do was at length forced to submit for being unequal in strength though equalin number of Ships he obeyed De Ruyters second summons which was a Cannon Bullet and letting fall his sails after mutual salutation came to Anchor Cornelius Everson who followed the Swedes took his station betwixt them and Lanskrown and the next day De Ruyter drawing nearer to them environed them round to take from them all possibility of escaping in case they attempted it The Dutch Embassadours were at the time of detaining the Swedes Ships upon the top of the round Tower at Coppenhagen and perceiving the motion of the Fleets De Huybert and Haren went forthwith on board de Ruyter to give such Orders as they should judge necessary from whence they likewise sent the Swedes Admiral word that what they had done was to further the Peace and not out of design to prejudice him in the least which he might be assured of The Swedes Commissioners were extreamly vexed at the detension of their Ships and complaining bitterly against de Ruyter's insolence required that they might be suffered without delay to continue their journey to Stockholm whither they were designed The English and French Embassadours fretted yet higher and accusing the Dutch of breach of Faith and violation of Covenants demanded the instant relaxation of the Ships threatning that in case they would not that they would treat no further with them but revenge with all their power those indignities and injuries which were offered to England and to France The Dutch Embassadours replied that what they had done was but to further the Peace which if seriously and sincerely intended would be easily compassed and least any thing might intervene which might disturb and interrupt it in the interim they only endeavoured to oblige the Swedes to put their Declaration in execution After this May 7. they wrote Letters to the English and French wherein they professed That they did not vary from any of those Articles contained in their former Project adding that as for the Treaty of Elbing there was the same provision both in it and in its Illustrations made for France and England as for Sweden and the United Provinces if they would but be included in it They did therefore conjure them that they would add their endeavours to theirs according to the so often mentioned Conventions and the instructions of their respective superiours in the procuring of a sudden and setled Peace The English and French perceiving the Dutch had made no mention in their Letters of the detained Ships fancied they jeered them and therefore repeated by most bitter rescriptions what they had declared before by word of mouth and sending expresses into England France and Holland acquainted their several Masters and their Masters Ministers with what had hitherto happened in Denmark The Dutch Embassadours seeing that the other Mediatours had resolved to treat no more with them until they first released the Ships did send their above said Project for Peace to the Swedes Commissioners with Letters to the Camp demanding their answer Another Instrument of the same tenour was delivered to the great Master of Denmark and both parties invited to accept of those Forms But the Swedes delaying their Answer were again pressed though in vain for they affirmed they would not treat any further unless their Ships were first at liberty Hereupon the Dutch resolved to fight the said detained Ships and to make War upon the Swedes now manifestly refusing Peace which they also had done if the Danes themselves fearing the continuation of their misery and the perpetuity of these destroying contests had not disswaded them from it In the mean time the English and French Embassadours had daily conferences with the Swedes in their Tents and Camp and did mainly endeavour to make up a Peace betwixt the two Kings without the Dutch But the Danes were not to be separated from their Deliverers neither would the Swedes however irritated against the Dutch conclude entirely without them But so much was effected that both Kingdoms were more desirous of Peace and their Ministers now at more liberty and freedom by reason of the dissentions of the imperious Mediatours endeavoured the composing of it more than ever And finding themselves well nigh at their own disposal and unconstrained they urged the business with more fervour than before and advanced so far that they agreed upon all the Articles of the Treaty except only on the term to be designed for the withdrawing of the Swedish Troops and Garrisons out of the Countrey Hereupon the Swedes Commissioners composed an Instrument of Pacification according to their Conventions with the Danes and sent it into the City May 15 which being examined was not only found to quadrate with the Hagues Treaties and the above mentioned Projects for Peace but also to contain several more advantageous conditions for Denmark than they did hope for The chief controverted points were about the remission of the 400000 Crowns the restitution of the Island of Bornholm and the possessions of the Gentry and Nobilities goods in Schonen all which were concluded as the Danes desired for the aforesaid sum was absolutely remitted the Goods and Lands were restored to their true owners and the Island was left in the King of Denmarks possession for a whole year with power to redeem it for its value by exchange or otherwise or restore it at the expiration of the said time The Treaty being thus far advanced without the Mediators the King lest they might seem neglected sent for the four Dutch Deputies to Court where the Ryx-hoff-master in presence of his Majesty and Senators told them that they had agreed with the Swedes to the content of both parties except only the time of evacuation or clearing the Country of the Souldiers The Embassadours having congratulated his Majesty hereupon congratulated also the Swedes Commissioners by Letters upon the happy progress of affairs and invited them notwithstanding the sinister interpretations of some men meaning the English and French to the sanction of the Treaty of Elbing the which together with its Illustrations they desired might be forthwith ratified and confirmed Some few dayes after not only these Demands of the Dutch were assented to but all other differences and desires accommodated and concluded by consent of both Kings and all the Mediators so that the detained Ships were thereupon lest to their liberty and by De Ruyter's removal from them permitted to sail whither they pleased which did not happen without the congratulatory thunder of the Cannon on both sides During this Treaty for Peace the thoughts of War were not so laid aside but that several encounters and light skirmishes happened betwixt the City and Camp Militia The besieged heightened with their former successes thought of attempting somewhat more extraordinary and therefore sallying out by night with all their Horse fell upon the Enemies Stations or Posts with the same confidence Mar. 4. though not with the same success
with their Marriners and men and what ever else shall be provided by Denmark for the said evacuation shall as soon as the transport is done be released without any let or hinderance XXV It shall also be free for all the subjects and inhabitants of the surrendred Regions and Provinces to transport themselves into any other Cities or place to dwell there provided it be done according to the Statutes of the Provinces and priviledges of the Cities out of which they will transmigrate what concerns the goods which in the time of War were carried into Cities for their security the Masters and Owners thereof may redemand them without contradiction and impediment XXVI The former transactions and Covenants to wit those of Stetin Siôder Bromsbro and Rotschild excepting the third Article which is plainly excluded here made betwixt these Noble Kingdoms shall retain their force and vigour in all their Articles and shall be confirmed as they were before the beginning of this War and as if they were inserted word for word in this Treaty unless in as much as they are expresly changed in this XXVII Whereas it is provided by the 22 Article of the Treaty of Rotschild that His Majesty of Denmark shall be obliged according to equity to satisfie his Highness the Prince of Sleswick the Duke of Holsteyn Gottorp after that the Commissioners of both parts as well of the King of Denmark's as of his said Highness have treated transacted and concluded of the matter in difference at Coppenhagen the 22 of May 16â—8 it is agreed by these that all those Covenants and transactions shall be exactly observed and faithfully performed in every particular XXVIII Moreover if any thing should have happened in this or the former War that might breed any enmities or diffidence betwixt the King and kingdom of Denmark and the Duke of Holsteyn Gottorp as well betwixt themselves as their Ministers servants and subjects all that as well out of consideration of their mutual consanguinity and especially of Her Majesty the Queen of Sweden as betwixt the two Royal and Ducal House of Holsteyn Gottorp shall from this day by vertue of this Treaty be composed and wholly forgot and on the contrary a perfect solid and perpetual friendship be established betwixt them His Majesty of Denmark will also when the evacuation is made in Denmark withdraw his Army and forces out of his Highness Countries Fortresses and Cities and also use his utmost endeavour to perswade the Confederates to evacuate such of his Highness Forts and Towns which they possess without any delay XXIX What Kings Commonwealths Powers and Princes soever shall desire to be comprehended in this Peace must require it of both Kings But the Emperour the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg together with their Kingdoms Electorships Dutchies and Provinces are expresly included herein So that His Majesty and Kingdom of Sweden will seek no pretence under no pretext whatsoever against the aforementioned Emperour King of Poland and Electour of Brandenburg because of the ayd given by them this War against the Kingdom of Sweden and its Confederats XXX The Lord Anthony Gunther Earl of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst c. his Successors Feudals and Free-holders together with their Countries Dynasties Lands Goods Jurisdictions and Appurtenances shall be included in this Pacification wherein also John Prince of Anhalt of the Line of Zervest