the Pope wherein he receiv'd him into his Communion and engag'd to send him quickly the Pallium See the following Letters B. 2. Ind. 11. Ep. 20. B. 3. Ep. 15 20 25 33. B. 4. Ep. 4. 20 34. B. 5. Ep. 3 4 8. B. 6 Ep. 17. B. 7. Ind. 1. Ep. 1 12. Ind. 2. 60 81 82. This Contest continued from the Year 592 to the Year 600. The Mission of Austin the Monk and his Collegues into England THe English having testified their desire to be instructed in the Christian Religion and the ancient Inhabitants of that Country hating them with so violent a hatred that they would have no Commerce with them St. Gregory chose some Monks of his own Monastery to be sent into England under the Conduct of Austin their Abbot These Monks having travell'd into Provence were at first so terrified with the difficulties which they found in this Enterprize that St. Austin took upon him to return to Rome to represent them to St. Gregory This Pope encourag'd him and sent him back with Letters of Recommendation address'd to Theodoricus King of Burgundy Theodebert King of Austrasia to Queen Brunehaud their Aunt to Aurigius a Nobleman and to the Bishops of Vienna Arles Aix and Autun in which he exhorted them to favour this laudable Undertaking B. 5. Ep. 52 c. Austin being return'd into France was ordain'd by the Bishops of a St Gregory in Letter 30 of Book 9 Ind. 1. written to Eulogius says That he was ordain'd by the Bishops of Germany to whom he had given leave Data à me licentiâ à Germaniarum Episcopis Episcopus factus Bede assures us that he was ordain'd by Aetherius â—p of Arles he should have said Virgilius â—p of Arles or Aetherius â—p of Lyons for at this time the B. of Arles was called Virgilius and of Lyons Aetherius The Authority of Bâ—de made Baronius believe that there was a fault in the Letter of St. Gregory and that it should be read Galliarum instead of Germaniarum Others think that Bede was mistaken and that according to St. Gregory Austin was ordain'd by the Bishops of the Provinces of Germany upon the Rhinâ— But 't is more probable that he intended the Provinces upon the Roan to which the Name of Germany was sometimes given because they were inhabited by the Burgundians who were originally Germans We have Examples of this in Sidonius Apollinaris who calls the Kingdom of Chilperic whereof the Capital City was â—yons Lugdumensem Germaniam B 5. Ep. 7. And writing to Siagrius who dwelt at Lyons he praises him for understanding the Language of the Germans i. e. of the Burgundians who remain'd at Lyons St. Austin therefore being ordain'd by Aetherius Bishop of Lyons St. Gregory might say that he was ordain'd by the Bishops of Germany France and afterwards pass'd over into England with forty Missionaries whereof some were French Priests as well as others Italian Monks They made a stop at a little Isle where King Ethelred came to meet them and after some Conference with them he permitted them to enter into his Kingdom and his Capital City After they had learn'd the Language of the Country they preach'd the Faith of Jesus Christ and Converted in a little time a very great number of these Infidels insomuch that in one day of Christmas they baptiz'd more then one thousand Persons St. Gregory having heard this News communicated it to Eulogius Bishop of Alexandria by Letter 30. of Book 7. Ind. 2. And that these auspicious beginnings might be attended also with happy Consequences he recommended these Missionaries to the Bishops and Kings of France by the Letters 48 49 51 52 53 54 56 63 of B. 9. He informs St. Austin what he ought to do by Letter 58. He thanks the Queen of England who was a Christian and the Daughter of Charibert King of the French for the Protection she had given to Austin and exhorts her to finish this Work B. 9. Ep. 5. * This shows that the first conversion England was not owing to Austin and the Monks sent by Pope Gregory for many years before their coming this Queen call'd â—ertha was married to King Ethelbert upon Condition that he would suffer her to enjoy the Christian Religion and to have a Bishop to attend her whose name was Luid-hardus Bede Hist. Eccles. l. 1. c. 25. Malmsbur de Gestis Reg. Angl. l. 1. c. 1. He wrote to the King to congratulate his Conversion and exhorts him to destroy entirely the Remainders of Paganism in his Kingdom B. 9. Ep. 59. And lastly to give the greater credit to Austin he sent him the Pallium B. 12. Ep. 15. Of some Letters attributed to St. Gregory which are either uncertain or supposititious HAving made Extracts out of the Letters of St. Gregory we must here make some remarks upon those Letters which are either to be rejected as supposititious or whereof there may be some cause to doubt The 54th Letter of the second Ind. of B. 7. address'd to Secundinus a recluse Monk is either wholly forged or very much corrupted although Paul the Deacon has put it in the number of the 54 Letters of St. Gregory which he had collected For 1. the Discipline which is establish'd in that Letter concerning the Clergy who fell into sins of Uncleanness is perfectly opposite to that of St. Gregory We have observed that St. Gregory did not leave them any hope of being restor'd nor of discharging the Duties of their Office and that he affirms it as a thing undoubted that this was never permitted and that he cannot allow it and if he should it would wholly subvert the order of Canonical Discipline On the contrary the Author of this Letter undertakes to prove that the Priests and Clergy-men who were fall'n into these sins ought to be restored 2. The style of one part of this Letter is very different from that of St. Gregory There it is said that Secundinus asked him De Sacerdotali Officio post lapsum authoritates resurgendi And a little after Dicit sanctitas tua se diversas sententias invenisse alias resurgendi alias nequaquam posse c. Gregory never spoke after such a barbarous manner 3. There is no coherence nor connexion in the different parts of this Letter contrary to the custom of St. Gregory 4. The Manuscripts are very different of thirty Manuscripts there are but two in which that place is to be found which concerns the Restauration of Clergy-men fall'n into the sins of Uncleanness that which concerns Images and is at the end of the same Letter is in very few Manuscripts which proves that these two places at least have been added neither have they any connexion with the other parts of the Letter The Epistle 31. of Book 10. appears also to me to be very doubtful It 's not a Letter of St. Gregory but a Declaration of a Schismatical Bishop sign'd by him and his Clergy wherein he promises never to relapse
that expulsion Wilfrid enjoyed that Arch-bishoprick peaceably during King Oswi's Reign but he was turned out of it in the beginning of Egfrid's Reign towards the year 670. being deposed by Theodorus himself He presently withdrew into Friesland and thence went to Rome He was very well entertain'd by Pope Agatho who restored him to his Dignity in a Council of Bishops and that Sentence was confirm'd by the Popes Benedict and Sergius Being fortified with this Authority he came back again into England where he met with bad Entertainment and was imprisoned by the order of Queen Ermenburge Egfrid's Wife Being got out he went to preach the Gospel to the South-Saxons and baptized as it s believed Edelwach or Ethelwolfe their King Theodorus seeing That he had suffered himself to be surprized by S. Wilfrid's Enemies reconciled himself with him and prevailed with King Alfrid to consent to his re-establishment he return'd to York in 686. but five years after he was expelled again for refusing to receive some Constitutions made by Theodorus Arch-bishop of Canterbury He returned to his Bishoprick of Lichfield which he found vacant Some years after he was invited by Brithwald Arch-bishop of Canterbury to be present at a Synod within two Leagues of Rippon in hope of an agreement They urged him to withdraw into his Abby of Rippon and to quit his Bishoprick He did not only refuse to do it but he had recourse to the Holy See Therefore he went to Rome again and purged himself before Pope John in a Synod in the presence of the Deputies of both Parties and was declared innocent With this sentence he returned into England but Alfrid would not permit it to be executed Sexulfus who succeeded him continued in the same resolution but being turn'd out two Months after and Ofred having succeeded him Brithwald Arch-bishop of Canterbury went into Northumberland and there held a Synod in 705. near the River Nid at which the King also and the Officers and the great ones of the Country were present They read the Pope's Letters and after some difficulties raised by the Bishops of the Country they were reconciled and that long Contest was thus happily ended Wilfrid yielded up his Episcopal See of York to John of Beverly and he was restored to the possession of the Church of Haguestad and of the Abby of Rippon He died in 709. These Matters of Fact are certain being affirmed by Eddi S. Wilfrid's Disciple and Author of his Life by John VII's Letters and the relation of Bede's and William of Malmsbury A Council of Rome under Gregory II. THIS Council was held in April 721. in S. Peter's Church Twenty two Bishops were present at it among whom there was one of Spain one of England and another of Scotland Council of Rome Eleven Priests and 5 Deacons Gregory II. presided in it and published the Constitutions which were approved by all that were present The Eleven first are against them that Marry their Kindred Persons consecrated to God or the Wives of Priests and Deacons or who steal away Widows and Maidens The Twelfth is against those that consult Diviners or Sorcerers or use Enchantments The Thirteenth against those that invade Gardens or Places belonging to the Church The Fourteenth Fifteenth and Sixteenth against a * Adrianus the Son of Exhilaratus private Man who had married the Deaconness Epiphania And the Seventeenth against Clerks wearing long Hair A Council of Germany under Carloman THIS Council was assembled in Germany An. 742. by the order of Carloman the French Prince Boniface held the first place there Both the number of the Bishops and the place Council of Germany of it * In Longus Abridgment of the Councils it is said to have been at Râ—tisbon or Augsburg are unknown The Canons of this Council are set down in the Capitularies under the name of Carloman who declares That following the advice of his Bishops Monks and Lords he caused Bishops to be ordain'd in his Towns and subjected them to the Arch-bishop Boniface the Legate of the Holy See That he hath ordered a Synod to be kept every year in his Presence to re-establish the Churches Rights and to reform Manners and Discipline That he hath caused Church-lands that had been invaded to be restored hath deprived wicked Priests Deacons and Clerks guilty of Fornication of the Ecclesiastical Revenues degraded them and put them to Penance This is the sum of the first Canon The 2d imports That he hath forbidden Clerks to bear Arms or to go to the Army except those that have been chosen to celebrate Divine Service there and to carry the Relicks of Saints that is one or two Bishops with two Chaplains and two Priests for the Prince and for the Lord one Priest only to hear Confessions and impose Penances He forbids the Chair or Pulpit to the Clerks By the 3d Canon he enjoins Parsons to be subject to their Bishop to give him an account once a year in Lent of their Ministry to receive him when he is Visiting to go every year to fetch new Chrism on Holy-Thursday before Easter That the Bishop may be a Witness of the Chastity Life Faith and Doctrine of his Presbyters The 4th prohibits admitting into the Presbyterial or Episcopal Functions unknown Priests or Bishops before they be examined in a Synod The 5th orders Bishops with the help of the Magistrates to purge their Diocess from Pagan Superstitions The 6th ordains That he or she that shall henceforward fall into the Crime of Fornication shall be imprison'd and shall do Penance there with Bread and Water and if he be a Priest that hath committed this Crime he shall be shut up for two years having been whipt till the Blood comes and then the Bishop shall lay on him what Penance he pleases And if it be a simple Clerk or Monk he shall be whipt three times and then shut up for one year That the Nuns which have received the Veil shall be used after the same manner and shaved The 7th forbids Presbyters and Deacons to wear close Coats as Laicks do and ordains That they shall use long Cassocks It forbids them to have Women in their Houses with them It enjoins Monks and Nuns exactly to follow S. Benedict's Rule The Council of Lestines AN. 743. the same Carloman assembled a Council at Lestines near Cambray the Canons whereof do immediately follow the last mention'd in the Book of the Capitularies They go also Council of Lestines under Carloman's name declaring That in the Assembly then held at Lestines the Bishops Nobles and Governors of Provinces have confirm'd the foregoing Decrees of the Assembly promising to observe them to receive the Canons of the Fathers and to re-establish the Church-discipline and Doctrine in its Splendor That the Abbots and Monks have received S. Benedict's Rule and promised to keep it That they have degraded and put to Penance such Priests as are guilty of Adultery or Fornication and ordained
contrary Custom had prevail'd We find in this Century the first Example of the Benediction of a Bell for there is no mention made of them in the Authors of the preceding Ages who have treated at large of Ceremonies Father Menard cites in his Notes on S. Gregory's Sacramentary two ancient Manuscripts which prescribe the Ceremonies of this Benediction but it is not certain that they are more ancient than the Tenth Century At that time also they began to recite as a part of Divince Service the Office of the Virgin Mary It is related in the Life of S. Ulric that that Saint was wont to say it every day and in the continuation of the History of the Bishops of Verdun mention is made of a certain Clerk whom Berenger Bishop of that City the Kinsman of Otho the Great met in the Church lying prostrate on the Ground and saying the Office of the Bless'd Virgin Peter Damien in the following Century in like manner makes mention of two Clerks who were wont to recite it every day and Pope Urban II. ordain'd in the Council of Clermont that the Office of the Virgin Mary should be said on Saturday We may also observe that the Councils and Bishops of those Times pronounc'd Eternal Anathema's that is to say perpetual Excommunications without hopes of Absolution against the Usurpers of Church Revenues and against those that offer'd any Injury to Ecclesiastical Persons The manner of clearing those that were accused of any Crime by Fire or Water Ordeal or by a Duel between two Champions was then in use and even Clergy-men were oblig'd to provide a Champion but there were certain Times when all Acts of Hostility ceas'd which were call'd The Truce of God In this Century we find the first Example of the Solemn Canonization of a Saint by the Pope This Pope is John XV. who plac'd S. Ulric in the Rank of the Saints in the year 995. at the request of Liutolphus Bishop of Augâ—burg We shall here subjoyn the Act it self which was drawn The Canonization of Saints up on that occasion John Bishop Servant of the Servants of God to all Archbishops Bishops and Abbots of France and Germany Greeting and the Apostolical Benediction Having held an Assembly in the Palace of the Lateran on the last day of January John the most Holy Pope sitting with the Bishops Priests Deacons and Clergy standing the most Reverend Liutolphus Bishop of Augsburg rising up said Most Holy Bishop if it may please you and the rest of the Reverend Bishops and Priests here present to give leave to read in your presence the Book which I hold in my hand concerning the Life and Miracles of S. Ulric who was sometime Bishop of Augsburg to the end that you may afterwards ordain what you shall think fit Then the Life of that Saint being read they proceeded to the Miracles which were perform'd by him either in his Life-time or after his Death as the restoring of Sight to the Blind the Exorcising of Devils out of possessed Persons the Curing of others afflicted with the Palsie and several other Miracles which were not committed to writing These things being thus related we have resolv'd and ordain'd with the common consent that the Memory of S. Ulric ought to be honour'd with a pious Affection and a sincere Devotion by reason that we are oblig'd to honour and shew respect to the Relicks of the Martyrs and Confessors in order to Adore him whose Martyrs and Confessors they are We honour the Servants to the end that this honour may redound to the Lord It is our pleasure therefore that the Memory of Ulric be Consecrated to the Honour of the Lord and that it may serve to celebrate his Praises for ever Then follows the Anathema against those who shall act any thing contrary to this Decree with the Seals of the Pope of five Bishops of nine Cardinal Priests and of some Deacons This is the first Solemn Bull of Canonization for the more ancient Examples which are produc'd of the Canonization of S. Suitbert by Pope Leo III. and that of S. Abbo Martyr by Adrian I. at the request of Offa King of the Mercians in the end of the Eighth Century are only grounded on Supposititious Pieces nay the very Name of Canonization in that sense is yet more Modern then the Tenth Century and is found only in the Bull of Pope Alexander III. For the Canonization of S. Edward the Confessor King of England in the year 1161. in that of the Canonization of S. Thomas of Canterbury Eight years after and in the Letter of Ulric Bishop of Constance to Calixtus II. in which he sues for the Canonization of Bishop Conrad In the Primitive Church the Name of Saint was given to all Christians in their Life-time and even after their Death when they dyed in the Communion of the Church having preserv'd the Innocence of their Baptism but a more particular respect was shewn to those who dyed upon the account of Religion and were call'd Martyrs of Jesus Christ so that the Evidence of the Matter of Fact and the Testimony of the Faithful caus'd that Veneration to be paid to their Memory which their generous Constancy had merited nevertheless it belong'd to the Bishops and Clergy to make a Catalogue of those who deserv'd that honour and to distinguish the false Martyrs from the true Therefore S. Cyprian in his Ninty seventh Letter admonishes his Clergy to take care exactly to mark all the days of the Death of those who suffer'd Martyrdom to the end that their Memory might be celebrated with the other Martyrs Optatus Milevitanus reproves Lucilius for kissing every day even before the Communion the Relick of a certain Person who was said to be a Martyr but was not yet acknowledg'd as such It is reported that Pope Clement I. appointed seven Deacons and Fabian as many Sub-Deacons to commit the Acts of the Martyrs to writing but this Matter of Fact being grounded only on the Authority of the Author of the Pontifical Book is of no great Consequence and so much the rather in regard that we are inform'd by the Popes Gelasius and Gregory that these Acts were not much valu'd by the Church of Rome which was content only to have a Catalogue of the Saints and Martyrs who were to be honour'd The Councils of Laodicea Carthage and Elvira ordain'd that great care be taken to make a due distinction between the true and false Martyrs and the Example of S. Martin of Tours and several other Reverend Bishops who disswaded the People from the Superstitious Worship of false Martyrs apparently shews that it belongs to all the Bishops to declare what Martyrs ought to be acknowledg'd and publickly honour'd After the Martyrs in process of time was likewise honour'd the Memory of Virgins Anchorites Bishops renown'd for their Sanctity and lastly of those Persons whose singular Vertues were remarkable in their Life-time Their Names were inserted in the Dypticks that were
And Lastly Of disposing absolutely the Affairs of that Kingdom without minding whether the King concern'd himself with the defending of them or with vindicating the Liberty of the Churches of France So that these Bishops were oblig'd to go to Rome to beg the Pope's Favour for their re-establishment and upon such Terms as he saw fit which Gregory did not scruple to grant them There are a great many Instances of this Nature and the Seventeenth Letter of the fifth Book furnishes us with a great many For Hugh Bishop of Dia having cited to a Synod which he held at Autun the Arch-bishops of Rheims Besanson Sens Bourges and Tours and having inflicted several Penalties upon them because they had not made their appearance they were forc'd to wait upon the Pope who absolutely re-establish'd the Arch-bishop of Rheims and the rest upon condition that they would clear themselves before his Legat. This is what he orders by the foremention'd Letter dated March the 9th in the Year 1078. That Legat having excommunicated the Bishops of Paris and Chartres they went likewise to Rome and obtain'd a favourable Sentence from the Pope See the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Letters of the ninth Book But Gregory was not satisfied with taking Cognizance of the Ecclesiastical Affairs of France he likewise endeavour'd to make them his Tributaries as he had made England and all other Countries 'T is upon this Account that he wrote to the Bishop of Albania and the Prince of Salerno his Legats in France that they acquaint all the French and enjoyn them in his Name that each House pay at least a Penny every Year to S. Peter as an acknowledgment of his being their Father and Pastor He pretends that Charlemagne rais'd every Year upon his Subjects a Tax of Twelve hundred Livres for the use of the Church of Rome and that he had offer'd Saxony to the Holy See These are two such Matters of Fact as are only grounded on the imagination of Gregory VII This is the Three and twentieth Letter of the eighth Book This is what relates to the Kingdom of France we now proceed to what concerns England The Letters of Gregory relating to England which met with a little better Treatment from Gregory because King William took care to ingratiate himself with him by a seeming Submission and Respect That Prince to give him some signs thereof took care to send him a complimental Letter on his Advancement to the Popedom wherein he declares to him That tho' he was very sorry for the Death of Alexander II. yet he was as glad to see him in his Place Gregory answers him by the Seventieth Letter of the first Book dated April the 4th 1074. wherein he tells him That he is oblig'd to him for the Affection which he express'd towards him and exhorts him to demonstrate the Submission which he bore to the Holy See by its Effects At the same time he acquainted him of the dangers to which the Church of Rome was expos'd He confirm'd the Privilege of the Monastery of S. Stephen and recommended to that Prince to take care of the Revenues which the Church of Rome possess'd in England He wrote likewise to Matilda Queen of England the Seventy first Letter by which he exhorts her to persevere in Virtue and to give her Husband good Counsel By another Letter written to the Bishops and Abbots of England dated August the 28th in the same year he exhorts them to come to Rome to his Synod and to put in Execution the Ecclesiastical Laws concerning the Marriages of Kindred This Letter is the First of the second Book The King of England would not suffer the Bishops of his Kingdom to go to Rome This very much displeas'd the Pope who complain'd of it by the First Letter of the seventh Book directed to Hubert his Legat who was sent into that Kingdom to Collect the Peter-Pence He therein presses that Legat to return with all speed and orders him to admonish the King of England to pay and cause to be paid the Deference which is due to the Holy See withal threatning him if he did not do it he should incur his Displeasure He orders him to prevail upon the Prelates of England and Normandy to send to Rome to the approaching Synod at least two Bishops out of each Arch-bishoprick This Letter bears date September the 23d 1079. The Three and twentieth and the Four and twentieth Letters of the same Book dated April the 25th and May the 8th in the Year 1080. are full of Exhortations to the King of England to bear a due Submission to the Church of Rome and to Govern his Kingdom with Justice and in the fear of the Lord. The Six and twentieth is a Letter of Compliment to the Queen of England and the Seven and twentieth a Letter to Robert the Son of the King of England whereby he exhorts him to be subject to his Father and to follow his Advice In the Fifth Letter of the ninth Book he order'd Hugh Bishop of Dia to restore the Bishops of Normandy which he had depos'd for not appearing at his Synod This he did that he might not exasperate King William who paid greater Deference to the Holy See than any other Prince And he order'd him to behave himself more tenderly towards that Prince's Subjects and to grant Absolution to the Soldiers which had kept back some Tithes Part of Spain being as we said before in the Hands of the Moors Gregory VII from thence The Pretensions of Gregory VII upon Spain took an occasion of becoming Lord of those Countries which could be taken from these Infidels To this purpose he pretended that the Kingdom of Spain formerly belong'd to the Holy See and that tho' the Pagans had since seiz'd upon it yet the Right of the Holy See was not thereby disannul'd because no Prescription can take place to the prejudice of the Church 'T is upon the account of this pretension that he granted to Ebold Count of Rocey all the Country which he could recover from the Barbarians upon condition that he would hold it in Fee from the Holy See and pay him a certain Duty He likewise granted the same Donation to those who would assist that Count or undertake the same Thing upon the same Conditions And that this Agreement might be put in execution he gave Orders to Cardinal Hugh the White to go into Spain and wrote to the Princes of Spain to aid the Count of Rocey This is the Subject Matter of the Sixth and Seventh Letters of the first Book dated April the 30th 1073. Gregory VII had not only a design of bringing the Provinces of Spain which were newly Conquer'd under his Subjection but likewise sought to establish an absolute Dominion over the ancient Churches of that Kingdom It was upon this account that he wrote the Sixty third and fourth Letters of the first Book to Sancho King of Arragon and to Alphonso King of Castile recommending to
