which

be made sensible of that their basest bondage But to return again to the place from whence I have made some excursion When I was in India there was one sentenced by the Mogol himself for killing his own father to dye thus first he commanded that this Parricide should be bound alive by his heels fastned to a small iron chain which was tied to the hind-leg of a great Elephant and then that this Elephant should drag him after him one whole remove of that King from one place to another which was about ten miles distant that so all his flesh might be worn off his bones and so it was when we saw him in the way following that King in his Progress for he appeared then to us a Skeleton rather than a body There was another condemned to dye by the Mogol himself while we were at Amadavar for killing his own Mother and at this the King was much troubled to think of a death suitable for so horrid a crime but upon a little pause he adjudged him to be stung to death by Snakes which was accordingly done I told you before that there are some Mountebanks there which keep great Snakes to shew tricks with them one of those fellows was presently called for to bring his Snakes to do that execution who came to the place where that wretched Creature was appointed to dye and found him there all naked except a little covering before and trembling Then suddenly the Mountebank having first angred and provoked the venemous creatures put one of them to his Thigh which presently twin'd it self about that part till it came near his Groin and there bit him till blood followed the other was fastned to the out-side of his other Thigh twining about it for those Snakes thus kept are long and slender and there bit him likewise notwithstanding the wretch kept upon his feet near a quarter of an hour before which time the Snakes were taken from him But he complained exceedingly of a fire that with much torment had possessed all his Limbs and his whole body began to swell exceedingly like Nasidius bit by a Lybian Serpent called a Prester Now much after this manner did the stinging of those Snakes work upon that wretch and about half an hour after they were taken from him the soul of that unnatural monster left his groaning Carkass and so went to its place And certainly both those I last named so sentenced and so executed most justly deserved to be handled with all severity for taking away the lives of those from whom they had receiv'd their own Some of our family did behold the execution done upon the later who related all the passages of it and for my part I might have seen it too but that I had rather go a great way not to see then one step to behold such a sight After the example of that King his Governours deputed and set over Provinces and Cities proceed in the course of Justice to impose what punishment and death they please upon all offendors and malefactors That King never suffers any of his Vicegerents to tarry long in one place of Government but removes them usually after they have exercised that Power which was given unto them in place for one year unto some other place of Government remote from the former wherein they exercise their power and this that King doth that those which be his Substitutes may not in any place grow popular I told you before that this people are very neat shaving themselves so often as that they feel the Rasor almost every day but when that King sends any of them unto any place of Government or upon any other imployment they cut not their hair at all till they return again into his presence as if they desired not to appear beautiful or to give themselves any content in this while they live out of the Kings sight and therefore the King as soon as he sees them bids them cut their hair When the Mogol by Letters sends his Commands to any of his Governours those Papers are entertain'd with as much respect as if himself were present for the Governour having intelligence that such Letters are come near him himself with other inferiour Officers ride forth to meet the Patamar or Messenger that brings them and as soon as he sees those Letters he alights from his horse falls down on the earth and then takes them from the Messenger and lays them on his head whereon he binds them fast and then returning to his place of publick meeting for dispatch of businesses he reads them and answers their contents with all care and diligence The King oft times in his own person and so his Substitutes appointed Governours for Provinces and Cities Judge in all matters Criminal that concern Life and Death There are other Officers to assist them which are called Cut-walls whose Office is like that of our Sheriffs in England and these have many substitutes under them whose business it is to apprehend and to bring before these Judges such as are to be tried for things Criminal or Capital where the offender as before knows presently what will become of him And those Officers wait likewise on other Judges there which are called Cadees who only meddle with Contracts and Debts and other businesses of this nature 'twixt man and man Now these Officers arrest Debtors and bring them before those Judges and their Sureties too bound as with us in Contracts confirmed as before under their hands and seals and if they give not content unto those which complain of them they will imprison their persons where they shall find and feel the weight of fetters nay many times they will sell their Persons their Wives and Children into bondage when they cannot satisfie their debts And the custom of that Country bears with such hard and pitiless courses such as was complain'd of by the poor Widow unto the Prophet Elisha who when her husband was dead and she not able to pay the Creditor came and took her two sons to be bond-men 2 Kings 4. 