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england_n act_n majesty_n parliament_n 3,548 5 6.7082 4 false
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A54581 The obligation resulting from the Oath of Supremacy to assist and defend the pre-eminence or prerogative of the dispensative power belonging to the King, his heirs and successors. In the asserting of that power various historical passages occurring in the usurpation after the year 1641. are occasionally mentioned; and an account is given at large of the progress of the power of dispensing as to acts of Parliament about religion since the reformation; and of divers judgments of Parliaments declaring their approbation of the exercise of such power, and particularly in what concerns the punishment of disability, or incapacity. Pett, Peter, Sir, 1630-1699. 1687 (1687) Wing P1884; ESTC R218916 193,183 151

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majesty_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n in_o england_n and_o which_o be_v grant_v to_o they_o with_o non-obstante's_a to_o all_o act_n of_o parliament_n b._n and_o the_o act_n 22_o o_o car._n 2._o entitle_v seditious_a conventicle_n prevent_v and_o suppress_v pass_v in_o the_o parliament_n of_o england_n in_o the_o same_o year_n that_o the_o act_n against_o conventicle_n do_v in_o scotland_n and_o conclude_v with_o a_o proviso_n that_o nothing_o therein_o contain_v shall_v extend_v to_o invalidate_v or_o avoid_v his_o majesty_n supremacy_n in_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n but_o that_o his_o majesty_n and_o his_o heir_n and_o successor_n may_v from_o time_n to_o time_n etc._n etc._n exercise_n and_o enjoy_v all_o power_n and_o authority_n in_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n etc._n etc._n any_o thing_n in_o this_o act_n notwithstanding_o show_v such_o a_o concordant_a sympathy_n between_o the_o two_o realm_n in_o tenderness_n for_o the_o prerogative_n of_o dispense_n with_o the_o penal_a law_n 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and_o state_n resent_v it_o in_o the_o conjuncture_n of_o a._n 1640._o i_o mean_v archbishop_n williams_n who_o in_o his_o famous_a speech_n in_o parliament_n that_o year_n against_o the_o bill_n that_o afterward_o pass_v into_o a_o law_n to_o disable_v person_n in_o holy_a order_n from_o exercise_v any_o temporal_a jurisdiction_n do_v thereupon_o represent_v it_o that_o under_o a_o cain_n cain_n we_o mark_v a_o eternal_a kind_n of_o disability_n or_o incapacity_n be_v lay_v on_o they_o from_o enjoy_v hereafter_o any_o of_o those_o right_n favour_n or_o charter_n of_o former_a prince_n and_o which_o be_v the_o heavy_a point_n of_o all_o without_o kill_v of_o abel_n or_o any_o crime_n lay_v to_o their_o charge_n more_o than_o that_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o bill_n it_o be_v say_v roundly_o and_o in_o the_o style_n of_o lacedaemon_n that_o they_o ought_v not_o to_o intermeddle_v etc._n etc._n and_o what_o his_o thought_n be_v of_o the_o injustice_n of_o such_o incapacity_n put_v 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the_o
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be_v commit_v to_o the_o examination_n and_o judgement_n of_o his_o highness_n and_o of_o two_o and_o thirty_o person_n of_o the_o king_n subject_n whereof_o sixteen_o be_v to_o be_v of_o the_o upper_a and_o nether_a house_n of_o the_o parliament_n of_o the_o temporalty_n and_o all_o the_o say_v two_o and_o thirty_o person_n to_o be_v choose_v and_o appoint_v by_o the_o king_n majesty_n etc._n etc._n and_o be_v empower_v to_o do_v what_o i_o mention_v out_o of_o the_o enact_v clause_n and_o whereby_o the_o king_n alone_o be_v in_o effect_n both_o according_a to_o the_o clergy_n petition_n and_o the_o enact_v clause_n vest_v with_o the_o jus_o vitoe_n &_o necis_fw-la of_o the_o canon_n so_o in_o a_o memorable_a epistle_n of_o harry_n the_o 8_o print_a before_o the_o reformatio_fw-la legum_fw-la ecclesiasticarum_fw-la and_o intend_v as_o a_o draught_n for_o a_o publication_n or_o promulgation_n of_o the_o king_n be_v new_a ecclesiastical_a law_n after_o the_o draught_n of_o
