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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A66518	Two discourses concerning the soul of brutes which is that of the vital and sensitive of man. The first is physiological, shewing the nature, parts, powers, and affections of the same. The other is pathological, which unfolds the diseases which affect it and its primary seat; to wit, the brain and nervous stock, and treats of their cures: with copper cuts. By Thomas Willis doctor in physick, professor of natural philosophy in Oxford, and also one of the Royal Society, and of the renowned college of physicians in London. Englished by S. Pordage, student in physick.	Willis, Thomas, 1621-1675.; Pordage, Samuel, 1633-1691?	1683 (1683)	Wing W2856; ESTC R219572	452,754	252

by S. Por●●age Student in Physick Printed for T. Dring and C. Harper in Fleetstreet and I. L●igh at Stationers Hall Price Thirty Shillings There is now Published the second Volume of Dr. Nalson's Impartial Collections of the Great Affairs of State from the beginning of the Scotch Rebellion in the Year 1639. to the Murther of King Charles the First wherein the first occasions and the whole series of the late Troubles in England Scotland and Ireland are faithfully represented taken from Authentick Records and methodically digested with a Table Published by his Majesties special Command Sold by Thomas Dring at the Harrow at the Corner of Chancery-Lane in Fleetstreet The Contemplation of the Soul pleasant but difficult It Conduces to the knowing of the Manners of Men and the Diseases of the Soul It distinguishes the Rational Soul of Man from that other of the Brute Some have affirmed the Soul of the Beast to be an Incorporeal Substance to wit the Platonists and the Pythagoreans Cap. 2. de Nat. Hom. Others an Incorporeal form as the Peripateticks Others affirm the Soul to be Corporeal and either something out of the Elements or the Blood c. The Opinion of Epicurus that the Soul is made out of Atoms The late followers of the Philosopher Epicurus have affirmed the Soul to be made of Atoms Others of them deny it to have Sense and Perception as Gometius Pereira Cartesius Digby and Others Others attribute to the Corporeal Souls sence and Perception and further the use of an inferior Reason as Nemesius De Nat. Hom. Cap. 1. Phys. Sect. 3. Membr post Lib. 8. Cap. 4. Who asserts the Soul to be a little flame or a Certain fire Why the Soul of the Beast seems not to be an incorporeal and immortal substance It is shown that it is Material and Coextended with the Body The Suffrages and Reasons of very many Authors perswade that the Soul of the Brute is not only Corporeal but Fiery The more Ancient Philosophers and Physicians have so affirmed Also many Moderns of great Note Hon. Faber Tract de Plantis et gener anim c. Arguments and Reasons perswade the same thing The diffinition of Fire and Flame by its Causes and Essences agrees also with the Soul of the Brute The Souls of all Brutes after the manner of Fire want a two-fold Food to wit a Sulphureous and Nitrous There are three things to be Consider'd of Concerning the Soul of the Brute It s Subsistance or Hypostasis In its Life or Act. In its Offices and Operations Animals are reduced into Classes either according to the Organs of Respiration Or according to the Vital Humour and they are either without Blood or of frigid Blood or hot Blood Bloodless Creatures are either of the Earth or Water It appears that Insects have fiery Souls because they want Sulphurous and Nitrous food Malpigius de Bombyce p. 28. These have Lungs or numerous wind-pipes the Orifices of which if stopped up by Oyl presently death follows The Heart of the Silk-Worm is long unequal and stretch'd forth thorow the whole Body The Brain is wanting the Spinal Marrow being sufficiently large The Vse of the Parts is exposed Why such numerous Wind-pipes Wherefore the Heart is so long Bloodless Creatures belonging to the Water Soft Fishes The Anatomy of the Oyster The Muscles opening and shutting the shells Circular Muscles moving the Gills The Mouth of the Oyster The Ventricle of the Oyster The Liver and Mesentery The Intestine An Intestine in an Intestine Which perhaps is the Spinal Marrow It s Pericardium with the Heart and Vessels The Gills The Description and use of them The motion of the Gills depends upon the Circular Muscles Shelly and crusty Fishes contain waters in their whole bodies to wit whereby they may be able to live out of the Waters The parts and Viscera of Fishes swiming backwards are inversed The Brain of the Lobster The Nerves and spinal Marrow The Oesophagus The Ventricle from which there is a passage into the Liver and Messentery De Bombie p. 40. Things answerable to the Liver and Messentery