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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A46233	An history of the constancy of nature wherein by comparing the latter age with the former, it is maintained that the world doth not decay universally in respect of it self, or the heavens, elements, mixt bodies, meteors, minerals, plants, animals, nor man in his age, stature, strength, or faculties of his minde, as relating to all arts and science / by John Jonston of Poland.; Naturae constantia. English	Jonstonus, Joannes, 1603-1675.; Rowland, John, M.D.	1657 (1657)	Wing J1016; ESTC R11015	93,469	200

four most excellent Sudorificks unto us Guaicum China Sassaphras and Sarsaparillia but also by the writings of Mathiolus Thurnheuserus Lobelius Clusius Carrechterus and Bauhinus who was fourty yeers composing his Table of Plants To these I adde the most Famous Man Adolphus Vorstius the Botanist at Leiden University in Holland who was my Tutour whose Skill I often wondred at and that not without amazement III. To this Chymistrie may be joyned which though it were somwhat known to the Antients For Sennertus writes it is probable that Tubal Cai● was the first founder of it and that it flourished in Egypt and chiefly in Arabia as Geber Avicenna Rhasit c. do witnesse Yet in these later Ages it was most adorned by Lullius Rogerius Basilius Valentinus but above all by Paracelsus and his followers Suchtenus Dornesus Thurnhes●erus Severinus and Crollius and also by those Chymicall Physitians Andernacus Quercetanus Sennertus D●odate and is brought now to this height From whence divers Medicaments have sprung Tinctures Spirits Extracts Salts Magistrals Praecipitates Glasses Reguli Flowrs Milks Sugars Gills c. And though it must be confest that some of them are dangerous to give yet this must not be denied that it is onely when an unskilfull Physitian useth them and they are prepared by an unskilfull Chymist Otherwise Extracts and Tinctures are stronger than Syrups Decoctions or Infusions For when the profitable parts are parted from the unprofitable strange grosse and earthy parts or as Schegkius saith as it were from their excrements and reffuse as one may say it cannot by any reason be denied but they must be more effectuall pleasing and durable To this belong Magnetick cures transplanting of Diseases Cures of such as are lame c. Of these the Antients speak very little but Paracelsus Crollius Bargravius Taliacotius Petraeus and others have spoke abundantly Wherefore Quercetanus seems to have said well If Hippocrates Aristotle or Galen himself were now alive he would be amused to see this art augmented and adorned with so many Ornaments enriched with so many new Inventions and confirmed with so many wonderfull operations Part. III. Nothing is wanting in speculative Philosophy WHat we said of the three Faculties we can boldly affirm of Philosophie But Philosophie being either speculative or practicall and that we speak of in this part comprehends under it Metaphysicks Physickes and Mathematickes We must demonstrate this of each of them in particular As for Metaphysicks after Averroes both the old Scholiasts and Thomas Scotus and the modern Spanish Philosophers Sanchiez Suarez Fonseca Masius c. have adorned it And amongst other Nations very many are found as Shieblerus Timplerus Cornelius and Jacobus Marnii Scharfi●s Lippius Jacchaeus Capsius c. Who partly have included it in an exact method and in part have illustrated it with most exquisite precepts in part have adorned it with most large Disputations If Keckerman had finished his that he began there could be nothing wanting as many suppose that were needfull to the perfection of a complete work directed to its proper end And I think that no man will deny but that Sagittarius hath been a great help on his Canals A speciall part which others call Pneumatica is so illustrated and corrected out of the Scriptures that it may well be written on the Altars of former ages To the unknown God The Doctrine of Angels which many of the Antient Divines thought to be Corporeall is admirably described It is most certain that no writing of the Antients can be compared to that of Delrius de Disquisitionibus Magicis of Peucerus and Julius Caesar Bullinger de Divinatione Naturall Philosophie is far more excellent now than formerly it was For I. In Aristotle innumerable speculations concerning Matter the World Heaven and other things are false We have them now corrected by Aslachus Danaeus Campanella Verulam Bartholinus Nollius Buthardus and many others I know not whether Drebbellius hath not exceeded the Antients in his Book of the Elements III. Naturall History before Pliny his age began again to spring up at length in his dayes it increased Yet because the new world was not then open nor so great search made all could not be discovered by Pliny that since that time hitherto is very exactly known by Aldrovandus Gesner Agricola the Anatomists and others Boetius most accurately searched out the nature of Stones The wonder of the Loadstone were searched by Gilbertus and Cabaus and Gesner found out more cleerly the nature of Coralls III. No man will gainsay that the chiefest