because of the Dynasty of Jeveren and the Lord the Earl Anthony of Oldenburg Lord in Varel and Kniphawsen with his Dynasties Lordships Goods and Rights shall be also comprehended XXXI It is further agreed that all the Cities comprehended in the Hanse League none excepted are likewise included in this so that they may enjoy a free and undisturbed Commerce in both Kingdoms both by Sea and Land and if any thing have happened in this War that might offend either party that also is forgot and buried in eternal Oblivion XXXII And whereas certain secret Articles were concluded about the time of the Rotschild Pacification which are not reiterated in this all such shall be of force as if they were inserted word for word in this Treaty Moreover what Writings soever have been published during this War on either side tending to the prejudice or scandal of the other are hereby wholly taken away and shall be cashiered and prohibited and be no more divulged or reprinted within these Kingdoms XXXIII But that all these things as they are set down as well in word as in deed may be observed and fulfilled now and for the future with all firmness fidelity and sincerity it is mutually promised that these our Covenants shall be amicably confirmed by both Kings Frederick the third King of Denmark and Charles King of Sweden with the subscriptions of their Hands and impression of their Seals and for greater security they shall be signed and sealed by the Senatours of both Kingdoms XXXIV It is also concluded and promised that a Senator and Secretary of both sides shall about the 24 of June next following meet at Elzeneur and bring with them and exchange the Ratification of this Treaty confirmed with the Subscriptions and Signatures of both parties Where also the Swedes shall have with them the Letters of Cession for the Government of Drontheym and deliver them at the same time to the Danish Commissioners as a testimony of the force firmness and observance of the concluded Peace This Treaty being thus Concluded Subscribed and Sealed by the Commissioners of both sides the Embassadours Commissioners and Plenipotentiary Deputies of the most Christian King of France of the Commonwealth of England and of the High and Mighty Lords of the United Provinces did promise in the Names of their Principals and oblige themselves by a reciprocal Caution and Garranty as well general of the three States together as special of each State apart as they do hereby tie themselves in the best Form by a most ample secure and mutual Obligation as Sureties Cautions and Avengers of what is transacted and cause effectually that these covenants be fully carefully religiously performed and observed for ever And that they will also procure the Ratifications of their respective Principals hereupon So that they have been further entreated by the Commissioners of both Kings not only as Mediators but as Sureties Pledges and Avengers of these transactions for greater confirmation and certain assurance of all to Subscribe and Sign these Articles and Treaty together with them dated betwixt Coppenhagen and the Camp the 27 of May Anno 1660. Hugues de Terlon LS. Al. Sidney LS. Rob. Honniwood LS. G. Van Slingland LS. Pet. Vogelsang LS. P. de Huybert LS. W. Haren LS. Olaus Gasberg LS. Axelius Urup LS. Pet. Rees LS. Sch. Rosenhaen LS. Steno Bielke LS. WHilest this Work was in the Press the following Papers came accidentally to hand Which containing a Summary Accompt of things conducing to the illustration of much of the Political part of the foregoing History whose Author chiefly intended
maintain that Peace wherein they had been joint Mediators The issue of my Negotiations was this The K. of Denmark absolutely refused to treat sperately with Sweden the K. of Sweden declares himself willing to treat but not willing to accept of the Rotschild Treaty as the terms and conditions of the Peace Pretending that this would be tacitly to accuse His last enterprise upon Denmark of injustice for if the Dane gave the occasion of the War by entring into new practises and combinations with his Enemies after the former Peace made which he avers they did though both Kings as is usual in such cases highly protest the right of their Cause and the justice of their Armes then sayes he I ought to have better security for the future that the Dane by an innate animosity and desire of revenge fomented by other States start not out upon every occasion to traverse my designs and work me mischief when they shall find me intangled in a remote War as formerly in Poland especially being contiguous with Sweden and so most capable of doing me hurt Besides that He pretended satisfaction for the loss of Thoren and a considerable part of Prussia occasioned by this diversion of his Arms in Denmark As also for the loss of these opportunities in Germany during the vacancy of the Empire which He might have improved by the presence of His Army in those parts and the assistance of France and his other Allies either to have turned aside the Succession from the House of Austria his Hereditary Enemy or to have capitulated advantages for himself with the Emperour that was to be Elected or at least wise to have prevented the conjunction and confederacy betwixt the now Emperour and the Electour of Brandenburg Many other difficulties lay in the way of the Rotschild Treaty amongst which it was not the least that the King had already disposed of to the Officers of his Court and Army the Lands in Schonen and Bleking which by the Treaty of Rotschild are reserved to their respective Proprietors viz. the Danish Nobility However after many instances and solicitations together with the advantage of the Report which was about this time confirmed from all hands that the Peace betwixt France and Spain was intended in good earnest which might probably oblige England to retire home their forces for their own security and slacken any assistance from France and so Sweden left alone to contest with so many Enemies His Majesty began at last to hearken to the Proposition of the Rotschild Treaty and by a Paper in writing signed by His Commissioners bearing date the 21 of April in answer to a former Memorial of mine expresly accepted the said Treaty but then subjoyned to the words of acceptance a provisional clause of better security than what was formerly granted him by the bare disposition of the Rotschild Treaty Which clause I not being satisfied with as that which might be interpreted as elusory of the fore-going words His Majesty soon after declared to me that as to point of future security He would acquiess in the special Garranty of England and France which I had power also to offer Him on the part of England In pursuance of the Instructions sent upon the Fleet under General Mountague and the better to facilitate the work of the Peace by engaging the States General to act in Consort with England and France A Treaty was concluded at the Hague the 11 of May 1659. Betwixt the three States in order to re-establish a Peace betwixt the two Northern Kings upon the root and foundation of the Rotschild Treaty There Weeks time was limited to the Negotiation of the publick Ministers upon the place after the expiration of which Term neither England nor the States were to assist either of the Kings who should refuse the Peace during his refusal The King of Sweden though unbeknown to the States General had already assented to treat upon the foot and foundation of the Rotschild Treaty his safe Conducts prepared his Commissioners nominated I as Mediator propounded Fredericksburg for the place of the Treaty which the King also accepted The Dutch Deputies Extraordinary from the States General to the two Kings who arrived about this time made their instances and applications to his Majesty of Denmark as I had formerly also done to draw from him a suitable concurrence to the Rotschild Treaty But that King still persisted in the same resolution not to treat separately but propounded an Universal Treaty at which the Ministers of his respective Allies and Confederates might be present and to this end nominated Lubec for the place of a general Assembly I urged upon the Dutch Deputies the fourth Article of the Treaty of the Hague wherein 't is covenanted that no assistance was to be given to the Prince that should refuse a Peace upon just and reasonable conditions which reasonable conditions are by the first Article to be expounded the Treaty at Rotschild Now he who refuses to treat which in this case according to the sense of the three Estates was to treat separately refuses a Peace upon what conditions soever The Deputies were at accord with me that His Majesty of Denmark continuing in that resolution their Fleets could no longer assist him and wrote to General Opdam their Commander in chief to the same effect who at that time was with his Fleet in the Belt He notwithstanding continued still to favour under-hand the Dane but durst not so vigorously and openly assist him as otherwise he would partly by reason of the contrary Advise and Orders which he had received from the Deputies of the States but more especially because over-awed by the presence of the English Fleet. This suspension of Assistance on the part of the Hollander though the English Fleet remained Neutral and acted nothing onely obliged the other to the performance of Covenants gave the Swede some considerable advantages who upon this opportunity reduced the Isles of Moenen Falster and Laland together with the capital Town of Naskow under his obedience The truth is the Dutch Deputies found themselves engaged in some difficulties for whereas they supposed that the King of Sweden would have been the refuser of the Treaty and consequently the English Fleet bound up from giving him any Assistance which was the main thing they aimed at and the King of Denmark the accepter and consequently the Dutch Fleet at liberty to assist him they found the quite contrary and so had tied up their own hands by their Treaty made at the Hague This was the state of Affairs in the Northern parts at the time of the Change of the Government here in England and the Parliaments being restored to their former authority And this was the true season of ripening things to a conclusion and if the Negotiation had continued still in the same train and method that is if the Parliament had either immediately sent new powers to me to act according to my former Instructions viz.