1. The Mogol looked to be presented with some thing or other when my Lord Embassadour came to him and if he saw him often empty handed he was not welcome and therefore the East-India Company were wont every year to send many particular things unto him in the name of the King of England that were given him at several times especially then when the Embassadour had any request unto him which made a very fair way unto it Amongst many other things when my Lord Embassadour first went thither the Company sent the Mogol an English Coach and Harness for four Horses and an able Coach-man to sute and manage some of his excellent Horses that they might be made fit for that service The Coach they sent was lined within with Crimson China Velvet which when the Mogol took notice of he told the Embassadour that he wondred the King of England would trouble himself so

it happened that one of the Company-ships returning thence and arriving at this Harbour after a little stay when she was ready to set sail for England and having then two of these Salvages aboàrd her Commander resolv'd to bring them both home with him thinking that when they had got some English here they might discover something of their Country which we could not know before These poor wretches being thus brought away very much against both their minds one of them meerly out of extream fullenness though he was very well used died shortly after they put to Sea the other who call'd himself Cooree whom I mentioned before lived and was brought to London and there kept for the space of six months in Sir Smith's house then Governour of the East-India Company where he had good diet good clothes good lodging with all other fitting accommodations now one would think that this wretch might have conceived his present compared with his former condition an Heaven upon earth but he did not so though he had to his good entertainment made for him a Chain of bright Brass an Armour Breast Back and Head-piece with a Buckler all of Brass his beloved Metal yet all this contented him not for never any seemed to be more weary of ill usage than he was of Courtesies none ever more desirous to return home to his Countrey than he For when he had learned a little of our Language he would daily lie upon the ground and cry very often thus in broken English Cooree home go Souldaniago home go And not long after when he had his desire and was returned home he had no sooner set footing on his own shore but presently he threw away his Clothes his Linnen with all other Covering and got his sheeps skins upon his back g 〈…〉 s about his neck and such a perfum'd Cap as before we named upon his head by whom that Proverb mentioned 2 Pet 2. 22. was literally fulfill'd Canis ad vomitum The dog is return'd to his vomit and the swine to his wallowing in the mire After this fellow was returned it made the Natives most shie of us when we arrived there for though they would come about us in great Companies when we were new come thither yet three or four days before they conceiv'd we would depart thence there was not one of them to be seen fearing belike we would have dealt with some more of them as formerly we had done with Cooree But it had been well if he had not seen England for as he discovered nothing to us so certainly when he came home he told his Country-men having doubtless observed so much here that Brass was but a base and cheap commodity in England and happily we had so well stored them with that mettal before that we had never after such a free Exchange of our Brass and Iron for their Cattel It was here that I asked Cooree who was their God he lifting up his hands answered thus in his bad English England God great God souldania no God In the year 1614. Ten English men having received the sentence of death for their several crimes at the Sessions house in the Old-Baily at London had their Execution respited by the intreaty of the East-India Merchants upon condition that they should be all banished to this place to the end if they could find any peaceable abode there they might discover something advantagious to their Trade And this was accordingly done But two of them when they came thither were taken thence and carried on the Voyage One whose sirname was Duffield by Sir Thomas Row that year sent Embassadour to the Great Mogol that fellow thus redeemed from a most sad Banishment was afterward brought back again into England by that noble Gentleman and here being intrusted by him stole some of his Plate and ran away Another was carried on the Voyage likewise but what became of him afterward I know not So that there remained eight which were there left with some Ammunition and Victual with a small Boat to carry them to and from a very little uninhabited Island lying in the very mouth of that Bay a place for their retreat and safety from the Natives on the Main The Island called Pen-guin Island probably so named at first by some Welsh-man in whose Language Pen-guin signifies a white head and there are many great lazy fowls upon and about this Island with great cole-black bodies and very white heads called Penguins The chief man of the eight there left was sirnamed