reign_v in_o the_o commonwealth_n of_o england_n by_o the_o reason_n whereof_o all_o thing_n be_v grow_v to_o excessive_a price_n also_o since_o these_o two_o aforesaid_a company_n of_o english_a merchant_n usurp_v these_o liberty_n and_o privilege_n to_o themselves_o that_o the_o one_o of_o they_o shall_v transport_v only_a staple_n ware_n to_o the_o staple_n of_o calais_n and_o the_o other_o broad-cloth_n england_n note_v staple-towne_n be_v call_v mart-towne_n begin_v the_o decay_n of_o trade_n &_o town_n in_o england_n with_o such_o other_o commodity_n unto_o the_o marting-towne_n of_o brabant_n the_o most_o part_n of_o all_o the_o good_a town_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n have_v decay_v and_o come_v to_o ruin_n which_o partly_o have_v come_v to_o pass_v by_o the_o reason_n that_o many_o kind_n of_o artificer_n which_o be_v wont_a to_o inhabit_v the_o say_v town_n maintain_v and_o make_v the_o prosperous_a by_o such_o artificial_o as_o they_o make_v there_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o these_o two_o fraternity_n of_o marting-merchant_n be_v utter_o destroy_v &_o consume_v for_o that_o they_o be_v notable_a at_o length_n to_o live_v by_o their_o art_n and_o labour_n these_o foresaid_a merchant_n devise_v and_o cause_v the_o like_a artificial_o as_o the_o say_a artificer_n make_v in_o england_n to_o be_v make_v in_o foreign_a country_n and_o be_v by_o they_o bring_v and_o transport_v into_o england_n and_o sell_v better_a cheap_a somewhat_o &_o low_o price_v then_o those_o of_o english_a make_v may_v be_v aford_v through_o which_o occasion_n the_o english_a artificer_n in_o continuance_n be_v wear_v out_o because_o none_o be_v bring_v up_o under_o other_o to_o follow_v their_o say_a art_n &_o workmanship_n that_o they_o exercise_v forsomuch_o as_o they_o perceive_v that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o live_v by_o such_o kind_n of_o labour_n in_o time_n to_o come_v because_o the_o foreign_a workmanship_n be_v more_o regard_v and_o soon_o buy_v than_o they_o partly_o also_o they_o have_v be_v the_o destruction_n decay_n and_o ruin_n of_o the_o say_a town_n by_o take_v away_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o staple_n from_o the_o say_a town_n for_o the_o utterance_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o all_o the_o time_n traffic_n staple_n town_n always_o within_o england_n make_v the_o realm_n full_a of_o traffic_n from_o edward_n the_o three_o to_o the_o end_n of_o edward_n the_o four_o be_v keep_v in_o good_a town_n of_o england_n or_o at_o least_o ship_v from_o they_o when_o the_o staple_n be_v keep_v at_o calais_n by_o the_o occasion_n whereof_o there_o be_v so_o great_a resort_n of_o people_n unto_o the_o say_a town_n that_o thereby_o they_o be_v enrich_v and_o daily_o prosper_v and_o flourish_v wheresince_o for_o lack_v of_o like_a resort_n and_o traffic_n and_o the_o destruction_n of_o the_o foresay_a artificer_n they_o be_v altogethers_o ruinous_a and_o decay_a and_o never_o like_v to_o be_v restore_v so_o long_o as_o these_o merchant_n enjoy_v their_o usurp_a liberty_n moreover_o since_o these_o two_o society_n of_o english_a merchant_n usurp_v unto_o they_o the_o private_a exportation_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n bullion_n the_o hindrance_n of_o bring_v in_o of_o bullion_n the_o liberal_a usual_a and_o daily_o bring_v in_o of_o bullion_n into_o the_o realm_n by_o foreign_a merchant_n out_o of_o all_o foreign_a realm_n to_o buy_v the_o commodity_n of_o england_n have_v decay_v and_o cease_v and_o severe_a and_o great_a punishment_n and_o penalty_n be_v provide_v by_o the_o prince_n of_o such_o foreign_a realm_n against_o all_o they_o which_o shall_v attempt_v the_o convey_v of_o any_o such_o thing_n out_o of_o their_o realm_n into_o england_n where_o in_o time_n pass_v they_o most_o glad_o suffer_v and_o concent_v unto_o it_o for_o that_o it_o be_v open_o know_v to_o all_o prince_n and_o ruler_n of_o commonwealth_n in_o christendom_n that_o what_o kind_n of_o merchant_n soever_o england_n staples_n ever_o keep_v within_o england_n resort_v into_o england_n to_o the_o staple-towne_n for_o the_o and_o carry_v away_o of_o the_o commodity_n &_o merchandise_n thereof_o be_v bind_v by_o the_o act_n and_o order_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o pay_v for_o they_o at_o the_o say_a staple_n in_o ready_a gold_n and_o silver_n afore_o their_o departure_n from_o thence_o as_o may_v appear_v by_o diverse_a act_n make_v in_o diverse_a king_n day_n from_o edward_n the_o three_o unto_o the_o end_n of_o edward_n the_o four_o and_o therefore_o at_o that_o time_n be_v all_o prince_n well_o content_v to_o suffer_v their_o merchant_n to_o carry_v their_o coin_n and_o bullion_n into_o england_n which_o manner_n of_o traffic_n continue_v between_o england_n and_o all_o other_o realm_n till_o that_o these_o merchant_n become_v to_o be_v a_o private_a society_n and_o so_o within_o a_o while_n after_o compound_v &_o agree_v with_o the_o merchant_n of_o holland_n zealand_n brabant_n flanders_n and_o other_o country_n thereabouts_o which_o be_v the_o buyer_n of_o the_o staple-ware_n to_o receive_v their_o money_n for_o such_o staple-ware_n as_o the_o say_v stapler_n sell_v they_o at_o calais_n in_o flemish_a money_n at_o the_o mart_a town_n of_o their_o own_o country_n rate_v set_v and_o value_v the_o english_a pound_n at_o a_o certain_a stint_a price_n of_o flemish_a money_n for_o ever_o thereafter_o to_o be_v pay_v unto_o they_o after_o the_o say_a price_n which_o be_v a_o