submit_v willing_o and_o in_o the_o clear_n of_o which_o point_n he_o refer_v to_o the_o proviso_n aforesaid_a in_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o 25_o of_o harry_n the_o 8_o and_o the_o 37th_o canon_n of_o the_o church_n of_o england_n as_o render_v the_o power_n by_o both_o give_v to_o the_o king_n to_o be_v pure_o political_a but_o in_o p._n 159._o he_o refer_v by_o way_n of_o objection_n to_o two_o statute_n of_o harry_n the_o 8_o the_o one_o a_o act_n for_o extinguish_v the_o authority_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n the_o other_o a_o act_n for_o establish_v the_o succession_n wherein_o there_o be_v a_o oath_n that_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n ought_v not_o to_o have_v any_o jurisdiction_n or_o authority_n in_o this_o realm_n then_o faith_n it_o be_v declare_v in_o the_o 37th_o article_n of_o our_o church_n that_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n have_v no_o jurisdiction_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o england_n and_o in_o the_o oath_n ordain_v by_o queen_n elizabeth_n that_o no_o foreign_a preiate_n have_v or_o aught_o to_o have_v any_o jurisdiction_n or_o authority_n ecclesiastical_a or_o spiritual_a within_o this_o realm_n and_o he_o then_o by_o way_n of_o answer_n to_o which_o say_v that_o those_o two_o statute_n be_v long_o ago_o repeal_v by_o queen_n mary_n and_o never_o afterward_o restore_v etc._n etc._n and_o that_o although_o it_o be_v suppose_v that_o our_o ancestor_n ●…ad_v overreach_v themselves_o and_o the_o truth_n in_o some_o expression_n yet_o that_o concern_v not_o we_o at_o all_o so_o long_o as_o we_o keep_v ourselves_o exact_o to_o the_o line_n and_o level_a of_o apostolical_a tradition_n and_o say_v that_o our_o ancestor_n mean_v the_o very_a same_o thing_n that_o we_o do_v our_o only_a difference_n be_v in_o the_o use_n of_o the_o word_n spiritual_a authority_n or_o jurisdiction_n which_o we_o understand_v of_o jurisdiction_n pure_o spiritual_a which_o extend_v ●…o_o further_o than_o the_o court_n of_o conscience_n but_o by_o spiritual_a authority_n or_o jurisdiction_n they_o do_v understand_v ecclesiostical_a jurisdiction_n in_o the_o exterior_a court_n which_o in_o truth_n be_v partly_o spiritual_a partly_o political_a and_o he_o in_o p._n 161._o take_v notice_n of_o the_o apostle_n dispensative_a power_n 2_o cor._n 2._o 10._o to_o who_o i_o forgive_v any_o thing_n for_o your_o sake_n forgive_v i_o in_o the_o person_n of_o christ_n but_o all_o this_o be_v only_o in_o the_o interior_a court_n of_o conscience_n but_o the_o primate_n have_v in_o p._n 73._o discourse_v of_o the_o act_n of_o 1_o o_o eliz._n c._n 1._o say_v here_o be_v no_o new_a power_n create_v in_o the_o crown_n but_o only_o a_o ancient_a jurisdiction_n restore_v here_o be_v no_o foreign_a power_n abolish_v but_o only_o that_o which_o be_v repugnant_a to_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o england_n and_o the_o prerogative_n royal._n in_o a_o word_n here_o be_v no_o power_n ascribe_v to_o our_o king_n but_o mere_o political_a and_o coactive_a to_o see_v that_o all_o 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here_o to_o the_o assertory_n clause_n of_o