Cross who took the Name upon him of Captain Cross He was formerly Yeoman of the Guard unto King Iames but having had his Hand in Blood twice or thrice by men slain by him in several Duels and now being condemned to die with the rest upon very great sute made for him he was hither banished with them whither the Iustice of Almighty God was dispatched after him as it were in a Whirlwind and followed him close at the very heels and overtook him and left him not till he had pay'd dear for that blood he had formerly spilt This Cross was a very stout and a very resolute man who quarrelling with and abusing the Natives and engaging himself far amongst them immediately after himself with the rest were left in that place many of these Salvages being got together fell upon him and with their darts thrown and arrows shot at him stuck his body so full of them as if he had been larded with darts and arrows making him look like the figure of the man in the Almanack that seems to be wounded in every part or like that man described by Lucan Totum pro vulnere corpus who was All-wound where blood touched blood The retaliations of the Lord are sure and just He that is Mercy it self abhorrs Cruelty above all other sins He cannot endure that one man should devour another as the Beasts of the Field Birds of the Air Fishes of the Sea do and therefore usually shews exemplary signal revenges for that sin of Blood selling it at a dear rate unto them that shead it Every sin hath a tongue but that of Blood out-cryes and drowns the rest Blood being a clamorous and a restless suter whose mouth will not be stopt till it receive an Answer as it did here The other seven the rest of these miserable Banditi who were there with Cross recovered their Boat and got off the shore without any great hurt and so rowing to their Island the waves running high they split their boat at their landing which engaged them to keep in that place they having now no possible means left to stir thence And which made their condition while they were in it most extremely miserable it is a place wherein grows never a Tree neither for sustenance or shelter or shade nor any thing beside I ever heard of to help sustein Nature a place that hath never a drop of fresh water in it but what the showrs leave

cover the wood first being handsomly turn'd with a thick Gum then put their Paint on most artificially made of liquid silver or gold or other lively colours which they use and after make it much more beautiful with a very clear varnish put upon it They are excellent at Limning and will coppy out any Picture they see to the life for confirmation of which take this instance It happened that my Lord Embassadour visiting the Mogol on a time as he did often presented him with a curious neat small oval Picture done to the life in England The Mogol was much pleased with it but told the Embassadour withall that haply he supposed that there was never a one in his Country that could do so well in that curious Art and then offered to wager with him a Leck of Roopees a sum which amounted to no less then 10000 l. sterl that in a few days he would have two Copies made by that presented to him so like that the Embassadour should not know his own He refused the great wager but told the King he would adventure his judgment on it Two Copies taken from that Original were within few days after made and brought and laid before the Embassadour in the presence of the King the Embassadour viewing them long either out of Courtship to please the King or else unable to make a difference 'twixt the Pictures being all exquisitly done took one of them which was new made for that which he had formerly presented and did after profess that he did not flatter but mistake in that choice The truth is that the Natives of that Monarchy are the best Ap●s for imitation in the world so full of ingenuity that they will make any new thing by pattern how hard soever it seem to be done and therefore it is no marvel if the Natives there make Shooes and Boots and Clothes and Linen and Bands and Cuffs of our English Fashion which are all of them very much different from their Fashions and Habits and yet make them all exceeding neatly They have Markets which they call Bazars to sell and buy their Commodities in all their great Towns twice every day a little before and an hour after Sun-rising in the morning and so a little before and a little after Sun-set at night The other parts of the day being too hot for those great confluences of people to meet together and those are the seasons we English-men there make use of to ride abroad and take the air the rest of the day we usually spend in our houses The people there sell almost all their Provisions as very many other things by weight For the foreign Trade of this people it is usually once a year into the Red Sea to a City called Moha in Arabia the happy about thirty leagues from the mouth of it It is a principal Mart for all Indian Commodities but the Staple and most principal there vented is their Cotten-cloth either white or stained and their Cotten-wooll Hither they come from Grand Cairo in Egypt as from many other parts of the Turks Dominions to trafique hither they come from Prester Iohns Country which lyes on the other side of the Arabian Gulf for so the Red Sea is there called and not above fourteen leagues over at the City Moha The Ship or Iunk for so it is called that usually goes from Surat to Moha is of an exceeding great burden