drift_n drive_v of_o the_o say_v stapler_n of_o england_n to_o bring_v to_o pass_v this_o exchange_v traffic_n to_o the_o intent_n they_o may_v make_v the_o return_n of_o their_o money_n from_o thence_o into_o england_n by_o merchandise_v exchange_n whereby_o they_o make_v a_o reckon_n much_o more_o to_o their_o private_a gain_n and_o lucre_n then_o to_o be_v pay_v in_o ready_a money_n at_o the_o staple_n of_o calais_n or_o any_o place_n of_o england_n according_a to_o the_o old_a custom_n although_o that_o manner_n of_o payment_n be_v much_o more_o beneficial_a and_o commodious_a for_o the_o common_a wealth_n of_o the_o whole_a realm_n which_o they_o pass_v not_o upon_o neither_o yet_o do_v so_o they_o may_v gain_v and_o get_v money_n and_o thus_o the_o fair_a lady_n merchandise_v exchange_n entice_v and_o allure_v the_o merchant_n adventurer_n of_o england_n england_n staple_n call_v mart_n town_n a_o deceptio_fw-la visus_fw-la to_o turn_v all_o traffic_n beyond_o sea_n to_o the_o ruin_n of_o england_n to_o procure_v themselves_o in_o fraternity_n and_o to_o seek_v mean_n to_o plant_v their_o mart_a town_n in_o a_o foreign_a realm_n and_o country_n for_o the_o utterance_n of_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n because_o they_o may_v make_v their_o return_n and_o employment_n from_o thence_o into_o englang_n by_o the_o reckon_n of_o money_n currant_n in_o the_o say_v merchandise_v exchange_n and_o by_o this_o mean_n cease_v and_o end_v the_o frank_a and_o free_a bring_v in_o of_o money_n &_o bullion_n into_o england_n by_o foreign_a and_o strange_a merchant_n after_o the_o english_a merchant_n have_v nussele_v themselves_o in_o the_o mart_a town_n beyond_o the_o sea_n so_o that_o now_o a_o day_n no_o money_n or_o bullion_n be_v bring_v into_o england_n by_o merchant_n but_o secret_o and_o as_o it_o be_v by_o stealth_n and_o for_o the_o respect_n of_o private_a gain_n and_o profit_n which_o they_o find_v thereby_o after_o the_o reckon_n they_o make_v thereof_o by_o currantnes_n of_o money_n in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n item_n when_o it_o please_v that_o famous_a prince_n eight_o henry_n the_o eight_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o upon_o good_a consideration_n and_o purpose_n and_o for_o the_o great_a benefit_n of_o his_o people_n and_o common_a wealth_n to_o augment_v and_o increase_v the_o valuation_n and_o price_n of_o his_o coin_n and_o money_n throughout_o all_o his_o realm_n within_o a_o little_a process_n and_o countinuance_n of_o time_n after_o it_o chance_v by_o the_o malice_n and_o wickedness_n of_o man_n such_o a_o quantity_n of_o corrupt_a and_o drossy_a coin_n of_o money_n to_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o realm_n out_o of_o foreign_a country_n by_o the_o ministry_n of_o merchant_n as_o it_o have_v be_v suppose_v think_v and_o gather_v by_o certain_a cercumstance_n which_o money_n be_v currant_n as_o well_o as_o the_o true_a and_o lawful_a money_n among_o all_o manner_n of_o person_n within_o the_o realm_n by_o the_o reason_n of_o the_o likeness_n of_o the_o fashion_n and_o form_n that_o it_o have_v with_o the_o true_a and_o lawful_a money_n cause_v many_o inconvenience_n to_o rise_v thereby_o at_o length_n to_o the_o whole_a common_a wealth_n for_o such_o a_o marvellous_a desire_n and_o hastynes_n enter_v into_o all_o kind_n of_o occupier_n by_o the_o loathsomeness_n and_o hatred_n they_o conceive_v of_o the_o say_a dross_n coin_n to_o bestow_v it_o
regard_n of_o justice_n but_o their_o person_n shall_v die_v like_o men._n justice_n be_v distributive_a or_o commutative_a commutative_a justice_n enclude_v traffic_n the_o end_n of_o traffic_n be_v equality_n in_o supply_v necessity_n ut_fw-la quod_fw-la uspiam_fw-la nascitur_fw-la boni_fw-la id_fw-la apud_fw-la omnes_fw-la affluat_fw-la either_o by_o barter_v ware_n for_o ware_n or_o by_o some_o midd_n or_o mean_v certain_a and_o indifferent_a to_o prevent_v advantage_n the_o end_n therefore_o in_o traffic_n be_v equity_n and_o the_o use_n exchange_n the_o measure_n be_v by_o public_a consent_n of_o all_o nation_n call_v money_n and_o as_o the_o standart_n of_o all_o kind_n of_o measure_n for_o general_a justice_n like_o urim_n and_o thummim_n be_v the_o prince_n charge_v only_o give_v thereby_o weight_n and_o content_a length_n and_o breadth_n to_o all_o proportion_n so_o the_o coin_v of_o money_n and_o the_o valuation_n thereof_o be_v a_o measure_n of_o principal_a excellency_n and_o peculiar_a to_o traffic_n be_v immediate_o uni_fw-la soli_fw-la et_fw-la semper_fw-la a_o essential_a part_n of_o sovereign_a authority_n out_o of_o which_o premise_n this_o must_v be_v conclude_v that_o either_o to_o coin_v money_n or_o be_v coin_a to_o alter_v the_o true_a valuation_n thereof_o in_o what_o kind_n soever_o be_v in_o subject_n whosoever_o when_o and_o wheresoever_o to_o presume_v upon_o the_o majesty_n of_o sovereign_a prince_n to_o profane_v the_o sacred_a seat_n of_o justice_n to_o contemn_v public_a authority_n and_o in_o traffic_n to_o prevent_v and_o pervert_v all_o order_n and_o equity_n a_o capital_a sin_n against_o god_n and_o nature_n ¶_o thus_o much_o only_o be_v add_v by_o way_n of_o preface_n by_o the_o customer_n of_o the_o out-port_n who_o for_o the_o effect_n sake_n be_v every_o way_n bind_v to_o advance_v the_o cause_n that_o which_o follow_v of_o the_o matter_n and_o use_n of_o traffic_n be_v proper_a to_o merchant_n hear_v therefore_o a_o loyal_a merchant_n experience_n write_v in_o his_o own_o style_n and_o phrase_n of_o exchange_n in_o