only lesser Rivers and Fountains froze up but the Sea it self became passable being covered with an unusual but solid bridge of Ice King Charles was too prudent to let slip any opportunities which made way to his greatness Not a night passed wherein he did not send his Spies into the Island and his Scouts to discover the firmness of the congealed Waters which being at length reported to be strong enough save only a small but long rent of scarce five foot broad he gave orders to march commanding great quantity of planks posts hurds and the like materials to make a bridge over the said breach to be first brought thither and laid Two troops of Waldechs Regiment fell in the Ice breaking and several other single troopers were drowned which forced the Army to rush on with more vigour being too far ingaged to retire and the danger behind them being greater than that in their front The Danes made some though no great opposition for being bravely charged they were easily broke routed and slain scarce two hundred of them escaping the King pursued them that fled so close that he overtook Guldenlewe who was sick in his Coach not far from Odensea in which town the chief of the Island he also surprised five Danish Senators and several other fugitives so that he became absolute Master of this wealthy Province and the whole power of the Enemy in it which consisted of well with 5000. Souldiers and armed Boores sixty pieces of Cannon and great Magazines of all sorts of military provisions 'T is not unworthy the remembring that this adventrous march over the Frozen Seas was the resolve of the King himself at a Councel of War against the sense of his chief Officers who censured it of too much temerity And since it prospered well 't is due to the honour of that Kings Name which had it otherwise succeeded would have aspersed his memory The news of the losse of Funen being arrived at Coppenhagen carried so much the more of terrour and apprehension with it because besides the loss of so important an Isle the like Bridge which had let the Swede over the little Belt into Funen might serve to pass him over the great Belt into Zeland Hereupon the King of Denmark sends for Mr. Meadowe desiring him to set a Treaty on foot with all possible expedition which he did Feb. 3. by writing to the King of Sweden the purport whereof was to this effect That the King of Denmark had authorised the Lord Joackim Gersdorff and Christian Sckeel both Senatours of his Kingdom his Plenepotentiaries and Commissioners to meet treat and conclude with the like Commissioners of his at such time and place as his Majesty should please to appoint which he also desired at the instance and intervention of England and that his Majesty would be further pleased to deliver out safe conducts in due form both for him the Mediatour and for the Danish Commissioners and in the mean time suspend all future Hostilities This being dispatched with extraordinary diligence Feb. 5. the Messenger returned with his Answer Dated at Newburg in Funen where he left the King whereof the substance is That he thanked him for his care and dexterity in promoting the concerns of a peace which the Dane had hitherto so obstinately opposed How he was willing to enter presently upon a Treaty under the respective Mediatours of France and England and being it was left to him to appoint the place he gave the King of Denmark the choice either of the Isle of Spro or of Ruakoping in Langland for the Commissioners of both sides to meet in within eight daies That together with the present Letter he had sent safe conducts as desired And that the business required the greater haste forasmuch as he could promise no security to himself in a suspension of Arms. This was a clear answer and concession as to the desired treaty but he would not be complemented our of his advantages by a cessation of Arms knowing well that nothing more facilitates a conquest than a pannick terror incussed by the suddenness of an invasion and that the only way to profit upon it is to give no respite for recollecting those Spirits which the first impressions of fear had dissipated The Swedish King marches incessantly His nearest way to Zeland had been over the great Belt from Newbourg to Corsâ—ur about 16. English miles But he takes that of Langland so to Laland then to Falster which though much the further yet was the safer because the traject from Island to Island was no where so broad as that in the great Belt And he would secure all behind him They were not idle this while at Coppenhagen The Swedish safe conducts being delivered the Danish Commissioners together with the English Mediatour journeyed with what diligence they could towards Rydcoping They had travelled little more than sixty miles English when not far from Wardenburg or Warburg the last town upon Zeland from Coppenhagen they met with the Swedish scouts by whom they were advertised that their King was newly entred upon Zeland and not far behind And soon after they met the King himself in a Sledge at the head of 200 Finnish Horse This incredible diligence was altogether surprizing to the Danish Commissioners All alighting out of their Sledges the manner of travelling in the Northern Countrys to salute him His Majesty did the same and willing them to pass on to the neighbouring town and that he would speedily be with them For that he was going only to take view of a ground where he might most conveniently draw his Army into battalia To Warburg they went and there the Treaty first began where they also met the Chevalier Terlon Ambassadour of France who came in company with the Swedish King The Commissioners on the part of Sweden were Count Ulefelt a discontented Dane who had a long time refuged himself in the Court of Sweden and Steno Bielke a Senatour of Sweden The King of Sweden staid no longer at Warburg than was necessary for drawing over his Army and then ranging them in Batralia in a large extended Front in view of the Danes to make them appear more numerous at last marched off in the direct way to Coppenhagen 'T was uncomfortable treating whilst the King was marching and the Mediatours and Commissioners not being willing to be left behind adjourned the Treaty and breaking up thence overtook the King at Keuk four leagues from Coppenhagen who the next morning drew up in Battalia again and then drew off as before in an orderly march towards Coppenhagen The number of the Swedish Army was about 7000. Horse and Foot and some few Field-pieces with which he took up his quarters within two leagues of the City of which he would often sportingly say she was a fair Bride and deserved dancing for and not without reason neither for had he won Coppenhagen as he woo'd her she had brought him for her Dower all Denmark
the one and reconcile himself with the other At this time Sir Philip Meadow being in the Swedish Camp having received Letters from England instructing him to urge a separate Treaty betwixt the two Crowns sent into Coppenhagen several Proposals to the King of Denmark conformable to his Orders to press the business of a speedy Peace in order to prevent the hazardous contingencies of an Assault to which he saw all things disposed and prepared The Gentleman also whom he sent did not obscurely intimate the said preparations in the Swedish Camp for a general Attack but the King nothing terrified here with returned answer That he could not in honour and safety enter upon a distinct and separate Treaty without a comprehension and inclusion of the rest of his Allies The Swedes having notice of this refusal prepare to force that by Arms which they could not get by composition and approaching the â—own walls with their best Troops fired a Prame or Flat-boat which lay betwixt Christians-haven and the City armed with six small Guns and twelve Souldiers But the day comming on they retired for that time into their Camp again without any further attempt The Night following they made another show of assaulting the Works but retired as before and for the same reason The third day the Army being well refreshed was drawn out of the Camp and being abundantly furnished with all things necessary for the present Expedition was commanded to march The King had affigned each Regiment his Post and the place they should attack and having ordered that the Souldiers should wear Straw and little bundles of Juniper on their Arms or Caps gave the word God help us The sign to fall on being given by firing some pitcht Barrels the King who was present commanded fifty Musketiers to go and take possession of the Ravelin before the half Bulwork near the West Port. This being done Lieutenant Collonel Geneki marched with two hundred men on the right hand of the said Ravelin up to a little Work which lies betwixt the long Gallery and the Wall Delwig attackt the half Bulwork with his Regiment and Major General Fersen seconded him on his right hand The English and the Palsgraves Troops assaulted the Bulworks next the Kings Stables Collonel Voyette seconded by Aschenberg with three hundred Horsemen now on foot the Brew-house and Major Smith assisted by Bidal a Lieutenant of the Kings Guards a man of War and a Prame which lay betwixt Christians-haven and the Town The rest fell upon the other quarters of the City as they were ordered all full of hopes for a happy success But if the Swedes omitted nothing for compassing of their Design the Danes on the other side whose mark was their Hankerchiefs in their Hats were no less sollicitous to divert the storm which did so threaten them They were informed of the Enemies motion by their Centinels and Patrouillis without the Walls so that they were more than sufficiently allarmed and prepared to receive them And truly we have not often heard of a more surious encounter Charles shewing his men the riches and pillage of the Town bids them hew out their own rewards for all their past and present labours whilest Frederick riding from one Guard to another tells his that theirs and their Countries welfare depended on their valour and this moment of time The fight grew high and hot the Defendants upon first sight of the Enemy thundred upon them with their great Guns as they approacht but when