no_o foreign_a prelate_n or_o person_n have_v or_o aught_o to_o have_v any_o jurisdiction_n etc._n etc._n apply_v those_o other_o word_n of_o the_o primate_n this_o may_v have_v be_v express_v in_o word_n less_o subject_a to_o exception_n but_o according_a to_o what_o he_o cite_v out_o of_o st._n cyprian_n it_o may_v be_v say_v instead_o of_o no_o foreign_a prelate_n have_v or_o aught_o to_o have_v any_o jurisdiction_n etc._n etc._n that_o every_o foreign_a prelate_n have_v it_o and_o not_o only_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n as_o claim_v a_o succession_n under_o st._n peter_n but_o thousand_o of_o other_o bishop_n in_o christendom_n who_o as_o the_o primate_n say_v there_o p._n 162._o do_v not_o at_o all_o derive_v their_o holy_a order_n from_o s._n peter_n or_o any_o other_o roman_a bishop_n either_o mediate_o or_o immediate_o especial_o in_o asia_n and_o africa_n but_o from_o the_o other_o apostle_n and_o suitable_o to_o what_o the_o 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and_o otherwise_o that_o common_a and_o trite_a rule_n of_o non_fw-la est_fw-la distinguendum_fw-la ubi_fw-la lex_fw-la non_fw-la distinguit_fw-la be_v here_o applicable_a you_o know_v what_o be_v to_o be_v think_v of_o a_o ambiguous_a oath_n and_o that_o as_o the_o sagacious_a author_n of_o the_o history_n of_o the_o council_n of_o trent_n have_v tell_v we_o p._n 187_o as_o one_o particular_a make_v false_a the_o contradictory_n universal_a so_o one_o ambiguous_a particular_a make_v the_o universal_a to_o be_v ambiguous_a moreover_o though_o you_o will_v suppose_v that_o he_o may_v lawful_o take_v the_o oath_n in_o his_o sense_n of_o the_o pope_n jurisdiction_n yet_o all_o his_o great_a learning_n and_o reason_n can_v not_o qualify_v he_o to_o be_v a_o authentical_a interpreter_n of_o the_o oath_n to_o i_o in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o oath_n that_o be_v obvious_a to_o doubt_v you_o have_v already_o give_v i_o satisfaction_n and_o particular_o in_o make_v i_o by_o virtue_n of_o the_o canon_n of_o king_n james_n a_o participant_a with_o the_o clergy_n in_o his_o authentical_a interpretation_n of_o the_o 37th_o article_n and_o since_o as_o suarez_n in_o his_o learned_a book_n de_fw-fr legibus_fw-la 4._o c._n the_o interpretatione_n humanarum_fw-la legum_n say_v that_o there_o may_v be_v a_o interpretation_n of_o law_n which_o have_v the_o authority_n of_o law_n and_o that_o qui_fw-la in_o eadem_fw-la potestate_fw-la succedit_fw-la semper_fw-la potest_fw-la praedecessotum_fw-la leges_fw-la interpretari_fw-la i_o shall_v account_v king_n james_n his_o interpretation_n as_o good_a as_o queen_n elizabeth_n and_o that_o if_o he_o have_v there_o declare_v his_o mind_n about_o the_o pope_n spiritual_a power_n in_o foro_fw-la interno_fw-la be_v not_o renounce_v by_o this_o clause_n in_o the_o oath_n i_o shall_v then_o be_v content_a with_o it_o but_o it_o be_v otherwise_o for_o he_o there_o confirm_v it_o in_o effect_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o article_n
bishop_n have_v or_o aught_o to_o have_v any_o jurisdiction_n in_o the_o forum_n internum_fw-la want_v no_o relief_n in_o their_o case_n from_o the_o dispensative_a power_n of_o interpretation_n nor_o do_v those_o of_o the_o church_n of_o england_n who_o converse_v with_o the_o statute-book_n want_v the_o crown_n be_v interpretation_n of_o this_o clause_n in_o the_o oath_n for_o the_o scope_n of_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o 35th_o of_o h._n the_o 8_o that_o enjoin_v the_o old_a oath_n of_o supremacy_n and_o from_o whence_o this_o clause_n in_o the_o new_a one_o have_v its_o rise_n be_v not_o to_o break_v the_o measure_n