merchandise_n and_o marchandise_v exchange_n in_o order_n as_o follow_v tractent_fw-la fabrilia_fw-la fabri_fw-la chap._n i._o ¶_o the_o antiquity_n necessity_n and_o use_v of_o lawful_a exchange_n and_o a_o description_n thereof_o it_o be_v apparent_a to_o such_o as_o be_v conversant_a in_o record_n of_o time_n and_o old_a writer_n that_o the_o exercise_n of_o exchange_n be_v a_o thing_n of_o great_a antiquity_n bear_v with_o traffic_n itself_o and_o as_o it_o seem_v beget_v the_o first_o name_n and_o title_n of_o those_o which_o be_v call_v in_o latin_a numularii_n argentarii_fw-la and_o colybistae_n that_o be_v to_o say_v public_a and_o common_a exchanger_n and_o commutor_n of_o bullion_n strange_a and_o foreign_a coin_n to_o all_o manner_n of_o stranger_n for_o the_o lawful_a and_o current_a money_n of_o those_o country_n and_o commonwealth_n where_o the_o say_a exchange_n be_v proportion_v and_o authorise_v by_o the_o prince_n &_o governor_n of_o the_o same_o and_o because_o the_o office_n of_o exchange_v and_o courtesy_n of_o lend_v money_n in_o a_o commonwealth_n after_o a_o easy_a &_o tolerable_a reckon_n be_v very_o necessary_a and_o expedient_a the_o old_a civil_a law_n do_v grant_v and_o permit_v to_o this_o honest_a kind_n of_o exchange_n a_o certain_a rate_n in_o the_o hundred_o by_o the_o year_n for_o the_o interest_n of_o such_o money_n as_o be_v lend_v to_o such_o as_o have_v need_v and_o a_o certain_a exercise_n and_o use_v of_o the_o same_o be_v sometime_o allow_v and_o admit_v in_o england_n as_o when_o the_o table_n of_o exchange_n be_v set_v up_o &_o erect_v in_o diverse_a town_n thereof_o in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o and_o other_o king_n reign_v succeed_v he_o the_o exchanger_n &_o keeper_n of_o which_o table_n do_v change_v to_o all_o manner_n of_o foreign_a merchant_n and_o stranger_n which_o resort_v thither_o aswell_o bullion_n as_o all_o foreign_a coin_n and_o money_n which_o they_o bring_v thither_o for_o the_o currant_n money_n of_o the_o realm_n according_a to_o the_o prince_n just_a valuation_n thereof_o and_o this_o manner_n of_o exchange_n seem_v also_o to_o be_v the_o first_o occasion_n of_o the_o erect_n of_o those_o shop_n of_o exchange_n which_o at_o this_o day_n be_v call_v in_o spain_n and_o italy_n cambios_fw-la and_o bancos_fw-la which_o at_o the_o first_o institution_n of_o they_o be_v appoint_v for_o great_a safeguard_n and_o commodity_n of_o such_o as_o have_v money_n for_o that_o they_o may_v without_o danger_n lie_v into_o the_o say_a cambios_fw-la and_o banckes_n as_o it_o be_v in_o deposito_fw-la what_o sum_n of_o money_n they_o will_v for_o the_o which_o the_o cambiador_n and_o bankar_n will_v be_v answerable_a as_o for_o a_o thing_n deposit_v and_o commit_v to_o their_o custody_n and_o will_v also_o make_v payment_n thereof_o according_a to_o the_o order_n of_o the_o say_a depositor_n which_o far_o do_v use_v to_o change_v silver_n for_o gold_n and_o all_o manner_n of_o foreign_a coin_n and_o money_n for_o the_o lawful_a and_o current_a money_n of_o those_o country_n and_o that_o according_a to_o the_o lawful_a valuation_n of_o the_o same_o and_o moreover_o by_o these_o cambiador_n or_o bankar_n sometime_o there_o be_v way_n and_o mean_v take_v to_o make_v exchange_n of_o money_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o for_o such_o as_o have_v occasion_n for_o to_o travel_v and_o pass_v country_n likewise_o according_a to_o the_o just_a and_o public_a valuation_n of_o such_o coin_n and_o money_n the_o reward_n and_o salary_n of_o cambiador_n for_o their_o labour_n and_o pain_n in_o keep_v money_n exchange_v white_a money_n for_o gold_n or_o foreign_a coin_n for_o the_o lawful_a and_o current_a money_n of_o spain_n within_o this_o thirty_o year_n be_v not_o above_o two_o and_o a_o half_a in_o the_o thousand_o for_o the_o space_n of_o on_o fair_a which_o common_o endure_v there_o six_o week_n and_o this_o interest_n and_o gain_n amount_v not_o above_o three_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o whole_a year_n this_o manner_n of_o exchange_n be_v not_o only_o to_o be_v suffer_v &_o permit_v in_o a_o commonwealth_n but_o as_o it_o appear_v very_o necessary_a expedient_a and_o commodious_a to_o the_o same_o not_o only_o for_o the_o exchange_v of_o bullion_n and_o coin_n within_o the_o self_n same_o realm_n and_o commonwealth_n but_o also_o for_o the_o pass_n of_o money_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o for_o such_o as_o have_v affair_n to_o travel_v country_n as_o the_o ambassador_n of_o prince_n do_v whereby_o be_v diverse_a peril_n avoid_v that_o they_o shall_v run_v in_o carry_v of_o ready_a money_n about_o they_o so_o that_o the_o say_a exchange_n be_v not_o practise_v of_o such_o as_o traffic_v merchandise_n and_o will_v employ_v their_o money_n so_o exchange_v again_o in_o ware_n and_o commodity_n to_o be_v return_v into_o their_o own_o country_n for_o to_o all_o such_o the_o say_a exchange_n be_v always_o prohibit_v in_o england_n as_o a_o thing_n discommodious_a and_o pernicious_a both_o to_o the_o prince_n and_o commonwealth_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o diverse_a act_n of_o parliament_n provide_v to_o that_o end_n describe_v exchange_n describe_v ¶_o exchange_v therefore_o be_v a_o certain_a lawful_a kind_n of_o commutation_n and_o change_v of_o money_n appoint_v by_o the_o public_a authority_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n either_o for_o the_o change_n of_o bullion_n strange_a and_o foreign_a coin_n bring_v thither_o according_a to_o