they were come nearer well-nigh over-whelmed them with showrs of Bullets Cartrages Wild-fires Hand and Mortar-granadoes which they rowled in great numbers from the Walls and other offensive instruments That side which the Swedes assaulted was best flancked of any so that they were viewed and shot at from several parts at once but they chose it by reason of the Ice to avoid the Graffs and Pallisadoes and because the Works there were less compleat than the other the Sea in gentler seasons rendring them inaccessible on foot For all this they came up to the very Walls Fersen's men were got so close that they were secure from the Flancks and having pulled out some of the Pallisadoes began to rear their Ladders and mount The Besieged on the other side filling the Bulworks with their numbers and their Moates with swarms of Darts which they incessantly threw upon the Assailants forced them back three or four got upon the top of the Works but being ill seconded perished there though otherwise worthy a better fortune Neither were the Swedes more succesful else where the Colonels Gengel and Voyet were slain and Ashenberg Hestrige and Weyssensteyn being sorely wounded the Souldiers they had led began to give back The King seeing it dispatcht Count Erick Steynbock with the Smaland Regiment to their assistance but he observing their disorder and apprehensions at the loss of their Officers passed by them with design to fall upon the Rampart next the Stables but whilest he endeavoured to pass the Ditch he was shot into the breast and slain Neither did the Lieutenant Colonel who commanded the Smalanders escape he being also sorely wounded so that the Souldiers seeing their Leaders fall on all sides did not a little stagger The King had also sent the two Spars with the other Swaland and Sudermanian Regiment to second Fersens men who fought so well but seeing the inequality of the place they contended in and the little appearance there was of success he commanded to draw off though necessitated to retreat through the tempest and incessant hailing of the adverse shot The fight at the Ship was very hot the Swedes had dragg'd Boats and Bridges with them to pass the Water for the Defendants had broken the Ice round about them and some got over and entred but being ill received by them on Board and worse seconded by their own men they were forced out again or slain in it Smith and twelve more of his men were killed upon the Hatches the Sea swallowed many and such as escaped the Cannon were glad to save themselves by a hasty slight Banner and Vavasor who were ordered to keep the Enemy in allarm on the East-side were no less unfortunate than their Comrades Lentsman and Fittinghoff two Lieutenant Colonels were commanded to assault the Cittadel but they whether upon mistake or a sudden change in their design is uncertain fell upon the Mill-bulwork next the East-Gate The Netherland Auxiliaries made up of several Companies of those Nations which are in service of that Illustrious Republick guarded that Post the which together with the Port the neighbouring quarters had been assigned them upon their first arrival they had sent 100 of their Souldiers with a drum of every Nation at the beginning of the tumult to help the Danes where the storm was hottest which deceived the Enemy who believing by this various noise that most of them were un to the danger hastened to take possession of their for saken stations
Treaty that no Agreement is like to be made thereupon Then Sir Philip Meadow as We have directed him by your Instructions to him shall in Our name propound the Treaty of Rotschild to be the Terms of a Peace to be now setled between them with such Alterations as shall be found necessary upon occasion of the War since faln out between the said two Kings perswading both of them to center therein as that which is the likeliest means as affairs now stand to put an end to this unhappy and unchristian War And this you as Admiral of the Fleet shall also let both the Kings know And also that you shall be obliged by your Instructions to oppose that Party which shall refuse a reasonable Peace upon these grounds We holding our self engaged to propound this Treaty in respect We were one of the Mediators thereof 4 In case the said two Kings can be brought to a Treaty then a Cessation of all acts of Hostility is to be endeavoured between them in which Cessation it is to be expressed that no part of the Forces under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg and that Confederate Army be transported into Zeland Funen or any other of the Isles where now the King of Sweden hath footing and that no relief of Men or Shipping be put into Coppenhagen nor any attempt made upon either of the said Kings by the Forces of any Prince or State whatsoever And you are authorized to use your endeavours that the Terms of the said Cessation be observed and to oppose whomsoever shall go about to break the same 5 And whereas We find that One great difficulty which the King of Denmark makes about treating separately with Sweden is because of his engagement to his Allies We have directed the said Sir Philip Meadow to let him know That this Peace being once concluded yea whilest it is Treating We shall use Our best endeavours to reconcile the King of Sweden unto the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg and do not doubt but something very effectually may be done therein But we conceive it of absolute necessity in the first place to agree the said two Kings without which it is impossible to imagine that any peace at all can any way be concluded on And we hope that the States General of the United Provinces will likewise agree herein 6 You shall also take the first opportunity to deal very seriously with the King of Sweden touching his present War in Denmark letting him know that We apprehend it very dangerous both for him and all his Allies in respect of the great Combinations that are made against him both by Land and Sea which in all probability he will not be able to defend himself against And that whosoever comes in to his assistance must expect to engage himself in a War with Holland and those other States which are the Allies of Denmark being a War which at this time this Nation is in no condition to engage in nor is the Parliament now sitting satisfied so to do And that therefore the Counsell which We as his true Friend and Ally do find necessary to give him at this time is That he will apply himself to make a reasonable Peace with the King of Denmark upon the Treaty of Rotschild which We at his own desire did in some sort become the Garranty of Letting him further know that in case his Majesty shall not think fit to follow this Counsel We cannot satisfie Our self to give him any assistance the consequence whereof will be so great upon this Nation And in case the Dutch will be perswaded to say as much to the King of Denmark We doubt not but matters will be brought to a happy issue in those parts 7 In case the King of Denmark shall refuse to treat upon the Terms before expressed you shall let him know That although We have not interested Our self in this present War but have carried Our self as Neuter betwixt him and the King of Sweden Yet now We find the Interest of this Commonwealth so much concerned in this War That We held Our self obliged to make use of all the means God hath put into Our hands to put an end thereto And that having done what lies in Our power by Our Ministers in a friendly way without success We have found Our self necessitated to give assistance to the King of Sweden as Our Friend and Ally who having declared himself willing to make Peace upon the Terms of the Rotschild Treaty We thought it not for the Common good nor for the interest of England to suffer him to be opprest and totally ruined by the conjunction of so great and powerful Forces against him 8 And upon this state of the case and having by your self or Sir Philip Meadow Our said Envoy used your best endeavour as aforesaid for making a Peace And if the King of Sweden shall give satisfaction upon the Terms of Assistance you shall then with the Fleet under your Command assist the King of Sweden in a defensive way in the manner expressed in the following Article 9 You shall with the Fleet under your Command either alone or in conjunction with the Swedish Fleet hinder what in you lies the transporting of any part of the Confederate Army under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg or by whom else the same is commanded into the Isles of Zeland and Funen or into any other of the places now possessed by the Swedes And if any attempt shall be made to do it you shall use the force that is in your hand to withstand and prevent it by whomsoever it shall be attempted 10 In case the Fleet of the King of Sweden shall be attempted by the Dane or by the Fleet of any other State separately or in conjunction with the Dane you shall use the Force which God hath given you to defend him 11 You shall also labour by the Fleet under your Command to hinder the carrying of any Succour or relief into Coppenhagen until the King of Denmark shall be willing to Treat upon the Terms expressed in the former Article and are hereby impowred to fight with any such as shall endeavour to carry in any such relief as aforesaid And are also impowred to authorize such number of the Fleet as you shall judge necessary under the Flag of Sweden to joyn with the Fleet of Sweden to pursue and assault his enemies for the better accommodating of the Termes of Peace as aforesaid 12 And because Our intention is to manage this business by Counsel and Correspondence with the States General of the United Provinces as also to prevent any further Engagement between the King of Sweden and the Lords the States in a Hostile way We have directed our Resident at the Hague to propound to the said States General that they will joyn with England and France in the making of this Peace upon the grounds of the Treaty of Rotschild and that in order