The Grant of Investitures disapprov'd of by the Cardinals 27 The Lateran Council in the Year 1112. Ibid The Decrees against Henry upon the account of Investitures 28 The second Journey of Henry V. into Italy 28 The Lateran Council held in the Year 1116. Ibid Henry enters Rome Paschal withdraws Ibid Paschal returns to Rome 29 Gelasus II. elected Pope 29 Henry comes to Rome and causes Mauritius Burdin to be proclaim'd Pope Ibid The Election of Calixtus II. 29 The Conference of the Emperour with William of Champeaux about Investitures 29 The Council of Rheims in the Year 1119 29 The Pope's Negotiation with the Emperour 30 The Canons of the Council of Rheims Ibid Calixtus II. is received into Rome and Burdin depos'd with Disgrace Ibid The Treaty betwixt Calixtus II. and Henry V. about Investitures Ibid The Rise and Progress of Investitures 31 The Ceremonies of Investitures Ibid The beginning of the Contest about Investitures 32 The state of the Question in the time of Paschal II. Ibid The state of it under Calixtus II. Ibid Remarks upon the Treaty concluded between Calixtus II. and Henry V. Ibid The Execution of the Treaty made with Henry 33 The Custom of France with respect to Investitures Ibid The Custom of England with respect to the same Ibid Investitures granted to particular Princes Ibid The first general Lateran Council in the Year 1123 Ibid The Letters of Paschal II. 34 The Letters of Gelasus II. 37 The Letters of Calixtus II. Ibid CHAP. III. THE History and Letters of the Popes Honorius II. Innocent II. Celestine II. Lucius II. Eugenius III. 38 Honorius II. 38 Innocent II. Ibid Celestine II. 39 Lucius II. 39 Eugenius III. Ibid The Letters of Honorius II. Ibid The Letters of Innocent II. Ibid The Letters of Celestine II. 40 The Letters of Lucius II. Ibid The Letters of Eugenius III. 40 41 The Letters of Anacletus II. the Anti-Pope 42 CHAP. IV. THE Life of St. Bernard together with an Account of his Writings 42 The Letters of St. Bernard 44 St. Bernard's Treatise of Consideration 68 His Treatise of the Duties of Bishops 70 His Treatise of the Commandments and Dispensations Ibid His Apology to William Abbot of St. Thierry 72 His Treatise in Commendation of the new Militia 74 His Treatise of the Degrees of Humility Ibid His Treatise of the Love of God Ibid His Treatise of Grace and Free-Will 75 His Letters to Hugh of St. Victor 75 76 The Life of St. Malachy by St. Bernard 76 St. Bernard's Sermons 76 Gilbert Abbot of Hoilanda Ibid William Abbot of St. Thierry 77 Geofrey Abbot of Igny Ibid Guigue Prior of the Great Chartress Author of the Ladder of the Cloyster Ibid The Works of those Anonymous Authors which are to be met with among those of St. Bernard Ibid The Works of Gueric Abbot of Igny Ibid The Lives of St. Bernard Ibid The Works of Geofrey St. Bernard's Disciple Ibid The History of St. Bernard's Miracles 78 Other Lives written by St. Bernard Ibid Nicholas Monk of Clairvaux 78 The Character and Judgment upon St. Bernard Ibid The Several Editions of his Works 78 79 CHAP. V. OF the Life and Writings of Peter Sir-named the Venerable Abbot of Cluny 79 CHAP. VI. AN Account of the Heresies which prevail'd in the Twelfth Century 86 The Hereticks of the Twelfth Century 86 An Account of the Heretick Henry Ibid The Errors of Peter of Bruis Ibid The Publication of the Errors of Henry and Peter of Bruis 87 The Hereticks of Perigueux Ibid The Heresie of Tancheline Ibid The Hereticks of Cologne Ibid The Hereticks of Toul 88 The Hereticks in Italy call'd Cathari 89 The Hereticks call'd Passagians Ibid The Heresie of Arnold of Bresse Ibid The Condemnation of the Hereticks in the Council of Tolouse in the Year 1119 89 90 Their Condemnation in the Synod of Oxford in the Year 1160 90 Their Condemnation in the Council of Tours in the Year 1163 Ibid The Council of Lombez in the Year 1176 against the Hereticks Ibid The Hereticks condemn'd at Tolouse 91 The Condemnation of the Albigenses in the Lateran Council in the Year 1179 91 The Heresie of Terrick Ibid The Hereticks call'd Publicans or Poblicans 91 The Errors of Eon de l'Etoile Ibid CHAP. VII AN Account of Peter Abaelard his Wrttings Errors and Condemnation 92 The Life and Adoentures of Abaelard 9â— The Council of Soissons in the Year 1121 93 The Letter of Heloissa to Abaelard 94 The Letter of Abaelard to Heloissa 95 Another Letter of Heloissa 95 Abaelard's Reply Ibid A Third Letter of Heloissa Ibid Abaelard's Reply 96 Abaelard's Letters 96 The Charge brought against Peter Abaelard 97 The Decrees of the Council of Sens in the Year 1140 against Peter Abaelard 100 The Pope's Confirmation of the Judgment pass'd by the Council of Sens 103 Abaelard's Apology Ibid The Retreat of Abaelard to Cluny and his Death Ibid The Examination of Abaelard's Doctrine The Works of Abaelard Ibid CHAP. VIII THE History of the Errors and Condemnation of Gilbert de la Porrée Bishop of Poitiers 113 The particular Opinions of Gilbert de la Porrée 113 The Council of Paris in the Year 1147. about him Ibid The Council of Rheims in the Year 1148. 113 114 The Condemnation of Gilbert in the Council of Rheims 114 The Writings of Gilbert de la Porrée 115 His Letter about the Eucharist Ibid CHAP. IX THE History and Letters of the Popes who sat upon the Papal's Chair from Eugenius III. to the end of this Century 115 Anastasius IV. 115 Adrian IV. 115 Alexander III. 116 The Council of Pavia in the Year 1160 against Alexander Ibid The Kings of France and England declare for Alexander Ibid The Assembly of Lodi in the Year 1161 117 Alexander III. goes into France Ibid A Conference at Avignon upon the Subject of Schism Ibid The Council of Tours held by Alexander in the Year 1163. 117 Alexander III. returns to Rome Ibid The Assembly of Wirtzburgh in the Year 1166 against Alexander Ibid The War of the Emperour Frederick in Italy 118 Pedâ—e concluded between Frederick and Alexander Ibid Lucius III. 119 Urban III. Ibid The Assembly of Geinlenheusen in the Year 1186. Ibid Gregory VIII Ibid Clement III. Ibid Celestine III. Ibid The Letters of Anastasius IV. 120 The Letters of Adrian IV. Ibid The Letters of Alexander III 121 The Letters of Lucius III. 122 The Letters of Urban III. 123 The Letters of Gregory VIII Ibid The Letters of Clement III. Ibid The Letters of Celestine III. Ibid CHAP. X. AN Account of the Contests between Thomas Becket Arch-bishop of Canterbury and Henry II. King of England 124 The Life of S. Thomas before he was Arch-Bishop of Canterbury 124 The Election of S. Thomas to the Arch-bishoprick of Canterbury Ibid The Original of the Contests between the King of England and St. Thomas 125 The Assembly of London in
as Sutri to meet Frederic who was arriv'd in Italy accompany'd him to Rome and set the imperial Diadem on his Head A little while after he made Peace with William King of Sicily and granted him the Royal Style of King of both Sicilies In writing to the Emperor Frederick about the Affair of the Bishop of London he incurr'd the displeasure of that Prince by infinuating that the Empire was a Donation receiv'd by him from the Holy See insomuch that the Pope was oblig'd to explain himself in a second Letter and to say that he meant only with respect to his Coronation and Consecration However this did not fail to set them at variance and their Quarrel was inflam'd because his Holiness refus'd to confirm a certain Person whom the Emperor had nominated to be Arch-bishop of Ravenna 'T is also reported that the Pope design'd to excommunicate the Emperor if he had liv'd longer but he died of a Quinsie in the City of Anagnia September 1. A. D. 1159. But his Body was translated to Rome and interr'd in St. Peter's Church After the solemnization of his Funeral Obsequies 23 Cardinals met together and chose at the end of three Days Roland Cardinal Priest with the Title of St. Mark and Chancellor Alexander III. of the Church of Rome who was nam'd ALEXANDER III. But there were three Cardinals viz. Octavian John of St. Martin and Guy of Crema who undertook to carry on another Election and Octavian having obtain'd the Suffrages of the two others assum'd the Quality of Pope and the Name of Victor III. Afterwards he caus'd himself to be Cloathed in the Pontifical Habit took possession of St. Peter's Church by force and set a Guard of Senatours over Alexander and his Cardinals who were confin'd in the Fort during nine Days The latter was remov'd to a Castle on the other side of the Tiber and after having been shut up therein three Days the People began to raise a Mutiny insomuch that he was conducted with divers Bishops and Cardinals a-cross the City to a Place call'd Nero's Victory and there Consecrated The Emperor Frederick was then in Italy besieging Cremona and the two Competitours having made application to him to get their Interest maintain'd he order'd them both to repair to Pavia to take their Trial in a Council Alexander not thinking fit to go thither retir'd to Anagnia and the Emperor in the mean while caus'd the Parties to be summon'd to the Council which he had conven'd The former refus'd to appear but Octavian presented himself according to Order Then the Emperor after having inform'd the Bishops that the Right of calling Councils belong'd to Princes referr'd the Decision of that Quarrel to their Judgment The Council was compos'd of fifty Arch-bishops and Bishops and of a great number of Abbots Victor who was present there without an Adversary carry'd the Cause without any difficulty upon making Proof that he was first invested with the Pontifical Mantle put in possession of the Holy See and acknowledg'd by the Clergy Thus his Election notwithstanding its irregularity was confirm'd by the Council and that of Alexander declar'd null The next Day the latter and his Adherents were solemnly excommunicated We have still in our possession the Acts of that Council held A. D. 1160. with the Synodical Letter of the Fathers assembled therein that of the Emperor that of the Bishop of Bamberg and that of the Canons of St. Peter at Rome concerning the Election of Victor and the Judgment pass'd in his favour They accuse the Cardinals who chose Alexander of having met together even in Pope Adrian's Life-time to substitute Roland in his room and of having carry'd on the last Election in a tumultuous manner Alexander being inform'd of what was transacted against him in the Assembly of Pavia excommunicated the Emperor Frederick The other Princes of Europe were ready to do more Justice to Pope Alexander for Henry II. King of England and Philip II. King of France being persuaded by their Prelates of the equity The Declaration of the Kings of England and France in favour of Alexander of their Cause favour'd him under Hand but not to do any thing rashly in an Affair of that importance they call'd Assemblies of the Prelates of their respective Kingdoms viz. the former at Newmarket in England and the other at Beauvais in France It was agree'd in those Conventions that Alexander's Right was most preferrable but the Princes before they openly declar'd their Sentiments sollicited Frederick to own him as Pope and to abandon Octavian But perceiving him to be altogether inflexible to authorize their Declaration to the best advantage they call'd a general Assembly of the Prelates and Noble-men of their Kingdoms in which the Legates of the two Competitors were also present in order to take a full cognizance of the Cause and afterwards to declare for him who should be acknowledg'd as lawful Pope in that Assembly for hitherto out of respect to the Emperor they did not think fit publickly to espouse Alexander's Cause altho' they were well inform'd of the validity of his Right The matter being debated for some time in the Council it evidently appear'd from the Relation of the Cardinals the Testimony of many Witnesses and even the Confession of those of Victor's Party That the latter seiz'd on the See of Rome by force was Cloath'd in the Pontifical Vestments by Lay-men without any Canonical Form was excommunicated before his Consecration and was chosen by three excommunicated Persons On the other side That Alexander was elected by all the other Cardinals that he might have been immediately invested with the Pontifical Ornaments if he had not at first refus'd to accept of them thro' Humility that he afterwards assum'd them in a solemn manner and receiv'd Consecration from the Hands of those who had a right to administer it It was also made appear That the Emperor declar'd for Octavian a long time before the meeting of the Assembly of Pavia that that Convention was not compos'd of 153 Bishops as his Imperial Majesty gave it out but only of 44 that the Prelates had taken a Resolution to suspend their Judgment and not to own either of the two Competitors as Pope till a general Synod were call'd consisting of the Prelates of divers Kingdoms or till they knew which of them was approv'd by the sound part of the Church that they agreed to give the same Advice to the Emperor but that he could not be induc'd to follow it and that on the contrary he had compell'd the Bishops to confirm him whom he had already receiv'd except 24 among whom was the Bishop of Pavia in whose City that Assembly was held Therefore the Prelates of England and France being well satisfied with these Reasons acknowledg'd Alexander as lawful Pope at the same time Excommunicating Octavian with his Adherents and the two Kings in like manner follow'd the Judgment of the Council The Emperor being inform'd of the
Transactions in France held a second Assembly at Lodi in which assisted Pilgrin Arch-bishop of Aquileia Guy elect Arch-bishop of Ravenna divers Bishops a great number of Abbots and some Noble-men He caus'd the Election of Octavian to be confirmed therein and several Letters of Excuse were read that as it was given out were sent by the Kings of Denmark Norway Hungaria and Bohemia as also by six Arch-bishops twenty Bishops and many Abbots as well of the Order of Clairvaux as of other Congregations and in which they acknowledg'd Octavian as Pope Hubert Arch-bishop of Milan the Consuls of that City and the Bishops of Placentia Brescia Bononia and some others were excommunicated in that Council which was held in the Month of June A. D. 1161. and continu'd during some Days In the mean while Alexander took Sanctuary in the Dominions of William King of Sicily Alexander III. passes over into France because the Emperor Frederick was Master of a great part of Italy and waited for a favourable Opportunity to pass over from thence into France where the distress'd Popes always met with a Place of Refuge during the Persecutions that were rais'd against them At last he found means to set out to Sea and arriv'd in France on the Festival of Easter A. D. 1162. where he was receiv'd by the Kings of France and England who went to meet him as far as Torcy sur Loire alighted in his presence and conducted him on the Road each of them holding the Reins of his Horse's Bridle Frederick perceiving that Alexander retir'd to a place of safety and was own'd by all the Christians of Europe except the Germans and some Italians caus'd a Proposal to be made to the King of France that there should be an Interview between them at Avignon or in some other Frontier-Town that he would bring Victor along with him and that the King should in like manner cause Alexander to appear there that the Election of both should be thoroughly examin'd in an Assembly compos'd of the Prelates of Germany France and Italy and that all Parties should entirely submit to their final Decision His Design was to cause both Competitors to be rejected and to procure the Election of a third Person However the King of France approv'd his Proposal and went A Conference at Avignon to the Place appointed but Alexander being more mistrustful than that Prince refus'd to accompany him and contented himself only to send some Cardinals thither to maintain his Right The Emperor was highly offended that the King had not brought Alexander and forasmuch as he was the stronger 't was much to be fear'd lest he should hem him in on every side and take him Prisoner if the King of England had not speedily caus'd his Troops to march on purpose to rescue him This unexpected Recruit having broken Frederick's Measures he caus'd another Proposal to be made to the King viz. that he should come to meet him with the Prelates of his Kingdom to receive the Sentence that should be pronounc'd by the Prelates of the Empire as to the Contest between the Competitors to the Popedom affirming That they only had a right to judge of the validity of the Election of a Pope The King reply'd That his Prelates and Clergy being the Sheep of the Pope of Rome 't was their Interest to take cognizance of the Person who was to be their supreme Pastor Whereupon the intercourse was discontinu'd and the King retir'd with his Forces Pope Alexander arriv'd at Paris A. D. 1163. and at his departure from that City held a A Council held as Tours by Alexander III. Council at Tours where he renew'd the Anathema's published against Octavian and Frederick The Antipope Octavian died the next year at Lucca on the Festival of Easter and his followers substituted in his room Guy of Crema who took the Name of Paschal III. The Death of Octavian weaken'd his Party and the Italians wearied with the Emperor 's tyrannical Government began to incline towards Alexander's side besides that Conrad chosen Arch-bishop of Mentz and many other Bishops of Germany declar'd in his favour Therefore Alexander Alexander III. returns to Rome taking the advantage of so favourable a Conjuncture return'd to Italy and made his publick Entry into the City of Rome in the Month of November 1165. after having resided three Years in France He was joyfully receiv'd by the People But on the other side Frederick us'd his utmost endeavours to maintain Paschal the Antipope and to that purpose call'd an Assembly at Wurtzburg A. D. 1166. in which he himself took an Oath and caus'd the like Oath to An Assemb at Wurtz burg in 1166. be given to the most part of the Lords and Prelates of the Assembly that they would not acknowledge any other Pope but Paschal and that they would cause all those who depended on them to submit to his Authority The Deputies of the King of England who was at variance with Pope Alexander by reason of the Contests he had with Thomas Arch-bishop of Canterbury took the same Oath Afterwards Frederick appear'd at the Head of an Army and pass'd into Italy to put Paschal in possession of the Papal See He enter'd Lombardy besieg'd Ancona and the next Year encamp'd near Rome then he defeated the Romans in Battel took part of the City seiz'd on St. Peter's Church and would have made himself Master of the whole City if a Distemper that rag'd in his Army had not oblig'd him speedily to retire to Lombardy Alexander being thus deliver'd form so imminent a danger had recourse to his thundering Bulls and pronounc'd a Sentence of Deposition against Frederick in a Council held at Lateran A. D. 1168. The Italians animated by that Sentence revolted against the Emperor submitted to Alexander and expell'd the Schismatical Bishops Frederick having attack'd the Milanese Troops lost Twenty thousand Men and was forc'd to shut himself up in Pavia but not believing himself to be safe there in regard that the whole Country of Lombardy had declar'd against him he at last found means to escape into Germany not without much difficulty In the mean while Paschal continu'd in possession of St. Peter's Church and Alexander resided at Benevento The latter return'd from thence in the end of the Year 1169. and receiv'd the City of Frascati under his Protection Whereupon the Romans were incens'd against him and only promis'd to give him admittance into Rome as their Sovereign on condition that he should cause the Walls of Frascati to be demolished He did it accordingly but the Romans not having kept their word he caus'd that Place to be fortified again left a Garrison therein retir'd to Anagnia and from thence pass'd to Benevento where he receiv'd in 1170. the Proposal made to him by Manuel Comnenus Emperor of the East to re-unite the Greek Church to the Latin and to own the supreme Authority of the See of Rome on condition that he
Year as also the Honour and Dignity that he had conferr'd upon him in setting the Imperial Crown on his Head He declares at the same time That he does not repent of having given him Satisfaction and that he should be very glad to find an opportunity to bestow on him greater Favours if it were possible This Letter being deliver'd to Frederick by Bernard Cardinal of St. Clement and by Roland Cardinal Priest of St. Mark whom the Pope had sent on purpose to bear it That Prince at first entertain'd them very honourably but at the second Audience having read that Passage of the Letter in which it was express'd That the Pope had conferr'd on him the notable Benefit of the Crown he fell into so great a Passion that he could not forbear reviling the two Legates who had brought it ordering them immediately to retire out of his Dominions After their departure he prohibited all his Subjects to go to Rome and set Guards on the Frontiers to stop those who were about to travel thither Adrian having heard this News wrote the Third Letter to the Bishops of France and Germany in which after having related the Matter as it happen'd he entreats them to use their utmost endeavours to oblige Frederick to return to his Duty At the same time he wrote to him in the Fourth Letter That it was not his meaning that the Word Beneficium should be taken for a Fee but for a good Action that in that sense it might well be said That he had done him a Favour in conferring on him the Imperial Crown because he perform'd an Act of Kindness in so doing and that when he wrote that he gave him the Imperial Crown Giving denotes no more than that he set it upon his Head That they who had otherwise interpreted those Terms were spiteful Persons that only sought for an opportunity to disturb the Peace of the Church and of the Empire Lastly if that Expression were offensive to him he ought not nevertheless to have acted as he had done nor to forbid all his Subjects in general to go to Rome but he might have given him notice of it by his Ambassadors He gives him to understand that he sent two other Cardinals by the advice of Henry Duke of Bavaria and entreats him to receive them favourably to the end that the Business might be accommodated through the Mediation of that Duke The Letter in which Frederick desires the confirmation of Guy the Son of the Count of Blandrata chosen Arch-bishop of Ravenna follows the former It is written in very respectful and submissive Terms The Pope denies him that favour in the Fifth Letter under pretence that he was unwilling to remove Guy from the City of Rome and in the Sixth complains of Frederick's Letter because he set his own Name before that of the Pope exacted Homage and Fidelity of the Bishops refus'd to admit his Legates to Audience and hinder'd his Subjects from going to Rome The Seventh is written to the Arch-bishop of Thessalonica whom he exhorts to be reconcil'd with the Church of Rome and to procure the Re-union of the Greek Church The Eighth is a Confirmation of the Treaty made with William King of Sicily The Fifteen following are taken out of the fourth Tome of the Historians of France by Du-Chesne The Ten first and the Twenty Fourth are written in favour of Hugh Chancellor of that Kingdom to whom he grants an Arch-deaconry of Arras and the Revenues of a Prebend in the Cathedral of Paris He likewise wrote to the Bishops of Arras and Paris and to some other Persons on the same Subject The Three other Letters are directed to King Lewis and in the Twenty first he advises him to bring the Inhabitants of Veze'ay under subjection to the Abbots of that place and to oblige them to restore what they had taken from him The Twenty fifth twenty sixth Twenty seventh and Twenty eighth relate in like manner to the Abbey of Vezelay By the Twenty ninth he renders the Abbey of Baune in the Diocess of Besanson subject to the Jurisdiction of that of Cluny as a Priory that ought to depend on it The Six following relate to the Primacy of Toledo and the Affairs of Spain The Thirty sixth Thirty seventh Thirty eighth Thirty ninth and Fortieth treat of Matters concerning the Primacy Patriarchate and Rights of the Arch-bishop of Grado In the Forty seventh and last publish'd by M. Baluzius and directed to Berenger Metropolitan of Narbonne he confirms the Declaration made by Ermengarda Lady of the Mannor of Narbonne by which she prohibitted the Alienation of the Revenues and Estates of the Arch-bishop of that Province after his decease and denounces an Anathema against those who should presume to do it Father Dachery has inserted in the first Tome of his Spicilegium a Privilege granted by Pope Adrian IV. to the Monastery of Casaure The First Letter of Alexander III. is written to the Canons of Bononia about his Election Alexander III's Letters The Second to Arnulphus Bishop of Lisieux on the same Subject and about the Assembly of Pavia The Third is the Bull for the Canonization of Edward I. King of England The following relate to the Affair of Thomas Becket Arch-bishop of Canterbury except the Thirty second which is an Instruction to the Sulâ—â—n of Iconium who was desirous to embrace the Christian Religion The Forty fifth Forty sixth and Forty seventh are the Letters which were written by him concerning the Treaty of Peace that he made at Venice with the Emperor Frederick In the Forty eighth he recommends to a certain Indian King commonly call'd Prester John the Legate whom he sent into his Country In the Forty ninth he returns thanks to Hugh for a Book which he had sent to him and entreats him to endeavour to procure the Reconciliation of the Emperor of Constantinople with the Church of Rome The Fiftieth is the Letter for the calling of the General Council at Lateran The Fifty first is a Letter about the Opinion of Peter Lombard who maintain'd That Jesus Christ quatenus Man is not a Thing The Fifty second is a Confirmation of the Rights and Privileges of the Arch-bishop of Colen The Two following relate to the Erection of the Bishoprick of Alexandria della Paglia a City newly built in the Milanese Territory He nominated the first Bishop but to the end that that Nomination might not be prejudicial to the Inhabitants he left them the liberty of proceeding to an Election for the future The Fifty fifth Fifty sixth and Fifty seventh contain the Confirmation of the promotion of John to the Bishoprick of St. Andrew in Scotland against Hugh who was nominated by the King By the Fifty eighth directed to Casimir Duke of Poland he ratifies certain Constitutions made by that Prince for the preservation of Church Revenues The Fifty ninth is a circular Letter directed to all the Christian Princes in which he exhorts them to afford succours