such_o valuation_n as_o the_o say_a bullion_n and_o coin_n have_v or_o be_v esteem_v at_o by_o the_o common_a authority_n of_o the_o same_o commonwealth_n and_o country_n or_o else_o it_o be_v a_o certain_a mean_n for_o the_o commutation_n and_o exchange_v of_o money_n from_o one_o realm_n or_o country_n to_o another_o according_a to_o the_o just_a and_o lawful_a valuation_n of_o money_n price_v &_o set_v forth_o by_o the_o public_a authority_n of_o such_o country_n and_o realm_n chap._n ii_o how_o merchant_n have_v devise_v and_o introduce_v another_o kind_n of_o exchange_n but_o under_o the_o colour_n and_o pretence_n of_o this_o lawful_a exchange_n and_o commutation_n of_o money_n merchant_n of_o late_a year_n have_v devise_v and_o bring_v up_o another_o manner_n of_o exchange_n of_o coin_n to_o the_o which_o they_o do_v also_o common_o give_v this_o plain_a and_o simple_a name_n exchange_v when_o indeed_o it_o be_v not_o so_o but_o a_o mere_a faeneration_n and_o a_o make_v a_o ware_n and_o merchandise_n of_o money_n for_o that_o in_o the_o same_o and_o by_o the_o same_o they_o buy_v and_o sell_v raise_v and_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o money_n as_o well_o as_o they_o do_v raise_v and_o abate_v the_o price_n of_o any_o other_o ware_n &_o merchandize_n they_o traffic_v in_o wherefore_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v call_v simple_o exchange_n but_o
trade_n of_o merchandise_n and_o buy_v and_o sell_v whereby_o they_o have_v be_v and_o may_v be_v profitable_a and_o commodious_a to_o there_o common_a wealth_n and_o to_o follow_v this_o filthy_a unlawful_a and_o too_o far_o exceed_v gain_n and_o lucre_n of_o practise_v wicked_a vsurary_n chap_a and_o change_v of_o money_n and_o all_o for_o the_o hope_n they_o conceive_v thereby_o to_o obtain_v and_o get_v both_o a_o more_o abundant_a and_o certain_a gain_n and_o that_o also_o with_o less_o labour_n charge_n peril_n and_o adventure_n chap._n x._o how_n &_o by_o who_o the_o practise_n of_o the_o merchandise_v exchange_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o all_o excessive_a price_n in_o commodity_n &_o thing_n vendible_a to_o the_o prevent_n and_o pervert_v of_o all_o lawful_a traffic_n and_o orderly_o deal_v within_o the_o realm_n and_o commonwealth_n of_o england_n the_o necessity_n of_o conserve_n a_o equality_n in_o contract_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v and_o a_o fit_a mean_n for_o the_o exportation_n and_o importation_n of_o thing_n necessary_a and_o commodious_a for_o a_o common_a wealth_n have_v cause_v all_o wise_a &_o politic_a ruler_n of_o region_n and_o country_n to_o judge_v the_o use_n of_o coin_a money_n sign_v with_o some_o public_a figure_n note_n and_o carrect_v to_o be_v the_o most_o convenient_a thing_n that_o can_v be_v devise_v in_o like_a manner_n have_v it_o be_v judge_v and_o think_v no_o less_o expedient_a and_o necessary_a by_o all_o such_o wise_a and_o experience_a man_n that_o the_o same_o coin_n and_o money_n shall_v have_v their_o indication_n valuation_n price_n and_o estimation_n only_o by_o public_a ruler_n &_o common_a authority_n of_o every_o common_a wealth_n from_o the_o which_o no_o private_a person_n order_n or_o society_n in_o the_o same_o may_v or_o aught_o to_o swerve_v or_o vary_v nor_o alter_v under_o capital_a pain_n forsomuch_o as_o the_o say_v public_a valuation_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o essential_a part_n whereby_o any_o kind_n of_o matter_n substance_n or_o mettle_n be_v receive_v and_o accept_v for_o money_n and_o for_o a_o lawful_a mean_a to_o buy_v &_o sell_v withal_o in_o every_o well_o order_v common_a wealth_n and_o whereas_o the_o valuation_n of_o this_o common_a and_o lawful_a mean_n of_o price_n be_v not_o well_o know_v or_o not_o worthy_o accept_v straight_o &_o due_o observe_v of_o all_o manner_n of_o person_n society_n and_o order_n there_o do_v experience_n teach_v that_o thereof_o follow_v confusion_n and_o disorder_n with_o excessive_a and_o immoderate_a price_n in_o the_o commutation_n of_o all_o thing_n vendible_a in_o the_o common_a wealth_n as_o for_o example_n when_o a_o prince_n or_o ruler_n of_o any_o country_n do_v decry_v and_o disallow_v any_o kind_n of_o coin_n and_o money_n which_o he_o have_v suffer_v before_o time_n to_o be_v currant_n at_o a_o certain_a price_n and_o valuation_n throughout_o his_o realm_n the_o same_o coin_n immediate_o as_o it_o be_v so_o decry_v lese_v the_o estimation_n it_o have_v before_o and_o be_v of_o no_o value_n to_o buy_v any_o kind_n of_o ware_n with_o among_o all_o the_o common_a people_n of_o the_o same_o realm_n so_o that_o few_o or_o none_o will_v receive_v the_o say_a money_n for_o any_o manner_n of_o ware_n though_o one_o will_v offer_v it_o at_o much_o low_a price_n than_o it_o be_v before_o currant_n for_o and_o if_o it_o chance_v any_o do_v bargain_n to_o take_v it_o they_o will_v raise_v and_o enhance_v the_o price_n of_o the_o ware_n they_o utter_v much_o above_o the_o ordinary_a price_n thereof_o &_o all_o because_o it_o lack_v their_o prince_n and_o common_a valuation_n of_o their_o country_n in_o like_a manner_n do_v the_o common_a people_n of_o all_o country_n esteem_v foreign_a strange_a and_o unknown_a coin_n bring_v unto_o they_o not_o value_v by_o the_o common_a authority_n of_o their_o country_n how_o fine_a and_o pure_a soever_o the_o matter_n or_o mettle_n of_o they_o be_v only_o as_o be_v say_v before_o for_o lack_v the_o public_a valuation_n of_o the_o country_n whereby_o it_o be_v apparent_a that_o the_o prince_n and_o