of_o st._n cyprian_n about_o the_o unity_n of_o episcopal_a power_n but_o in_o effect_n to_o repress_v the_o usurp_v independent_a coactive_a power_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n and_o which_o several_a of_o the_o follow_a word_n in_o that_o oath_n sufficient_o evince_v and_o which_o do_v bind_v the_o swearer_n to_o defend_v and_o maintain_v all_o other_o act_n and_o statute_n make_v or_o to_o be_v make_v within_o this_o realm_n for_o the_o extirpation_n and_o extinguishment_n of_o the_o ururped_a and_o pretend_a authority_n power_n and_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o see_v and_o bishop_n of_o rome_n etc._n etc._n and_o queen_n elizabeth_n find_v the_o oath_n thus_o at_o her_o come_n to_o the_o throne_n she_o like_v a_o wise_a reformer_n will_v not_o make_v any_o breach_n in_o the_o world_n wide_o than_o necessity_n require_v and_o probable_o suppose_v that_o man_n allegiance_n have_v be_v use_v to_o the_o yoke_n of_o several_a word_n in_o that_o oath_n that_o relate_v to_o the_o renounce_n and_o farsake_v of_o foreign_a jurisdiction_n will_v draw_v more_o quiet_o in_o the_o same_o and_o that_o according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o quod_fw-la necessario_fw-la subintelligitur_fw-la non_fw-la deest_fw-la there_o be_v no_o solutio_fw-la continui_fw-la imagine_v by_o any_o to_o be_v design_v in_o the_o unity_n of_o the_o episcopal_a power_n when_o the_o 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doctrine_n and_o discipline_n establish_v in_o the_o church_n of_o england_n i_o e._n the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o 39_o article_n and_o to_o secure_v all_o man_n against_o any_o suspicion_n of_o revolt_n to_o popery_n or_o any_o other_o superstition_n and_o enjoin_v a_o new_a oath_n against_o all_o innovation_n of_o doctrine_n or_o discipline_n to_o be_v take_v by_o the_o clergy_n the_o assertory_n part_n whereof_o have_v in_o it_o a_o approbation_n of_o the_o doctrine_n and_o discipline_n or_o government_n establish_v in_o the_o church_n of_o england_n as_o contain_v all_o thing_n necessary_a for_o salvation_n and_o the_o promissory_a part_n a_o promise_v not_o to_o endeavour_v to_o bring_v in_o any_o popish_a doctrine_n contrary_a to_o that_o which_o be_v so_o establish_v etc._n etc._n and_o not_o to_o give_v consent_n ever_o to_o subject_v it_o to_o the_o usurpation_n and_o superstition_n of_o the_o see_v of_o rome_n mr._n bagshaw_n in_o his_o argument_n in_o parliament_n concern_v 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●…s_v to_o the_o roman-catholic_n if_o they_o be_v such_o as_o be_v aforesaid_a which_o be_v repugnant_a to_o the_o roman-catholick_n religion_n and_o that_o hereafter_o we_o will_v not_o consent_v that_o the_o say_a parliament_n shall_v ever_o at_o any_o time_n enact_v or_o write_v any_o other_o new_a law_n against_o roman-catholic_n we_o account_v all_o and_o singular_a the_o precede_a article_n ratify_v and_o accept_v out_o of_o certain_a knowledge_n as_o far_o as_o they_o concern_v we_o our_o heir_n or_o successor_n approve_v ratify_v applaud_v and_o promise_n bon●…_n fide_fw-la and_o in_o the_o word_n of_o a_o king_n by_o these_o present_v inviolable_o firm_o well_o and_o faithful_o to_o keep_v observe_v and_o fulfil_v the_o same_o and_o to_o cause_v they_o to_o be_v keep_v observe_v and_o fulfil_v without_o any_o exception_n or_o contradiction_n and_o do_v confirm_v the_o same_o by_o oath_n upon_o the_o holy_a evangelist_n notwithstanding_o any_o opinion_n sentence_n or_o law_n whatsoever_o to_o the_o contrary_a in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o most_o illustrious_a don_n john_n de_fw-fr