some of them I believe fourteen or fifteen hundred Tuns or more but those huge Vessels are very ill built like an over-grown Liter broad and short but made exceeding big on purpose to waff Passengers forward and backward which are Mahometans who go on purpose to visit Mahomets Sepulchre at Medina neer Mecha but many miles beyond Moha The Passengers and others in that most capacious Vessel that went and returned that year I left India as we were credibly told amounted to the number of seventeen hundred Those Mahumetans that have visited Mahomets Sepulchre are ever after called Hoggees or holy men This Iunk bound from Surat to the Red-Sea as she hath many people in her so hath she good Ordnance but those Navigators know not well how to use them for their defence She begins her Voyage about the twentieth of March and finisheth it about the end of September following The Voyage is but short and might easily be made in less than three moneths but the Ship is very slow and ill-built to abide foul weather and in the long season of the rain and a little before and after it the winds upon those Coasts are commonly so violent that there is no coming but with much hazard into the Indian Sea This Ship returning is usually worth as I have heard it faithfully reported and if my credit given to that report make me not to abuse my Readers two hundred thousand pounds Sterling and most of it brought back in good Gold and Silver some fine Chamlets they bring with them home likewise But that huge mass of wealth thus brought home into India is another especial thing and might have been added to that I spake of before towards the continual enriching of this great Monarchy where in the next place I shall speak SECTION VI. Of the care and skill of this people in keeping and managing their excellent good Horses Of their Elephants and their ordering and managing them And how the people ride and are carried up and down from place to place THe Souldiery here and so many of the Gentry and better sort of the people who live at Court shew excellent good skill in riding and managing of their well turn'd high metal'd choice Horses which are excellent good at mounting up bounding and curvetting and when they run them at their full swiftest speed will stop them at a foots breadth for the scantling of those creatures they are in proportion like ours but excellently well eyed headed limn'd for their colours there are some of them Raven-black but many more of them white curiously Dapled and a very great number Pied and spotted all over and there are some of other bright colours But it is a usual custom there amongst Gallants who ride upon the bright-coloured horses to have their legs and lower parts of their bellies and breasts died into a Saffron colour of which they have much there which makes them look as if they had stood in some Dyars Vatt just to such an height of their bodies The hair upon their Horses whom they keep plump and fat is very short soft and lyes sleek upon them and I wonder not at it they are kept so daintily every Horse being allowed a man to dress and feed him and to run by him when he is rode forth and this is all his work They tye not down their horse-heads when they stand still as we do with halters but secure each horse by two ropes fastned to their hind-feet which ropes are somwhat long to be staked down behind them in Tents or other

expected in the sad issue thereof than the loss of all our lives and goods But having a little Parlee with them for the value of three shillings of English money given amongst them they were all quieted and contented and immediately left us wishing us a good journey After this when we had gone forward about twenty dayes journey which daily Remoovs were but short by reason of our heavy carriages and the heat of the weather it hapned that another of our Company a young Gèntleman about twenty years old the Brother of a Baron of England behaved himself so ill as that we feared it would have brought very much mischief on us This young man being very unruly at home and so many others that have been well born when their friends knew not what to do with them have been sent to East-India that so they might make their own Graves in the Sea in their passage thither or else have Graves made for them on the Indian shore when they come there A very cleanly conveyance but how just and honest I leave to others for Parents to be rid of their unruly Children but I never knew any who were thus supposed to be sent thither but they out-lived that Voyage For the young Gentleman I spake of his imployment was to wait upon our Chief Commander in his Cabin who very courteously when he came to Sea turn'd him before the mast amongst the common Saylors a great preferment for a Man of his Birth but for all this he out-liv'd that harsh usage and came safely to East-India and my Lord Ambassadour hearing of him and being well acquainted with his great kindred sent for him up to Court and there entertain'd him as a Companion for a year then giving him all fit accommodations sent him home again as a passenger for England where after he safely arrived But in our way towards that Court it thus happened that this hot-brains being a little behind us commanded him then near him who was the Princes servant before spoken of to hold his horse the man replied that he was none of his servant and would not do it Upon which this most intemperate mad youth who was like Philocles that angry Poet and therefore