Selected quad for the lemma: england_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
england_n	aforesaid_a	king_n	lord_n	5,125	5	4.5369	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A28293	Rules for assizing of bread viz. by troy-weight, or sterling, and by avoirdupoids weights : together with the rule of coequality of both weights, and the assize by a standard-weight for white, wheaten, and household loaves, assized by a certain price, rising and lowering, as the price of wheat rises and falls in the market : all three calculated exactly according to the statute Assiza panis 51.H.3. now in force in Ireland.	Blackhall, G.	1699 (1699)	Wing B3072; ESTC R31594	37,410	77

RULES For ASSIZING of BREAD viz. By TROY-Weight or STERLING AND By AVOIRDUPOIDS Weights TOGETHER With the Rule of Coequality of both WEIGHTS AND The Assize by a Standard-Weight FOR WHITE WHEATEN and HOUSHOLD LOAVES Assized by A Certain Price Rising and Lowring as the Price of WHEAT Rises and Falls in the Market All Three Calculated exactly according to the Statute Assiza Panis 51. H. 3. now in force in IRELAND DUBLIN Printed by Joseph Ray in Skinner-Row and are to be Sold at his Shop over against the Tholsel 1699. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE LORD MAYOR RECORDER ALDERMEN SHERIFFS Commons and Citizens OF THE CITY of DUBLIN May it Please Your Lordship and Worships THese Three Books of Assize most humbly crave to be admitted to the Freedom of this Honourable City Their Design is not to Intrude on any Corporation but rather to be Admitted among them all as a help to each Member First To the Majestrates to ease them of the great trouble of Calculating every Assize and Regulate the Weight of Bread so that every one but especially the Poor and the Soldier may have their full Weight for their Penny According to such plenty as GOD will be pleased to afford Secondly To the Bakers that they may not mistake in the Weight they ought to give and so prevent the Seisure of their Bread and the Punishments which follows Thirdly To all other Freemen that they may be Judges themselves whether they get full Weight or not But particularly to the Grand-Juries who are the proper Judges between the Bakers and the poor Prisoners unto whom all Bread under Assize do justly belong The Premisses considered and for as much as they will without doubt be useful to all Citizens May it please your Honours to grant this Humble Request and unto me the Liberty of Subscribing my self as in Reallity I am Your Lordship And Worships Most Humble And Obedient Servant G. Blac●kall To the Impartial Reader WHEN I published my Rule of Assize by Troy weight I thought it would have prevented the former Complaints made by the Bakers against the Magistrates of this City and that I should escape in my time their usual Accusations of not being assized as the Statute directs But I found my self very much mistaken for on the contrary in a little time after they charged me both before Government and Council and before the Parliament of having refused to conform to some Order of Council and of having Assized them contrary to it and at such Rates and Prices as they could not live by Particularly by their Maslin-Bread which was never assized in Ireland before the time of my Magistracy and insisted positively that by the Statute they ought to be Assized by the second highest price of Wheat and not by the MIDDLE price as I had Assized them by All these Charges I answered and at a publick hearing in Council their Petition was dismist and afterwards rejected by the Commitee of the Honourable House of Commons after an exact Examination of the Statute of Assize and of all my proceedings in assizing them and my Rules of Assize were found so exactly like those of the Statute that I was desired to print them again and to add to it the Assize by Avoir-dupoids and by a Standard weight for Bread assizable by a certain price which I have accordingly joyned here together But notwithstanding these publick Determinations they have since persisted in the same Assertion having an implicit belief for a certain Bakers Book who pretends to have found out in the Statute the Word Second Price in stead of MIDDLE Price Therefore I think it necessary to insert here the Statute it self that every one may judge of their gross mistake Statute Assisa Panis 51. H. 3. Anno Dom. 1266. THE King to all to whom these presents shall come greeting We have seen certain Ordinances of the Assise of Bread and Ale and of the making of Money and Measures made in the times of our Progenitors