mendoza_n marquis_n of_o inojosa_n and_o don_n charles_n coloma_n extraordinary_a ambassador_n of_o the_o catholic_n king_n of_o george_n calvert_n knight_n one_o of_o our_o chief_a secretary_n of_o edward_n conway_n knight_n another_o of_o our_o chief_a secretary_n of_o francis_n cottington_n baronet_n of_o the_o privy_a council_n to_o our_o son_n the_o prince_n of_o francis_n de_fw-fr corondelet_n apostolical_a or_o the_o pope_n prothonotary_n and_o archdeacon_n of_o cambray_n date_v at_o our_o palace_n at_o westminster_n the_o 20_o day_n of_o july_n 1623._o in_o the_o english_a style_n jacobus_n rex_fw-la a_o compare_v and_o true_a copy_n george_n calvert_n chief_a secretary_n the_o form_n of_o the_o oath_n which_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o council_n take_v to_o the_o former_a article_n be_v this_o which_o follow_v find_v among_o the_o lord_n cottington_n paper_n formula_fw-la juramenti_fw-la à_fw-la consiliariis_fw-la praestandi_fw-la ego_fw-la n._n juro_fw-la i_o debitè_fw-fr plenéque_fw-la observaturum_fw-la quantum_fw-la ad_fw-la i_o spectat_fw-la omnes_fw-la &_o singulos_fw-la articulos_fw-la qui_fw-la in_o tractatu_fw-la matrimonii_fw-la inter_fw-la serenissimum_fw-la carolum_fw-la walliae_fw-la principem_fw-la &_o serenissimam_fw-la dominam_fw-la do●…nam_fw-la mariam_n hispaniarum_fw-la i●…fantem_fw-la continentur_fw-la juro_fw-la etiam_fw-la quod_fw-la neque_fw-la per_fw-la i_o nec_fw-la per_fw-la ministrum_fw-la aliquem_fw-la inferiorem_fw-la mihi_fw-la inservientem_fw-la legem_fw-la ullam_fw-la contra_fw-la quemcunque_fw-la catholicum_fw-la romanum_fw-la conscriptum_fw-la executioni_fw-la mandabo_fw-la aut_fw-la mandari_fw-la faciam_fw-la poenamve_fw-la ullam_fw-la ab_fw-la earum_fw-la aliqua_fw-la irrogatam_fw-la exigam_fw-la sed_fw-la in_o omnibus_fw-la quae_fw-la ad_fw-la i_o pertinent_a ordines_fw-la à_fw-la majestate_fw-la sua_fw-la ex_fw-la ea_fw-la parte_fw-la constitutos_fw-la fideliter_fw-la observabo_fw-la thus_o far_o mr._n prynne_n who_o verify_v the_o fact_n abovementioned_a not_o only_o from_o my_o lord_n cottington_n paper_n but_o from_o the_o mercure_n francois_n tom._n 9_o a._n
to_o perform_v the_o condition_n and_o that_o the_o king_n his_o father_n shall_v do_v the_o like_a second_o that_o the_o promise_n of_o marriage_n shall_v be_v present_o make_v etc._n etc._n but_o that_o the_o consummation_n of_o the_o marriage_n shall_v not_o at_o all_o be_v execute_v till_o the_o month_n of_o may_n in_o the_o follow_a year_n 1624._o to_o the_o end_n that_o they_o may_v experiment●…lly_o see_v if_o the_o aforesaid_a condition_n require_v by_o his_o holiness_n shall_v be_v faithful_o accomplish_v etc._n etc._n as_o to_o the_o first_o the_o prince_n of_o wales_n take_v a_o oath_n to_o his_o majesty_n to_o observe_v the_o foresay_a condition_n and_o sign_v they_o with_o his_o hand_n and_o he_o likewise_o swear_v and_o sign_v this_o by_o way_n of_o overplus_a to_o permit_v at_o all_o time_n that_o any_o shall_v free_o propose_v to_o he_o the_o argument_n of_o the_o catholick-religion_n without_o give_v any_o impediment_n and_o that_o he_o will_v never_o direct_o nor_o 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of_o which_o they_o hope_v to_o be_v relieve_v in_o his_o etc._n etc._n that_o now_o he_o have_v mature_o consider_v the_o penury_n and_o calamity_n of_o the_o roman-catholic_n who_o be_v in_o the_o number_n of_o his_o faithful_a subject_n and_o be_v resolve_v to_o relieve_v they_o and_o therefore_o do_v from_o thenceforth_o take_v all_o his_o roman-catholick_n subject_n into_o his_o protection_n permit_v they_o the_o liberty_n and_o entire_a exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n