to the Christians of the Holy-Land and renews to those that do so the Privileges and Immunities granted by Urban and Eugenius his Predecessors and puts their Estates Wives and Children under the protection of the Holy See The Sixtieth is directed to all the Bishops of Christendom on the same Subject to the end that they might publish the preceding Letter in their respective Diocesses and induce the Princes and People to so pious an Undertaking In the Three following Letters directed to certain Prelates of England he gives them an Account after what manner he concluded a Treaty of Peace with the Emperor at Venice These are the Letters of Pope Alexander III. that are contain'd in the first Collection to which three Additions have been since annex'd the first of those Additions comprehends Fifty six Letters publish'd by Father Sirmondus in the end of the Works of Peter Abbot of Celles In the first Eighteen which are almost all directed to Peter Abbot of St. Remy at Rheims he nominates him in a Commission with others to determine divers particular Affairs The Nineteenth directed to the Arch-bishop of Upsal in Sweden and his Suffragans contains several Constitutions against Simony and against the Privileges of Clergy-men taken out of the Councils and the Decretals of the Popes In the Twentieth he recommends to the Charity of the Northern Christians Fulcus Bishop of the Estons a People of Sweden In the Twenty first he exhorts the Northern Kings and Potentates to perform the Duties of Christian Princes to endeavour to procure the advancement of the Church by encountering its Enemies In the Twenty second directed to the Arch-bishop of Upsal and his Suffragans he specifies the Pennances that they ought to impose for the Crimes of Incest and Uncleanness and inveighs against two Abuses that prevail'd in their Country viz. the first That the Priests were wont to celebrate Mass with the Lees of Wine or with Crums of Bread steept in Wine and the second concerning clandestine Marriages that were contracted without the Benediction of the Priest The following relate to many particular Affairs of Churches or Monasteries which he himself decides or for the determination of which he grants a Commission to other Persons in the respective places In the second Addition are compris'd 109 Letters directed to Lewis VII King of France or to the Prelates of his Kingdom the greatest part of which relate to the Affairs of the Churches of France as also some to the Contest between Alexander and Victor and others are only recommendatory Letters or full of Compliments They are taken out of the Collection of the Historians of France by Du-Chesne The last Addition contains 22 Letters of which the six first are written on the Schism rais'd by Victor the two following treat of the Privileges of the Canons of Challon In the Ninth he acquaints Henry Arch-bishop of Rheims after what manner he was receiv'd in Rome The five following were written in favour of the Church of Vezelay In the Fifteenth he commends Hugh Bishop of Rhodez for establishing a general Peace in his Diocess The Seventeenth and Eighteenth are the Bulls for the Canonization of Edward King of England and St. Bernard The Twentieth Twenty firâ—… and Twenty second are Acts of Approbation of the Order of the Knights of St. James in Spain of that of the Monks of the Abbey of St. Saviour at Messina and of that of the Carthusians and of their Constitutions There are also in the Addition to the Tenth Tome of the Councils five other Letters attributed to Alexander III. of which the four first relate to the Immunities of the Schools and Chapter of Paris and the last to those of the Chapter of Anagnia Lucius III. having possess'd the See of Rome but a little while has left us only three Lucius III's Letters Letters By the First he takes off the Excommunication of William King of Scotland and the Suspension of his Kingdom denounced by the Arch-bishop of York in Pope Alexander's Life-time for opposing the Consecration of John elected Bishop of St. Andrew The Second Letter is directed to Henry II. King of England in which he exhorts that Prince to permit a Tax to be rais'd in his Kingdom for the Relief of the Holy-Land The Third is a Decree against the Hereticks of that time in which he pronounces a perpetual Anathema against the Cathari the Patarins those that style themselves the Humbled or the poor People of Lyons the Passagians the Josepins and the Arnoldists and prohibits all sorts of Persons to profess Divinity or to Preach publickly unless they have obtain'd a License from the Holy See or from the Diocesan Bishop He likewise condemns all those who presume to maintain any Doctrines or Practices different from those of the Church of Rome concerning the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ Baptism the Remission of Sins Marriage or the other Sacraments with their Abetters and Adherents He ordains That Clergy-men convicted of those Errors shall be depos'd and Laicks deliver'd up into the Hands of the Secular Judges to be punish'd unless they immediately abjure them without allowing any Pardon to Relapses He enjoyns the Arch-bishops and Bishops to make a Visitation every Year either Personally or by their Arch-deacons in order to discover such Miscreants He exhorts the Counts Barons Lords and Magistrates vigorously to aid and assist the Clergy-men in the Prosecution of those Hereticks under pain of Excommunication and Privation of their Dignities And in that Case he grants a peculiar Jurisdiâ—…n to the Arch-bishops and Bishops over such Persons as enjoy certain Immunities and are subject only to the Holy See provided they be obey'd as the Pope's Delegates notwithstanding all manner of Privileges Urban III. gave notice to all the Bishops of his Election by a circular Letter dated January Urban III's Letters 11. A. D. 1186. which is the first of his Letters The Second dedicated to William King of Scotland relates to the Contest between the Bishops of St. Andrew and Dunckell the Tryal of which was referr'd to the See of Rome in the time of his Predecessor but could not be deterâ—…d till the Popedom of Urban who entreats the King in this Letter to take the Bishop of Dunckell into his Protection and makes the same Request in the following to Jocelin Bishop of Glasco In the Fourth he writes to Baldwin Arch-bishop of Canterbury about the building of a new Church in Honour of St. Stephen and St. Thomas In the last he approves the Foundation of a House of Hospitallers at Bononia and ratifies their Constitutions and Privileges Gregory VIII was no sooner advanc'd to the Papal Dignity but he wrote a Circular Letter Gregory VIII's Letters to all the Faithful to exhort them to relieve the Holy Land He gives a lively description of the most deplorable Calamities that befel the Christians when the City of Jerusalem was taken by Saladin and earnestly presses the Faithful to undertake
an Expedition for the recovery of it out of the Hands of that implacable Enemy of Christianity He grants Indulgences to those who shall take upon them the Cross for the Holy War and renews in their favour the special Privileges that were allow'd by his Predecessors in the like Case In the Second Letter he ordains That to deprecate the Wrath of God the Faithful should be oblig'd to fast during five Years on all Fridays from Advent to Christmass and that they should abstain from Flesh on Wednesdays and Saturdays By a Third Letter he confirms the Orders that his Predecessors had given to all the Ecclesiastical Judges to determine the Law-suits of private Persons The Five first Letters of Clement III. relate to the Contest that arose between John and Hugh Clement III's Letters about the Bishoprick of St. Andrew in Scotland In the Sixth he confirms the Rights and Immunities of the Church of that Kingdom The Seventh is the Act for the Canonization of Otto Bishop of Bamberg The First Letter of Celestin III. is directed to the Prelates of England whom he orders to Celestin III's Letters excommunicate all those who shall refuse to obey William Bishop of Ely Legate of the Holy See and Regent of the Kingdom in the absence of King Richard who was engag'd in the Expedition to the Holy Land By the Second he takes off the Excommunication denounced by Geffry Arch-bishop of York against Hugh Bishop of Durham The Third is the Act for the Canonization of St. Ubald Bishop of Eugubio The Fourth is an elegant Exhortation to induce the Christian Princes to make Peace that they may be in a Condition to regain the Holy Land In the Fifth directed to the Bishop of Lincoln he gives him a Commission to take cognizance of the Misdemeanours and Crimes of which the Arch-bishop of York was accus'd The Sixth sent to the Dean and Arch-deacon of the Church of Lincoln is written on the same Subject In the Seventh he constitutes Hubert Arch-bishop of Canterbury his Legate in England and in the Eighth orders the Bishops of England to acknowledge and obey him in that Quality The Ninth is a Fragment of a Letter directed to the Arch-bishop of Sens in which he declares null the Divorce that Philip King of France had made with Queen Batilda the Daughter of the King of Denmark under pretence of nearness of Kin and enjoyns him to re-take her In the Tenth he entreats Hubert Arch-bishop of Canterbury to levy Recruits to be sent into the Holy Land to King Richard The Three following Letters are written about the Disorders caus'd in the Church of York by the Arch-bishop He commits the Care and Reformation of that Church to Simon Dean of the Chapter and forasmuch as the Arch-bishop had appeal'd to the Holy See before the Bishop of Lincoln exhibited an Information against him he allows him time to come to Rome till the Festival of St. Martin but in case he do not then appear he orders the Bishop of Lincoln to proceed against him and in the mean while suspends him from the Government of his Province In the Fourteenth he orders Hubert Arch-bishop of Canterbury to oblige those who had taken upon them the Cross for the Expedition to the Holy Land to set forward on their Journey at least unless they were prevented by a lawful Impediment This Letter is follow'd by that of Philip Bishop of Beauvais written to Pope Celestin in which that Prelate complains That the King of England enter d the Territories of Beauvaisis with his Forces in a hostile manner and took him Prisoner The Pope return'd an Answer in the following Letter That he had no reason to make a Complaint of the Misfortune that befel him since he presum'd to take up Arms contrary to the Duty of his Profession besides that the Conduct of the King of England ought not to be blam'd in regard that the King of France had unjustly taken from him divers Towns contrary to the solemn Promise that he had made to that Prince not to commit any Hostilities against him 'till his return to his Dominions That instead of performing that Promise he determin'd to take the advantage of his Confinement And that the King of England being at last set at Liberty had good reason to oppose the Enterprizes of the King of France In the Sixteenth he enjoyns the Arch-bishop of Canterbury the Bishop of Lincoln and the Abbot of St. Edmund to re-establish in one of the Churches of England the Monks that were turn'd out under colour of the Pope's Bull got by surprize upon a false Exhibition In the last directed to William King of Scotland he confirms the Rights and Privileges of the Churches of that Kingdom CHAP. X. A Relation of the several Contests that Thomas Becket Arch-bishop of Canterbury had with Henry II. King of England THOMAS BECKET was a Native of the City of London the Capital of England His Father was nam'd Gilbert and his Mother Matilda Gilbert in his Youth took The Life of Thomas Becket before he was Arch-bishop of Canterbury upon him the Cross for the Holy War but upon his arrival at Jerusalem he was taken Prisoner and made a Slave by the Saracens During his Imprisonment he found means to obtain the favour of the Admiral 's Daughter in whose House he was confin'd and she conceiv'd so great an Affection for him that Gilbert having at last made his Escape she travell'd to London on purpose to meet him was baptiz'd there and afterwards marry'd to Gilbert by whom she had our Thomas who was born A. D. 1119. Before his Birth Gilbert return'd to the Holy Land where he continu'd three Years and a half having left his Wife in England This Gentlewoman took great care of the Education of her Son who in the very first blooming of his Youth shew'd the marks of what might be expected from him in a riper Age. He began his Studies at London and after having lost both his Father and Mother compleated them at Paris Upon his return to England he was employ'd in the management of Affairs and put himself into the Service of Theobald Arch-bishop of Canterbury At that time Henry Bishop of Winchester Brother to King Stephen was Legate in England who abus'd his Quality and Authority treating the other Bishops and even his Metropolitan with intolerable Arrogancy Thomas advis'd Theobald to shake off the Yoke and was sent by him to Pope Celestin II. to obtain a Revocation of Henry's Commission insomuch that being arriv'd at Rome he negotiated that Affair so successfully that the Pope depriv'd Henry of his Dignity and conferr'd it on the Arch-bishop of Canterbury Thomas was no sooner return'd to England but Theobald entrusted him with the management of the Affairs of his Church made him Arch-deacon of it some time after and bestow'd on him many Benefices Afterwards King Stephen dying and Henry II. Duke of Normandy succeeding him Thomas was constituted
Germany where they assisted in the Assembly of Wurtzburg against Pope Alexander and bound themselves by an Oath with the Bishops of Germany to stand for Paschal the Antipope nevertheless they did not forbear to continue their Journey and to meet Alexander to whom they deliver'd the Letter of their Prince who threaten'd to withdraw himself from his Obedience if he did not give him satisfaction as to the affair of Thomas Becket The Pope to advance a Person whom the King thought fit to depress constituted him Legate Thomas Becket maâ—e Legate of the Holy See in England of the Holy See throughout the whole Kingdom of England except the Province of York Thomas being Invested with this new Dignity thought himself obliged to shâ—w the effects of it Therefore he condemn'd and abolish'd the Customs that were publish'd at Clarendon Excommunicated all those who observ'd e'm or caus'd 'em to be observ'd by others sent word to the Bishops that they were by no means oblig'd to the Oath they had taken and threaten'd the King of England with an Anathema On the other side the King to prevent him appeal'd to the Holy See by the advice of the Prelates of Normandy and dispatch'd John of Oxford to Rome to entreat the Pope to send a Legate a latere into England to the end that they might determine or make up the Business However he threatn'd the Monks of Cisteaux to destroy all the Monasteries that they had in his Dominions if they entertain'd the Arch-bishop any longer at Pontigny Therefore he was forc'd to depart from thence and made choice of the Monastery of St. Columba in the City of Sens for the place of his abode He Excommunicated many Persons of the Kingdom of England and some Bishops more especially the Bishop of London his greatest Enemy In the mean while John of Oxford having gain'd the favour of part of the Court of Rome by his Presents assur'd the Pope That the King of England would no longer inâ—ist upon the John of Oxford's Negotiation at Rome Customs that he caus'd to be receiv'd in the Assembly of Clarendon and procur'd William Cardinal Bishop of Pavia to be nominated Legate to determine the Affair of the Arch-bishop of Canterbury but in regard that he might be surpriz'd by reason of the intimate Correspondence that there was between him and the King of England the Pope appointed Cardinal Otho to be his Collegue He also gave Absolution in particular to John of Oxford whom Thomas Becket had Excommunicated granted him the Deanry of Salisbury and Suspended Thomas's Authority till the arrival of his Legates These advantages which it seems the King of England obtain'd at the Court of Rome startled the Arch-bishop of Canterbury and his Friends insomuch that Peter Lombard wrote about it to the Pope as well as Thomas Becket who excepted against the Judgment of the Cardinal of Pavia These two Legates being arriv'd in France inform'd the Arch-bishop of the occasion of their being sent by the Pope and the Cardinal of Pavia told him that he came to put an end to the Difference between him and the King of England Thomas had prepar'd a very sharp Answer but he suppress'd it by the advice of William of Salisbury and wrote to him with greater Moderation The two Legates could not immediately execute their Commission by reason that they were oblig'd to mediate a Peace between the Kings of England and France The Cardinal The Negotiations of the Pope's Legates in England of Pavia openly maintain'd the Interest of the former and gave occasion of complaint to the other nay the Pope upon his sollicitation prohibited Thomas to pronounce any Sentence of Excommunication against the Person of the King of England or of Suspension against his Dominions At last the Legates gave notice to the Arch-bishop to make his appearance on Novemb. 10th A. D. 1168. on the Frontiers of the two Kingdoms but he desir'd and obtain'd a delay for seven days to get together again the Companions of his Exile At last he appear'd with a numerous retinue at Gisors the place appointed for the Conference and there met with the two Legates accompanied by the Arch-bishop of Rouen who represented to him the inflexibility of the King of England and the Calamities that the Church endur'd by the Persecution of which he was the Cause Afterwards they insisted upon the Grandeur and Power of that Prince the Kindness and Respect that he always express'd for the Holy See and the extraordinary Favours that he had Conferr'd on the Arch-bishop of Canterbury They related with exaggeration the complaints that he made against him accusing him of having induc'd the King of France and the Count of Flanders to make War with his Majesty Lastly they exhorted the Arch-bishop to humble himself and to testifie his Obedience to his Sovereign by making a voluntary submission and by suppressing his Anger and the fierceness of his natural Disposition Thomas Becket resolutely made his defence and clear'd himself from the suspicions that the King of England had conceiv'd against him and more especially as to the particular accusation that he had excited the War between that Prince and the King of France who condescended so far as to give Testimony to his Innocence by declarâ—ng upon Oath that it was not true that he sollicited him to undertake that War The Aâ—ch bishop of Canterbuâ—y added that he was well persuaded that a Bishop ought not to have recourse to those sorts of means That he was ready to shew to the King all manner of submission and deference provided that the Glory of God the Honour of the Aposâ—olick See the â—iberty of the Church the Dignity of the Priesthood and the Church-Revenues might receive no detriment They propos'd that he should promise the King to observe all the Customs that were in use in the time of the Arch-bishops his Predecessors or at least that he should tolerate them and conceal his resentments But he would not engage to do either no not so much as to keep silence Then they insisted that he should resign his Archbishoprick in case the King could be prevail'd with to renounce the Customs that were contested but he likewise rejected that Proposal Lastly the Legates asked him whether he were willing to acknowledge them as competent Judges for the deciding of the Differences between him and the King or not He was somewhat perplex'd at this Demand for on the one side he was unwilling openly to disown their Authority and on the other side he did not look upon it as safe that he should be tryed in any other Tribunal but that of the Pope himself Therefore he reply'd That when the Goods and Chattels of which he was depriv'd were restor'd to him he would readily submit to the Judgment of the Pope or to that of any other Persons to whom he should grant a Commission to be his Judges Thus ended this Conference which had no effect Thomas Becket gave
he sought for after the example of his Predecessours who had long ago form'd a Design to bring the Church of Rome under subjection to their Dominion and upon that account favour'd the Schismaticks and excited Divisions in that City That Octavian had absolutely made him the Master of his Fortune that he laid the Marks of the Pontifical Dignity at his Feet and that he afterwards receiv'd from him the Investiture of the Church of Rome by the Ring and Staff causing the Imperial secular Power to triumph over the Priesthood That the Emperor call'd a Council to confirm that Choice and compell'd the Bishops by force to sign a Writing by which they own'd Octavian as lawful Pope That that Writing was full of manifest Untruths and that the Bishops could not by their definitive Sentence render an Election valid that was null in its Original Besides that the Gallican Church which always had the good fortune to maintain Justice and Truth and to afford a Sanctuary to the Popes when persecuted by the German Princes after having examin'd the Elections of Alexander and Octavian in a Council call'd by the King's Order for that purpose had determin'd in favour of the former but that the King had prudently defer'd the Publication of that Resolution by reason of the union between him and the King of England to the end that they might act jointly together That the latter had in like manner sufficiently declar'd on Alexander's behalf in regard that he receiv'd his Letters and more especially protested that he would not own any other Pope having also rejected those of Octavian In the mean while he admonish'd them to take care that Injustice might not prevail over the Truth through the sinister practices of some English Noble-men who gave it out that they were related to Octavian and exhorted them when ever they met together strenuously to maintain the Truth without fear of offending those Opponents In another Letter written to the Cardinals he gives a particular account of divers remarkable Circumstances of the Elections of Alexander and Octavian viz. That the Bishop of Frascati who was the first of the three Electors of the latter being a voluptuous Man took great delight in Feasting and soon retir'd from the Conclave because Dinner-time drew near That one of the two others took it ill that he was deny'd the Office of Chancellor and that the third was Octavian's Kinsman That as soon as those three had given their Votes for him he himself took the Cope and thrâ—w it over his Shoulders with so great Precipitation that that part which ought to lie on the Neck fell to the Ground that he got upon the Papal Throne in that Equipage and that having causâ—d the Doors of the Church to be set open it was immediately fill'd with his Guards who conducted him to the Palace That the King of France call'd an Assembly of the Estates of the Realm as well of the Clergy as of the Nobility to determine which of the two Elections ought to be ratify'd That some were of Opinion that nothing should be done in a hurry about an Affair of that importance and that it ought to be deferr'd for some time longer because it was dangerous to excite a mis-understanding between the King and the Emperor upon that account That they also added that the Church of Rome was always burdensome to Princes that 't was requisite to shake off the Yoke since so fair an Occasion offer'd it self to that purpose that the Death of the two Competitors would put an end to the Contest and that the Government of the Bishops might be sufficient till God should more clearly make known his Will Lastly that the Respect due to the Emperor's Ambassadors who were present and to the King of England whose Sentiments the King of France declar'd himself ready to follow caus'd those Measures to be taken in the Assembly Arnuâ—phus in the end of this Letter advises the Cardinals not to exasperate the King of England by their Threats but to pacifie him since the Obedience of the Kingdoms of England France Spain Ireland and Norway depended on his Declaration Although Arnulphus had done such notable Services to Alexander III. nevertheless that Pope upon the Accusations brought against him by Sylvester Treasurer of his Church and by John Nephew to the Bishop of Seez did not forbear to nominate the Bishops of Mans and Avranches Commissioners to take cognizance of that Cause Arnulphus appear'd before them and William Bishop of Paris and Cardinal was present at the Tryal The Treasurer own'd before the Judges the Falshood of the Complaints that he had made against his Diocesan and promis'd that he would not renew them for the future John still maintain'd what he had averr'd but the Sentence not being favourable to him he appeal'd from that Court to the See of Rome although the Pope gave Commission to the two Bishops to pass Judgment without any Appeal However Arnulphus who upon that account might have exempted himself from going to Rome and might have refus'd to suffer his Cause to be tried again there after having inform'd the Pope of the manner of the Proceedings assur'd his Holiness that he would repair to Rome as soon as it was possible and entreated him to detain John till he arriv'd to shew how that Person and the Bishop of Seez his Uncle have committed a Trespass against the Church and the Holy See He explains this in the following Letter directed to Alexander One of his Relations was sometime Bishop of Seez who substituted Regular Canons in that Church in the room of Secular This Reformation was approv'd by the Popes Honorius II. Eugenius III. and Adrian III. and by Henry II. King of England who made them a Donation These Canons were to have all their Goods in Common according to their Original Institution and the Bishops his Successors were likewise oblig'd before they were install'd to maintain that Settlement The Bishop then incumbent design'd to ruine it or at least to obtain a License of the Pope to confer the Arch-deaconries on Lay-men that he might have wherewithal to bestow on his Nephews and Relations Arnulphus sent word to the Pope That that Bishop palliated his Carnal Affections with the pretence of Piety giving it out That there was not any Person in that Diocess capable of performing those Functions as if the Simplicity of the Canons were not to be preferr'd to the worldly Wisdom of others or in case there were none to be found at Seez worthy of possessing those Benesices some might not be taken out of the Church of St. Victor and St. Rufus He adds that having been Arch-deacon of Seez and educated in that Church he thought himself oblig'd to maintain its Rights and Privileges and that for that reason he judg'd it expedient to certifie his Holiness thereof by a Letter Notwithstanding this Information the Pope granted to the Bishop of Seez a License to Secularize his Arch-deaconry but