in Insects Spermatick Bodies Two Yards in the Male. Two Wombs in the Female The Pericardium and Heart The Aorta The Gills The Gills of the Lobster have three Bosoms Two of these carry about the Vital Humour The third receives and casts out the Waters flowing to it Shelly and Crusty Fishes receive the Waters that when they remain dry they may be able to live The Gills of Crusty Fishes hanging from the Sides or Ribs are moved as it were by shaking Pendulums Whether there be fiery souls in bloodless Creatures From whence the vital humour becomes bloody Why the bloody Brutes are some of them more hot Animals others more cold Why some are indued with an heart with a twofold Belly Lungs others with one Belly and Gills or Wind-pipes dispersed Description of an Earth-Worm It s local motion The little Feet It s Snout It 's Brain Oesophagus Pericardium and Heart White Globes which are Spermatick Bodies The like to these in other Insects The Ventricle of which there are three Bellies c. The Intestine An Intestine in an Intestine which is in the place of the Liver and Mesentery The holes in the back of the Earth-Worm which seem to be Wind-Pipes Earth-Worms and Fishes abound in nitrous Salt being almost wholy destitute of a fixed and Volatile Salt In the next degree of the more frigid bloody Creatures are Fishes They are indued with an one Bellyed Heart and Gills The Structure and use of the Gills Not all the Blood but a part only is carryed thorow between the Gills at every Circulation Fishes breath by the Gills wherefore Fishes rejoyce rather in the Waters than in the Air. Certain Animals change the Regions of the Air and Water Brutes of a more cold blood which are framed with a Heart with a two-fold Belly and with Lungs On which the faculty of diving depends In the highest form of Animals are those of an hot Blood They are furnished with a two fold belly'd Heart and Lungs How the Lungs differ in Birds and four footed Beasts For what end the Lungs are perforated in Birds That the Souls of the more hot Brutes is chiefly Fire In Man the Corporeal or fiery Soul is subordinate to the Rational The parts of the Corporeal Soul A double Subject of the brutal Soul The blood or vital Liquor The Nervous juyce or animal Liquor From hence two parts of the Soul Flamy and light To which may be added another the Epiphysis or dependence of the whole Soul viz. the Genital part The parts or Members of the Soul The Flamy part of the Soul in the Blood Which we have shewed to be truly inkindled The sensitive part of the Soul divisible and extensed The Animal Spirits constitute its Hypostasis The Brain and Cerebel two roots of the sensitive Soul The substance of them two-fold viz. Cortical and Medullary To them are

TWO DISCOURSES CONCERNING The Soul of Brutes Which is that of the Vital and Sensitive of Man The First is PHYSIOLOGICAL shewing the NATURE PARTS POWERS and AFFECTIONS of the same The Other is PATHOLOGICAL which unfolds the DISEASES which Affect it and its Primary Seat to wit The BRAIN and NERVOUS STOCK And Treats of their CURES With Copper Cuts By THOMAS WILLIS Doctor in PHYSICK Professor of Natural Philosophy in OXFORD and also one of the Royal Society and of the renowned College of Physicians in LONDON Englished By S. PORDAGE Student in PHYSICK LONDON Printed for Thomas Dring at the Harrow near Chancery-Lane End in Fleetstreet Ch. Harper at the Flower-de-Luce against St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet-street and Iohn Leigh at Stationers-Hall 1683. To the most Reverend Father in God GILBERT By Divine Providence Arch-Bishop of Canterbury Primate and Metropolitan of all ENGLAND and one of the Privy Council to His Sacred Majesty CHARLES the Second King of Great Britain France and Ireland c. Most Renowned Prelate IN that I still become troublesom to your greater Cares by this Kind of often repeated Duty I must also repeat my former Excuse For that these my VVritings with those formerly Published for the most part consist of those things which I have delivered in my Academical Readings by a necessitated Duty belong to you for that I received them from your Favours and indeed neither these had ever seen the Light nor perhaps my self had ever been in the number of Authors unless I had been made at first your Sidlie Professor at Oxford yours I say both for the ancient Honour with which you had advanced me and also for the more fresh magnificent Liberality which has obliged the whole Academy and all its Gowned Company All the Schools partake of what is imputed to your Theatre and moreover all the Professors whil'st every one of their private Patrons are acknowledged Celebrate Sheldon who exceeds by your gifts that of other Macaenatuses and Crowns the whole But as these Disquisitions are