etc._n etc._n without_o any_o inquisition_n process_n or_o molestation_n from_o that_o day_n forward_o and_o likewise_o will_n and_o ordain_v that_o they_o shall_v be_v restore_v to_o all_o their_o estate_n land_n fee_n and_o seignory_n and_o re-establish_v in_o they_o command_v all_o his_o magistrate_n justice_n and_o other_o officer_n whatsoever_o in_o this_o behalf_n to_o hold_v their_o hand_n and_o for_o what_o cause_n soever_o it_o be_v not_o to_o attempt_v hereafter_o to_o grieve_v or_o molest_v the_o say_v catholic_n neither_o in_o public_a nor_o private_a in_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n upon_o pain_n of_o be_v repute_v guilty_a of_o high_a treason_n and_o disturber_n of_o the_o kingdom_n peace_n and_o repose_n this_o be_v his_o will_n and_o definitive_a sentence_n a._n but_o still_o i_o can_v forbear_v wonder_v about_o what_o consideration_n make_v our_o divine_n and_o our_o great_a champion_n of_o the_o church_n of_o england-protestancy_a in_o the_o state_n as_o well_o as_o church_n afterward_o thus_o inclinable_a to_o act_v their_o part_n about_o toleration_n as_o mr._n prynne_n have_v mention_v b._n they_o have_v cause_n enough_o to_o apprehend_v that_o the_o hierarchy_n of_o england_n can_v not_o be_v support_v without_o the_o monarchy_n and_o that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o various_a growth_n of_o the_o potency_n of_o foreign_a prince_n and_o state_n and_o of_o intestine_a faction_n the_o monarchy_n can_v not_o be_v then_o sufficient_o secure_a 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papist_n who_o make_v his_o late_a breath_n so_o uneasy_a to_o he_o and_o he_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o severe_a law_n be_v much_o abate_v it_o may_v abate_v of_o our_o wonder_n that_o in_o that_o conjuncture_n he_o put_v a_o period_n to_o their_o execution_n mr._n prynne_n for_o this_o purpose_n in_o p._n 14._o of_o that_o book_n print_v a_o letter_n of_o the_o lord_n keeper_z williams_z to_o the_o i●…dges_n in_o the_o year_n follow_v to_o acquaint_v they_o that_o his_o majesty_n have_v resolve_v out_o of_o deep_a reason_n of_o state_n and_o in_o expectation_n of_o like_a correspondence_n from_o foreign_a prince_n to_o the_o professor_n of_o our_o religion_n to_o grant_v some_o grace_n and_o conveniency_n to_o the_o imprison_a papist_n of_o this_o kingdom_n have_v command_v he_o to_o pass_v some_o writ_n under_o the_o broad_a seal_n for_o that_o purpose_n and_o that_o he_o have_v according_o do_v so_o and_o tell_v they_o that_o it_o be_v his_o majesty_n 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insignificant_a as_o do_v the_o old_a politic_n i_o shall_v refer_v you_o to_o in_o the_o sacred_a story_n and_o when_o the_o whole_a earth_n be_v of_o one_o language_n and_o of_o one_o speech_n and_o the_o vogue_n be_v let_v we_o build_v a_o city_n and_o tower_n who_o top_n may_v reach_v to_o heaven_n and_o let_v we_o make_v we_o a_o name_n lest_o we_o be_v scatter_v abroad_o on_o the_o face_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n but_o heaven_n confound_v their_o language_n and_o their_o city_n be_v call_v babel_n and_o their_o fear_a dissipation_n be_v their_o punishment_n they_o be_v so_o diffident_a of_o the_o divine_a promise_n who_o garranty_n they_o have_v that_o they_o be_v resolve_v by_o their_o own_o hand_n to_o provide_v against_o all_o danger_n of_o a_o future_a deluge_n and_o have_v build_v their_o tower_n with_o brick_n they_o think_v it_o will_v defend_v they_o from_o the_o power_n of_o fire_n concern_v which_o they_o have_v hear_v the_o tradition_n that_o a_o general_a 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