JOHN of Salisbury the intimate Friend of Thomas Becket Arch-bishop of Canterbury and his John of Salisbury Bishop of Chartres Companion during his Exile was at last made Bishop of Chartres A. D. 1179. and died three Years after He was one of the most ingenious most polite and most learned Men of that Age as is evident from his Book call'd Pâ—licraticon or A Discovery of the Fopperies of the Lords of the Court Justus Lipsius assures us that many considerable pieces of Purple and Fragments of a better Age are to be found in that Work Peter of Blois in like manner declares that he was even charm'd with it having discover'd therein a well regulated sort of Learning and abundance of Things the Variety of which renders them extremely delightful And indeed 't is an excellent Work treating of the Employments Occupations Functions Vertues and Vices of the Men of the World but more especially of Princes Potentates and great Lords in which is contain'd a vast Treasure of Moral Notions Sentences fine Passages of Authors Examples Apologues Extracts of History common Places c. 'T is divided into Eight Books and compos'd in a plain and concise Style But this Style is more proper for the numerous Letters which the same Author wrote to the Popes Adrian and Alexander to the Kings of England and divers other Princes to Thomas Becket Arch-bishop of Canterbury to several English Bishops and to many other Persons either about general Occurrences and Transactions as the Schism of Octavian the Antipope and the Election of Alexander III. the contest between the Pope and the Emperor Frederick and that between the King of England and the Arch-bishop of Canterbury or relating to particular Affairs of the Churches of England or to certain Points of Doctrine and Discipline As the 172d Letter concerning the Number of Writers of the Canonical Books of the Old and New Testament the 67th about the nullity of a second Marriage which a certain Woman had contracted after she was divorc'd from her former Husband who was a Priest the 68th about the cohabitation of Women with Clerks and the 69th about the Sums of Mony that were exacted of the Vicars of Churches In these Letters he appears to be much addicted to the Interest of Thomas of Canterbury whose conduct nevertheless he sometimes censures and seems likewise to be much devoted to the Pope's Service although he does not always approve every thing that is done at Rome and condemns the Vices of the Cardinals on certain Occasions He openly approves the deposing of the Emperor Frederick and the Proceedings of Pope Alexander against him His Letters are full of Allusions to the Sacred History and of Examples taken out of Holy Scripture in which he also intermixes many Passages of Profane Authors The number of these Letters amounts to 301. and they were printed at Paris A. D. 1611. with the Life of Thomas Becket Arch-bishop of Canterbury by the same Author to whom are likewise attributed certain Commentaries on the Epistles of St. Paul printed at Amsterdam in 1646. PETER of BLOIS Arch-Deacon of Bath PETER sirnam'd of Blois from the Place of his Nativity deriving his extraction from Peter of Blois Arch-deacon of Bath Bretagne study'd the Liberal Sciences at Paris the Civil and Canon Law at Bononia and after having attain'd to a profound skill in all sorts of Humane Learning apply'd himself entirely to the Study of Divinity under the Tuition of John of Salisbury Bishop of Chartres It is also probable that Peter of Blois was Canon of that City however having pass'd into Sicily A. D. 1167. with Stephen the Son of the Count of Perche and the Cousin of the Queen of Sicily he was chosen Tutor and afterwards Secretary to William II. King of Sicily but he was soon oblig'd to leave that Country when Stephen Count of Perche who was made Chancellor of the Kingdom and Arch-bishop of Palermo was banish'd from thence Upon his return to France he was invited over into England by King Henry II. and after having spent some time at Court he retir'd to the Palace of Richard Arch-bishop of Canterbury and became his Chancellor He was sent by that Arch-bishop to King Henry II. and to the Popes Alexander III. and Urban III. to negotiate Affairs relating to the Church of Canterbury and after the Death of King Henry he continued for some time in the Court of Queen Eleonora In the end of his Life he was depriv'd of the Arch-Deaconry of Bath which was conferr'd on him at his arrival in England but some time after he obtain'd that of London in the discharging of which Duty he took a great deal of pains and enjoy'd only a small Revenue He died in England A. D. 1200. Peter de Blois himself made a Collection of his Letters by the Order of Henry II. King of England as he intimates in his first Letter directed to that Prince in which he observes That they are not all alike that sometimes the great number of urgent Affairs oblig'd him to write with less accuracy that sometimes the Subject did not allow him to enlarge and that sometimes the meanness of the Capacity of those Persons to whom he wrote constrain'd him to make use of a more plain Style He excuses himself for citing profane Authors as also for speaking freely and even for presuming to reprove his Prince He protests that to the best of his remembrance he never wrote any thing with a Design to Flatter but that Integrity and an unfeigned Zeal for maintaining the Truth always excited him to set Pen to Paper The Second is a Letter of Consolation directed to the same King on the Death of his Son Henry III. in which he induces him to hope for the Salvation of that young Prince who died in a course of Repentance In the Third he severely reprehends a certain great Lord who had reproach'd his Chaplain with the meanness of his Birth and gives him to understand that none ought to be puff'd up either upon account of Nobility or Riches In the Fourth he congratulates the Prior of Cisteaux upon the Tranquillity he enjoy'd in his Solitude protesting that he even envy'd his Condition and entreats the same Prior to remember him in his Prayers and Oblations In the Fifth he reproves Richard the Successor of Thomas Becket in the Arch-bishoprick of Canterbury for applying himself with greater earnestness to the maintenance of the Temporal Interests of his Church than to the Spiritual Government of his Diocess remonstrating that his Diocesans and Prince are very much scandaliz'd at those Proceedings In the Sixth to wipe off the reproaches that a certain School-Master who undertook to teach the Liberal Sciences had put upon the Clerks who live in the Palaces of Bishops he asserts That his Profession was more contrary to the Ecclesiastical Function than the conduct of those Clergy-men In the Seventh he rebukes a Professor who was addicted to Drunkenness In the Eighth he
his Church with a design to travel In the Hundred forty ninth he complains that they were about to deprive him of his Arch-deaconry in the end of his Life In the Hundred and fiftieth he mollifies what he had said in the fourteenth Letter against those Clergy-men who reside in the Courts of Princes In the Hundred fifty first he entreats Pope Innocent III. to augment the Revenues of the Arch-deaconry of London which was lately conferr'd upon him He gives his Holiness to understand that there were about Forty thousand Men within the Jurisdiction of his Arch-deaconry and above One hundred and twenty Churches nevertheless that he was not able to collect any of the Duties that are customably paid to the Arch-deacons In the Hundred fifty second he entreats that Pope to change a Chapter of which he was Dean into a Monastery of the Cistercian Order The Hundred fifty third is written in the Name of Retrou Arch-bishop of Roan and of Arnulphus Bishop of Lisieux to Henry II. King of England in which they give him an account of the Negociations in the Court of the King of France where they were sent by that Prince The Hundred fifty fourth is likewise written in the Name of the same Arch-bishop who entreats Eleonora Queen of England and her Sons to be reconcil'd with King Henry II. In the Hundred fifty fifth Letter that Arch-bishop excuses himself to the Prior and Monks of La Charite for not retiring to their Convent by reason that he could not leave his Flock during the War The following Letters to the Hundred eighty third and last contain nothing very remarkable as to Ecclesiastical Affairs and many of them are Consolatory There is no Author who has fill'd his Letters with a greater number of Quotations out of the Holy Scriptures and Ecclesiastical and Profane Writings than Peter of Blois insomuch that they are scarce any thing else but a Contexture of such Passages That which is properly his own Matter is full of Antitheses and Puns However he discourses with much freedom sharply reproves Vices and maintains Church Discipline and the Ecclesiastical Constitutions His Sermons are written almost after the same manner as his Letters in a concise and sententious Style to the number of Sixty five neither does he explain therein the Points of Morality in their utmost extent but he fills them with divers Maxims and Notions which are accompanied with no other Ornaments but Antitheses and nice Comparisons of Words But he handles Matters more at large in his Tracts which are Seventeen in Number The First is a Moral Discourse on the Transfiguration of JESUS CHRIST The Second is another Discourse of the same Nature on St. Paul's Conversion The Third is a compendious Chronicle on the beginning and the end of the Book of Job The Fourth is a very pathetical Exhortation to induce the Christian Princes to send succours to the Holy Land The Fifth is an Instruction written in the Name of Pope Alexander III. to the Sultan of Iconium The Sixth is a Treatise of Sacramental Confession and Penance The Seventh is a Tract concerning the Functions and Qualities of a Confessor and the manner how he ought to demean himself in the Administration of the Sacrament of Penance The Eighth piece call'd the Episcopal Canon contains Instructions for Bishops The Ninth is an Invective against one who pass'd a Censure on his Works and charg'd him with being a Flatterer of Princes and a false Accuser of Clergy-men and Monks He clears himself from both Imputations by producing a Catalogue of his Writings in which he asserts there is nothing to be found that can convict him of what was laid to his charge and several particulars to the contrary He enlarges in Commendation of the Monastick Life and explains some Passages of his Works that were objected against him and amongst others what he had laid down concerning Free Will which he was accus'd of having confounded with Grace He maintains That the former is supported by and depends on the latter after such a manner that the Mercy of God is not prejudicial to Merit nor Grace to Free Will The Tenth is a Treatise against the Jews in which he has accurately collected all the Prophecies that relate to JESUS CHRIST The Eleventh is a large Treatise of Christian Friendship of the Love of God and Charity to our Neighbour in which he insists on the Causes Duties Parts and Effects of those Vertues The Twelfth is of the Usefulness of Afflictions of which he shews the several Advantages The Thirteenth call'd What are they quales sunt is a Satyr against unworthy Pastors He justifies at first what he is about to write against them and declares that 't is not his design to attack the Worthy Pastors but only the Unworthy who have no Faith who have not enter'd the Sheep-fold through the Gate who do not deserve the Names of Pastor Pope Bishop or Prelate because they have not any of the Qualities signified by those Terms who enrich their Relations with the Church-Revenues who confer Canonries and other Spiritual Livings upon them or who being of mean Extraction and of an unknown Family are endu'd with no generous Principles but with a great deal of sorbid Baseness without Humility whose Dignity soon corrupts their Manners He shews that these sorts of Bishops ought not to be flatter'd but that their Faults ought to be expos'd to the end that those Persons who present themselves to be admitted into Holy Orders may be duely examin'd and that a considerable time may be taken to be well assur'd of their demeanour and of their Course of Life The Fourteenth is a Fragment of a Letter that he wrote about Silence The Fifteenth is a Fragment of his Book of the Changes of Fortune The Sixteenth is a Tract concerning the Sacred Books and Writers of the Old and New Testament The Seventeenth is a Poetical Piece on the Eucharist The first Edition of Peter of Blois's Works was printed at Mentz the second at Paris A. D. 1519 the third at Mentz in 1600. by Busaeus who annex'd an Addition of some Tracts in 1605. This Edition was copied out in the Bibliotheca Patrum printed at Colen but in all these Editions the Sermons of Peter Comestor were inserted instead of those of Peter of Blois At last M. de Goussainville publish'd a new Edition of all Peter of Blois's Works in which are to be found the Genuine Sermons of that Author printed at Paris in 1667. This was follow'd in the last Bibliotheca Patrum set forth at Lyons STEPHEN Bishop of Tournay STEPHEN Abbot of St. Genevieve and afterwards Bishop of Tournay was born at Orleans Stephen Bishop of Tournay A. D. 1135. and compleated his Studies in the Schools of the Cathedral Churches of that City and of Chartres He apply'd himself more especially to that of the Canon-Law and became a Regular Canon in 1165. in the Monastery of St. Everte where St. Victor's Rule was
Victor is present and where the Emperor is incens'd against the King by reason that Alexander was not come according as he had engag'd to bring him and having the strongest Party designs to take him Prisoner but the King is deliver'd from this trouble by the Army that the King of England had caus'd to march that way XX. John de Bellemains is ordain'd Bishop of Poitiers Peter Abbot of Celles is translated to the Abbey of St. Remigius at Rheims Geffrey Abbot of Igny succeeds Fastredus in the Abbey of Clairvaux A Conferance at Avignon which was propos'd by the Emperor to put an end to the Schism but was broke off by reason that Pope Alexander refus'd to appear Hugh of Pâ—â—tiers a Monk of Verelay Albert Abbot of Hildesheim John of Heram Provost of Hagulstadt Falstredus Abbot of Claiâ—vaux 1163 IV. XII XXI Henry the Brother of the King of France is translated from the Bishoprick of Beauvais to the Archbishoprick of Rheims John Dean of Orleans is assassinated by a certain Lord from whom he endeavour'd to recover some Goods belonging to the Chapter of Orleans which he had Usurp'd The beginning of the Contests between Henry II. King of England and Thomas Becket Arch-bishop of Canterbury A Council at Tours held in the Pope's Presence May 28. against the Anti-pope Victor and his Adherents and against the Hereticks of this Age. An Assembly at Westminster in which Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury incurs the Displeasure of the King of England by refusing to observe the Customs of the Kingdom without any Limitation A Council at Sens concerning the Murder of John Dean of the Church of Orleans Arnold Bishop of Lisieuâ— pronounces his Discourse concerning the Unity and Liberty of the Church in the Councâ—l at Tours 1164 V. The Death of the Anti-pope Victor at Lucca His Adherents and Followers proceed to the choice of Guy of Crema who assumes the Name of Paschal III. XIII XXII Thomas Becket Arch-bishop of Canterbury repents of what he did in the Assembly at Clarendon and abstains from celebrating Divine Service till the Pope who then resided at Sens had given him Absolution for that Offence The King of England sends to the Pope to desire that the Arch-bishop of York may be made Legate of the Holy See in England and that the Customs of this Kingdom may be confirm'd by its Authority and observ'd by the Bishops of England The Pope only grants the Office of Legate to the Archbishop of York with this restriction that the same Legate shou'd have no Jurisdiction over the Person of the Archbishop of Canterbury and that the Bishops shou'd continue to obey him as their Primate Thomas Becket retires to France after the Sessions of the Assembly at Clarendon which requir'd him to resign his Archbishoprick He is very favourably receiv'd by the French King and the Pope who orders him to keep his Station of Archbishop William of Champagne the fourth of the Brothers of Adella Queen of France is chosen Bishop of Chartres after the Death of Robert Maurice de Sully succeeds Peter Lombard in the Bishoprick of Paris Richard of St. Victor is constituted Prior of that Monastery An Assembly at Clarendon held in the Month of January in which Thomas Arch-bishop of Canterbury and the other Prelates of England are compell'd to confirm certain Customs of the Kingdom and to oblige themselves by Oath to observe 'em without restriction An Assembly at Northamton against Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury Richard of St. Victor Hugh Monk of St. Saviour at Lodeve Laurence a Monk of Liege St Hildegarda Abbess The Death of Peter Lombard Bishop of Paris 1165 VI. Alexander returns to Italy and makes his publick entry into Rome in the Month of November XIV The Nativity of Philip fir-nam'd Augustus King of France XXIII Stephen who was sometime Bishop of Tournay becomes a Regular Canon in the Monastery of St. Everte at Orleans  Philip de Harveng Abbot of Bonne Esperance Alanus Bishop of Auxerre John of Salisbury Arnold Bishop of Lisieux Adamus Scotus Geffrey Arthur Bishop of St. Asaph The Death of St. Elizabeth Abbess of Schonaw 1166 VII XV. The Emperor Frederick marches into Italy with an Army to put the Anti-pope Paschal in Possession of the See of Rome XXIV Alexis Aristenes Oeoconomus or Steward of the Church of Constantinople cites in the Synod of that City the 37th Canon of the Council in Trullo against Nicephoruâ—s Patriarch of Jerusalem The Deputies of the King of England having assisted at the Assembly of Wurtzburg repair to Rome there to demand satisfaction as to the Affair of Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury The Pope returns an Answer to the King their Master with so much Resolution that this Prince is oblig'd to disown what these Deputies had done in the Assembly of Wurtzburg Thomas Becket Arch-bishop of Canterbury is Constituted Legate of the Holy See in England and in that Character condemns and abrogates the Customs that were Publish'd at Clarendon Excommunicates all those that shou'd observe or cause 'em to be observ'd and threatens the King of England with an Anathema A Synod of Constantinople held by Lucas Chrysobergius Patriarch of that City An Assembly at Wurtzburg held on the Festâ—ival of Whitsuntide in which the Emperor obliges by Oath the greater part of the Lords and Prelats of whom it was compos'd to acknowledge no other Pope but Paschal The Deputies of the King of England who was at variance with Pope Alexander by reason of the Differences between him and Thomas Arch-bishop of Canterbury take the same Oath Peter of Cellos Gilbert Foliot The Death of St. Aelred Abbot of Reverby 1167 VIII XVI The Emperor defeats the Romans in a Battel makes himself Master of part of the City of Rome and of St. Peter's Church But the Diseases that rage in his Army afterwards oblige him to retire speedily to Lombardy XXV John of Oxford deputed to Rome by the King of England obtains a promise of the Pope that he wou'd send two Legates to determine the Affair of the Archbishop of Canterbury and causes the Authority of the Arch-bishop to be suspended till the arrival of those two Legates Michael Anchialus is advanc'd to the Patriarchal See of Constantinople William of Tyre is made Arch-Deacon of that Church Peter of Blois repairs to Sicily where he 's chosen to be Tutor and afterward Secretary to William II. King of Sicily Geffrey Prior of Vigeois is ordain'd Priest by Giraldus Bishop of Cahors  Hugh of Poitiers Monk of Vezelay compleats his History of the Monastery Michael Anchisalus Patriarch of Constantinople The Death of Lucas Chrysobergius Patriarch of Constantinople The Death of of Wolbero Abbot of St. Pantaleon at Colen 1168 IX The Italians animated by the Sentence of the Council of Lateran revolt against the Emperor own Pope Alexander and expel the Schismatical Bishops XVII XXVI William of Champagne is translated from the Bishoprick of Chartres to the Archbishoprick of Sens. Thomas
relief of the Holy Land A Fast appointed by this Pope during five Years on all the Fridays from Advent till Christmass with abstaining from Flesh on Wednesdays and Saturdays Robert de Bar succceeds Peter de Celles in the Bishoprick of Chartres  Theorianus Hugo Etherianus Robertus Paululus Gervase a Priest of Chichester Odo Abbot of Bel. Cardinal Laborant Geffrey Prior of Vigeois Thierry or Theodoric a Monk Joannes Burgundus The Death of Peter de Celles Bishop of Chartres on the 17. day of February 1188 I. After a Vacancy of 20. days CLEMENT III. is Elected in the place of Gregory VIII January 6. XXXVII III. Philip Augustus King of France imposes a Tax in his Kingdom for his Voyage to the Levant which is call'd by the Name of Saladin's Tithes   1189 II. XXXVIII Henry II. King of England dies and Richard his Son succeeds him The Kings of England and France set forward in their Journey to the Holy Land The Queen Mother and her Brother William of Champagne Cardinal Archbishop of Rheims obtain the Government of France during the King's absence William the Good King of Sicily dies without Issue Constance his Aunt the Wife of Henry the Son of the Emperor lays claim to the Succession but Tancred the Natural Brother of the Princess gets possession of the Kingdom IV. William Bishop of Ely and Legate of the See of Rome in England is made Regent of the Kingdom during the absence of King Richard who is about to undertake an Expedition to the Holy Land   1190 III. XXXIX The Death of the Emperor Frederick in the Levant His Son Henry IV. succeeds him The Kings of England and France arrive in the Month of August at Messina and reside there above six Months V.   Neophytus John Bishop of Lydda The Death of Richard Prior of Hagulstadt 1191 I. Clement III. dies April 10. and CELESTIN III. is substituted in his place I. Henry is Crown'd Emperor by Pope Celestin and his Wife Constance Empress Richard K. of England takes possession of the Kingdom of Cyprus carries off a rich Booty from thence and gives this Kingdom to Guy of Lusignan in exchange for that of Jerusalem which Richard hop'd ere long to wrest out of the Hands of the Infidels VI. Evrard d'Avesnes Bishop of Tournay dying Peter Chanter of the Church of Paris is chosen in his place but William Archbishop of Rheims opposes this Election and causes Stephen Abbot of St. Genevieve at Paris to be Elected the next Year The taking of the City of Acre by the Christians from the Infidels in the Levant Pope Celestin orders the Bishops of England to Excommunicate all those that shou'd refuse to obey the Bishop of Ely Regent of the Kingdom   1192 II. The Pope Excommunicates the Emperor because he detains Prisoner Richard King of England II. Richard K. of England is taken Prisoner in returning from the Holy Land by Leopold Duke of Austria and deliver'd up to the Emperor Henry who confines him 14 Months During his Imprisonment John his Brother sir-nam'd Without Land gets Possession of the Kingdom of England VII The Pope confirms the Rights and Privileges of the Churches and Kingdom of Scotland The Canonization of St. Ubald Bishop of Eugubio Stephen of Tournay causes his Nephew to be chosen in his place Abbot of St. Genevieve at Paris  Baldwin of Devonshire Archbishop of Canterbury dies in the Levant this Year or in the following 1193 III. III. Philip King of France Marries Batilda according to some Authors or Isemburga as others will have it the Sister of Canutus King of Denmark but is Divorced from her some time after under pretence of being too near a kin VIII George Xiphylin is chosen Patriarch of Constantinople  Demetrius Tornicius writes this Year his Treatise of the Procession of the Holy Ghost 1194 IV. IV. Richard K. of England being released out of Prison resumes the Government of his Kingdom IX The Pope appoints the Bishop of Lincoln to take Cognisance of the Misdemeanors and Crimes committed by Geffrey Archbishop of York Michael de Corbeil Dean of the Church of Paris who had been chosen Patriarch of Jerusalem is made Arch-bishop of Sens.  The Death of Joannes Burgundus or John Burguignon Magistrate of Pisa. 1195 V. V. X. Isaacus Angelus is depos'd and ALEXIS ANGELUS is plac'd on the Imperial Throne I. The Pope Constitutes Hubert Archbishop of Canterbury his Legate in England and enjoyns the Bishops of this Kingdom to submit to his Authority He grants a Commission to Simon Dean of the Church of York to govern that Church and Summons Geffrey who was Archbishop of it to appear at Rome to clear himself there of the Crimes laid to his Charge A Synod at York held in the Month of June A Council at Montpellier in the Month of December Gauterius a Regular Canon of St. Victor Thierry or Theodoric Abbot Ogerus Abbot of Lucedia and of Mount St. Michael Robert de Torigny Otho de St. Blaise John Brompton Abbot of Jorval Lupus Proâ—â—spatus Alulphus Monk of St. Martin at Tâ—â—nay Isaac Abbot of L'Etoile 1196 VI. VI. The Emperor Henry marches into Italy with a numerous Army and makes himself Master of Sicily which belong'd to his Dominions in right of his Wife He treats the Sicilians so cruelly that this Princess Commiserating their Misfortunes constrains her Husband by force to grant 'em a Peace upon reasonable Terms II. Eustach is ordain'd Bishop of Ely in England in the place of William Odo de Sully succeeds Maurice in the Bishoprick of Paris  Henry Abbot of Clairvaux The Death of Maurice de Sully Bishop of Paris September 3. Gilbert of Sempringham Peter Abbot of Clairvaux Garnerius Abbot of Clairvaux Nicolas a Canon of Liege Sibrandus Abbot of Mariegarde 1197 VII The Pope consents that Frederick the Son of the Emperor Henry shou'd be Crown'd King of Sicily for 1000 Marks of Silver to be paid to him and as many to the Cardinals VII The Death of the Emperor Henry at Messina The Right of Succession to the Empire is disputed between Philip the Brother of Henry and Otho Duke of Saxony III. The Archbishop of Messina going to consult the Pope about the deceas'd Emperor who dy'd Excommunicated cannot obtain a License for the Interring of that Prince in Consecrated Ground but with the consent of Richard King of England and after having restor'd the sum of Money that was exacted for his Ransom Jourdain du Hommel is ordain'd Bishop of Lisieux Under his Government the Building of the Cathedral of Lisieux was finish'd and that Church was much enrich'd by the Liberality of this Bishop  Bertrand Abbot of la Chaise-Dieu Radulphus Tortarius Christina a Monk of Clairvaux Gauterius of Chatillon Thomas a Monk of Chichester Garnerius a Monk of St. Victor The Death of Peter Comestor Dean of St. Peter at Troyes Robert of Flamesbury Bartholomew Bishop of Oxford 1198 VIII Celestin III. dies Jan.