at pleasure when the three Weeks were expired Opdam himself lay with his Fleet and some Danish Vessels betwixt Spro and Komps expecting the expiration of the Truce which was yet prolonged for three Weeks more For Monsieur Newport the States Embassadour in England had made a new Cessation with the Usurpers there and that without the knowledge of his Superiours the Counsel of State there having absolutely insisted upon it by reason their Commissioners designed for Denmark were not yet gone and lest any thing might happen before they could get thither prejudicial to the Peace they all so much desired June 13. The States seemed unsatisfied with this unexpected agreement but yet least they might seem likewise averse from thoughts of an Accommodation they approved of it and commanded their Admirals to observe it but with that restriction that they should joyn Forces upon the expiration of the first three Weeks and land their Land Militia in Coppenhagen In the mean time whilest the English Fleet expected new Orders an occasion happened wherein the English did the King of Sweden a singular good turn For 28 sail of Swedish ships very good ones were gone under the Command of young Wrangel into the lesser Belt for the relief of Funen Opdam and De Ruyter being newly joyned in the great Belt were going to surprise this Swedish Fleet the news thereof coming to the English Admiral he presently sailed into the Belt and there found the whole Dutch and Danish Fleet about ninety Sail pursuing the Swedish Fleet and in sight of them But upon discovery of the English Fleet the Dutch tackt and put themselves into the great Belt before the English Fleet and came to an Anchor near Komps Island and the English off the Town of Callenburg in the mean time the Swedes delivered in sight of both Fleets sailed away towards the Isle of Haselin and so for the Sound where the King of Sweden questioned and imprisoned young Wrangel for his ill Conduct The Dutch apprehending the English advance made ready for Fight and the allarm lasted until Montague's Ketch and Letters assured them that they were friends and had no other thoughts but of Amity and Peace Hereupon followed all the demonstrations of kindness on both sides the Generals complementing each other by their Vice-Admirals and the several Officers of the Fleet visiting receiving and feasting each other with all imaginable kindness and civility and now the Cessation being already expired the Chiefs themselves mentioned and concluded a further continuation of it for three Weeks more After both Fleets in the Belt had disputed some ten days the explaining some terms in the Hagues Treaty which the English Admiral made his pretence to go to the relief of the Swedes he weighed Anchor and sailed by Haselin into the Sound and came to an Anchor between Ween Island and Coppenhagen shutting the Dutch our of the Channel and expecting the coming of new Embassadours from England and lying in a Post advantageous to correspond either with Coppenhagen or Elzineur as occasion offered whilest Opdam sailed with his Fleet to Coppenhagen The Danes who languished within their Walls clamoured against these noxious Truces the loss of Naskow heightened their murmurings and complaints justly searing lest the whole burthen of the War might fall upon them whilest the great power of their Confederates seemed but idle Spectators in their Tragedy This moved the King to press the States by re-iterated Messages and intreaties June 24. July 31. that they would not suffer Denmark to be wholly lost and such vast and chargeable preparations to be rendred fruitless by their re-iterated Cessations The Enemy had in them taken all the Islands and Naskow it self in sight of their Fleet so that he had nothing now left but Coppenhagen only and that straitly besieged by Sea and Land He added that the Swedes did fortifie the landing places of Zeland and Funen with all diligence neither had they desisted from assaulting and taking the States own Ships in the lesser Belt by all which it appeared how little hopes there were to bring these to reason by Cessations and Treaties He did therefore earnestly desire them and that by vertue of the League betwixt them that they would send their Generals orders to obey his commands and that until Denmark was delivered from the danger it was in and the Enemy obliged to embrace a desired and equitable Peace July 1.22.22 Carisius the Danish Resident in the Hague urged the same by three several Memorials but all could not perswade the States to recede from their late Conventions with the English and French Monsieur De Thou had told them in their full Assembly that if they did depart from the Treaty which they had concluded with so much difficulty his King would also withdraw from the terms of Mediation and help the King of Sweden according to his agreement with the English with all his power But their greatest apprehensions were from the English as nearest and upon the place not that they feared their Forces for they were themselves double their numbers but lest they should engage in a War which might be easier begun than ended But the apprehensions of the English and the French threats did quickly vanish for both Nations did ratifie the Treaty of the 21 of May and the English Commissioners were daily expected at Elzineur That Bloody Faction the disgrace and Fag end of a Parliament who had murthered their Soveraign had also now cashiered their pretended Protector and having re-usurped a Tyranny over their fellow-subjects and the most noble English Nation swayed and domineered at pleasure and thinking themselves now secure at home extended their ambition the only commendable thing they did to forreign parts Amongst others the affairs of the North seemed most considerable They therefore dispatched three Commissioners thither Collonel Algernoon Sidney Sir Robert Honywood and Mr. Thomas Boon to whom they were pleased to add General Montague as not daring to distrust him because he commanded the Fleet. Though they sent him no new Commission to be Admiral when they did send new ones to all the rest of the Fleet. But they excluded Sir Philip Medow who had hitherto managed the whole Mediation as jealous of his affection to their Government These Embassadours came with Instructions and Orders to mediate a Peace betwixt the warring Kings upon the Basis of the Rotschild Treaty they were also commanded to joyn Counsels and means with the Dutch for the effecting of it according to the tenour of the Hagues Conventions which obliged a mutual communication betwixt the three States These Embassadours arrived at Elzineur with a splendid train where they were received and treated by the Swedes with all manner of civilities and honour the King himself was not there being gone to Naskow June 23. then taken by his forces they therefore stayed there in expectation of his return but to loose no time had daily Conferences with the French and Dutch
Embassadours so that the whole Negotiation seemed to be carried on by common consent the Swedes were troubled at this intimacy and familiarity affirming that it was wholly unpracticable that Embassadours sent to a Forreign King and not having seen that King to whom they were so deputed should in the mean time confer and treat with the Ministers of other States not friends of the said King and that in his own Court or Camp But the Kings arrival put an end to these murmurings the English Commissioners went to Fredericksburg where he was and being received in the way by a party of Horse and some Gentlemen which the King had sent to wait upon them were conveyed to their Lodgings in the Kings Coaches accompanied with the Coaches of those Publick Ministers who were then at Court. Having reposed a while they were led to publick Audience which passed in congratulations and mutual expressions of friendship After Dinner being admitted again to the Kings presence they unfolded the secret of their Commission the sum whereof was the story of the Hagues Treaty which the three States had agreed upon and resolved to stand to neither did they omit to tell him with what industry and affection they had promoted his Majesties Interest in the said Convention The King who had expected better things from his friends he had so much relyed upon was troubled at this discourse He found also that the state of his affairs had been represented to them in a lower condition than they truly were in and that by such who either envied his felicity or were ignorant of his condition He therefore magnified though modestly the past and present and making a Majesteous reflexion upon his own Person and Conduct told them He did not despair of a happy and a hoped issue to his undertakings After this the Mediators did all they could by joynt Counsels by communication of affairs by several Conferences with the two Kings their Commissioners and by their utmost endeavours to compose the vast breaches betwixt these dissenting Princes but to little purpose for the Danes would listen to no Accommodation that did not restore them all that had been taken from them and include their Allies and the Swedes refused to stir out of Zeland unless the Fortresses and strong places of Denmark were left them as Pledges for the observing of the future Peace The time seemed to be spent not in treating but in fruitless and quarrelsome contestations King Charles caused a large Declaration to be delivered to the Dutch wherein beginning at the Wars of Poland he put them in mind of the injuries and offences he had received from the United Provinces not forgetting their Collusion as he called it about the Treaty of Elbing The Dutch Embassadours on the other side afterting their candor and desire of Peace professed they were far from any thoughts of harm towards Sweden proposing nothing to themselves but the security of their Confederates and the freedom of their Commerce About the same time there were published two invective Manifesto's by the two Kings Orders against each other They were both severe and harsh in their expressions but being both are in print I thought fit in order to the brevity I propose to my self in this Relation and out of the reverence I bear to such great Princes July 24 14. to omit any further mention of them Whilest they thus cavil in Denmark there was another Treaty concluded on in the Hague betwixt the three States