public_a valuation_n of_o money_n be_v of_o so_o great_a efficacy_n and_o authority_n in_o every_o civil_a common_a wealth_n that_o not_o only_o it_o make_v it_o a_o mean_a to_o buy_v thing_n withal_o but_o also_o it_o preserve_v a_o moderation_n equality_n and_o indifferency_n in_o the_o price_n of_o all_o thing_n so_o buy_v and_o sell_v between_o party_n and_o party_n therefore_o be_v the_o say_a valuation_n solemn_o and_o as_o a_o man_n may_v say_v religious_o to_o be_v keep_v and_o observe_v of_o all_o manner_n of_o sort_n of_o person_n in_o a_o common_a wealth_n and_o the_o alterar_n &_o changer_n of_o the_o same_o by_o their_o private_a authority_n be_v worthy_o to_o be_v reprehend_v and_o reprove_v how_o crafty_o and_o subtle_o soever_o they_o do_v it_o for_o the_o manifold_a inconvenience_n they_o thereby_o bring_v into_o their_o country_n with_o a_o number_n of_o which_o the_o common_a wealth_n of_o england_n be_v sore_o trouble_v at_o this_o day_n through_o the_o frequent_a practise_v of_o merchandise_v exchange_n by_o the_o two_o society_n of_o merchant_n staplerer_n and_o adventurer_n of_o england_n between_o their_o own_o country_n and_o the_o mart_a town_n of_o flanders_n with_o slight_n craft_n and_o subtlety_n continual_o thereby_o alter_v the_o price_n and_o valuation_n of_o their_o prince_n coin_n by_o the_o occasion_n whereof_o all_o manner_n of_o ware_n and_o commodity_n only_o sell_v in_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n be_v bring_v and_o grow_v to_o such_o inordinate_a and_o excessive_a price_n as_o they_o bear_v at_o this_o day_n for_o the_o proof_n of_o the_o premise_n this_o reason_n may_v be_v first_o make_v afore_o this_o merchandize_v exchange_n be_v practise_v by_o the_o english_a merchant_n stapler_n and_o adventurer_n between_o the_o marting-towne_n of_o flaunders_n brabant_n &_o their_o own_o country_n in_o the_o traffic_n of_o merchandise_n to_o and_o fro_o no_o person_n complain_v upon_o any_o manner_n of_o merchandise_n or_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n nor_o of_o foreign_a realm_n bring_v into_o england_n do_v at_o any_o time_n grow_v or_o arise_v to_o inordinate_a or_o excessive_a price_n yet_o be_v the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n abundant_o &_o plentiful_o yea_o more_o liberal_o export_v and_o transport_v into_o all_o foreign_a country_n then_o at_o this_o day_n but_o there_o be_v not_o in_o those_o day_n so_o many_o foreign_a ware_n bring_v in_o again_o into_o the_o realm_n as_o be_v at_o this_o day_n for_o from_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o famous_a king_n edward_n the_o three_o in_o who_o day_n the_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n begin_v chief_o to_o be_v exercise_v in_o england_n unto_o the_o end_n of_o edward_n the_o four_o which_o be_v the_o space_n of_o above_o 150._o year_n act_n of_o parliament_n be_v provide_v thereby_o force_v all_o manner_n of_o man_n that_o occupy_v and_o fold_v the_o ware_n and_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o foreign_a merchant_n to_o raise_v and_o keep_v up_o the_o price_n of_o they_o and_o penalty_n lay_v upon_o those_o which_o go_v about_o to_o diminish_v and_o bring_v down_o the_o price_n of_o they_o and_o in_o all_o this_o space_n of_o time_n not_o only_a wool_n and_o felles_n sea_n staple_n wont_a to_o be_v always_o in_o england_n and_o not_o beyond_o sea_n be_v staple_n ware_n at_o calais_n and_o other_o staple-towne_n in_o england_n and_o at_o length_n broad-cloth_n transport_v into_o flaunders_n and_o brabant_n but_o all_o other_o manner_n of_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n as_o leather_n lead_v tin_n butter_n and_o cheese_n commonwealth_n free_a transportation_n of_o home_n commodity_n natural_a for_o traffic_n &_o beneficial_a for_o the_o commonwealth_n be_v staple-ware_n and_o free_o only_o pay_v the_o king_n custom_n for_o they_o carry_v &_o export_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n into_o all_o foreign_a realm_n but_o since_o these_o two_o society_n of_o english_a marting-merchant_n practise_v the_o merchandise_v exchange_n have_v make_v the_o export_n and_o transport_v of_o the_o commodity_n and_o merchandize_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o the_o staple_n of_o calais_n &_o marting-towne_n ☞_o of_o brabant_n a_o private_a trade_n to_o themselves_o the_o prince_n of_o this_o realm_n have_v be_v constrain_v to_o restrain_v and_o prohibit_v not_o only_o the_o go_v out_o of_o certain_a of_o the_o aforesaid_a commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n but_o also_o have_v be_v compel_v to_o study_v and_o devise_v mean_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n to_o bring_v &_o keep_v down_o the_o price_n as_o well_o of_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n as_o of_o all_o foreign_a realm_n therefore_o it_o must_v needs_o be_v conclude_v that_o merchandize_v exchange_n and_o the_o practise_v thereof_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o this_o great_a inconveniency_n and_o mischief_n