Henry Duke of Bavaria but understanding that William was in his march to set upon him with a numerous Army he betook himself back again into Apuleia where he died not without suspicion of being poisoned by his Brother Manfred the 22d of May in 1254 leaving his Son Conradine Heir to Sicily Manfred who did not care for The Government of Manfred in Sicily parting with Sicily pretended a desire of being friends with the Pope and thereupon invites him to come to Sicily Accordingly the Pope comes with an Army to make himself acknowledged Soveraign of that Kingdom but Manfred quickly picks a quarrel with him and routs part of his Army which so seized upon Innocent's Spirits that he died at Naples the 7th of December 1254. Alexander the 4th who succeeded him did not lay down his Predecessor's design upon Sicily but he had no better fortune Manfred defeated his Troops and made himself Master of Apuleia and Sicily The Pope seeing he was not able to maintain this War gave the Kingdom to Edmund Son of the King of England and dispensed with the Vow of that King to go for the Holy Land on condition he would make war upon Manfred against whom he also appointed a Crusade While Manfred was strengthening himself in the Kingdom of Sicily Ecelin who took the Troubles in the Empire and Italy part of Frederick's Heirs had made himself master of Lombardy and the Pope to drive him from thence had published a Crusade against him too at Venice The greatest part of Germany had acknowledged William for their Soveraign and as he was preparing to take a journey into Italy there to receive the Imperial Crown he was forced to march against the Friezlanders who had entered into Holland but going against them he fell into a Fen that was frozen and was there killed by an Ambuscade of his Enemies in December 1256. After his death the German Princes were divided about the Election of an Emperor some of them declaring for Richard Brother to the King of England and the others for Alphonsus King of The Elections of Alphonsus and Richard to the Empire Castile The former was Elected at Francfort on the Octave of the Epiphany in the year 1257 by Conrade Archbishop of Cologn who was also Proxy for Gerard Archbishop of Mentz by Lewis Count Palatine of the Rhine and Henry Duke of Bavaria the other in Lent by Arnold Archbishop of Treves as Proxy for the King of Bohemia the Duke of Saxony the Marquiss of Brandenburgh and many other Princes Thus did the German Princes basely sell the Honor of their Nation and their own Votes to Strangers who for many years together disputed the Empire without ever agreeing the matter All which time Lombardy was the Seat of the War between the Guelphs and Gibelines of the former of which Albert of the latter Ecelin was the Head The latter was wounded and taken Prisoner in 1260 and died of his wounds after having for four and thirty years been master of the most considerable Cities in Lombardy His death set Italy at rest which was not long after broken by the War between the Venetians and Genouese Richard and Alphonsus were elected Emperors but got nothing by it save the bare Title Alphonsus never set foot in Germany and Richard being come to Francfort after having spent all that he was worth was forced to return to England In their absence Ottogar King of Bohemia extended his Dominions in Germany so that in a short time he was become one of the most powerful Princes in Europe In Italy Urban the 4th who succeeded Alexander had published a Crusade against Manfred and all that sided with him in Apuleia or Lombardy and stirred up some French Lords to come into Italy Manfred on his part entred with his Troops into the Estate of the Church and to strengthen himself against the Pope entred into an Alliance with Jame's the 3d King of Arragon by marrying his Daughter Constantia to Peter the King 's eldest Son The Pope on his side seeing that Edmund could not prosecute the Conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily by reason of the Troubles that were in England invested Charles Earl of Anjou Brother of St. Louis therewith who came to Rome in 1265 and was there crown'd King of Sicily on the 28th of June by Clement the 4th Urban's Successor Charles Earl of Anjou defeats Manfred and seizes himself upon Sicily who also made him Senator of that City He was followed with an Army by Sea and Land and giving Battel to Manfred on the 26th of February the following year near Benevento he gained an absolute and bloody Victory over his Troops Manfred himself being killed upon the spot After his Death the Kingdom of Sicily submitted to the Conqueror but Conradin whose right this Kingdom was wrote a Letter to the Princes of Europe wherein he laid open the justice of his Pretensions and implored their assistance for its recovery He got together an Army composed for the most part of Voluntiers with which by the advice Conradin disputes the Kingdom of Sicily with Charles he is defeated and executed of Henry Brother of Alphonsus he made a Descent into Tuscany where he surprized and cut in pieces those Forces which Charles whom the Pope had constituted Vicar of the Empire in that Country had left there and at the same time Conrade a Son of one of the Emperor Frederick's Bastards who was come from Antioch drew off all Sicily from their Obedience except Messma and Palermos while Conradin by the assistance of the Gibelines made himself Master of all Tuscany and Romagna and entred in Triumph into Rome where he was proclaimed Emperor by the People But being entred into Campania with a design to go into Sicily Charles met him at the Lake of Fucin called the Lake of Celano where he gave him Battel on the 25th of August 1268 in which Charles got the day Conradin Frederick Duke of Austria and Henry of Castile betook themselves to flight but happening to be known in the way were brought back again to the Conqueror who put them into prison and gave them their Trial the next year Conradin and Frederick were put to death and Henry of Castile confined to Prison Just about the same time too Conrade was taken by some of Charles's Party who hanged him up and a short time after Entius the only one remaining of the Princes of Suabia died in his Prison of Bologna Thus unhappily perished the whole Race of the Emperor Frederick The House of Austria quickly succeeded that of Suabia in Glory and Power for Richard The Election of Rodolphus to the Empire and his Actions being dead and Alphonsus having no friends left him in Germany the Electors assembled themselves in October 1273 at Francfort according to the counsel of Pope Gregory X. and there elected Rodolphus Earl of Hapsburg without any regard had to the Remonstrances of the Deputies of Alphonsus or
of the Writers of the Order of Citeaux The Life of St. Engelbert in the Month November of Surius and at Cologn in 1633 with the Notes of Gelenius and the Homilies published by Andrew Coppenstein with the Title of A Collection of Moral Discourses printed at Cologn in 1615. He also was the Author of other Sermons and other Works whereof there is a Catalogue in a Letter of his which Andrew Coppenstein has published at the beginning of the Collection STEPHEN of Langton tho an Englishman after having gone through the course of his Stephen of Langton Studies at Paris was chosen Chancellor of that University and Canon of Paris where he for a good while professed Divinity explaining the Holy Scripture with no small reputation He was afterwards made Dean of Rheims and at last sent for to Rome by Innocent III who made him Cardinal The Archbishoprick of Canterbury falling he was chosen by some of the Canons and consecrated by the Pope at Viterbâ— the 17th of June in 1206 but John King of England would not acknowledg him as not having been chosen by the best and wisest part of the Chapter nor suffer him to enter into possession of the Church Stephen straight has recourse to Ecclesiastical Censures and interdicts the Kingdom of England The King did not think himself obliged to submit to the Interdict but at last the poor condition of his Affairs having forced him to yield to the Pope he was likewise obliged to acknowledg Stephen for Archbishop This Prelate was not long faithful to him but took part with Lewis Son of Philip King of France and remain'd his Friend till the Death of John after which he found a way to get himself for a Sum of Mony discharged from the crime of Rebellion He died the 9th of July in 1228 in his House in the plane of Slindon in the County of Sussex There are in the Libraries of England and other places a great number of Manuscript Commentaries of this Author upon the Holy Scripture but there are not any of them printed We have only his History of the Translation of the Body of St. Thomas at the end of that Arch-Bishop's Letters printed at Brussels in 1682. The latter which he wrote to King John and that Prince's Answer in the third Tome of Father Dachery's Spicilegium and eighty eight Orders made in the Council which he held at Oxford in 1222 of which we shall have occasion to speak ALEXANDER NECKHAM an Englishman Native of Hertford after having Alexander Neckham studied in England perfected himself in the Academys of France and Italy and returning into his own Country was made a Regular Canon of St. Austin at Exeter and afterwards Abbot of the Monastry in that City in 1215 and died 1227. He is the Author of divers Works which have not yet seen the light lying buried in the obscurity of some English Libraries among others A Commentary upon the four Gospels An Exposition of Ecclesiastes A Commentary upon the Song of Songs The Praises of the Divine Wisdom A Treatise of the nature of things The Clearing of a Library which contains an Explanation of many places of the Holy Scripture HELINAND a Monk of the Abby of Froimont of the Order of Citeaux in the Diocess Helinand of Beauvais flourished about the beginning of this Century and died in 1227. He composed a Chronological History from the beginning of the World to the year 1204 the four last Books of which were published by Father Tissier in the 8th Tome of his Library of the Writers of the Order of Citeaux with some Sermons and a Letter to Walter an Apostate Monk about the Recovery of a Man fallen into that condition He has likewise written the Martyrdorn of St. Gereon and his Companions related by Surius in the tenth of October The Verses upon Death published by Loisel are ascribed to him In the Library of Longpont there 's a Manuscript Treatise of this Author 's upon the Apocalypse and in other Libraries a Treatise in praise of a Monastical Life and another of the Government of Princes Trithemius and others speak well of this Author but for all that there is more of Labour in his History than of Judgment for 't is nothing but a Collection from other Authors made without any discretion His other Works are but little worth About the same time flourished CONRADE of Litchtenau Abbot of Urspurg in the Diocess Conrade of Augsburg who composed a Chronicle from Belus King of Assyria to the year 1229 taken from divers Authors It contains many remarkable things about the History of Germany in his time and the foregoing Centuries He was made Abbot of Urspurg in 1215 and died in 1240. St. FRANCIS born in the year 1182 at Assisi Founder of the Order of Minor Friars or St. Francis Minims died in 1226. He not only by his Example taught us Humility Patience Submission and Freedom from the Cares of the World but likewise by his Writings which are the Picture of his Vertues Here 's a Catalogue of those that were published under the name of this Saint by Father de la Haye and printed at Paris in 1641 with the Works of St. Antony of Padua Sixteen Letters Advice to those of his Order containing twenty seven Chapters An Exhortation to Humility Obedience and Patience A Treatise of the Virtues of the Virgin and of every Soul A little Piece of true and perfect Joy An Explanation of the Lord's Prayer The Praise of the Lord God Most High eleven Prayers His Will Two Orders for his Religious A Rule for the Monastrys The Statute of the third Order Twenty eight Conferences The Office of the Passion Three Songs upon the Love of God of Apothegms of familiar Discourses of Parables and Examples of Benedictions of Oracles and common Sentences There are likewise seven Sermons giving the Reasons for the establishing of this Order of Minor Brothers and a little Treatise of the ten Perfections of a true Religious and of a real Christian. St. ANTONY Sirnamed of Padua because he died in 1231 in that City was born at St. Antony Lisbon in Portugal After having professed Divinity at Thoulouse Bologn and Padua he became St. Francis's Disciple and entred into his Order He applied himself particularly to preaching and was in his Time accounted a very neat Preacher tho his Sermons seem to us now very plain and empty They have been printed at Paris in 1521 at Venice in 1575 and since at Paris again in 1641 by the care of Father de la Hay who has also presented us with a mystical Exposition of this Author upon the Holy Scriptures and five Books of moral Concordances upon the Bible And lastly Father Pagi has added a Supplement of some Sermons upon the Saints and other matters which he got printed at Avignon in 1684. RICERUS an Italian of the Marquisate of Ancona one of the Companions of St. Frances Ricerus of Assisi has
the Council from Florence to Rome by the Bull of Eugenius dated May the 3d. An Assembly at Frankfurt for the holding a New General Council Flavius Blondus John Ernest. Henry of Werlis Andrew of Utreckt Flourish'd Leonard Aretin died the 9th of March aged 74 Years The Death of Gerard of Stredam Augustine of Rome died in this Year or rather in 1445. 1443 XIII IV. XXI 1443. A Letter of the Eastern Patriarchs against Metrophanes Patriarch of Constantinople The Death of Metrophanes on the 1st of August Gregory the Protosyncelle chosen in his room A Council at Jerusalem against Metrophanes the Patriarch of Constantinople held in the Month of April A Translation of the Council of Basil to Lausane by the Decree of May the 16th An Assembly at Nuremberg held about the Feast of St. Martin for the Peace of the Church  1444 XIV V. XXII 1444. Decrees of the Pope Eugenius for the Syrians Caldeans Nestorians Maronites and other Sects in the East  The Birth of Aelius Anthony le Brixa or Nebrissensis St. Bernardin of Siena died the 20th of May. The Death of Julian Caesâ—in a Cardinal 1445 XV. VI. XXIII The Death of the Emperor John Manuel Palaeologus on the 31st of October His Son Constantine succeeded him 1445. The Council of Roan The Death of John Tudeschus who was call'd Panormitanus 1446 XVI VII I. 1446.  St. Antonine is made Archbishop of Naples in the Month of February Albert of Sarciano wrote his Treatise about the Rebukes that were due to Insolent Men. Nicolas Cusanus was nominated Cardinal December 20th Bartholomew a Carthusian died the 12th of July The Death of William Lyndwood 1447 The Death of Eugenius IV. Febr. the 23d Nicolas V. is chosen in his room on the 6th of March. VIII II. 1447.   1448 II. IX III. 1448. The Council of Anger 's Gerard Machel died the 17th of July 1449 III. Felix Renounced the Papal Dignity and so put an end to the Schism X. IV. 1449.  Matthew Palmier finish'd his Chronicle John of Stavelo finish'd his Chronicle and died 1450 IV. XI V. 1450.  John of Turrecremata is promoted to the Bishoprick of Ozenle in Gallicia which he quitted for that of Albano in Italy Laurence Justinian is advanc'd to the Dignity of Patriarch of Aquileia John Capgrave John Canales Flourish'd The Death of Albert of Sarciano 1451 V. XII VI. Amirath the Emperor of the Turks dies in the Month of February and his Son Mahomet II. succeeded him 1451. A Censure of the Faculty of Theology at Paris against two Propositions contrary to the Rights of Parish-Priests advanc'd at Roan by John Bartholomew of the Order of Friars Minors  John of Hagen or of Indagine James of Clusa of Paradise or Junterbuck Flourish'd 1452 VI. XIII VII 1452.  Henry Kaltesein is made Archbishop of Nidrosia or Dront in Norway and of Caesarea The Death of Peter of Jeremy 1453 VII XIV VIII The Taking of the City of Constantinople by the Turks under the Command of Mahomet II on the 29th of May. The Emperor Constantine was kill'd in it and the Empire of the Greeks at Constantinople ended in his Person 1453. The Pope imposes Tenths upon the Clergy for a War against the Turks   1454 VIII XV. John II. King of Castile died the 10th of July Henry IV. his Son succeeded him  1454.  The Death of Alphonsus Tostatus 1455 The Death of Nicolas V. on the 25th of March. Callistus III. is chosen in his room on the 8th of April XVI  1455. The beginning of the Contest between Sigismund Duke of Austria and the Cardinal of Cusa about the execution of the Cardinals Jurisdiction in his Bishoprick of Brixen The Duke is cited by the Pope  Laurence Justinian dies on the 8th of January The Death of John of Anagnia 1456 II.  XVII 1456. An Appeal made by the University of Paris from a Bull of Pope Nicolas V. against the Rights of Parish-Priests in favour of the Regulars Mendicants who are Expell'd the University A Revocation of that Bull by Calistus III. The Council of Soissons St. John Capistran dies the 3d of October aged 71 Years 1457 III.  XVIII 1457. The Regulars Mendicants renounce the Bull and are at last restor'd to the University The Pope imposes Tenths for a War against the Turks   1458 The Death of Callistus III. on the 6th of August Pius II. is chosen on the 19th of the same Month. I.  XIX Alphonsus King of Arragon dies at Naples on the 27th of June John his Brother succeeds him 1458. Pope Pius renews the Censures of his Predecessor against the Duke of Austria who appeals from him to a Council and Gregory of Heimburg draws up the Act of Appeal  Alphonsus Spina writes his Treatise entituled The Fortress of Faith The Death of Dominic Capranica The Death of Maphaus Vegius 1459 II.  XX. 1459. The Imposition of Tenths for a War against the Turks which Germany would not endure The Duke of Austria takes the Cardinal of Cusa Prisoner who could not obtain his Liberty without paying a great Ransom  St. Antonin finishes his Historical Sum and dies the 2d of May aged 70 Years The Death of John Baptista Poggio 1460 III. XXI Henry VI. K. of England is Conquer'd by Richard Duke of York who causes himself to be declar'd King This latter was overcome and slain by Queen Margaret the Daughter of Renatus Duke of Anjou 1460. Bulls of Excommunication by the Pope dated August the 2d against the Duke of Austria and his Adherents Another Bull of Excommunication of October 18th against Gregory of Heimburg who wrote Notes upon it and made a Reproachful Appeal against this Bull.   VVilliam of Vorilong Nicolas of Orbellis Gregory of Heimburg Theodore Laelius Henry Gorcome or Goricheme John Gobelin Henry Arnold Matthew Camaride George Codinus VVilliam Houpelande Flourish'd 1461 IV. XXII Charles VII K. of France dies on the 22d of July in the 30th Year of his Reign and Louis XI his Son succeeds him Edward IX Son of Richard drove away Henry VI. and Margaret his Wife and is declar'd King of England in the Month of June 1461   James Picolomini is made Cardinal Denis Rickel a Carthusian John of Grinstrode John Canneman John of Malines John of Nivelle James Zenus Flourish'd 1462 V. XXIII 1462.   The Birth of John Trithemeus on the 1st of February Ducas a Greek Author finish'd his Byzantine History 1463 VI. XXIV 1463.   St. Katharine of Bologne died the 9th of March and Flavius Blondus the 4th of June Leonicus Calchondylus finish'd his History of the Turks The Birth of John Picus of Mirandula 1464 Pius II. dies on the 14th of August Paul II. is chosen the 1st of September I. XXV  1464. The Institution of the Order of the Knights of the Moon by Renatus Duke of Anjou  John of Turrecremata exchang'd his Bishoprick of Albano
he added some other Rules which ordered That Publick Sinners should be put to Penance in Publick by the Authority of the Bishops to whom the Curates are obliged to send them That if they do not present themselves to receive them after they have been advertised of it by the Priests they shall be Excommunicated within 15 days That they shall require nothing for Burials and no Man shall Celebrate Mass but upon a Consecrated Altar or Table He also made some other Constitutions in 874 in July Commanding That Priests Curates and Prebends should reside in their Benefices and not retire into Monasteries That they should take nothing to make Church-Wardens and should allow those that are chosen a part of their Tithes to be employed about the Buildings and Ornaments of the Church That Priests should not be familiar with Women nor enrich themselves with the Revenues of the Church That they should give nothing to Patrons to be Nominated to any vacant Church These are the Constitutions which Hincmarus made for the Priests but lest the Archdeacons who are to put them in Execution in their Visits should not give them in Charge to the Curates he made July 877. an Order in which he forbids them to go their Visitations with many Attendants or Horses to require or exact any thing of them to stay long with them Not to meddle with the Division of Parishes to make the Ancient Churches to be still subject to their Parishes in which there have always been Priests to suffer no Man to have a Chapel without the permission of the Archbishop to Discharge no Penitents through favour before they have done their Penance nor to Ordain any Persons not duly qualified or to settle any Deans without the Authority of the Bishops After these Constitutions follows in the Works of Hincmarus a Recital of the Ceremonies and The Coronations of Kings Prayers used at the Coronation of Charles the Bald for the Kingdom of Lotharius Celebrated at Metz by Hincmarus Sept. 8. 869. as also at the Coronation of Lewis Dec. 8. 877. and of Judith the Daughter of Charles when she was Married to Ethelwolfe King of England An. 856. as also of Queen Hermentrude celebrated at Soissons Hincmarus also in a Letter to Charles the Bald gives various Instructions to Princes out of the Some Instructions of Hincmarus to Charles the Bald. Fathers which he lays down as undoubted Truths viz. That God makes good Kings and permits bad ones That a good Prince is the greatest Happiness of the People and a bad one their greatest Misfortune That a Wise Government is the greatest Proof of great Power That a King should choose Wise Experienced and Virtuous Men That nothing is better than for Rulers to know how they ought to Rule That it is most profitable that good Kings have the greatest Kingdoms That Necessity only should make them make War That War is Lawful if it be Just That God gives the Victory to whom he pleases That they ought to be Prayed for that Dye in Battels That Kings serve God by making Laws for his Honour That they are obliged to compel Men to do good and punish them justly That they may sometimes shew favour but they should be careful they do it not unfitly That they should be continually upon their Guard that they be not surprized by their Favourites or Flatterers They should have no Wicked Men about them nor Pardon their Relations That they ought to mix Justice with Mercy After he hath thus spoken of a Prince as endued with Kingly Powers he then lays down the Virtues of a Prince considered as a Christian which is nothing but a Collection of Texts of Scripture and Sentences of the Fathers concerning the Duties of a Christian Life He hath also a third Letter to the same King concerning the Nature of the Soul He holds that it is Spiritual not confined to a place and doth not move locally altho' it changes its Will and Manners He also moves this Question Whether we shall see God in another World by the Eyes of our Body or only by the Eyes of the Soul In the Year 858 Lewis Emperor of Germany entred Charles's Kingdom to Invade him while Hincmarus's Advice to Lewis of Germany he was gone to War against the Britans and Normans Hincmarus and the other Bishops of his Diocess whom he had told the States that they must stay a Reims sent a Remonstrance to him in which they tell him plainly That he was Unjust to his Brother in entring into his Kingdom in an Hostile manner exhorting him to make Peace with him to turn his Arms against the Pagans to preserve the Priviledges of the Church and suffer no Man to Rob it of its Revenues to restore those Monasteries of the Monks which are in the possession of Lay-men to take care that the Monks live according to their Rule and that the Revenues of Hospitals should be disposed of rightly by the Overseers with the Authority of the Bishops He then gives him some Directions how he ought to Live and Reign and how he ought to govern the General Synod of France In 859 Charles being ready to march against Lewis Hincmarus wrote to him to hinder the Disorders His Advice to King Charles and Pillaging which the Soldiers use to make He also admonishes the Church-men at Court by another Letter to hinder the Soldiers which were used to Pillage to do it again Lastly He admonisheth the Priests of the Diocess of Reims to Excommunicate them who after Admonition should continue to Pillage any In 875 after the Death of Lewis King of Italy and Emperor Charles the Bald being gone into A Remonstrance to Lewis of Germany Italy to be Crowned Emperor and possess himself of Italy Lewis of Germany falls upon France to give him a Diversion Hincmarus presents him with a long Petition full of Quotations of the Fathers to stop him in this Enterprize and was effectual The same Year John Bishop of Cambray was written to by Hincmarus who gave him Directions The manner of proceeding against a Priest how he should deal with the Priest Hunoldus who was suspected of an unlawful familiarity with a Woman He says That the Custom of the Province hath been to make inquiries about the Priest who is thus charged and defamed that their Witnestes must be Sworn and Interrogated concerning his frequent converse and familiarity with Women That after the Deposition of 6 Witnesses there ought to be a 7th to prove the Fact That if there be no Witnesses but it be only a Common report the Priest must clear himself by the Oath of 6 of his Neighboring Priests Some time after in 878 he condemned a Priest of his Diocess himself Named Goldbaldus The Condemnation of a Priest who was accused of conversing with a Woman the Fact was proved but the Priest fled from Judgment The Instrument of this Priest's Deposition is among Hincmarus's Works In the