called Bilis Salsigo Choler and Brine for he was the most hasty and cholerick young man that ever I knew as will appear by his present carriage which was thus first he beat that stranger for refusing to hold his horse with his horse-whip which I must tell you that people cannot endure as if those whips stung worse than Scorpions For of any punishments that carry most disgrace in them as that people think one is to be beaten with that whip wherewithall they strike their beasts the other to be beaten and this they esteem the more disgraceful punishment of the two about the head with shooes But this stranger being whipt as before came up and complained to me but to make him amends that frantick young man mad with rage and he knew not wherefore presently followed him and being come up close to him discharg'd his Pistol laden with a brace of bullets directly at his body which bullets by the special guidance of the hand of God so flew that they did the poor man no great hurt only one of them first tearing his coat bruised all the knuckles of his left hand and the other brake his bow which he carried in the same hand We presently disarmed our young Bedlam till he might return again to his wits But our greatest business was how to pacifie the other man whom he had thus injured I presently gave him a Roopee in our money two shillings and nine pence he thanked me for it and would have taken it with his right but I desired him to take it with his maim'd hand and so he did and could clinch it very well which I was glad of Then we did shew as we had cause all the dislike we could against that desperate act of him from whom he received his hurt telling him that we were all strangers and for our parts had done him no wrong at all and therefore hoped that we should not be made any way to suffer for the faults of another and we further told him that if he would be quiet till we came up to the Court he should have all the satisfaction he could desire He told us that we were good men and had done him no wrong and that he would till then rest contented but he did not so for about two hours after we met with a great man of that Country having a mighty train with him as all the Grandees there have when they travel of whom more afterward He presently went towards him that to him he might make his complaint and so did telling him that he was the Prince's servant why he came to us and how he had been used by us shewing him his hand and his other breaches The great man replied that it was not well done of us but he had nothing to do with it and so departed on his way That night after we came to a strong large Town and placing our selves on the side of it he did what he could as we imagined to raise up that People against us some of them coming about us to view us as we conceived but putting on the best confidence we could and standing then upon our guard and all of us watching that night but in a special manner by the good providence of God who kept us in all our journey we here felt none of that mischief we feared but early in the morning quietly departed without the least molestation After which with a little money and a great many good words we so quieted this man that we never after heard any more complaining from him So that as before I observed we were not at any time in any dangers of suffering by that people but some of our own Nation were the procuring causes of it Before I observed that for the generality of this people they have very low and timorous spirits but there are some I named in my last Section who are stout daring men as the Baloches Patans and Rashboots who as they have the honour above all the rest of the people in those large Provinces to be accounted valiant so as occasion is offered they will shew themselves so to be and therefore they are much hired as Convoys to secure Mens Persons and Goods from place to place For those Provinces they are not without Mountains of prey and Tabernacles of Robbers as David and Iob speak where desperate men keep in some Woods and Deserts which are not far from great road-ways most frequented and used and there like the wild Arabes in Companies meet and spoil and destroy poor Passengers when they expect them not it being the cursed manner of those Spoilers if they prevail against them whom they surprise to kill them before they rifle them and therefore the first thing

much as to send unto China for Velvet to line a Coach for him in regard that he had been informed that the English King had much better Velvet nearer home for such or any other uses And immediately after the Mogol caused that Coach to be taken all to pieces and to have another made by it for as before they are a people that will make any new thing by a pattern and when his new Coach was made according to the pattern his work-men first putting the English Coach together did so with that they had new made then pulling out all the China Velvet which was in the English Coach there was in the room thereof put a very rich Stuff the ground Silver wrought all over in spaces with variety of flowers of silk excellently well suited for their colours and cut short like a Plush and in stead of the brass-nails that were first in it there were nails of silver put in their places And the Coach which his own Work-men made was lined and seated likewise with a richer stuff than the former the ground of it gold mingled like the other with silk flowers and the nails silver and double gilt and after