of operations is that whereunto the knowledge of things naturall must be directed He is the legitimate son of Naturall Philosophy who knowes how to produce new Metals can multiply and increase Windes can make artificiall Baths of Vitrial B●imstone Allum Can let fall Artificiall Snow Rain Hail Frosts c. Can produce new Plants and Animals But the practick part of Philosophy was till now in the greatest darknesse at last in our age the way to it was opened by famous Vernlam Vicount of S. Albanes Chancellour of England in his New Organum his Sylva Silvarum his Historie of Life and Death and of Windes And those that have afforded any thing notable therein were either of the age newly past or of our times Histories are full that Paracelsus Kelleyus Setonus did Transmute Metals into Gold Johannes Hunniades a Hungarian the chief of all the Chymists in England our friend did Enliven a Mettal that run He shewed the same Art concerning whom Roger Bacon speaks thus It is more easie to make Gold than it is to destroy it Which Angelus de Sola thought to be impossible reason of the fixednesse of the Mercury of Gold the maturity and the so straight Conjunction of it with the other substances of the same body that it can never go back I think but a few are ignorant what a Polonian Physitian did for the r●renewing of plants again See more in Rhodologia Rosenbergeri Lastly this Winter an English man is reported to have found out a new and easie way to make Salt of Sea-Water As for the Mathematicks there is no doubt but our Ancestors came short of us in knowledge of Geography For I. Strabo oftimes refutes Erastosthenes Hipparchus Polybius and Posidonius so doth Ptolomy Marinus Tyrius yet they also are imperfect being compared with Mercator Merula Ortelius Maginus Cluverius and Carpenter II. In the time of Pope Clement the sixth as Robert Avesburiensts testifies when Lodowick of Spain was chosen to be King of the Fortunate Islands and raised an army in Italy and France the English that were at Rome then with the Leger Embassadour departed supposing him to be Elected Prince of England as being one of the Fortunate Islands III. One Ephorus an accurate Greek writer supposed Spain which he called Iberia to be some mighty City Also the beginning of Nilus was formerly unknown But now adayes they are discovered The originals of

Concerning the English Spaws See Edmund Dean Doctor of Physick at Yorke his Spadocrene Article IIII. The Element of Earth hath faild in nothing IF the Earth had faild in any thing it must either be in quantity or fruitfulness For Aelian in his time writes that Aetna Parnassus Olympus did appear daily to grow lesse as Sea-Men observed But Palaestina though it were but a small Countrey yet it was large enough for Thirty Kings that were Idolaters and withall fed such multitudes of the Israelites that in a war between Israel and Judah 1200000 Men met to say nothing of the Sacrifice made at the Dedication of the Temple or of that other spoken of elsewhere in the Chronicles Yet the Conclusion cannot by any means be granted For what is spoken of Mountains is not confirmed concerning the whole Earth which hath the same Dimensions now it formerly had For this falls out by reason of rain water and the Sea and what departs from the Mountains falls upon Valleys whereupon Anaxagoras being asked whether the Sea should ever overflow the Mountains of Lamsacum he answered Yes when time should fail For as nothing is lost by the Sea when the Rivers run from it because they return again so the earth loseth nothing by things that grow from it and are fed by it because all turn at last into earth as Lucretius writes Therefore the Earth hath gaind the Mothers Name For all born of her return to the same That which is spoken of the Holy Land it seems that we ought to ascribe that to the particular benediction of God and also to the promise made for the supply of the Sabbatical yeer But B●●cardus writes thus of it before 300 yeers were past The Corn growes and increaseth wonderfully upon the Earth not manured with dung and soil The Fields are like Gardens wherein there growes every where Fennell Sage Rue Rosen and in brief there are found all the worlds goods and the Land truly flows with Rivers of Milk and Honey And though it be said that it hath lost something of its wonted fruitfulnesse Yet on the contrary other countreys here there other places have received new forces to become fruitfull it is no doubt but that did fal out by a singular curse from God and for the wickednesse of the Inhabitants We saith Columella assigne the businesse of Husbandry to the basest of our servants as to a hangman for punishment whereas the best and Noblest of our Ancestours used it themselves The earth did heretofore enjoy a plow with a Garland and a triumphant Plowman We must do therefore as Mises did if we would have Pomegranates as great as he offred to Artaxerxes Should I ad to these that there was greater famine amongst our Ancestours and that the price of things were greater I should not erre In the yeer 1625 there was a mighty Famine and in 1630 in Poland which otherwise is held for the Granary almost of all Europe For four bushells