into Heaven or else that the Flesh of CHRIST should be brought down hither neither of which appear'd to be done Lanfrank answers them that this is a Mystery which we ought to believe without inquiring into the manner of it After Lanfrank had answer'd these two Objections he then raises two new Arguments against Berenger The first is that if the Eucharist were call'd the Flesh of JESUS CHRIST only because it is the Figure of it it would from thence follow that the Sacraments of the old Law were more excellent than those of the New because 't is more excellent to be the Type of Things future than to be the Figure of Things past And moreover that the Manna which fell down from Heaven was a more noble Figure than a little Bit of Bread could be The second Argument is the universal Opinion of the Church and the Consent of all Nations If says he to Berenger that which you believe and maintain be True it follows that what the whole Church believes and teaches in all the World must needs be False For all the Christians who are in the World are Persuaded that they receive in the Sacrament the real Body and the real Blood of JESUS CHRIST Ask the Latins the Greeks the Armenians and all the other Nations of the Christian World and they will all unanimously tell you that this is their Faith If the Faith of the universal Church be false you must say that there never has been a Church or else that it is lost But there is not any Catholick who dares to affirm either After he had prov'd this Truth by several Passages of Scripture he adds speaking still to Berenger You and those whom you have deceiv'd object against these plain Testimonies of our Lord and of the Holy Ghost concerning the Perpetuity of the Church that indeed the Gospel has been Preach'd to all Nations that the World has believ'd that the Church is Establish'd that it has increas'd and improv'd but that it afterwards fell into Error by the Ignorance of those who have put a false Gloss upon Tradition and that 't is to be found among you alone This is the usual Answer of Innovators which Lanfrank refutes in a few words The Statutes or Rules of the Order of S. Benedict made for the Monks of England go under Lanfrank's Name but Father Luke Dachery observes that they are not in his Style The Rules of the Order of S. Benedict that he is cited as a third Person in the second Section of the second Chapter and that there are some Rules which appear too Remiss this makes him believe that 't is a Collection of Rules of which Lanfrank is not the Author or which has been augmented by some other of a more modern Date Let the case be how it will it contains nothing but what relates to the Customs and Practices of Monks therefore we shall not insist any longer upon it Lanfrank's Letters are short and few but contain in them things very Remarkable Lanfranks Letters The three first are directed to Pope Alexander II. In the first he earnestly intreats him to give him leave to lay down his Arch-bishoprick which he had not taken upon him but by his Order that he might retire into a Monastery He likewise excuses himself for not being able to wait upon him at Rome In the second he gives him to understand that Herman a Bishop who had formerly quitted his Bishoprick under the Popedom of Leo IX and embrac'd a Monastick Life had a design to do it again and would have done it had not he hinder'd him He assures the Pope that that Bishop was no longer in a Condition by reason of his Age to discharge his Functions and that he is not forced to retire but does it voluntarily to give himself wholly up to the Service of God The English Historians tell us that this Herman was Flamand and that he had been Bishop of Winchester under the Reign of King Edward that he afterwards left both that Bishoprick and England and became a Monk of S. Berthin That he return'd some time after into England to be Bishop of Sarum and that he liv'd to the time of William the Conqueror which part of his Life he spent at the Bishoprick of Sarum 'T is about the end of his Life that he desir'd to retire the second time Lanfrank likewise consults the Pope about the Bishop of Litchfield This Bishop being accus'd of Incontinence and other Crimes before the Popes Legats in England would â—ot appear before the Synod which they held they had Excommunicated him and given â—he King liberty to put another in his place He afterwards came to Court and gave his Resignation to the King Lanfrank was not willing to ordain another in his place till he had receiv'd Permission from Rome he therefore desires it in this Letter The third is about the difference then on foot between the Sees of Canterbury and York about the Primacy and about several other Churches The Pope had referr'd the Examination of the Matter to an Assembly of Bishops of Abbots and of other Prelates of the Kingdom This Assembly was held at Winchester by the Order of the King of England and in his presence It was there prov'd by the Ecclesiastical History of Bede that from the time of S. Augustin the Apostle of England the Church of Canterbury had always enjoy'd the Right of Primacy over all England and Ireland and that the Bishops of the Places now in Question had been ordain'd cited to Synods and deposed by the Arch-bishop of Canterbury for above 140 years together This was likewise prov'd by the Acts of Councils and confirm'd by the Decretals of Pope Gregory I. Boniface IV. Honorius Uitalian Sergius I. Gregory IV. and Leo IX The Arch-bishop of York having nothing but weak Arguments to oppose these Authentick Testimonies yielded the Point and had desired the King to adjust Matters between Him and Lanfrank Afterwards by a general Consent an Act was prepar'd touching the Privileges of the Church of Canterbury which he sends to the Pope and desires him to confirm He thanks him for those Testimonies of Love which he had given him and for granting him two Palls He tells him at last that he sends him the Letter which he had writ formerly to Berenger whom he calls Schismatick The fourth is a Letter of Pope Alexander directed to Lanfrank wherein he confirms the Decrees of his Predecessors made in favour of the Monks who were in the Cathedral Churches of England in opposition to those who would dispossess them for to put secular Clerks into their Places The fifth is directed to Hildebrand Arch-deacon of Rome After he had return'd him Thanks for the good Will he bore to him he informs him that the Controversie about the Primacy of the Church of Canterbury was ended and that he had sent the Act of it to Rome The sixth is Hildebrand's who gives him to understand that he
That the Canons or Prebendaries shall hold all things in Common The Fifth That the Tenths and other Offerings shall be at the disposal of the Bishop The Sixth That no Peason shall be entitled to any Church at the Presentation of Laicks The Seventh That no Person shall take upon him the Habit of a Monk upon the promise or hopes of being made Abbot The Eighth That no Priest shall hold two Churches at once The Ninth That Laicks shall not be the Judges of the Clergy The Tenth That no Person shall be ordain'd by Simony The Eleventh That no Person shall Marry his Relation to the seventh Generation or so long as the Kindred may be known The Twelfth That a Laick who has a Wife and keeps a Concubine shall be Excommunicated The Thirteenth That Laicks shall not be advanc'd all of the sudden to Ecclesiastical Degrees but shall be try'd for some considerable time after they have lay'd aside their secular Habit. These Acts are follow'd by a Decree against those who are guilty of Simony by which it is order'd That those who have been formerly ordain'd by Persons guilty of Simony without having given Money for their Ordination may continue in those Ecclesiastical Degrees to which they have been advanc'd but that for the future those who shall be ordain'd by Persons whom they know to be guilty of Simony shall be depos'd With reference to Popes 't is added That those who shall take Possession of the Papal Chair either by Bribery or by Intrigue or by Force without being Unanimously and Canonically Elected by the Cardinal-bishops and the rest of the Clergy shall be look'd upon not as Apostolick Popes but as Apostates And that it shall be lawful for the Cardinal-bishops and any other Persons of known Piety whether Clerks or Laicks to turn out such an one who shall thus seize upon the Holy See by Excommunicating him and by calling in to their Assistance the secular Power And that if they cannot do this in Rome they shall meet together out of that City in what place they please to Choose one whom they shall judge more worthy to fill the Chair And that the Person whom they shall Choose shall be look'd upon as Lawful Pope Salvo omnino Imperatoris Privilegio as 't is worded in that very Decree concerning the Election of a Pope It was in this Council that Berenger retracted his Error as we have said before This same Pope being reconcil'd to the Normans of Pozzuolo held a Council at Amalfi where he depos'd the Bishop of Trani and another Council at Benevento wherein he adjusted The other Councils under Nicholas II. a difference concerning an Hospital depending upon the Monastery of S. Vincent of Volaterra upon which one Albert a Monk had seiz'd The Letters of this Pope do almost all of them relate to the Affairs of France The Four first are directed to Gervais Arch-bishop of Rheims In the First he gives that The Letters of Nicholas II. Bishop to understand that there was a flying Report of his being a favourer of his Adversary That however he was willing to believe the contrary upon the Testimony which he had receiv'd of him by a very creditable Person He exhorts him to maintain the Rights of the Church and to admonish the King of France not to hearken to the evil Counsels which were given him nor to oppose the Holy See particulary with relation to the Person whom he would have to be ordain'd Bishop of Mascon He assures him that he has a particular Respect and Kindness for that Prince and let him do as he pleas'd yet he would always Pray for Him and his Army In the Second He enjoyns that Arch-bishop to interdict the Bishops of Beauvais and Senlis in case it appear'd that they had been ordain'd by Simony as he was assur'd In the Third He orders that Arch-bishop to give Satisfaction to the Church of Verdun for the Injuries he had done it and to release the Prebendaries whom he had caus'd to be apprehended In the Fourth He lets him know how well satisfied he was with those signs of Submission which he had express'd to him that he granted him what he desir'd for the Bishop of Senlis because it was nothing but what was reasonable and that he could not tell whether he should come to France or no. We have likewise a Letter of Gervais directed to this Pope in which he thanks him for the kind Entertainment he gave to his Deputies and for the Charity he shew'd to one The Letter of Gervais Arch-bishop of Rheims to Pope Nicholas II. of them who dy'd at Rome He acquaints him of the Death of King Henry tells him how earnestly he wish'd to see him in France and assures him in very express Terms of the Submission and Respect which he bore to the Holy See This doubtless is the Letter which Nicholas answer'd by the foregoing The Fifth Letter of this Pope is a Privilege granted to the Monastery of the Religious of S. Felicity near Florence The Sixth directed to Edward King of England is a confirmation of the Privileges granted to the Church of Westminster The Seventh directed to Ann Queen of France is a Tract of Peter Damien's which was among his Letters The Eighth is directed to the Bishops of France Aquitain and Gascogne He informs them of the Decrees made in the Council of Rome against the Clerks and Monks who kept Concubines or were Apostates against those who abuse Ecclesiasticks or seize upon the Revenues of the Church and concerning the Compass of the Courts and Church-Yards In the Ninth directed to the Count of Rouergue he exhorts him to take the Churches and Poor under his Protection and in particular to restore to the Monastery of S. Peter of Verdun the Lands and Revenues which he had in his Country threatning to Excommunicate him if he detain'd them any longer This Pope dy'd at Florence July 3. in the Year 1061. After his Death there were great Contests about the Popedom occasion'd by the two powerful Factions which were then in Rome Namely the Faction of Hildebrand and that of the Alexander II. Counts of Frescati and Galera and of other Lords of Rome Both Factions sent Deputies to King Henry's Court to obtain his Vote in favour of some one of their own Party Gerard Count of Galera deputed by the Lord's Faction having presented King Henry with a Crown of Gold and offer'd him the Title of a Roman Peer insinuated so far into his favour that Stephen a Cardinal-Priest deputed by Hildebrand and the other Cardinals could not so much as get Audience but return'd without doing any thing After his return the Cardinals in October Elected for their Pope one Anselm a Native of Milan and Bishop of Lucca who took upon him the Name of Alexander II. They believ'd he would prove agreeable enough to the Court But King Henry looking upon this Election as a breach of his Prerogative caus'd Cadalous
Elected for their Bishop one Gualon a person of excellent Learning and Morals some who were still zealous for Stephen had slily insinuated to the King that the other being a Disciple of Ivo and nominated by the Pope his Majesty had reason to fear he would prove no very good Subject of his upon which suggestion the King absolutely refus'd to Consent to the Election of Gualon and to give him Investiture Ivo tells the Pope he had e'er this been Petition'd on that occasion but the Metropolitan kept the Clergy from it under pretence of speedily compromising the matter perhaps to please the King by delaying it as long as he can in hopes of terminating it to his satisfaction and therefore conjures his Holiness to interpose his Authority for the Confirmation of what he has begun and to stop his Enemies mouths He acquaints him that the King has declar'd he will go shortly to Rome but he scarce believes it though whether he go or send thither 't would be requisite his Holiness should be cautious of Absolving him or do it only conditionally for fear of a return to his beloved Sin and should signifie as much to all the Churches of France In the CVth Letter he farther informs the Pope that the King had taken a Solemn Oath that Gualon should never be Bishop of Beauvais in his Reign and humbly remonstrates that if his Holiness take any notice of this Oath and do not resolutely shew his power to the contrary there shall never any more regard be had for Elections in France Ivo concludes this Letter with Praying the Pope's direction what course he shall take if the King after obtaining his Holiness's Absolution should re-assume his former ill practices as he much fear'd he would The CVIth and CVIIth Letters are to Henry the I. King of England and his Queen Mathilda exhorting them above all things to promote Religion and take Care of the Churches in their Dominions recommending also to their bounty the necessitous state of the Church of Chartres of which they would be more fully inform'd by two of the Canons of it whom he had sent on purpose to their Majesties In the CVIIIth he gives Pope Paschal an Account of the Quarrels between Ralph Arch-Bishop of Tours and the Abbot of Marmoutier whom the former had accus'd of divers misdemeanours Ivo thinks the Arch-Bishop ought not to be heard against him 1. because he was not himself Legally Ordain'd 2. because the Abbot was never guilty of what is laid to his Charge or 3. if he were the Arch-Bishop should then have Objected them against him while he was concern'd in Church-Affairs and not now he is retir'd into a Cloyster 4. The ground of the Arch-Bishop's malice against him is that he cannot have leave to read Mass publickly in the Church of Marmoutier to insult over the Monks and embezzle the Goods of the Monastery and therefore to show his spite against it he had lately in Synod Prohibited any of his Diocess from entring into that Abbey 5. All the Witnesses he had to produce against the Abbot were either his own Kindred or Men of a Scandalous Reputation or such as he had brib'd and suborn'd all which he prays his Holiness to take into his Prudent Consideration and do what he thinks requisite thereupon In the CIXth Letter to the same Pope he intreats him to Constitute for his Legate in France some Bishop whose Diocess lies on this side of the Alps for that the Cardinals who were wont to be sent from the other side could not stay there long enough to put the Affairs of the Church in order which ministred occasion to the Enemies of the Holy See to say that they were not sent to regulate abuses but to scrape up Money for their own pockets or the use of the Court of Rome to prevent such clamours Ivo proposes Hugh Arch-Bishop of Lions as the fittest person he can think of for this employment in which he had heretofore acquitted himself with great applause and done excellent service to the Church of Rome and to those of France In the CX he acquaints the Pope that having almost resolv'd to resign his Bishoprick by reason of the excessive wickedness of his people and his despairing of doing any good among them he was got as far as the Alps on his way towards Rome to consult his Holiness on this occasion when he was inform'd of a Treacherous design his Enemies had against him which oblig'd him to return home and send Gualon who could better pass unsuspected and by whom he desires to know his Holiness's Opinion and Pleasure By the CXIth he requests Daimbert Arch-Bishop of Sens to Excommunicate Hugh Lord of Puiset as he had already done for his violent and unjust practices against the Church of Chartres and to interdict the use of Divine Service in the Village of Merville which sided with him In the CXIIth he tells the Dean and Chapter of Paris that they have power to Excommunicate any under their Jurisdiction as has the Church of Chartres and several others But he blames them for receiving into their Church Hugh Earl of Puiset and his followers whom he had Excommunicated By the CXIIIth he sends word to Daimbert Arch-Bishop of Sens that he is glad of the Election of Manasses to the Bishoprick of Meaux and is ready to assist at his Ordination if it be at any place whither he may securely come or obtain a Pass-port for his safety otherwise he would consent and approve of it by Letters under his own hand The CXVth Letter is to the same purpose In the CXIVth he assures John Bishop of Orleans that his Conscience cannot in the least accuse him of having done any thing that should Offend King Lewis the Son of Philip Surnamed le Gros and as to Hugh Earl of Puiset and his Companion he cannot receive them into the Church till they have given good satisfaction for their Offences In the CXVIth he intreats Adela Countess of Chartres not to give credit to nor encourage any malicious and false Stories that shall be brought to her against him By the CXVIIth Letter he acquaints Pope Paschal that he had publish'd the Injunctions sent him by his Holiness for the reforming some abuses in the Church which were so well receiv'd by his Brethren the Clergy of his Diocess that few show'd any dislike of them but that some additions were thought necessary for the Honour and Liberty of the Churches which he prays the Pope to confirm that Posterity may be oblig'd to observe them The CXVIIIth Letter to Henry King of England requests him again to bestow somewhat on the Church of Chartres In the CXIXth he tells Daimbert that though the opposition made against the validity of Manasses's Election was without any just ground yet to leave no room for suspicion or calumny he thinks it convenient that some of the Clergy of Meaux vouch for him upon their Oaths and that then he may proceed
Third is Addressed to Hildegarda Abbess of Mont St. Rupert commending her Spirit of Prophecy and advising her to preserve by her humility God's Grace granted to her and moreover always to make use of Prudence in the unfolding of those Mysteries which God had reveal'd to her The Fourth and Fifth are against some Ecclesiasticks of Rome who follow'd the Doctrine of Arnaud de Bresse By the Sixth he comforts King Conrade on his ill success in his Expedition to the East The Seventh comprehends the Ceremonies of the Canonization of the Emperor Henry II. The Eighth is an answer to the Bishops of Germany wherein he signifies his dislike of the intended Translation of Guieman Bishop of Naumbourg to the Arch-Bishoprick of Magdebourg The Ninth contains a grant of the fourth part of all the Offerings made in the Church of St. Peter to the Canons of that Church This is signed by the Pope and several Cardinals The Tenth is another Act to confirm the Rights and Privileges of the Church of Colen This is likewise Signed by divers Cardinals The Eleventh is a Consolatory Epistle written to Sugerus Abbot of St. Denys upon the Death of his Nephew In the Twelfth written to the same Abbot he Demands the Names of those French Bishops who had refus'd to assist him in the defence of the Kingdom and likewise thanks him for his kind offer of the place which he desir'd to hold a Council in He therein also speaks of the Excommunication of the Duke of Lorrain and of a favour which this Abbot had requested of him for a certain Church The Thirteenth is likewise written to Sugerus He therein exhorts him to place the Monks of St. Martins in the Fields in the Church of St. Genevieve and accordingly gives the Canons of the said Church notice thereof in the Letter following But however having afterwards alter'd his mind he orders in the Fifteenth the Regular Canons to be receiv'd in stead of the Monks which was speedily obey'd by Sugerus as he gives his Holiness to understand and which the Pope approves of by the Sixteenth Eighteenth Nineteenth and Twentieth Letters all written to Sugerus The Seventeenth is writ to the same relating to him that had been chosen Bishop of Arras notwithstanding an Appeal made to the Holy See In the Twenty first he gives this Abbot to understand that Lewis King of France is return'd from the Holy-Land and Arrived in Sicily In the Twenty Second he exhorts the said Abbot to govern the Kingdom of France with Fidelity during the King's Absence And moreover acquaints him that he has written a Letter to the Arch-Bishops and Bishops of that Kingdom by which he Commands them to Excommunicate all those that disturb the publick Tranquility and likewise Commands the said Abbot to convene the Prelates of the Kingdom to provide whatever shall be necessary for the good of the State The Twenty third is the same mention'd before written to the Arch-Bishops and Bishops of France The Twenty fourth relates to a particular Affair of two Priests of Meaux accus'd by Goâ—â—in whose cause he refers to Sugerus By the Twenty fifth Twenty sixth and Thirtieth he also refers to Sugerus the Judgment pronounc'd against a Priest of the Diocess of Sens who had been depriv'd of his Benefice by the Arch-Deacon for having refus'd to give him such Sums as he demanded By the Twenty seventh he also refers to the said Abbot the difference between Josselin Canon of Meaux and another Ecclesiastick By the Twenty eighth he exhorts the same Abbots to redeem the Treasure of St. Genevieve which had been pawn'd In the Twenty ninth he speaks to him concerning the Croisade of King Lewis In the Thirty first he desires him to relieve the Church of St. Medard of Soissons from which Ives Count of Soissons demanded a great Sum. In the Thirty second he thanks him for his Care of the Churches of the East and moreover recommends to him the re-establishment of Religion in the Church of Campiegne The Thirty third is Address'd to Stephen King of England whom he desires not to use the Bishop of London ill though he had refus'd to take the Oath of Fidelity to him He recommends the same matter to Maud Queen of England by the Thirty fourth Letter The following Letters to the Sixtieth concern the differences which Pontius Abbot of Vezelay had with Count Nevers and the Bishop of Autun concerning the Immunities and Privileges of his Abbey Eugenius III. takes this Abbot's part very strongly and writes in favour of him to several Princes and Bishops The Sixty first is written to Eberhard Bishop of Bamberg whom he Commands to retain the Regular Canons Establish'd in the Church of Hildesheim by Gebehard Bishop of Eichstat and to drive out the Secular Canons which the Arch-Bishop of Mayence had introduc'd there He writes about this matter to the said Arch-Bishop in the following Letter The Sixty third is the Title of the Re-Establishment of the Bishoprick of Tournay written to the Clergy and People of that City by which he gives them to understand that he has ordain'd for their Bishop Anselm Abbot of St. Vincent of Laon enjoyning them to receive him and consequently promises to dispense with their Oath of Fidelity which they should have taken to the Bishop of Noyons By the following Letter he acquaints Lewis VII King of France with the Re-Establishing of this Bishoprick and recommends to him the Person that he had Ordain'd Bishop of Tournay The Three following Letters are written to Moses Arch-Bishop of Ravenna concerning him that had been Elected Bishop of Placenza and who ought to have been Consecrated by this Arch-Bishop his Metropolitan In the Sixty eighth he severely reprimands Samson Arch-Bishop of Rheims for having Crown'd the King of France in the City of Bourges to the Prejudice of the Arch-Bishop of that City whereupon he Orders him to restore to the Church of Bourges the Offerings and Gifts which he had receiv'd upon that Occasion Interdicts him the Pallium and moreover Cites him to Rome together with the other Bishops who had Assisted at that Coronation The Sixty ninth contains his Grant and Confirmation of the Arch-Bishop of Bourges his Primacy over the Provinces of Bourges and Bourdeaux By the following Letter he commands the Bishop of Saintes to permit a new Church to be Built at Rochelle The Seventy first is a Confirmation of the Constitutions and Privileges and of the Order of White Friars The Seventy Second with the following till you come to the 83 and last are Address'd to the Bishops of Spain Relating to the Primacy of Toledo There are also three Letters of Eugenius III. wherein he commands the Abbots of St. Poâ—… â—…d de Grace to present to the Arch-Bishop of Narbonne the Priests which they have a mind to place in Curacies belonging to them to the End that they might receive their Orders from him and pay him accordingly their First Fruits and Oblations Monsieur Baluze