more advantageous for the Danes than the former for Drontheim was restored to them by vertue thereof in compensation of the losses they had sustained by this last invasion In this as in the other Treaty of the 21 of May the Ministers residing with both the Kings were injoyned that they should by joint Councels and Forces endeavour and this in the space of fourteen days time to conclude a Peace upon the Basis of the Rotschild Treaty except in what is excepted in this present agreement or should afterwards be changed by consent of the two Kings And lastly that they should support and assist with all their might that Prince which should declare for Peace and compel the unwilling by force of Arms to accept of it This Treaty was followed by another more forcible and nervous wherein it was agreed July 25. Aug. 4. that if the fourteen days mentioned in the second Treaty were not begun when this Convention should be delivered to the Ministers in Denmark that then the said term should begin within four and twenty hours after the receipt thereof And further that the dissenting King should by the conjoyned Forces of England and the Low-Countries be without any intermission of time compelled to receive and accept of Peace this was the sum of this third Convention But the States solicitous for Coppenhagen sent secret Instructions and Orders to their Officers in Chief that however affairs went they should have a care to conserve the same and hazard all rather than suffer it to be lost or change Master Neither were the English ignorant of this mystery though they dissembled it being no less unwilling than the Dutch to see this considerable City the ballance of the North fall into the hands of the aspiring Swede King Charles full of scorn and indignation to see the Law prescribed him by others resolved not to treat but by the ordinary way of Commissioners He did not absolutely reject the amicable interposition of the English and French but would by no means admit of the Dutch his Enemies and actually in Arms against him until the old and usual friendship betwixt the two Nations were renewed King Frederick on the other side professed he would do much less conclude nothing without the Mediators especially the interposition of the United Provinces although he did not deny but that the Treaty begun and ripened by them might be polished and brought to perfection by the Commissioners of both Kings Charles would not hear of quitting of Drontheym without an equivalent nor be perseaded to determine any thing about the time of evacuation or withdrawing his Army out of Denmark and being urged to declare himself grew angry protesting though in private that he being a King and a Conquerour and not inglorious could not nor would not suffer himself to be braved and controulled by two Commonwealths whereof one had abdicated and the other murthered their Prince He was more in choller against the English than the other because he expected more kindness from them than any These he reproaches with parricide and wonders they durst approach him with their hands reeking with the bloud of their own Soveraign They should therefore get them gone with their Fleet out of the reach of his Cannon unless they meant to try their violence But this transport of rage and scorn was but vented amongst his Confidents What he said to the Embassadours themselves in publick some time after was of no less consequence or noise The Plenipotentiaries
of the two Commonwealths had with communication of the French Embassadour framed a Concept or Form which they called a Project and which we will call so hereafter also upon the Basis of the Rotschild Treaty according to the Conventions agreed on at the Hague This Project or Instrument of Peace they first presented to the King of Denmark who received it and requiring time to deliberate upon it promised an answer The Embassadours hereupon went the same day to the Camp and having obtained Steno Bielke the Swedish Embassadours liberty Aug. 28. for he had been thus long detained prisoner at Coppenhagen took him with them fancying that so great a present would render their coming more acceptable Being entred the Kings Lodging and in the Anti-Chamber his Majesty after a little stay came out to them where Collonel Sidney accompanied with all his Colleagues and the Dutch Embassadours for the French had withdrawn himself after a profound Reverence presented him a Rowl of Paper being the aforesaid Project The King asked what Papers they were Sidney answered that they contained the desires of the three States But the King replied with a stern countenance if it be the Project for Peace I will not receive it And adding told the English as for you I will not refuse your Mediation as long as you continue in the terms of friendship but will suffer no Arbitrators And then turning to the Dutch subjoyned as for you being you are my Enemies I absolutely refuse to receive you as Mediators and to them all You make your Projects in your Fleets and I clapping his hand upon his Sword wear mine at my side Having said this he left the Embassadours and turning suddenly from them went to the other side of the room The Dutch Embassadours following him said we are not your Majesties Enemies and shall â—prove your best friends The King looking fiercely upon them answered my Embassadours are unworthily used and you are suffered to go and come at pleasure Slingland replied to this We need fear nothing from a generous Prince and the King abruptly I have no great resentments of generosity for such Enemies The Embassadours would not provoke the offended King any further but retiring with a profound and respectful Reverence left the presence where His Majesty having given Bielke his hand to kiss rallied with his great Officers most of them having been present at this audience upon this unusual rencounter This indignity of offered the Embassadours was seconded with another though not so considerable They were scarce got into their Coaches when it was told them that the Trumpeter who waited upon them was thrown into prison Being surprised with this Novelty they sent me to the King to complain of this violence and breach of the Law of Nations But the Trumpeter was immediately released and his detension excused having happened without the Kings knowledge and done by the Generals command not with an intent to affront the Embassie but because he belonged to the Garrison of Coppenhagen which was very true The Danes were over-joyed with this ill treatment of the Embassadours fancying that the Dutch would now employ their Forces against the common Enemy without any further intermission as well in revenge of their own injuries as to assist their Confederates In the mean time Posts were dispatched into all parts with the news of this encounter the circumstances of it being aggravated according to the several passions of the interessed The States General were most netled at it as being most concerned and did not fail to exaggerate the affront done to the Embassadours of the three States by their Ministers in England and France as an indignity common to them all But the Mediators how ever ill received at their former Audience did not yet despair of a desired issue to their negotiation They knew the King of Sweden was not wholly averse from Peace for he had several times professed he had not espoused his Conquests provided he did not quit them without a compensation but from the manner of compassing it and he was not against the officious intervention of Mediators though he could not endure the Umpirage of their Arbitration The Dutch therefore seeing that he would never admit of their Mediation unless the ancient Correspondence and Amity betwixt him and them were first restored drew a form of reconciliation which should put an end to all their former misunderstandings and Controversies and sending it to Rosenhaen by the French Embassadour wrote also to him that they purposed to come to the Camp to perfect the Treaty of Elbing and its Elucidations and also to endeavour to accommodate the differences betwixt the two Kings But being they perceived that the King of Sweden looked upon the States as parties and their Ministers for that reason as improper for the Negotiation in hand and that it seemed not good to His Majesty to assent to the aforesaid elucidations before the difference betwixt himself and the States General were removed and the ancient friendship betwixt the two Nations restored and being they doubted whether their coming to the Camp at that time might be acceptable or not they thought good to send an Instrument of reconciliation with a promise that they would sign it as soon as the Peace betwixt the two Kings was concluded The day following the Dutch Embassadours being informed that the King had not only laid by his choller but that also he desired their return to his Court sent me to him to know whether their coming to the Camp would be agreeable to his Majesty or not Aug. 31. And whether they should be received according to their dignities in case they came I being returned and having brought word that all was as they desired the Heeren Slingland and Huybert went to the Camp where being civilly received by the Courtiers they were immediatly introduced into the Kings presence where having first condoled with him for the death of the Duke of Holsteyn his father in Law they urged what concerned the illustrations of the Treaty of Elbing the Peace betwixt the two Crowns and the reconciliation betwixt His Majesty and the States General They most insisted upon the present Treaty and pressed the King that he would be pleased to declare himself as to the main heads of it and grant his Letters of safe conduct for the Danish Commissioners in such manner and form as was required The King answered that he desired nothing more than to cultivate the ancient friendship betwixt Sweden and the United Provinces and had therefore sent Coyet his Embassadour Extraordinary into Holland to represent to the States General themselves the candor of his intentions in that particular As for the Peace he was not averse from it provided it were safe and honourable only he believed that the business would advance best if it were carried on by Commissioners of both sides according to the usual method betwixt the Northern Crowns The Conference being done the Embassadours returned to