of Corn that were wont to be sold for three Franks were prized at 18 Franks But what is this to things past In the time of Valentine Fathers in a Famine sold their children that they might avoid the hazard of death In the time of Honorius they proclaimed in the Market place Set price to Mans flesh Livy writes that many of the common people at Rome that they might not pine away with lingering hunger did cover their heads and cast themselves into Tyber The same thing hapned in England in the yeer of Christ 514 in the dayes of Cissa King of the South Saxons As for the price Varro writes that L. Axius a Romane Knight would not part with a pair of Pigeons for lesse than 400 Denarii and it may be now Sparrows are sold for lesse then a farthing Proposition IIII. The World in respect of mixt bodies both Inanimate and Animate creatures without reason doth not grow worse A Mixt body is divided into Inanimate and an Animate body under that Meteors and Minerals are contained under this Plants Animals and Mankinde Wherefore it seems very necessary that for the more perfect handling of this question these things should severally be demonstrated But because there is a proper Article assigned for Man by himself by reason that he affords such plenty of matter we set down here onely three Articles I. It cannot be proved by the Meteors that the world runs to worse II. Mineralls have not faild III. Neither Plants nor Animals have decayed at all Article I. From Meteors it cannot be proved that the world growes worse FOr neither have those things faild that serve for our profit nor are things hurtful lesse hurtfull now th●n they were formerly nor are they lesse frequent Rain and Snow do now as well make the earth fruitfull Dew waters it the Winde ventilates the Air and the fiery exhalations purifie it Do we not now see Rain-bows and other Meteors as well as formerly As for things hurtfull In the yeer N. C. 634 when the Jugurthine war began it rained Milk three dayes and in the third yeer that the wars proved successefull against Jugurtha some write that it rained Milk twice See a rain of flesh in Livie Albertus relates out of Avicennas that a great masse of Iron weighing a 100 pound fell out of the Air and of that afterwards the best swords were made When Hannibal with his Army broke into Italy it rained fire-Stones When Titus Annius Milo pleaded his cause at Rome it raind burnt Brick and it was recorded in the Acts of that yeer Our age speaks no such things It is true the Clowds fell in Selesia about Goldeberga but Was not a greater fall of them seen in Franconie Anno. 1551 An infinite multitude saith Bartholinus of Men and beasts were drowned by a sudden tempest clowds falling unawares and rain being powred forth in heaps so that the strongest walls of many Cities Vineyards gallant Buildings were destroyed utterly What shall I speak of Earthquakes comets winds and thunder There appeared as the Earl of North-Hampton writes four Comets in four yeer And Beda and Paulus Aemilius say that in fourteen days in the time of Charles Martell there were two seen one at the Suns rising the other at the Suns setting There was such a great one when Attalus Raigned that it was as large as that place in the Heavens called Via lactea And in the yeer 1556. there was one so great that not onely all light exspirations and dry matter no nor all Woods and groves as many as are upon the face of the earth could serve for Fuel for its two Moneths time wherein it shined Was there any such thing in our dayes Truly I know no example of it and should I meet with any such yet this would conclude nothing for the universall ruine of the world For if when the exhalations are

Apocalyps was then powred forth To this contempt was joyned a wonderful ignorance of Tongues To understand Greek was suspected and Hebrew was almost Heresy Remigius being ignorant of those Languages in his Comment upon those words 1 Thes. 1. 8 From you sounded out the word saith that Paul spake something improperly for he should have said divulged being ignorant that S. Paul writ in Greek In a part of Germa●y as appears out of the Rescript of Pope Zacharie to Boniface Bishop of Germany One Baptized in this maner Ego baptizote in Nomine Patria Filia Spiritua Sancta King Alfred in the Pastoral Preface prefixed to St. Gregory writes that in his dayes there was noe Priest in the Southpart of Humber who understood the Sacred Office written in Latine or could interpret it And Clemangus They came not from their Studies or Schooles but from the Plough tail and baser arts almost every where to take charge of Parishes who understood little more Latine than Arabick and they could not read and it is a shame to speak it they could scarce distinguish Alpha from Bets and if they had a little learning their manners were naught forasmuch as they were bred without learning in idlenesse and followed nothing but ribaldry playes eating and drinking and vain controversies I shall here set down the example of Du Prat a Bishop and Chancellour of France wh● when he met with these words in the Letters of Henry the eighth King of England written to Francis the First King of France Mitto tibi duodecim Molossos