Hundred and Tenth Address'd to Arnaud Abbot of Bonneval is the last which he writ before his Death He therein gives his Friend to understand the sad Condition he is in and desires his Prayers These Three Hundred and Ten Letters compose the Ancient Collection of those of St. Bernard compil'd by his Disciples and left in the Monastery of Clairvaux There have since been found several others which are those which follow continuing the Number The Three Hundred and Eleventh is Address'd to Haimeric Chancellor of the Holy See and written in the Name of Hugh Abbot of Pontigni and of St. Bernard It contains Complaints against those who envy other Men's good Actions and excessive Commendations of Haimeric's Conduct in his Ministry The Three Hundred and Twelfth is a Letter of Compliment to Rainaud Arch-Bishop of Rheims In the Three Hundred and Thirteenth written to Geofrey Bishop of York he says that those Monks that have a mind to quit a Life for amore Austere ought not to be hinder'd but after having embrac'd it they are not to be releas'd for fear of becoming Apostates The Three Hundred and Fourteenth is written to Pope Innocent II. about the time that St. Bernard negotiated the Affair of the People of Lombardy with his Holyness He sends him word that he can neither prevail upon those of Cremona nor those of Milan In the Three Hundred and Fifteenth he begs of Maud Queen of England to grant him what he had formerly requested of her in favour of the Abbot of La Chapelle In the Three Hundred and Sixteenth he desires also Henry Arch-Bishop of Sens and Haimeric Chancellor of the Church of Rome not to oppose the Restitution of some Ecclesiastical Goods which a certain Lord has a mind to make to the Monks When Laicks says he who are in possession of Churches orChurch-Revenues have a mind to quit them it is commendable and when they are disposed to give them to the Ministers of God it is doubly so But this being to be done only by the hands of the Bishop he cannot refuse it without being guilty of two Faults nor consent to it without being cause of two good things This Lord requests a thing of you which you ought to have asked of him for which do you think does it better become to be in Possession of Church Revenues a Soldier or a Saint No body that has heard of this Action but has been surprized Make then no more difficulties to receive from Laicks what belongs to the Church and the Ministers of God's Word In the Three Hundred and Seventeenth written from St. Bernard to Geofrey Prior of the Monastery of Clairvaux he gives him to understand that the Church of Rome is at present in Peace that the party of Peter of Leon have done Fealty and Homage to Pope Innocent that in like manner all the Clergy that had sided with that Cardinal were came over to the Pope And in fine that God having thus fulfill'd his Wishes he shall be speedily on his Return This Letter was written in the Year 1138. In the Three Hundred and Eighteenth he acquaints Pope Innocent II. with the Danger the Church of Rheims was in by reason of the great Contests about the Election of an Arch-Bishop In the Three Hundred and Nineteenth he exhorts Turstin Arch-Bishop of York not to lay down his Arch-Bishoprick or in case that he be obliged to do it for some secret Reason or in Obedience to the Popes Commands he advises him to enter into the strictest Cloyster In the Three Hundred and Twentieth he admonishes Alexander Prior of the Monastery of Fountain in England to take care that the Election of a new Abbot be made without Heats and Dispute In the Three Hundred and Twenty First he enjoyns Henry de Murdach to accept of the Abby of Fountain in case he be Elected The Three Hundred and Twenty Second contains wholsom Instructions to a young Monk which he gives to Hugh then but a Probationer and afterwards Abbot of Bonneval The Three Hundred and Twenty Third is written in favour of the Arch-Bishop of Treves against the Abbot of St. Maximin The Three Hundred and Twenty Fourth is a Compliment to Robert Abbot of Dunes who was afterwards successor to St. Bernard in the Abby of Clairvaux In the Three Hundred and Twenty Fifth he writes to the same Abbot that he is not to admit a Probationer if he have not well acquitted himself during his Probation-ship The Three Hundred Twenty Sixth is a Letter from William Abbot of St. Thierry to Geofrey Bishop of Chartres and to St. Bernard against the Error of Abaelard which he has there reckon'd up We shall speak more of this when we treat of the Doctrine of Abaelard The Three Hundred and Twenty Seventh is an Answer of St. Bernard's to this Letter wherein he acquaints him that he intends speedily to have a Conference with him upon that Subject The Three Hundred Twenty Eighth is written to Pope Innocent II. against him that had been chosen Bishop of Rhodes The Three Hundred Twenty Ninth is written to the Bishop of Limoges against the same The Nine Letters following were written in the Year 1140. against Peter Abaelard The Three Hundred and Thirtieth and the Three Hundred Thirty Seventh to Pope Innocent and the rest to the Cardinals The Three Hundred Thirty Seventh is written in the Name of the Bishops of France and contains a Relation of what had passed against Abaelard in the Council of Sens. In the Three Hundred Thirty Ninth he recommends to Pope Innocent Aloisus Bishop of Arras and says that those who have accus'd him are only Calumniators In the Letter following he recommends to the same Pope Ulger Bishop of Anger 's The Three Hundred Forty First is written to Malachy Arch-Bishop of Armagh in Ireland who had sent two young Monks to him to learn the manner of living in Clairvaux with design to found a Monastery of the same Institution St. Bernard promises to send them back well instructed in a short time In the Three Hundred Forty Second he writes to Josselin Bishop of Soissons to appease the King who had been incens'd without cause against Geofrey de Loroux Arch-Bishop of Bourdeaux who had incurred the Displeasure of this Prince by ordaining Grimoard who had been canonically elected Bishop of Poitiers in the Year 1140. The two following Letters were written by Bernard Abbot of St. Anastasius and afterwards Pope Eugenius III. The first to Pope Innocent II. and the second to St. Bernard In both he expresses a great deal of Concern for having been forced from the Monastery of Clairvaux and sent into Italy The Three Hundred Forty Fifth is a Letter of St. Bernard's to the Monks of St. Anastasius to whom he recommends living always in strict observance of their Order and in Charity one towards another He moreover tells them that though any of the Monks be sick they must make use only of some common sorts of Herbs it
not able to give Entertainment to the Bishop by reason of their Poverty he asserts That they ought to sell or pawn the Ornaments of their Church to exercise Hospitality towards their Diocesan In the Sixty second he recommends to a Widow who had devoted her self to God the giving of Alms to the Poor In the Sixty third he commends the Countess Adela in regard that after her Conversion instead of undertaking a Pilgrimage to the Holy Land she had embrac'd the Monastick Life In the Sixty fourth he censures the Custom of a Monastery where both the Species of the Eucharist were not administer'd separately but that of the Bread steept in the other of the Wine He maintains That the sopt Bread which our Saviour gave to Judas was not the Eucharist In the Sixty fifth written by Hildebert as well as the next after his Translation from the Bishoprick of Mans to the Arch-bishoprick of Tours he acquaints the Pope That he had taken a Journey to Bretagne where he held a Synod at Nantes A. D. 1127. for the Reformation of the Church chiefly as to what concerns incestuous Marriages and the Succession of Relations to Ecclesiastical Preferments That the Prince had remitted in that Synod the Right which was claim'd by the Lords to seize on the moveable Goods of deceased Persons and even his own Royal Prerogative by vertue of which all manner of Wracks at Sea belong to his demeans That it was also ordain'd That the Bishops should publish in their Synods and the Preists in their Churches That those who presume to contract unlawful Marriages for the future shall be excommunicated and that the Children born in such Wedlock were declar'd illegitimate That the Ecclesiastical Constitutions were reviv'd concerning the Qualities requisite in Persons who design to receive Orders That it was prohibited to ordain the Sons of Priests unless they turn'd Regular Canons or Monks and that as for those who were already ordain'd they were not allow'd to serve their Fathers Parishes in that Quality lest they should find means to succeed them And lastly That very strict Prohibitions were made that Benefices should be transmitted as it were by Succession He entreats the Pope to confirm what they had done more especially the Resignation that the Prince had made of his Right to the Shipwracks Pope Honorius II. grants him this Confirmation in the Letter which immediately follows that of which we have but now made mention In the Sixty seventh he complains to that Pope that the King of France had confiscated the Revenues belonging to his Church and would not suffer him to enter the Territories of his Kingdom because he refus'd to dispose of the Benefices according to the pleasure of that Prince He likewise wrote to him about the Contests that happen'd in the Church of Tours between the Dean and some of the Canons which was carry'd on to that height that one of the Canons was maimed by one of the Collegues and by the Dean's Friends The latter was accused of being accessory to the Fact but he deny'd it and no Proof being brought against him he clear'd himself by his own Oath and by that of seven other Priests In the Sixty eighth he tells the Pope that the had done what his Holiness requir'd of him having restor'd Bracerius to his Prebend which he deserv'd to lose by reason of the enormity of his Crimes and in sending to him Radulphus Dean of St. Maurice of whom mention is made in the preceding Letter He justifies the Innocence of that Dean and acquaints the Pope with the Judgment passed in his favour In the Sixty ninth he entreats the Pope to confirm a Donation that the King of England made to the Church of Fontevrault In the Seventieth he comforts the Queen of England for her Barrenness and gives her to understand that she ought not to look upon it as a disgrace but as the means of procuring her Salvation by adopting the Poor for her Children In the Seventy first he exhorts to perseverance a Countess who had quitted worldly Affairs to embrace the Monastick Life The Seventy fourth is a Reprimand given to a Clergy-man who did not lead a regular Course of Life In the Seventy fifth he complains that none of his Friends undertook to maintain the Interests of his Church in the Court of the King of France In the Seventy ninth he determines That Nuns who live in a Monastery ought not to go out of it alone but accompanied with one of their Matrons He reproves those who act otherwise on Holy-days and observes that about thirty Years were pass'd since he wrote a Treatise of Virginity Lastly he declaims against some Nuns who dwell in private Houses to lead a more dissolute Course of Life The Eightieth is a Letter by Marbodus Bishop of Rennes which we shall mention in its proper place The Eighty second is an excellent Letter directed to Pope Honorius in which he expresses himself with Submission and Freedom against the Appeals made to the See of Rome which were so frequent in that Age. He entreats him at first not to be offended at his Letter nor to attribute that to Presumption which he was oblig'd to do by necessity and lest the Church should be oppress'd by force of Arms the effects of which he himself knew by Experience He adds that he has reason to hope that his Remonstrance will not be unacceptable to him because it is written for the sake of Justice Afterwards he declares That that Custom was never approv'd on the hither side of the Alpes and that it is not an Article grounded on the Ecclesiastical Laws that all sorts of Appeals should be receiv'd at Rome That if that Innovation prevail the Authority of the Popes will be disannull'd and the whole vigour of Church-Discipline will be subverted For says he where is the Oppressor that does not enter an Appeal as soon as he is threaten'd with an Anathema Where is the Clerk who will not continue in his exorbitant Courses defending himself by a declinatory Appeal Or by what means can the Bishops inflict any Punishment for the least Act of Disobedience An Appeal will certainly put a stop to his Censure weaken his Constancy baffle his Resoluteness impose Silence upon him and cause all manner of Crimes to go unpunished However Hildebert owns that the Church on the hither side of the Alpes has acknowledg'd some Appeals and 't is but reasonable that those who have lawful Grievances should get them redress'd by that means as also that those Persons whose Judges are their Enemies or suspected or who fear the Outragiousness of the People should have the same liberty to secure themselves But he maintains that Appeals which are only enter'd on purpose to put a stop to the Course of Justice and to procrastinate Affairs ought not to be authoriz'd and therefore he entreats the Pope no longer to admit any of that Nature The Eighty third Letter which is the last of this
Death of Stephen K of England and the beginning of the XII Gauterius of Mauritania is ordain'd Bishop of Laon in the place of another Gauterius the Successor of Bartholomew of Foigny Pope Anastasius confirms the Statutes of the Regular Canons of St. John at Lateran takes into the Protection of the See of Rome the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem and ratifies their Privileges  The Death of Gillebert de la Pâ—… Bishop of Poitiers 1155 I. Arnold of Brescia excites Commotions in Rome against Pope Adrian who suspends the City from Divine Service till the Romans should expel that Heretick and his Followers These last are forc'd to escape by flight to Otricoli in Tosâ—any where they are well receiv'd by the People But some time after Arnold of Brescia is taken Prisoner and deliver'd up to the Prefect of Rome who causes him to be burnt and his Ashes to be cast into the River Tiber lest the People shou'd shew any honour to his Relicks The Pope pronounces Anathema against William King of Sicily who had refus'd to receive his Letters because he did not give him the Title of King and had taken possession of some Territories belonging to the Patrimony of the Church of Rome IV. Frederick is crown'd Emperor at Rome by the Pope XIII The Contest that arose An. 1132. between the Abbey of Cluny and that of Cisteaux as to the Affair of Tithes is at last terminated by an Accommodation  Basil of Acris Archbishop of Thessalonica returns an Answer to the Letter which was writ to him by Pope Adrian to induce him to be reconcil'd to the Latin Church 1156 II. The Pope concludes a Treaty of Peace with William King of Sicily and grants him the Title of King of both Sicilies V. The Emperor being offended at the Letter which the Pope had writ to him drives the two Legates who brought it out of his Dominions forbids all his Subjects to take any Journeys to Rome and sets Guards upon the Frontiers to hinder the passage of those that shou'd attempt to enter XIV A Difference arising between Adrian IV. and Frederick concerning the Terms of a Letter writ by this Pope to the Emperor which imported that Adrian had conferr'd upon that Prince the notable Favour of the Imperial Crown The Pope is oblig'd to give another Explication of the Terms of his Letter to afford satisfaction to the Emperor but takes an occasion to complain that Frederick had prefix'd his own Name before that of the Pope in one of his Letters that he exacted Fealty and Homage of the Bishops that he refus'd to receive his Legates and that he prohibited his Subjects to go to Rome Otho Bishop of Frisinghen quits his Bishoprick and retires to the Abbey of Morimond where he liv'd a Monk before his advancement to the Episcopal Dignity and dies there in the Month of September in the same Year Philip formerly Bishop of Taranto and afterwards Prior of Clairvaux is constituted Abot of Aumône of the Cistercian Order  Hugh of Poitiers a Monk of Vezelay begins to write his History of that Monastery The Death of Peter the Venerable Abbot of Cluny on Christmass-day 1157 III. VI. XV.   The Death of Luke Abbot of St. Cornelius 1158 IV. VII XVI Thomas Becket is made Lord Chancellor of England by King Henry II. The Reformation of the Regular Canons of St. Victor at Paris is establish'd in the Monastery of St. Everte at Orleans by Roger its first Abbot   1159 V The Death of Adrian The greatest part of the Cardinals chuse ALEXANDER III. Octavian is Elected Anti-pope by others and maintain'd by the Emperor He takes the Name of Victor III. VIII The Emperor being present at the Siege of Cremona the two Competitors for the Papal Dignity present themselves before him to be supported He appoints 'em to come to Pavia there to be judg'd by a Council XVII    1160 I. Alexander who refus'd to appear in the Council of Pavia having been inform'd of what was there transacted against him excommunates the Empereror Frederick IX XVIII Thirty Persons the Followers of Arnold of Brescia call'd Publicans having taken a resolution to pass into England to divulge their Doctrine are there seiz'd on publickly whipt stigmatiz'd with a hot Iron on their Fore-heads harrass'd and at last starv'd to death with hunger and cold Arnold Bishop of Lisieux is sent Legate into England A Council at Pavia held in the Month of February which declares the Election of Alexander to be void and Excommucates him with his Adherents but confirms that of Victor A Council at Oxford in which the Publicans or Vaudois are convicted and condemn'd Hugh a Monk of Cluny Hugh Arch-bishop of Roan Michael of Thessalonica condemn'd for the Heresy of the Bogomiles retracts his Errors and makes a Confession of his Faith Philip Bishop of Taranto Odo de Deuil Gilbert Abbot of Hoiland 1161 II. X. Lewes the Young King of France marries Adella or Alix Daughter of Theobald Count of Champagne who died in 1152. XIX Alanus abdicates his Bishoprick at Auxerre and retires to Clairvaux The Kings of Denmark Norway Hungary and Bohemia as also six Archbishops twenty Bishops and many Abbots write as 't is reported Letters by way of excuse to the Assembly at Lodi by which they own Victor as lawful Pope The Death of Theobald Archbishop of Canterbury He has for his Successor in that Archbishoprick Thomas Becket Chancellor of England who is Consecrated on Whit-Sunday Dr. Gilbert Foliot is translated from the Bishoprick of Hereford to that of London An Assembly at New-Market in the Month of July in which the Election of Alexander III. is declar'd Legitimate and that of Victor Illegal An Assembly at Beauvais at the same time which passes alike Judgment with that of New-Market in favour of Pope Alexander An Assembly of the Prelates of England and France in which both Kings assisted where were present the Legates of Alex-and Victor and Deputies from the Emperor Frederick Alexander is there own'd as lawful Pope and Victor Excommunicated with his Adherents An Assembly at Lodi held June 20. in the presence of the Emperor Frederick which confirms what was transacted in that of Pavia the preceding Year in favour of Victor Peter de Roy a Monk of Clairvaux Enervinus Provost of Stemfeld Ecbert Abbot of St. Florin Bonacursius Ebrard de Bethune Michael of Thessalonica Odo a Regular Canon 1162 III. The Pope who had fled for Refuge to the Territories of William K. of Sioily waiting for a favourable opportunity to pass into France arrives there at last on the Festival of Easter and is receiv'd by the Kings of France and England who go before him upon the River Loire as far as Torey land to meet him and conduct him on the Road each holding one of the Reins of his Horse's Bridle XI An interview between the King of France and the Emperor at Avignon where the Anti-pope
Archbishop of Canterbury refuses to admit as Judges of the Controversy between him and the King of England the Pope's Legates in the Assembly at Gisors and pleads his own Cause so resolutely that it breaks up without concluding any thing He obtains of the Pope sometime after the revocation of those two Legates A Council at Lateran in which Pope Alexander pronounces a Sentence of Deposition against the Emperor Frederick An Assembly at Gisors in the Month of November The Death of Odo de Deuil Abbot of St. Cornelius at Câ—â—peigne 1169 X. Pope Alexander who had retir'd to Benevento returns thence in the end of the Year The Romans refuse to admit him but on condition that he shou'd order the Walls of Frascati to be demolish'd which he had fortify'd The Pope does it accordingly but the Romans having broke their word he causes Frascati to be refortfy'd and returns to Benâ—â—â—ntâ— XVIII The Emperor is defeated by the Milaneses and escapes with much a-do to Germany An Interview between the Kings of England and and France at St. Denis about the Affair of Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury where they come to no Agreement The King of England causes his Son Henry to be Crown'd by the Archbishop of York to the prejudice of the Archbishop of Canterbury to whom this Right belonged XXVII The fruitless Negotiations of two other Legates of the See of Rome concerning an accommodation of the Differences between the K. of England and the Arch-bishop of Canterbury The King of England being dissatisfy'd with the proceedings of these two last Legates desires two others to be sent which suit is granted but they have no better success in their Negociation than the former The Pope revokes the Suspension of the Authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury He Suspends the Arch-bishop of York and the Bishops who assisted at the Coronation of the King of England ab Officio c.   1170 XI The Anti-pope Paschal dies His Partisans Substitute John Abbot of Seruma in his place under the Name of Calixtus III. XIX An Interview between the Kings of England and France at St. German en Laye who conclude a Mutual Treaty of Peace XXVIII Manuel Comnenâ—s causes a Proposal to be made to the Pope for the re-union of the Greek and Latin Churches in case he wou'd cause him to be Crown'd Emperor of the West but the Pope replies that the Matter being of too great difficulty he cou'd not grant his request Theorianus is sent to Armenia by the Emperor Manuel Comnenus to endeavour to procure a re-union between that and the Greek Church He finds means to gain the Patriarch of the Armenians The Interview between the the two Kings at St. Germain en Laye where were present the Legates of the Pope and Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury produce no effect as to the reconciliation of this Prelate with his Prince Rotrou Archbishop of Roan and Bernard Bishop of Nevers are sent by the Pope to the King of England with Orders to suspend the whole Kingdom from Divine Service if he refus'd to be reconcil'd to the Archbishop of Canterbury and to restore Peace to the Church This Prince yields to their Remonstrances and even entreats 'em to promote the Accommodation which is at last terminated this Year Theoâ—old the Kinsman of William of Champagne Archbishop of Sens is ordain'd Bishop of Amiens The Archbishop of York and the Bishops of London and Salisbury whom Thomas Becket had Excommunicated create him new Troubles in England and he is no sooner arriv'd at Canterbury but he is Assassinated in his Church on the Festival of Christmass Pontius the fifth Abbot of Clairvaux is made Bishop of Clermont in Auvergne The Birth of St. Dominick  Henry Arch-bishop of Rheims writes to the Pope and Cardinals in favour of Dreux or Drogo Chancellor of the Church of Noyon Peter of Poitiers Chancellor of the Church of Paris composes his Book of Sentences Robert of Melun Bishop of Hereford Alexis Aristenes Simeon Logotheta John of Cornwall Gerochus Provost of Reichersperg Peter de Riga Canon of Rheims 1171 XII XX. XXIX The King dispatches an Envoy to Rome to clear himself of the Murder of Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury The Pope sends two Legates to oblige him to make satisfaction to the Church and in the mean while Excommunicates the Murderers The King meekly submits to the Penance impos'd on him by the Legates dis-annuls the Customs publish'd at Clarendon and at last receives Absolution at the Door of the Church Richard succeeds Thomas in the Archbishoprick of Canterbury The Assassins of Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury come to Rome to get Absolution where the Pope enjoyns 'em to take a Journey to Jerusalem in the Habit of Pilgrims One of 'em perishes by the way and the two others spend the remainder of their Lives in doing Penance being shut up in a place call'd Monte-Nigro   1172 XIII XXI XXX Guarinus or Warinus is constituted the fifth Abbot of St. Victor at Paris Henry II. King of England is absolv'd in the Council of Avranches A Council at Lombez in which the Heretick Oliverius and his Followers call'd Bons Hommes or Good Men are convicted and condemn'd A Council at Cassel in Ireland held in the Month of October A Council at Avranches The Death of Gilbert Abbot of Hoiland 1173 XIV XXII The Young King of England Rebels against his Father who is oblig'd to repair to the Tomb of Thomas Arch-bishop of Canterbury to implore his Assistance XXXI The Canonization of Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury  Richard of St. Victor dies March 10. 1174 XV. XXIII XXXII The Canonization of St. Bernard Jan. 18. William Arch Deacon of Tyre is advanced in the Month of May to the Dignity of Arch-bishop of that Church   1175 XVI XXIV The Emperor makes War in Italy XXXIII The Pope approves the Institution of the Order of the Knights of St. James in Spain and of that of the Monks of the Abbey of St. Saviour at Messina Nivelon de Cherisy is made Bishop of Soissons Geffrey Arthur Bishop of St. Asaph who had quitted his Bishoprick by reason of some Disturbances that happen'd in Wales and had retir'd to King Henry's Court who gave him the Abbey of Abington is sollicited in the Council of London to return to his Bishoprick but upon his refusal other Incumbents are provided both for his Bishoprick and Abbey and he remains destitute of a Benefice Geffrey who was translated from the Abbey of Igni to that of Clairvaux going into Italy is there made Abbot of Fossanova and some Years after of Hautecombe A Council at London held on the Sunday before the Festival of the Ascension in which were present the two Henrys Kings of England Geffrey Abbot of Clairvaux William Arch-bishop of Tyre 1176 XVII XXV The Emperor's Army is entirely defeated by the Milanese Forces and that Prince is oblig'd to send Ambassadors to Pope Alexander to sue for Peace XXXIV The