give_v &_o proclaim_v by_o their_o prince_n commonwealth_n merchant_n govern_v the_o commonwealth_n so_o that_o merchant_n bring_v all_o man_n to_o follow_v their_o bow_n as_o concern_v the_o estimation_n of_o english_a money_n where_o they_o in_o the_o mean_a season_n pass_v not_o what_o they_o give_v in_o england_n for_o the_o commodity_n thereof_o though_o they_o sell_v they_o to_o no_o profit_n at_o the_o mart_n because_o the_o return_v of_o the_o money_n from_o the_o marting-towne_n by_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n be_v so_o profitable_a and_o gainful_a unto_o they_o during_o this_o base_a and_o low_a price_n of_o exchange_n likewise_o whereas_o the_o queen_n majesty_n elizabeth_n elizabeth_n by_o the_o advice_n of_o her_o prudent_a and_o grave_a counsellor_n move_v with_o great_a love_n zeal_n and_o pity_n towards_o all_o state_n of_o person_n but_o special_o towards_o the_o poor_a sort_n oppress_v and_o burden_a with_o the_o excessive_a price_n of_o all_o thing_n vendible_a within_o her_o grace_n realm_n which_o spring_v and_o rise_v as_o the_o common_a fame_n go_v by_o the_o occasion_n of_o the_o drossy_a and_o monstrous_a base-money_n currant_n and_o set_v forth_o or_o at_o the_o least_o way_n permit_v to_o be_v currant_n and_o set_v forth_o by_o her_o grace_n predecessor_n throughout_o the_o realm_n like_o a_o most_o godly_a and_o love_a princess_n have_v take_v away_o and_o abolish_v all_o the_o say_a course_n and_o drossy_a money_n &_o coin_n and_o for_o it_o restore_v as_o fine_a silver_n coin_n as_o ever_o be_v currant_n in_o the_o realm_n before_o or_o rather_o fine_a hope_v meaning_n and_o intend_v thereby_o to_o have_v take_v away_o therewith_o the_o corrupnesse_n and_o drossine_n of_o price_n which_o likewise_o all_o thing_n sell_v in_o her_o majesty_n realm_n at_o the_o time_n be_v corrupt_v with_o as_o without_o doubt_n if_o no_o subtle_a policy_n have_v come_v between_o to_o have_v let_v and_o stop_v her_o grace_n wholesome_a purpose_n therein_o it_o will_v have_v effect_v for_o some_o likelihood_n thereof_o begin_v a_o little_a while_n to_o appear_v by_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o price_n of_o victual_n at_o the_o market_n when_o it_o be_v first_o noise_v and_o bruit_v abroad_o that_o by_o a_o certain_a day_n appoint_v and_o limit_v no_o money_n but_o such_o as_o be_v of_o fine_a silver_n or_o gold_n set_v forth_o by_o her_o majesty_n or_o by_o her_o grace_n predecessor_n shall_v be_v paiable_a or_o currant_n thereafter_o within_o the_o realm_n and_o that_o all_o the_o drossy_a coin_n shall_v be_v bring_v to_o her_o mint_n of_o london_n where_o every_o man_n shall_v receive_v for_o the_o same_o pure_a and_o fine_a silver_n money_n of_o her_o grace_n coin_n whereat_o all_o person_n much_o rejoice_v although_o for_o the_o present_a every_o state_n of_o the_o realm_n know_v they_o shall_v receive_v a_o loss_n thereby_o yet_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o benefit_n that_o be_v to_o a_o good_a will_n but_o here_o blind_a covetousness_n with_o greedy_a gain_n and_o lucre_n reign_v in_o the_o marting-merchant_n stir_v up_o their_o wit_n to_o practice_v their_o old_a subtle_a policy_n for_o the_o save_n of_o their_o state_n from_o loss_n which_o be_v to_o bring_v down_o and_o abase_v the_o english_a pound_n in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n for_o the_o return_v home_o of_o their_o money_n into_o england_n from_o their_o marting-towne_n at_o the_o other_o side_n the_o sea_n and_o as_o they_o do_v before_o in_o the_o bless_a time_n of_o king_n edward_n so_o now_o at_o the_o first_o bruit_n and_o rumour_n of_o this_o queen_n most_o noble_a and_o ever_o praisable_a enterprise_n they_o cause_v the_o price_n of_o her_o pound_n of_o money_n to_o be_v value_v in_o their_o exchange_n but_o at_o 16._o and_o 17._o ss_z flemish_n by_o which_o occasion_n as_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v before_o at_o other_o reformation_n of_o money_n the_o price_n of_o all_o those_o country_n commodity_n and_o also_o of_o all_o other_o foreign_a nation_n and_o country_n do_v not_o only_o keep_v their_o old_a excessive_a and_o dear_a price_n in_o england_n but_o do_v rather_o increase_v and_o wax_v high_o and_o so_o do_v likewise_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n follow_v after_o not_o only_o because_o foreign_a ware_n do_v so_o but_o special_o for_o the_o hastiness_n man_n make_v to_o bestow_v their_o money_n upon_o they_o by_o the_o example_n of_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n who_o spare_v not_o to_o buy_v all_o manner_n of_o ware_n transportable_a beyond_o the_o sea_n at_o what_o price_n soever_o be_v demand_v for_o they_o for_o that_o this_o return_v home_o of_o money_n by_o exchange_n make_v they_o great_a gainer_n and_o will_v be_v a_o way_n &_o mean_v if_o the_o worst_a fell_a to_o keep_v and_o save_v they_o from_o all_o loss_n and_o danger_n in_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o money_n which_o all_o other_o state_n and_o condition_n have_v their_o traffic_n within_o the_o realm_n look_v to_o have_v sustain_v and_o bear_v by_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o say_a money_n which_o these_o merchant_n adventurer_n do_v provide_v to_o avoid_v through_o this_o their_o peculiar_a traffic_n and_o practice_v by_o toss_v and_o turn_v their_o money_n between_o england_n and_o their_o marting-towne_n by_o the_o say_v merchandise_v exchange_n for_o although_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o realm_n which_o they_o transport_v to_o the_o mart_n rise_v from_o 4._o li._n to_o 6._o li._n and_o 7._o li._n english_a yet_o may_v they_o sell_v they_o at_o the_o mart_n as_o good_a cheap_a as_o ever_o they_o do_v and_o be_v great_a gainer_n then_o in_o time_n past_a for_o so_o much_o as_o though_o customable_o they_o do_v make_v afore_o time_n 30._o &_o 34._o ss_z flemish_n of_o a_o pound_n english_a in_o their_o sale_n after_o which_o rate_n they_o make_v 6._o and_o 7._o pound_n 8._o ss_z flemish_a