the Military being composed by One who had been publick Minister upon the place during the time of the first War terminated by the Rotschild Treaty in which He was Mediator and during most part of the Second renewed by the Swede upon a pretended inexecution on the Danish part of the said Treaty I have thought good to subjoyn as an useful Appendix to it A Report of the State of Affairs betwixt the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark made by Sir Philip Meadow upon his return into England in December 1669. AFter the Peace concluded at Rotschild in Febr. 1657. Betwixt the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark under the Mediation of England and France to the seeming good contentment of both the Kings The one gaining eminent advantages by the acquisition of a new Territory The other avoiding the imminent peril of the loss of his whole Country I was remanded out of Denmark by express order from England and placed with His Majesty of Sweden with intention to begin a new Mediation betwixt Him the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg and had powers and creditives requisite for that purpose In the mean time new and unexpected jealousies arose betwixt Sweden and Denmark which at last broke forth to an open rupture of the Peace so lately established The beginning of August 1658. His Majesty of Sweden rendezvouz'd a Body of his Army at Kiel in Holsteyn and there embarqu'd them but kept his Design very secret He propounded to me to go along with him which I refused considering that his Design must either be upon Denmark or Prussia in neither of which cases it could be proper for me to accompany Him Not into Denmark for there I had been already Mediator and therefore incongruous for me to have been the Spectator of a breach of the Peace I had so lately concluded without having orders from England suitable to such an emergency Not into Prussia because thither I was designed Mediator and therefore ought not to make my self a party by putting my self in company of an Enemy Whereupon I stopp'd in Germany writing immediately into England to communicate what had passed and attending further Orders During these traverses the old Protector fell sick and incapable of making reflection upon affairs in those quarters and soon after died But as soon as I had received new Orders and Creditives from England I embarqued at Travemond and returned for Denmark in quest of His Majesty of Sweden The latter end of October 1658. Admiral Opdam with the Dutch Fleet consisting of about 38 men of War and 70 small Merchant-men and Fluyts upon which were embarqued 3000 Land souldiers passed the Sound and after a sharp encounter with the Swedish Fleet arrived at Coppenhagen Thus was Sweden engaged at the same time in a War with the Emperour Pole Brandenburger Moscovite Dane and Hollander But this powerful arming of our Neighbour-State awakened us in England to consider that we also had an interest to preserve in the Baltick Sea which we had no more reason to believe that the Hollander would do for us at his own charges than that he would imbarque himself in so expensive a War without expecting some satisfactory considerations of return from Denmark Besides though we were willing to see Coppenhagen relieved yet we were not sure the Hollanders assistance would be bounded there and could not be willing to see the King of Sweden ruined by the combined force of so many Enemies The States General made it their work and business absolutely to assist the Dane and never made any overture of accommodation betwixt the two Kings nor had as yet any publick Minister upon the place by whom to do it But England steers in this affair another course propounds not a direct Assistance but a Peace Has no design to make the King of Sweden Master of Denmark for on the contrary the conservation of Denmark is the common Interest both of England and Holland But the proper Interest of England was so to make a Peace as not to suffer the Dane to be ruined by the Swede nor to suffer the Swede to be ruined by the Hollander or in the conditions of the Peace to be subjected to such Laws as he should impose upon him at pleasure but to preserve Sweden not only as a ballance upon the House of Austria which is the common interest of England and France but as the counterpoise upon the Confederate Naval strength of Holland and Denmark which is the peculiar interest of England And besides this England had another interest in this Affair viz. To enable the King of Sweden so to retire himself out of so unhappy a War and upon such equitable terms and conditions as might have both capacitated him and obliged him to give us some reasonable satisfaction and recompence in consideration of the great expences we were necessitated to be at for the securing of his interest together with our own And indeed the most visible medium at that time for stopping the progress of a War betwixt Sweden and Holland and taking up the differences betwixt Sweden and Denmark was a Fleet from England In November 1658. A Fleet of twenty Frigats was sea out under Vice-Admiral Goodson who coming to the height of the Scaw found he could not enter the Cataget for the abundance of Ice and so was constrained to return without effecting any thing only that this warlike appearance from England stopped the 4000 men and twelve ships of War which were ready in the Texel designed for the Baltick under the command of de Ruyter During this I had proposed to both Kings the Mediation of England for composing a second-time the differences betwixt the two Crowns which both of them freely accepted But I could never induce the King of Denmark to treat seperately with the King of Sweden alone he always insisting upon the comprehension and admission of all his Allies to the same Treaty which was directly against the letter of my Instructions In January 1658. A Treaty was made betwixt France and England for re-establishing a Peace betwixt the two Northern Kings upon equitable terms Wherein it was particularly provided that if upon occasion of the succours sent or hereafter to be sent from England to the King of Sweden in order to such a Peace a War should arise with any other Forraign Prince or State France together with England should declare such Prince or State their common Enemy The beginning of April 1659. The Fleet under General Mountague arrived in the Sound My Instructions were to propound a particular Treaty betwixt the two Crowns because a general one in order to an Universal Peace would have been at that time tedious and impracticable and the Peace to be established in pursuance of this particular Treaty was to be under the conditions and qualifications of the Rotschild Treaty as the most proper Medium for accommoding all differences Besides both France and England esteemed it most honourable to assert and
the Rotschild Treaty or forthwith dispatched some other person or persons to pursue the same it had certainly issued to a Peace For England France Sweden yea and Holland too being at accord concerning the Medium of the Peace it was not possible that the Dane should stand it out long But no persons appearing from England and I having no authorities from the Parliament the Dutch Deputies began to seek evasions When I urged upon them that they ought not to assist the refusing King their only Reply was this that by the first Article of the Treaty at the Hague the Ministers upon the place were to use their utmost diligence and endeavour with both the Kings which said they I had done with the King of Sweden but not with the King of Denmark which was a meer shift because they knew I could not at that time go to Coppenhagen being destitute of Creditives And now they held themselves no longer obliged by the Treaty at the Hague but de Ruyter with a new Fleet of forty men of War enters the Belt joyns with Admiral Opdam passes on to Coppenhagen all which was expresly against the letter of the said Treaty True it is that about the middle of June 1659 I received a Letter from the Councel of State directed to my self authorizing me to continue my Negotiation with the two Kings as formerly till further order from the Parliament or Councel of State but I neither had Creditives nor Commission nor any thing to exhibit to either of the Kings whereby to constitute and legitimate me as the publick Minister of this Commonwealth And now the Negotiation for the Peace was at a long pause and our Fleet in the mean time at an Anchor in the Sound Only because His Majesty of Denmark had always insisted upon an Universal Treaty in reference to a general Peace His Majesty of Sweden gave me a Declaration in writing which I sent to the Councel of State June the 28 in which he also declared himself willing to treat a general Peace This he did of his own accord not at my instance for all my Instructions directad me only to a particular Treaty betwixt the 2 Crowns His Majesty told me moreover that in case England and France would obtain for him a general Peace in which said Peace he propounded to himself no more than that things betwixt Him the Emperour and the Electour of Brandenburg should return to their former estate without any further demands on either side and for the Pole he should only give him some equitable recompence for the places he should surrender to him in Pruss He would not only admit the Dane to the Rotschild Treaty but release something considerable in the said Treaty in consideration of a general Peace But in case of a separate Treaty with Denmark he would remit nothing of the Rotschild Treaty The 20. of July 1659. The Commissioners Plenipotentiary arrived in the Sound which was three months after the Change of the Government here in England I was put out of the Commission for the Mediation and had Creditives sent me only as Resident A little before this viz. the fourth of the said Moneth a new Treaty was made at the Hague by which the King of Sweden was to restore not only what he had gaine upon the Dane by this last War but also