into four parts which are four quite distinct Works The Doctrinal which comprehends the Principles of all Sciences beginning at Grammar and ending at Divinity The Historical containing a Universal History from the beginning of the World to the year 1244 The Natural which treats of natural things as of Plants Birds c. and The Moral which treats of the Passions of Law and Grace of the Virtues and of the Vices These Works are nothing but a Collection out of divers Authors as he acknowledges in his Preface The last of them is almost word for word the same with the second Second of Thomas Aquinas's Sum which is very hard to be reconciled with the Chronology of these two Authors for St. Thomas not dying before 1274 and his Sum being one of his last Pieces it is not easy to imagine how Vincent of Beauvais who is supposed to have died in 1256 should have copyed from it The Criticks divide upon the Resolution of this Difficulty some say that perhaps Vincent did not die till 1264 and St. Thomas might before that have composed his second Second which might have been communicated to Vincent others say that this Book of Morals is not the Work of Vincent but that this Author not having meddled with them or what he wrote therein being lost some body put in these Extracts of St. Thomas to make Vincent's Works compleat These Opinions are not very probable for first almost all Authors that have spoken of Vincent of Beauvais make him die in 1256 and if one should suppose that he lived till 1264 it is pretty hard to imagine how he should copy a Work which was then neither published nor finished Besides it cannot be thought that Vincent of Beauvais did not compose a Moral Treatise because he in his Preface tells us that this is one of the parts of his Work and because the old Authors such as Henry of Gand and Trithemius make mention of this very one which begins with the very words that are related by Trithemius for the beginning of Vincent of Beauvais's Work of Morality But then on the other side it appears that the Sum of St. Thomas is all in the same Stile and he quotes the second Second in his other Works whereas the Work of Vincent of Beauvais is a Rhapsody taken from different Authors and it is likewise said that he quotes the Sum of St. Thomas in his Natural Treatise These are the Difficulties that occur and the Conjectures that are brought on each side upon which I shall leave the Reader to make what Reflections he shall think fit not seeing any thing sufficient to determine me on one side or other The entire Work of Vincent of Beauvais is a vast Collection that showeth the laborious diligence of the Author more than his Judgment and Palate His Historical Mirror was printed separately at Nuremberg in 1473 and at Mentz in 1474. The Moral Part at Nuremberg in 1485 and at Venice in 1493. The Doctrinal at Nuremberg in 1486 and all the four Parts at Basil in 1481 at Venice in 1484 and in 1591 and at Douay in 1524 with the Title of The Library of the World Trithemius mentions some other Works of Vincent of Beauvais namely a Treatise of Grace or of the Redemption of Jesus Christ A Discourse in praise of the Virgin and another in praise of St. John the Evangelist A Treatise about the Instruction of Kings Sons and a Consolatory Letter to St. Louis upon the Death of one of his Friends and some other Letters These two last pieces were printed at Basil in 1481. RAIMOND of Pennafort or Rochfort born in 1175 at Barcelona studied in the University Raimond of Rochfort of Bologn and after having taken his Degrees did there teach the Canon Law He was afterwards recalled to Barcelona by his Bishop and made by him Canon and Provost of his Cathedral He left this Dignity in 1218 to enter into the Order of Preaching Friars and was in a short time after chosen by John Algrin Cardinal of St. Sabina Legate in Spain to accompany him in his Embassy Pope Gregory the Ninth being acquainted with his Merit invited him to Rome made use of him in his Affairs and made him his Chaplain his Penitentiary and his Confessor He refused the Archbishoprick of Tarragon but being obliged to return by the advice of his Physicians to Barcelona he was chosen third General of his Order in 1238 and resigned that Dignity within two years to live a simple Monk He was nevertheless industrious for the rooting out the Vaudois and Saracens perswading James I. King of Arragon to set up the Inquisition in his Realm He died in 1275 being a hundred years old He was canonized by Clement VIII in 1601. 'T is he that was the Author of that Collection of five Books of â—â—â—â—â—tals which is in the body of the Law which he made by the Order and with the Approbation of Pope Gregory the IX who recommended it to the Doctors and Students of the University of 〈◊〉 in his own name to serve them for a Rule in their Schools and a Law in their Judgments He likewise made a Sum of Cases of Conscience which was printed at Rome in 1603. It is divided into three parts In the first he treats of Sins committed against God In the â—â—cond of those against our Neighbour In the third of Irregularity of Hindrances to the taking of Holy Orders Dispensations Canonical Purgations Sentences Penances and Absolutions to which is joined a Treatise in reference to Matrimony The greatest part of these Cases he decides by the Authority of the Holy Scriptures the Canons the Decretals or the Fathers and vary rarely by their own Evidence An Example which all that wrote after him upon these Matters ought to have followed Some Authors take notice of a Treatise of his about the Visitation of Diocesses and the care of Souls and another of War and Duelling and another concerning the means of trading without Injustice But these we have none of GILES of Assisi a Companion of St Francis is Author of a little piece intituled Words Giles of Assisi of Gold printed at Antwerp in 1534 and of many other little Works which are no where but in Manuscript He died in 1262. ALEXANDER sirnamed of Hales from the place where he was born which is in Glocestershire Alexander of Hales in England after having gone through the Course of his Studies in his own Country came to the University of Paris where he followed Divinity and the Canon Law and gained such a Reputation in them that he was sirnamed the Irrefragable Doctor and the Fountain of Life In 1222 he entred into the Order of Friars Minims and made Paris the place of his Residence where he died in 1245 on the 27th of August By the Order of Innocent the IV. he made a Commentary upon the four Books of Sentences or a very subtile Sum of Divinity which hath been printed at Nuremberg
Count of Anjou Crown'd King of Sicily by Pope Clement IV. 2. Subdues Sicily by his Arms in defeating his Competitors 9. Stripp'd of his Authority by Pope Nicolas III. 10. And of the Kingdom of Sicily ibid. His Defeat and Death ibid. Chastity That the Vow of Chastity renders a Marriage null 39 Chests The having any in Churches without the Bishops leave prohibited 135 Chrism Prohibitions of demanding any thing for the Holy Chrism 36. When 't is unlawful to give it to exempt Persons 119. That one may mix unconsecrated Oyl with the Consecrated 27. It must be kept under Lock and Key 99. 129. The Custom of the Greeks in their Consecrating of it 50 Christian Canon of Beauvais and Doctor of Paris The Proceeding of Pope Alexander IV. against this Canon and several other Doctors of Paris 138 Christ. An Impostor who call'd himself the Christ Condemn'd in England 104 Church A Judgment concerning the Works made on the Rites and Ceremonies of the Church in this Century 53. The Errors of the Waldenses concerning the Church its Ministers its Laws and its Customs 148 c. Church-Goods The Curates oblig'd to write the Inventory of them in their Missals 117. Constitutions against those who seize on or detain them 12 15 108 112 117 120 122 126 127 130 134 135 136. Prohibitions against Mortgaging them 129. and alienating them 13 16 17 105 116 117 124 128 130 131 134. In what Cases their Alienations are null 2â— 29 34 39 122. The Obligation of redeeming those that are Alienated 26 27. Of their Division into four parts 90. Of their Use 39. Those of Vacant Churches reserv'd to the next Incumbents 118. Of the Grants of Church-Goods made by the Bishops 121. A Custom practis'd in Denmark when any thing was given to the Church 28 29. The Administration of Church-Goods Prohibited to the Laicks 135 Churches or Temples Constitutions about the Building and Consecrating of them 111 120. Of their Reparations and Provision 116. Of the Conservation of their Rights and Immunities ibid. Prohibitions against keeping of Meetings Tryals Markets and Dancings in them 124 128 130. And fortifying them 135. Penalties against those who are the occasion of their Pollution 126 Church-Yards Prohibitions against letting Cattel graze in them 135 136 Conventual Churches The Laicks excluded those Churches on Sundays and Holydays during the Parish-Service 118 The Gallican Church Constitutions of King S. Lewis for the Preservation of the Rights Privileges and Immunities of the Gallican Church 146 The Greek Church Projects set on Foot for the Re-union of that Church with the Latin 39 82. A Profession of Faith drawn up by Clement IV. in order to bring the Re-union about 83. This Re-union concluded under the Emperor Michael Palaeâ—logus 83 c. And confirmed in the General Council of Lions ibid. 123. This Re-union broken under the Emperour Andronicus 84 c. The Customs of this Church condemn'd 97 Constitutions for Reforming the Greek Ritual in the Island of Cyprus 50 The Order of Citeaux or The Cistercian Order A Canon against the Deserters of that Order 43 Clement IV. Pope Marks of his Humility 51 Clerks Constitutions concerning the Tryal of Clerks and against those who abuse them 37 38. The Excommunication of Laicks who keep them in Prison 35. That they ought not to work at any Trade 50. That they ought not to have any Servant-Maids 114. Or any other Women in their Houses 39. Of the Tryal of Clerks who keep Concubines 38. See Ecclesiasticks Collators Of their Duties in Collating of Benefices 65 91 109 116 155. That they may not detain the Fruits of Vacant Benifices 121. Preserv'd in their Privileges in France by King S. Lewis 121 Collations of Benefices Lapse to the Pope or Bishop if not collated within the time prefix'd by the Canons 33. Ought to be given gratis 94 104 105 108 116 117 121. To capable persons 100 108 116 120 121 134. In what Cases declar'd null 121 Colocz The Tenths acquir'd by the Archbishop of that Church 31 Câ—lomban The Re-establishment and Exemption of that Monastery 39 Commendams Their Establishment 156. That those of Vacant Benefices belong to the Bishop 118. Prohibited 121 Comminges The Damages which the Count of Comminges sufferr'd by the Croisade against the Albigenses 151 Commissaries delegated by the Holy See The Formality requir'd before they executed their Commissions 111 112 117 120 That one might be provided against the deputed Commissaries not by way of Appeal but by way of Challenge 40 Communion Order'd to receive it at Christmass Easter and Whitsoâ—tide 116. When the Parishioners are oblig'd to receive the Communion at the Hands of the proper Curate 128 Conclave It s Institution 51. Confirm'd 52 Concoresois Hereticks of the Sects of the Cathari and their Errors 150 Concubines The Clerks forbidden to keep any 130. Incapable of pious Legacies 116 Confession Of the Duty of Priests in Confessions 90 99. Of Confession and the manner of inflicting Pennances 134. Of the Obligation of Confessing one's self to one's proper Curate 99 107. The revival of the Canon Omnis Utriusque Sexus 116 122 128 133 156. Canons concerning Confession 38 92 131 132. Touching the Confession at Easter 126 133. And the Confessions of the Sick 126. Of the power of hearing Confessions granted to the Mendicant Friars 133. The Monks prohibited this Function by a Council 125. The Contests between the Mendicants and the Ordinaries about Confession adjusted according to the Decretal of Boniface VIII super Cathedram 136. Of the privacy of Confession 90 Confirmation The Qualifications necessary for the Administring or Receiving this Sacrament 118. That only Bishops can administer it 39 50. That none ought to neglect the receiving it 120 132. Who are not to be allow'd to be Sureties at Confirmation 90 Confraternities Canons against the Founding of New Confraternities 110 113 117 129 Conimbra The Rights and Privileges of that Church 32 33 Conâ—â—rers Order'd to be Excommunicated every Sunday 110 111 Conrad Cardinal Bishop of Forto The Constitutions which he Publish'd during his Legation in Germany 105. The Council which he held in France against the Albigenses 152 Conrad Arch-bishop of Cologne The Constitution which he publish'd in a Council 118 Conrad Archbishop of Salâ—zburgh Synodical Statutes of that Archbishop 136 Conrad the Son of the Emperor Frederick Elected King of Germany 4. Excommunicated by the Pope 8â— His Expeditions in Italy and Germany and his Death ibid. Conradin the Son of Conrad the Emperor Disputes Sicily with Charles Count of Anjou who takes him Prisoner and puts him to Death 10 Conspiracies Punish'd with Excommunication 112 Constantinople Taken by the Latins who set up for Emperor Baldwin Count of Flanders 81 c. The Succession of the Patriarchs of Constantinople in this Century 84 Corbey A Privilege granted to the Abbot of this Abbey of wearing a Ring 31 S. Corneille in Compeign The Privileges of this Abbey confirm'd 30 Corporals By whom they ought to be wished
written for the Pope against Lewis of Bavaria and the Augustins at Rome have a Treatise of his in MS. against the Errors discovered in the time of Lewis Duke of Bavaria He also Composed some Spiritual Treatises as a Writing upon the Four Gifts Two Books of the Spiritual War An Explication upon the Gospels of Lent and an Abridgment of the Book of Aegidius Romanus about the Government of Princes We must distinguish him also from Bartholomew Albicius a Native of Pisa also a Grey-Friar who flourished about 1380. and Bartholomew Albicius wrote a Work of the Conformity of S. Frances with our Lord Jesus Christ printed at Milan in 1510. and Six Books of the Life and Praises of the Virgin Mary or the Conformity of the Virgin with Jesus Christ printed at Venice in 1596. Several Sermons upon Lent are also attributed unto him printed in several places This last died Decemb. 10. 1401. WILLIAM de BALDENSEL or BOLDESELE or de BOLDENSLEVE a German Knight wrote an William Baldensel History of his Voyage into the Holy Land at the intreaty of Cardinal Taleran who caused it to be made upon the Occasion of the Crusado which was made that Year This Work is in the Fifth Tome of the Antiquities of Canisius ARNOLDUS CESCOMES Archbishop of Tarragon wrote about the same time viz. in 1337. Arnoldus Cescomes Two Letters the one to Pope Benedict XII and the other to John Bishop of Porto to desire Assistance against the Sarazens of Spain which are published by Mr. Baluzius in the Second Tome of his Miscellanies DANIEL de TRIVISI a Grey-Friar after he had made several Voyages and stayed some time Daniel de Trivisi in the Kingdom of Armenia was sent by Leo King of that Country to Benedict XII in 1338. and Composed for the Justification of the Armenians a Treatise intituled The Answer of Daniel de Trivisi of the Order of Grey-Friars and Ambassador of Leo King of the Armenians in the time of Benedict XII which is in MS. in Mr. Colbert's Library Cod. 1653. HENRY de URIMARIA a Native of Thuringia of the Order of the Hermits of S. Augustine Henry de Urimaria flourished about 1340. He joined a most Devout Piety with a continual Study and Composed several Works of Science and Piety the Commentaries or Additions to the Books of the Sentences printed at Cologne in 1513. are of the first sort The Treatise upon the Four Instincts printed at Venice in 1498. under the Name of another Author is of the second sort as also his Sermons upon the Passion of Jesus Christ and the Saints printed at Haguenau in 1513. and at Paris with the former Treatise in 1514. There are several other Works of Piety of that Author which have not yet been published ROBERT COWTON an Englishman and a Grey-Friar flourished about the same time and Robert Cowton Composed a Commentary and an Abridgment upon the Four Books of the Sentences which are in some Libraries in England DURANDUS de CHAMPAGNE a Grey-Friar Confessor of the Queen of France and Navarre Durandus de Champagne flourished also about the same time and Composed a Summ of Confessions or a Directory for Confessors divided into Four Parts which is in the Library of Mr. Colbert Cod. 451. CLEMENT de FLORENCE of the Order of Servites a Divine of Paris which flourished about Clement de Florence the Year 1340. wrote upon the Psalms and Composed a Golden-Chain upon all the Epistles of S. Paul which are in MS. in the Library of the Great Duke of Tuscany and Concordances dedicated to Annebald Cardinal the Protector of his Order which are in the Library of the Servites at Florence He died in the 78th Year of his Age after he had gone through divers Offices in his Order LUPOLDUS de BAMBERG a Lawyer the Scholar of John Andreas de Bologne has Composed Lupoldus de Bamberg two Works full of Learning the one dedicated to Rodulphus Duke of Saxony concerning the Zeal and Fervour of the Ancient German Emperors towards the Religion of Jesus Christ and the Ministers of the Church in which he produces abundance of Examples of French Kings and German Emperors upon that Subject The other is a Treatise of the Rights of the Empire dedicated to Baldwin Archbishop of Treves printed at Strasburg in 1508. These two Treatises have been printed at Paris in 1540. at Cologne in 1564. at Basil in 1497 and 1566. and at Strasburg in 1603. and 1609. This Author flourished about the Year 1340. WALTER BURLEY an Englishman whom some assure us to have been a Grey-Friar and others Walter Burley a Secular Priest studied under Scotus at Oxford and at Paris but followed not his Doctrines He was the Master of Edw. III. King of England and died about 1340. His Commentary upon the Books of the Sentences was never printed but only several Commentaries upon the Books of Aristotle which have been printed alone in several places and a Book of the Lives of the Philosophers printed in 1472. but very full of Faults as Vossius has observed JOHN CANON an Englishman and a Grey-Friar after he had finished the first course of his John Canon Studies at Oxford came to Paris to hear the Lectures of Scotus where having received a Drs. Cap he returned to Oxford where he taught till he died which was in about 1340. He Composed a Comment upon the Mr. of the Sentences Some Lectures and Questions and a Treatise upon the Eight Books of Aristotle's Physicks printed at Venice in 1492. PETER de PALUDE or PALUDANUS the Son of Gerhard Varembonius a Lord in Bresse of the Peter de Palude Order of the Friars-Preachers a Licentiate in 1314. in the University of Paris flourished in that University and was nominated Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1330. He made a Voyage into the East in 1331. and being returned preached a Crusade He died at Paris Jan. ult 1341. He Composed a large Commentary upon the Four Books of the Sentences of which that Part which is upon the Third and Fourth Books was printed at Paris in 1514 and 1517. and since in 1530. Sermons for all the Year printed at Antwerp in 1571. at Venice in 1584. and at Colen in 1608. A Treatise of the Immediate Cause of the Ecclesiastical Power printed at Paris in 1506. in which he Treats of the Power of S. Peter the Apostles Disciples Popes Bishops and Curates His MS. Commentary upon the First and Second Book of the Sentences was faln into the hands of Damianus Zenarius a Printer at Venice who had a Design to publish it but never brought it to pass There are in the Covent of Jacobins in Paris some Comments of this Author upon all the Books of Scripture and in the Library of Mr. Colbert Cod. 566. A Treatise upon the Poverty of Jesus Christ and his Apostles against Michael de Caesena It is said also That there is a Treatise printed by
Subject whereof is not as some imagine That the Church can take away the Pope for ever but that there are many Cases wherein the Church may be for a time without the Pope and that there are some Cases wherein he may be Depos'd He takes for the Text of his Discourse the Words of Jesus Christ in St. Mark Ch. 2. The time will come when the Bridegroom shall be taken away from you whereupon he enquires First Whether Jesus Christ who is the Bridegroom of the Church can be taken from the Church and its Members And first he lays it down for certain That he cannot be taken away from the whole Church according to the Ordinary Law Secondly That tho' he may cease to be the Spouse of particular Believers in the Church Militant yet he cannot cease to be the Spouse of the whole Church Collectively Thirdly That he cannot cease to dispense continually his Graces to the whole Church and every one of its Living Members Fourthly That it was not possible That Jesus Christ should be taken away from the far greatest part of his Spouse so that the Church should subsist in one Woman only or in the Sex of Women only or in Lay-men only This is what concerns Jesus Christ. Now follow the Propositions which concern the Pope his Vicar First The Monarchical State of the Church Establish'd by Jesus Christ cannot be chang'd Secondly A Pope may cease to be the Vicar of Jesus Christ by Cession or Resignation of the Pontificat Thirdly He may be remov'd by a General Council even against his Will in some Cases and tho' the Council cannot take from him the Power of Order yet it may Deprive him of the lawful Execution of the Power of Order and of his Jurisdiction Fourthly The Council has Power to do this legally and with Authority Fifthly The Pope may be Depos'd as a Heretick and Schismatick tho' he be only mentally so in such Cases as he may be presum'd and judg'd to be such Sixthly He may in some Cases be depriv'd of the Pontificate without any Fault of his though not without cause as if he become incapable of doing his Duty if he do not prove that his Election was Canonical if his Deprivation be a means to procure the Peace of the Church or the Re-union of a great many People or if he has promis'd to resign Seventhly The Church cannot take away the Vicar of Jesus Christ unto the end of the World supposing that it shall last yet for some time From whence he concludes That those who contribute to maintain a Schism oppose the Order of Jesus Christ because they hinder the Church from having a lawful Head The 4th Treatise of Gerson is about the manner of our Behaviour during a Schism where he shews That when it is doubtful which of the Competitors is the true Pope we ought to abstain from Condemning one another and endeavour to procure the Peace of the Church either by obliging the Competitors to resign their pretended Rights or by withdrawing our Obedience to them but above all things we ought not to divide the Communion of one from the other At the end of this Treatise he has added an Appendix wherein he gives a Catalogue of the Schisms of the Church of Rome The 5th Work is a Treatise of the Unity of the Church wherein he shews with what Zeal we ought to seek after Union with one sole Head the Vicar of Jesus Christ and of what importance it is to procure it After this follows a Treatise of the different States of the Ecclesiasticks of their Duties and Privileges First With respect to the Pope who hath the Supremacy in the Church tho' he be subject to the Laws of General Councils and ought also to pay a Deference to other positive Laws Secondly With respect to the Bishops who are of Divine Institution and exercise their Power in Subordination to the Pope yet so that he cannot destroy it nor deprive the Bishops of it without Reason or restrain their Rights or Jurisdictions beyond reasonable Bounds Thirdly With respect to Parish-Priests who succeed the 72 Disciples and who are also instituted by Jesus Christ who although they be inferiour to Bishops yet are superiour to the Regulars having a Right to Preach and Administer the Sacraments Fourthly With respect to the Regulars who are priviledg'd and have been chosen to Preach and hear Confessions a long time after the Establishment of the Church a Privilege which they ought to use Charitably and not from a Principle of Interest Emulation or Ambition and to the Prejudice of the Parish-Priests and not at all but when they are approv'd by the Bishop The next Treatise is a Work purely of Morality wherein Gerson collects many Christian Maxims for all Estates after which follows a Sermon preach'd at Constance wherein he relates divers Signs of the approaching Destruction of this World among which he places the Pomp Pride and Tyranny of the Prelats of his time and the Novelty of Opinions After this we find a Catalogue of the Faults of Ecclesiasticks which are many The plurality of Benefices is not forgotten there nor the Tricks and Sollicitations that are us'd to obtain them the Absence of Bishops from their Diocesses the Negligence of Ecclesiasticks in performing their Office and reading Divine Service their Ignorance the worldly Life which they lead the Pomp and Pride of Cardinals and other Prelats and an infinite number of Disorders both in the Manners and Behaviour of the Ecclesiasticks The three following Treatises were Compos'd before the Council of Constance at such time as Benedict XIII was yet acknowledg'd by France wherein he proves the Right that Benedict had to the Pontificat and would have him put an end to the Schism by way of Compromise or Cession rather than by a General Council Gerson being sent to Pope Benedict by the University of Paris preach'd before him two Sermons at Taraseon in the Year 1404. one on the day of our Lord's Circumcision and the other about the Peace of the Church wherein he undertakes to persuade the Pope that he ought to embrace all ways for procuring it even by resigning if need were his Right to his Adversary This Discourse was ill taken wherefore Gerson was forc'd to justify himself by two Letters which he wrote whereof one is address'd to the Duke of Orleans and the other to the Bishop of Cambray In these Letters he speaks of another preceding Sermon deliver'd before the same Pope at Marseilles wherein he declares the Occasion of his Embassy which is printed after the other two whereof we have now spoken although it should be before them and there is also among them a Discourse which was not preach'd by Gerson till a long time after in the presence of Alexander V. The other Pieces of Gerson about the Schism are a Discourse spoken in the Name of the University of Paris in 1408. in the presence of the Embassadors from England who were