He thought he m●●nt Mules by Molossos and afterward observing his mistake he mended the matter well taking Molossos for Muletis and so doubled his ignorance But all men will excuse themselves with that saying of Saint Gregory The words of the Heavenly Oracle must not be subject to the Rules of Donatus He that would know more herein let him read Henricus Stephanus in his Apologie on Herodotus VII Lastly it is beyond all doubt that no longer than about two hundred yeers did Greek and Hebrew begin to revive And as St. Augustine said before Pelagius arose the Fathers spake more carelesly and that may be said also of the times that preceded Luther I need not speak much of the knowledge of the Imperiall Lawes He that shall compare Baldus Bartho Jason Accursius with Cujacius Alciat Ho●toman Duarenus French men he shall see the phrase more polite in these and the method more exact and the sense of the Law more quick For Cujacius said as Thuan testifies that Govianus of all the Interpreters of Justinian his Law as many as are or were is the onely Civilian to whom the Garland must be ascribed if the question were made concerning the best Yea Pithaeus in his Epitaph made upon him calls the same Man the first and last Interpreter of the Romane Lawes from the first founders Massonius writes thus of him Jacob Cujacius dug up the Romane Lawes by the Roots and brought them to the light with so great care that others before him may seem to be ignorant of them he alone after many men seems to have sought them out more diligently and more neerly to have discovered them But if we enquire concerning the practick from the decisions and judgements that now are at Rome Naples Florence Genoa Bononia Mantua at Perussium in Italy Spires in Germany at Paris Burdeaux Gratianapolis in France we shal easily perceive to whether the Goal must be delivered We acknowledge that Physick flourished in the dayes of Hippocrates and was renewed as it were by Galen but that it is now come to the top point may be demonstrated by most firm Arguments And I. Anatomy or artificiall Dissection of bodies was scarce known to the Antients For the Aegyptians Dissected and Annoynted bodies to preserve them from corrupting The Greeks burn'd them witnesse Herodotus and Thucidides Plutarch intimates that the custome was to burn one Womans body with ten Mens as being fatter and Hippocrates speaks nothing of these things Democritus was found by him dissecting many Animals and when he asked him the reason of it he answered I dissect these Animals you see not that I hate Gods works but to search out the nature of the Gall and of Choler Amongst the Jewes the custome was either to burn Malefactours or to stone them if they were hanged they were buried the same day It was sin to touch the bodies of the dead Amongst the Romanes also bodies were burnt The place where was called Puticulae or Culina and the vessels their ashes were put into Urnae And though Cicero writes that Sylla was the first who amongst the Senators of the Cornelii would be burnt with fire Yet Ovid writes of Remus The limbs must burn he did annoint And Numa who was addicted to the Sect of Pythagoras forbad men to burn his body Tully himself saith that the Lawes of the twelve Tables forbad to bury a dead body in the City or to burn it And these were given in the 300. V. C. yeer Lastly Vignerius shewes out of the eighth Book of Livie that the body of the Son of Manlius the Consull was burned in the fields and that was done in the yeer V. C. CCCC XII Before Syllas death CCLXX. It was not lawfull for them to behold the Entralls of man This custome began to be antiquated after the Antonini Macrobius saith it began to fail in his dayes Yet fifty yeers after the bodies of Pertinax and Severus were burnt as Dion and Herodian testifie Then lived Galen who as some write did dissect many Apes and Monkeys no bodies of Men unlesse perhaps he did One. Whilst Laurentius writes that he did that often he saith onely it is probable that he did so As for the Primitive Church Tertullian calls Herophilus a Butcher rather then a Physitian who hated man that he might know him And Augustine Though the diligence of some Physitians be cruelty yet those men call'd Anatomists do butcher the bodies of the dead Boniface threatens those with Excommunication who should take out mens bowels Which is not onely saith he made very odious in the sight of the Majesty of God but ought also as being obvious to the eyes of men to be exceedingly abhorred Therefore in our and our predecessours dayes that Science began to be adorned and it was adorned by Vesalius who was the restorer of it Valerius Sylvius Fallopius Columbus Riolanus Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapedente Remmelinus Spigelius Casserius and others II. The knowledge of Plants though it were first known to Theophrastus after that to Pliny and most of all to Dioscorides yet in the Age newly past this also is brought to greater perfection And this is not onely apparent by the peregrinations of Ravilius L●on●ardus Fuchsius Clusius and Americus by the Discovery of the New World and by Navigations into both the Indies which amongst the rest have brought