sometimes Kings of England in these Words When a quarter of Wheat is sold for 12 pence then 1 Wastel-Bread of a Farthing shall weigh 6 l. 16 s. 2 But Bread cocket of a Farthing of the same Corn and Bultel shall weigh more then the Wastel by 2 s. 3 And cocket Bread made of Corn of lower price shall weigh more then the Wastel by 5 s. 4 Bread made into a Simne● shall weigh 2 s. less then Wastel 5 Bread made of the whole Wheat shall weigh a Cocket and an half so that a Cocket shall weigh more then a Wastel by 5 s. 6 Bread of Treet shall weigh 2 Wastels 7 And Bread of common Wheat shall weigh two great Cockets And it is to be known that when a Baker in every quarter of Wheat as it is proved by the Kings Bakers may gain 4 d. and the Bran and two Loaves for advantage For three Servants 1 d. ob For two lads ob In Salt ob For kneadind ob For Candle q. For Wood 2 d. For his bultel ob The Assise of Bread as it is contained in a writing of the Marshalsey of our Lord the King delivered unto them may be holden according to the price of Wheat that is to say as well Wastel as other Bread of the better second and third sort shall be weighed as is aforesaid by the MIDDLE price of Wheat and the Assize or weight of Bread shall not be changed but by six pence increasing or decreasing in the Sale of a Quarter By the consent of the whole Realm of England the Measure of our Lord the King was made That is to say that an English Penny called a Sterling round and without any clipping shall weigh 32 Wheat Corns in the midst of the Ear and 20 d. do make an Ounce and 12 Ounces one Pound and 8 Pound do make a Gallon of Wine and 8 Gallons of Wine do make a London-Bushel which is the 8th part of a Quarter Forasmuch as in our Parliament holden at Westminster in the first Year of our Reign we have granted that all good Statutes and Ordinances made in the times of our Progenitors aforesaid and not revoked shall be still held we have caused at the request of the Bakers of our Town of Coventry that the Ordinances aforesaid by tenor of these presents shall be examplified This Statute is the only in force in Ireland for the exact Assize of Breads and its Rules are so well disgested that it would be very difficult to find a better or easier Method There is another Statute ordering that the price of Bread and Ale shall be according to the price of Corn. And also the Statute of the Pillory and Tumbrell for the punishing of Bakers and Brewers which authorises Grand Juries to inquire in these following Words After how the Bakers Bread in the Court do agree that it is to wit Wastel and other Bread after Wheat of the best or of the second or of the third price Also upon how

since which was judged to be sufficient when granted And here we must observe that the measures of Wheat were calculated by such Weight as might enable the Bakers to bake with profit enough and the Bran over and above The Quarter of Wheat Winchester measure was then fixed one with the other at 544 pounds 4 ounces 16 penny weight Troy or 448 pounds Avoir-du-poids and all Assize s were calculated accordingly I heard that the Bakers desired that a Tryal should be made of a Quarter of Wheat of the Tole-Corne which is mixed of all sorts and to bake it all in good Houshold Bread But I believe it was a jest else it should be named a Fallacy for by such a Tryal the Bread made would not produce so much as the Corn cost This may be easily demonstrated by the Assize inserted in the Statute 51 H. 3. Where you will find that Houshold Bread is to weigh in its proportion as much as the Corn in toto Example 3 Quarters of Corn assized at 4 hundred weight a piece makes 12 hundred in toto and if the same did cost viz. the best 30 s. the middle 20 s. and the last 10 s. and assized by the middle price 20 s. and the Baker bound to give the like weight in Houshold as the Corn weighs viz. 4 hundred which at 5 s. comes to the middle price of 20 s. If he be such a fool as to mix the whole and make it all Houshold and sell it as the Assize bindeth at the rate of the middle Corn he cannot get a Farthing for baking c. And therefore such a Tryal is ridiculous But if the Baker keeps the 3 sorts of Corn unmixt and draws out of the 1200 viz. 400 for Houshold he has to 20 s. of Bread and 300 of Wheaten brings as much which makes 40 s. and 200 of White produces the same as the 400 Houshold which makes the first cost and these 4. 