indebted to your Munisicence so they require your Patronage and we offer them not more in Duty to your Grace than for the Cause of your Tutelage Concerning the Soul I have enter'd upon a great and difficult thing and full of hazard where we may equally fear the Censures of the Church as the Schools For that I assert a Man as the Mad-man in the Gospel possess 't with a Legion to be indued with many distinct Souls and design sometimes a legitimate Subordination of them and sometimes wicked Combinations troublesom Contests and more than Civil Wars yea and in that I importunately describe the Manners and Affections the Mutual Exaltations Dejections and Productions of either and their state after Separation These I say some not only Philosophers but Theologists perhaps may find fault with And althô I have a place of Safety in that the Arguments and Reasons fight on my Side and that I have got the Suffrages of the ancient Philosophers and the holy Fathers and especially of St. Hierome and Augustine and among the Moderns of Gassendus and our Hammond yet suffer your Grace for my greater Safety to extend your help to me and grant that I may profess in the Entrance to this Discourse that I am Your Graces Most humble and devoted Servant Tho. Willis To the Most LEARNED and WORSHIPFUL By me ever Respected The Vice-Chancellor Doctors and Masters who diligently Profess greatly Adorn and happily Promote good Letters in the most Famous University of Oxford Health EXcuse me Learned Men if you who were once my Auditors I now desire to be my Readers and you whom I ever found Propitious and Favourable that I therefore wish you may be my Judges and Patrons Your singular Humanity hath formerly enflamed my Industry in this Physiological Undertaking and given me Life and Strength so that if that any thing of Praise be due to me it ought to be imputed and referred to you I know indeed how great difference there is betwixt the flying words of Speakers and those impress'd upon lasting Papers but it seems of great Authority that they have not been displeasing to your most Curious Judgments in their utterance and I hope they may now pass any Examen having already passed your Critical Ears It therefore belongs to you to defend if not these my Endeavours yet at least your own Judgments and if perchance the litterate Thrasoe's of this Age who are wholly ignorant in Philosophy every where wandring about attempt to overthrow me with their Clamors which is their chief Eloquence to oppose your Authority against them by which if they are not put to Silence it will be however an high Confidence and inviolable Security to Honored Sirs the Admirer of you all THO. WILLIS THE PREFACE TO THE READER Courteous Reader I Have here given you what I had long promised the Pathology of the Brain and Nervous Stock and with it the previous Physical Meditations of the Soul of the Brutes which is that inferior one of Man This difficult task when at first denied leisure and retirement it could not be performed after the Death of my Dear Wife being lonely with frequent and unseasonable Studies that I might the less think on my Grief I have at last finished this according to my flender Capacity But indeed in these Disquisitions which the Anatomy of the Brain and its Appendixes hath lately and more exactly shown as we have enter'd into a by-way and not before trodden there was a necessity to lead thee thorow some sharp and stony ways beset with bushes and thorns which might offend thee And indeed I know not whether it will be pleasing to all that instituting the something Paradoxical Doctrine of the Animal Soul that I should assign to that Soul by which the Brutes as well as Men live feel move not only Extension but Members and as it were Organical Parts yea peculiar Diseases and proper means or methods of Curing them and that moreover I should form this which is meerly Vital and different from the Rational and subordinate to it and so Man a Two-soul'd Animal and as it were a manifold Geryon That I may remove out of the way these little rubs I do not at all doubt to overcome them and evince the Corporeity of the Soul by Reasons not to be contemned and also by the full suffrage both of the Ancients and the Moderns and besides that it is Bipart or Twofold I have already in another place by a necessary Consequence deduced from the Life of the Blood as it were a flame and from the existency of the Animal Spirits and as it were lucid or aetherial Hypostasis asserted and proved For granting to the Soul one Vital Portion living in the Blood to be a certain inkindling of it and another Sensitive to be only an heap of Animal Spirits every where diffused thorow the Brain and Nervous Stock it follows from hence that Brutes have a Soul Co-extended to