the Island of Bruntholm with the Government of Drontheym in Norway with all its appurtenances a Country of near 200 English miles extent which was formerly granted him by the Rotschild Treaty and by authentick Acts of State incorporated in the Crown of Sweden Besides the remission of the 400000 Ryxdollers which the Dane had formerly promised to pay for satisfaction of damages done to the Swede in Guinea The King of Sweden was also to admit the States General to the Treaty made at Elbing and the Elucidations thereof made at Thoren and both States viz. England and Holland reciprocally oblige themselves not only not to assist the refuser but to compel by joynt force of Arms to an acceptance of the foresaid conditions And thus the State of Affairs was quite altered and new obstacles interposed in the way of the Peace For I. Both Kings were highly dis-satisfied with this manner of proceeding For whereas the first Treaty at the Hague of the eleventh of May was never propounded to either of the Kings as that which should bind or oblige them but only made use of by Me as a private Instruction this was not only publikely propounded but was to be obtruded by a compulsory force England and Holland making themselves not Mediators but Umpires and Arbitrators of the quarrel betwixt the two Kings which they interpreted to a diminution of their Soveraignty by erecting a superiority over them But the King of Sweden was most of all disgusted because England without any concert or communication had with him enters into a Treaty with his open Enemies for so at that time he reputed the States General to impose upon him by a conjoint force Laws and Conditions which he judges altogether unreasonable II. Whereas the King of Sweden had already accepted of the Rotschild Treaty conform to the Agreement made at the Hague of the eleventh of May though not under the notion and formality of the Treaty at the Hague as obligatory upon him but as the counsel and advice of England his faithful Allies and upon the King of Denmark's refusal had in prosecution of the War gained notable advantages upon him the King of Sweden expected both to have profited by his acceptance of the Peace at the instance of England and by the advantages of the War he having after the refusal of the King of Denmark reduced Moenen Falster and Laland Whereas a new Treaty is made at the Hague of the fourth of July in prejudice of the accepting King to clog the Peace on his part with new and burdensome conditions and these to be forcibly imposed upon him in favour of the Refuser Besides that England recoils from their own Agreement and sayes the King as they have made a second so they may still make a third and a fourth Treaty at the Hague III. The tedious and unnecessary delayes which have been used have been a great obstruction in the way of the Peace For if the Peace betwixt the two Crowns had been concluded in the Spring of the year the King of Sweden had had time enough to have transported his Army into Pomeren to have taken the Campagn there to have prevented the infal of the Imperial Army and to have provided Winter quarters for his Troops But the Summer being almost pass'd before the arrival of the Plenipotentiaries and the Peace to be begun anew upon another foot which would necessarily require some longer time The King of Sweden was to seek what to have done with his Army to disband them was not reasonable because though he had made Peace with Denmark yet he had still War with the Emperour Pole
thereto they will not send to the King of Denmark any assistance further till the issue of Our joynt endeavours for a Peace be seen nor go into those parts with a Fleet to take part with any side which We have also expressed Our self resolved to do And have accordingly given you direction by the fore-going third Instruction And have also desired of them to agree that their Fleet shall not sail into the Sound or Baltick Sea ut remain in some convenient place without in expectation of the Conclusion of the Peace whereunto We hope they will agree and give Instructions to their Admiral to conform thereto and to hold a good and friendly correspondence with you in the management of this business you shall therefore in case you shall either meet with the Fleet of the said Lords the States at Sea by the way thither or shall arrive in the Sound or those parts before them you shall hold a good and friendly Correspondence with them sending to the Admiral upon your first descrying of their Fleet at Sea and letting him know that you are come into those parts to endeavour a Peace between the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark without taking either side or giving assistance to either if it be possible to make the Peace without it and further that We have ordered the Treaty of Rotschild to be propounded as the Termes of the Peace to be made between them with such alterations as are necessary the management whereof between the two Kings is left by Us to Our Publick Minister upon the place And that you hope he is come with the same mind and intentions and that the Lords his Superiours have given him Instructions to conform thereunto And that he will accordingly declare himself and joyn with you for the making of this Peace upon the terms aforesaid in such a way as may be most likely to effect it and prevent all jealousie between England and the United Provinces whilest these endeavours are on foot And in order thereunto you are to desire the said Admiral That by agreement with you he will not give any assistance to either side either by Men Ships or otherwise nor endeavour to go with his Fleet into Coppenhagen or into the Sound or Baltick Sea lest further Hostility fall out betwixt the Swede and him but that they will remain without the Sound and Belt until it can be seen whether by your joint endeavours a Peace may be concluded betwixt them or until some other certain way of management of this affair may be agreed upon between you and him conducible to the ends aforesaid Engaging likewise to him that you will give no assistance on either side nor remove the station of the Fleet from the place which shall be agreed upon between you until the issue of the Treaty be seen as aforesaid But in case the Admiral or Commander in Chief of the said Dutch Fleet shall not hearken to these terms But shall with their Fleet endeavour to go through the Sound or Belt for the relieving of Coppenhagen assaulting the Swedes Fleet or giving other assistance to the Dane or that the Danes Fleet with the Dutch Ships already there shall endeavour to joyn with the said Fleet of the States General for the purpose aforesaid you shall in any of those cases by way of assistance to the Swede use your force for the hindring thereof 13 Incase you shall find the Dutch Fleet and their new Succours for Denmark to be arrived in those parts before you and that they have relieved Coppenhagen and joyned themselves to the Dane contrary to those intentions and Propositions made in pursuance thereof expressed to Our Resident at the Hague you shall let the Dutch Admiral also know your intentions of coming into those Seas and desire him to joyn with you in the promoting thereof according to the twelfth Instruction But if that be refused or delayed beyond what the nature and condition of affairs will admit you shall give assistance to Sweden upon the Terms before expressed Or if whilest you are debating these things with the Dutch or during the Treaty with Sweden about an assistance any endeavours be used to transport the Forces under the Elector of Brandenburg and to fight the King of Sweden you shall oppose it by force either by your self or in conjunction with Sweden by whomsoever it be attempted 14 And in respect there may many cases fall out wherein We at this distance and upon affairs subject to so great Changes and uncertainties cannot give particular Instructions you are in cases which are omitted or not well explained to have your eye in the determination thereof upon Our General scope which lies in two things to wit the making of a good Peace between the said two Kings wherein we desire a good Correspondence with the Lords the States General and their Forces which shall be in those parts And secondly if it shall please God to bring things to that pass that you shall find your self obliged by the tenour of your Instructions to give assistance unto Sweden that you so manage it that before you engage the Fleet in Action the King of Sweden do agree and Authentickly ratifie the Treaty herewith delivered to you lest that after any part of his work be done he should refuse to do what in justice may be expected from him However for preventing of the transportation of the forces under the Elect. of Brandenburg as aforesaid or for executing your 12th Instruction you are authorized to engage the Fleet although the said Treaty should not be agreed 15 In case that the refractoriness to the Peace shall be on the part of the King of Sweden endeavour shall be used to settle things so with the King of Denmark and the States General that the Treaty betwixt Denmark and this State may he observed and that whatsoever advantages are granted to the States General in point of Trade and Commerce may be likewise granted to this State and the same security given to Us for the performance thereof letting them know that otherwise We shall be obliged to provide for Our own Interest and this We have directed Sir Philip Meadow to transact who shall also follow such advice as you shall think fit to give him therein 16 As to matter of salutes betwixt Our Fleet and the King of Swedens as also for what will be necessary to be agreed touching the manner of your Conjunction with the Swedes in case it shall fall out you joyn with them you are to do therein what shall be found necessary and agreeable to the Honour of this Commonwealth as you in your judgment and direction shall think fit 17 You shall in case of meeting with any Ships of War belonging to any Forreign State in the British Seas take care that the Honour of this Nation be preserved by causing them to strike their Flag and lower their Top-sail as is accustomed and in case of refusal you shall