of_o 4._o li._n english_a and_o so_o 150._o pound_n and_o 160._o li._n flemish_n of_o a_o 100_o li._n english_a yet_o because_o they_o return_v their_o money_n by_o exchange_n at_o that_o time_n after_o 28._o ss_z and_o 30._o ss_z or_o 32._o ss_z flemish_n for_o the_o english_a pound_n their_o gain_n pass_v not_o above_o 13._o in_o the_o hundred_o where_o now_o sell_v their_o commodity_n at_o the_o say_a price_n of_o 6._o &_o 7._o li._n flemish_n though_o they_o pay_v also_o for_o they_o so_o much_o in_o england_n of_o english_a money_n after_o which_o reckon_v they_o do_v or_o do_v make_v of_o 100_o li._n english_a but_o 100_o flemish_a yet_o return_v home_o their_o money_n after_o this_o reckon_n and_o low_a exchange_n of_o 16._o and_o 17._o ss_z flemish_n for_o the_o english_a pound_n they_o get_v between_o 17._o &_o 25._o in_o the_o hundred_o notwithstanding_o they_o sell_v not_o under_o 24._o &_o 26._o ss_z flemish_n for_o the_o pound_n english_a during_o the_o say_a low_a exchange_n after_o which_o rate_n although_o they_o make_v but_o 120._o &_o 130._o li._n flemish_n of_o their_o 100_o li._n english_a yet_o make_v they_o in_o england_n at_o the_o return_n of_o their_o money_n by_o the_o foresay_a low_a exchange_n above_o 150._o and_o 160._o li._n english_a of_o their_o 100_o li._n transport_v first_o from_o thence_o to_o the_o mart_n by_o which_o manner_n of_o reckon_n ☜_o their_o gain_n rise_v to_o above_o 50._o and_o 60._o in_o the_o 100_o for_o the_o space_n of_o one_o mart._n and_o so_o by_o this_o policy_n of_o merchandise_v exchange_n merchant_n adventurer_n have_v not_o only_o save_v themselves_o at_o all_o fall_v of_o money_n pass_v in_o england_n &_o have_v hinder_v the_o queen_n majesty_n purpose_n note_n note_n for_o the_o bring_n down_o of_o the_o excessive_a price_n of_o thing_n in_o the_o utter_a abolish_n of_o all_o the_o drossy_a &_o corrupt_a money_n in_o the_o realm_n but_o therewithal_o they_o have_v be_v evermore_o the_o occasion_n and_o author_n of_o the_o disorder_n and_o of_o the_o raise_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o ware_n and_o commodity_n in_o the_o realm_n more_o and_o more_o to_o such_o excessive_a and_o inordinate_a price_n as_o either_o they_o have_v bear_v or_o do_v bear_v at_o this_o day_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o other_o kind_n of_o state_n or_o person_n in_o the_o realm_n that_o either_o can_v have_v devise_v or_o else_o that_o go_v about_o to_o frustrate_v her_o majesty_n purpose_n in_o reduce_v all_o the_o base_a coin_n to_o so_o pure_a or_o fine_a substance_n or_o matter_n but_o only_o these_o merchant_n adventurer_n by_o the_o practice_n of_o their_o fraudulent_a exchange_n for_o all_o other_o manner_n of_o person_n of_o the_o realm_n will_v glad_o have_v bear_v the_o loss_n of_o the_o money_n according_a to_o the_o queen_n majesty_n meaning_n because_o they_o perceive_v that_o they_o shall_v thereby_o thereafter_o save_v more_o for_o the_o buy_n of_o thing_n at_o moderate_a and_o
ruin_n and_o decay_v of_o most_o of_o the_o port_n haven_n town_n and_o city_n of_o this_o realm_n &_o the_o overthrow_n of_o sundry_a artificer_n and_o trade_n dwell_v within_o they_o most_o necessary_a to_o have_v be_v maintain_v for_o the_o general_a good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o special_a relief_n of_o the_o poor_a second_o that_o merchant_n by_o the_o vnderprice_a of_o the_o coin_n of_o this_o realm_n in_o there_o merchandise_v exchange_n at_o their_o private_a mart-towne_n have_v be_v the_o impediment_n that_o neither_o the_o queen_n majesty_n nor_o her_o predecessor_n can_v bring_v to_o effect_v the_o thing_n which_o they_o go_v about_o by_o reform_v and_o refine_n the_o drossy_a and_o loathsome_a coin_n and_o money_n currant_n in_o the_o realm_n three_o the_o say_a merchant_n by_o the_o practise_n of_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n be_v the_o original_a cause_n why_o all_o manner_n of_o ware_n merchandize_n and_o commodity_n as_o well_o of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n as_o of_o all_o other_o foreign_a realm_n rise_v to_o huge_a immoderate_a and_o excessive_a price_n four_o that_o all_o the_o excellent_a and_o necessary_a commodity_n of_o england_n be_v unprofitable_o export_v and_o transport_v into_o foreign_a country_n at_o this_o day_n forsomuch_o as_o by_o the_o occasion_n of_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n they_o be_v better_a cheap_a sell_v abroad_o than_o they_o cost_v in_o england_n to_o the_o great_a disorder_n and_o hindrance_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n five_o the_o queen_n majesty_n be_v great_o defraud_v by_o the_o say_a exchange_n when_o her_o majesty_n affair_n do_v constrain_v she_o to_o provide_v money_n by_o that_o mean_n at_o the_o foresay_a merchant_n hand_n contrary_a to_o the_o truth_n and_o valution_n of_o her_o own_o coin_n and_o so_o likewise_o be_v her_o ambassador_n send_v in_o her_o majesty_n affair_n and_o message_n into_o any_o foreign_a realm_n when_o soever_o they_o have_v need_v to_o provide_v money_n by_o the_o say_a exchange_n six_o by_o the_o practise_n of_o the_o say_a exchange_n all_o manner_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v continual_o convey_v carry_v and_o transport_v out_o of_o the_o realm_n and_o be_v the_o let_v and_o impediment_n why_o neither_o bullion_n of_o gold_n or_o silver_n be_v so_o liberal_o and_o free_o bring_v into_o the_o same_o as_o in_o time_n past_o it_o have_v be_v seaventh_o &_o last_o the_o say_a exchange_n cause_v through_o