having Horses and Harness fitted for both his Coaches He rode sometimes in them and contracted with the English-coach-man to serve him whom he made very fine by rich vests he gave him allowing him a very great Pension besides he never carried him in any of those Coaches but he gave him the reward of ten pounds at the least which had raised the Coach-man unto a very great Estate had not death prevented it and that immediately after he was setled in that great service The East India Company sent other Presents for that King as excellent Pictures which pleased the Mogol very much especially if there were fair and beautiful Women portrayed in them They sent likewise Swords Rapiers excellently well hatcht and pieces of rich Imbroidery to make sweet bags and rich Gloves and handsome Looking-glasses and other things to give away that they might have always some things in readiness to present both to the King and also to his Governours where our Factories were setled for all these were like those Rulers of Israel mentioned Hosea 4. 18. who would love to say with shame give ye They looked to be presented with something when our Factors had any especial occasion to repair unto them and if the particular thing they then presented did not like them well they would desire to have it exchanged for something else haply they having never heard of our good and modest proverb That a man must not look into the mouth of a given Horse And it is a very poor thing indeed which is freely given and is not worth the taking The Mogol sometimes by his Firmauns or Letters Patents will grant some particular things unto single or divers persons and presently after will contradict those Grants by other Letters excusing himself thus That he is a great and an absolute King and therefore must not be tied unto any thing which if he were he said that he was a slave and not a free-man Yet what he promised was usually enjoyed although he would not be tied to a certain performance of his promise Therefore there can be no dealing with this King upon very sure terms who will say and unsay promise and deny Yet we Englishmen did not at all suffer by that inconstancy of his but there found a free Trade a peaceable residence and a very good esteem with that King and People and much the better as I conceive by reason of the prudence of my Lord Embassadour who was there in some sense like Ioseph in the Court of Pharaoh for whose sake all his Nation there seemed to fare the better And we had a very easie way upon any grievance to repair to that King as will appear now in my next Section which speaks SECTION XXIV Of the Mogol shewing himself three times publickly unto his people every day and in what state and glory he doth oftentimes appear FIrst early in the morning at that very time the Sun begins to appear above the Horizon He appears unto his people in a place very like unto one of our Balconies made in his Houses or Pavilions for his morning appearance directly opposite to the East about seven or eight foot high from the ground against which time a very great number of his people especially of the greater sort who desire as often as they can to appear in his eye assemble there together to give him the Salam or good morning crying all out as soon as they see their King with a loud voice Padsha Salamet which signifies Live O great King or O great King Health and life At Noon he shews himself in another place like the former on the South-side and a little before Sun-set in a like place on the West-side of his House or Tent but as soon as the Sun forsakes the Hemisphear he leaves his people ushered in and out with Drums and Wind-instruments and the peoples acclamations At both which times likewise very great numbers of his people assemble together to present themselves before him And at any of these three times he that hath a suit to the King or desires Justice at his hands be he Poor or Rich if he hold up a Petition to be seen shall be heard and answered And between seven and nine of the Clock at night he sits within House or Tent more privately in a spacious place called his Goozalcan or bathing-house made bright like day by abundance of lights and here the King sits mounted upon a stately Throne where his Nobles and such as are favoured by him stand about him others find admittance to but by special leáve from his Guard who cause every one that enters that place to breathe upon them and if they imagine that any have drunk wine they keep him out At this time my Lord Embassadour made his usual addresses to him and I often waited on him thither and it was a good time to do business with that King who then was for the most part very pleasant and full of talk unto those which were round about him and so continued till he fell a sleep oft times by drinking and then all assembled immediately quitted the place except those which were his trusted servants who by turns watched his person The Mogol hath a most stately rich and spacious house at Agra his Metropolis or chief City which is called his Palace Royal wherein there are two Towers or Turrets about ten foot square covered with massie Gold as ours are usually with Lead this I had from Tom Coryat as from other English Merchants who keep in a Factory at that place And further they told me that he hath a most glorious Throne within that his Palace ascended by divers steps which are covered with plate of silver upon the top of which ascent stand four Lions upon pedestals of curiously