3 and 2 Hundred makes but 900 So that the Baker has 300 Weight of Flower and Bran left to himself for his Profit and 6 s. Allowance I know they will Answer that my Proposition is not certain and that there cannot be 200 weight of White in the 1200 nor 300 of Wheaten and therefore will insist for a Tryal to which I have no further to reply but that I do really believe that it will be as difficult for a private Man who knows not the Art of Baking to make the best of several sorts of Corn as to another who never understood Mettals to mix them so as to bring them to several Standards for the best Profit or to judg afterwards of their Qualities when once allayed according to Art And so it is with the Bakers for when they have sorted their 3 Quarters or 1200 weight of Meal and placed 200 for White 300 for Wheaten and 400 for Houshold If they mix half a Hundred of the Wheaten to the 200 of White and the like of the Houshold to the Wheaten and as much of the remaining part or Fine Bran to the Houshold who should be judg of this mixture but themselves who are the God-Fathers of the Bread and gives it what Name they please as some Goldsmiths who have called Sterling a second sort of Silver allayed with one fifth part of Copper althô the Sterling is not to bear above the 20th part of allay All these Mixtures add allways to the profit of the Bakers Therefore I conclude that advantageous Tryal for the publick Good cannot reasonably be expected from them who are Sworn for the Good of their Corporation and naturally inclined to procure to themselves and Families all the Advantage possible nor that they should teach in a Day and for nothing an Art they have laboured so long to learn and discover all their Misteries at once to their disadvantage But I hope that after a serious Consideration they will seek for their right by the usual Methods that have always been observed in England and Ireland and continue their supplying this Great City with good and wholsom Bread according to Assize and as they are bound by their Charter When I published these few Exceptions I thought they had been sufficient for to satisfie all Persons that there was no need at all of a Tryal for it appears plainly enough by the Statute and the Allowance granted to the Bakers that they are sufficient Gainers But none having consulted the Statute and Mr. Cocq having prevailed for a Tryal and for such a Tryal that by baking of a Quarter of Wheat the Bread made of it brought less by 4 s. 6 d then the Corn cost as they reported I think my self obliged to enlarge a little more At the time that Mr. Cocq's Tryal was made an Unfree-Baker made another of a Quarter of Wheat at the same Assize and made of the Bread seaven Shillings six Pence more then the Corn cost which will be proved upon Oath if doubted of and therefore no need to allow the Free-Bakers to make any further Tryals Mr. Cocq made a great Noyse in the Court of Kings-Bench pretending that these few Exceptions were all Erronious and that I had wrong'd the Bakers Had he mention'd in what particular I had answered him there for I expected their Thanks and not their Reproaches being that they tend generally to the Advantage of the Corporation I made them short and upon general Heads not thinking that they would oblige me to descend to Particulars and to unravel their Disingenious Contrivances for attaining their end by a Tryal being not willing to expose them But Master Cocq having made his Challenge so publickly I shall endeavour to make good my positive Assertion That the Bakers are sufficient Gainers and that a Tryal by them is neither sure nor necessary I shall prove the same first by the Statute it self and secondly by their proceeding Since I made publick the Book of Assize by Troy-weight Imo The Statute Assiza Panis fixes the Assize by a Quarter of Wheat of Wine-measure which is short of the full Weight of a Quarter of Corn the Statute leaving the overplus to the Baker as a benefit for baking This is explained very clearly in the Statute as followeth By the Consent of the whole Realm of England the Measure of our Lord the King was made That is to say that an English Penny called a Sterling round and without Clipping shall weigh 32 Wheat Corns in the Middes of the Ear and 20 Pence do make an Ounce and 12 Ounces one Pound and 8 Pound do make a Gallon of Wine and 8 Gallons of Wine do make a London Bushel which is the eighth part of a Quarter It is then plain That the Measure used for Assize was the Wine-Measure but the Measure by which the Corn is sold is another which we call Ale or Winchester Measure the difference is that the Wine-Gallon contains only 231 Cubical Inches and the Ale-Gallon or Winchester contained then 282 and therefore there