the_o vile_a base_a and_o untrue_a valuation_n the_o foresay_a merchant_n keep_v the_o english_a pound_n at_o in_o their_o foresay_a exchange_n be_v so_o far_o under_o the_o price_n it_o ought_v to_o have_v that_o these_o immoderate_a and_o excessive_a price_n which_o they_o have_v bring_v all_o thing_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o in_o england_n can_v be_v diminish_v bring_v down_o or_o mitigate_v to_o moderate_v reasonable_a and_o indifferent_a price_n a_o general_a conclusion_n this_o treatise_n thus_o end_v have_v for_o warrant_n and_o credit_n these_o four_o circumstance_n probability_n of_o reason_n plain_n of_o style_n special_a experience_n and_o time_n of_o writing_n from_o whence_o this_o conclusion_n be_v draw_v be_v hereunto_o add_v that_o king_n and_o kingdom_n be_v heavenly_a relative_n and_o truth_n have_v say_v it_o that_o the_o desire_n of_o money_n be_v the_o root_n of_o all_o evil_a &_o that_o covetousness_n be_v flat_a idolatry_n which_o stand_v most_o true_a 3.5_o 1._o tim._n 6.15_o coloss_n 3.5_o it_o follow_v by_o consequence_n that_o merchandise_v exchange_n be_v that_o labyrinth_n of_o error_n &_o prinate_a practice_n whereby_o though_o king_n wear_v crown_n &_o seem_v absolute_o to_o reign_v particular_a banker_n private_a society_n of_o merchant_n &_o covetous_a person_n who_o end_n be_v private_a gain_n be_v able_a to_o suspend_v their_o counsel_n &_o control_v their_o policy_n offer_v even_o bounty_n to_o king_n the_o fountain_n of_o goodness_n &_o lend_v money_n to_o sovereign_a state_n and_o emperor_n themselves_o that_o only_o can_v make_v coin_n and_o shall_v have_v to_o give_v large_o and_o lend_v unto_o other_o thus_o make_v king_n to_o be_v subject_n and_o vassal_n to_o be_v king_n such_o have_v be_v the_o strength_n of_o that_o stain_v and_o stay_v of_o piety_n that_o contempt_n of_o justice_n that_o seed_n of_o dissension_n that_o world_n of_o war_n and_o art_n of_o witchcraft_n vsurie_n such_o be_v and_o will_v be_v the_o power_n thereof_o at_o all_o occasion_n till_o king_n and_o counsellor_n take_v their_o own_o charge_n in_o hand_n and_o next_o to_o religion_n that_o sanctify_v all_o relieve_v &_o maintain_v the_o nurse_n of_o justice_n that_o rectify_v all_o to_o wit_n freeborn_a traffic_n i_o mean_v in_o england_n and_o english_a traffic_n in_o magnis_fw-la voluisse_fw-la sit_v est_fw-la sunt_fw-la cetera_fw-la diwm_fw-la
proper_o and_o apt_o to_o be_v call_v the_o merchandize_v of_o money_n yet_o because_o that_o through_o the_o practice_n and_o policy_n of_o merchant_n special_o trade_v &_o frequent_v the_o mart_n of_o antwerp_n and_o the_o fair_n of_o lion_n for_o the_o pass_n of_o money_n from_o place_n to_o place_n by_o the_o same_o which_o also_o be_v do_v after_o a_o certain_a sort_n and_o kind_n of_o exchange_v and_o commute_v of_o money_n it_o may_v convenient_o be_v call_v &_o have_v the_o name_n of_o merchandize_v exchange_n forasmuch_o as_o money_n pass_v and_o exchange_v after_o this_o way_n and_o manner_n must_v be_v pay_v again_o according_a to_o the_o condition_n and_o compact_n take_v and_o agree_v upon_o with_o the_o merchant_n for_o the_o price_n &_o valuation_n thereof_o and_o not_o according_a to_o the_o just_a &_o lawful_a valuation_n it_o have_v by_o any_o public_a authority_n of_o that_o commonwealth_n which_o be_v author_n of_o the_o say_a money_n the_o which_o temerarius_fw-la alteration_n of_o public_a coin_n &_o money_n be_v the_o principal_a foundation_n of_o the_o say_a exchange_n and_o of_o the_o gain_n and_o lucre_n proceed_v of_o the_o same_o for_o the_o love_n &_o greediness_n whereof_o the_o other_o lawful_a exchange_n be_v exile_v and_o expel_v both_o out_o of_o spain_n and_o italy_n and_o through_o the_o frequent_v thereof_o the_o trade_n of_o merchandise_n be_v corrupt_v in_o all_o country_n and_o special_o in_o england_n by_o the_o busy_a practise_v thereof_o of_o merchant_n between_o antwerp_n and_o england_n which_o have_v bring_v many_o inconvenience_n unto_o this_o commonwealth_n &_o be_v thereby_o the_o only_a author_n why_o all_o manner_n of_o ware_n and_o merchandize_v bear_v such_o excessive_a price_n as_o they_o do_v at_o this_o day_n within_o the_o realm_n as_o hereafter_o shall_v be_v declare_v by_o the_o open_n of_o certain_a circumstance_n essential_o appertain_v to_o the_o same_o exchange_n without_o the_o which_o it_o can_v neither_o be_v understand_v nor_o practise_v and_o so_o shall_v it_o evident_o appear_v that_o all_o th'inormity_n disorder_v the_o price_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o thing_n vendible_a in_o the_o commonwealth_n have_v their_o original_n from_o thence_o chap._n iii_o the_o compact_n and_o condition_n common_o agree_v upon_o in_o merchandise_v exchange_n first_o the_o taker_n and_o receiver_n of_o money_n by_o this_o exchange_n must_v compound_v &_o agree_v with_o the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o same_o at_o what_o distance_n of_o time_n the_o say_a money_n shall_v be_v pay_v again_o in_o a_o foreign_a country_n or_o city_n appoint_v for_o the_o payment_n thereof_o for_o there_o be_v three_o kind_n of_o diversity_n and_o distance_n of_o time_n most_o common_o in_o use_n at_o this_o day_n among_o merchant_n for_o the_o repayment_n of_o such_o money_n as_o be_v take_v and_o deliver_v by_o this_o exchange_n second_o the_o taker_n and_o receivor_fw-la of_o money_n by_o this_o exchange_n must_v compound_v and_o agree_v with_o the_o deliverer_n thereof_o to_o make_v payment_n again_o in_o the_o foreign_a country_n according_a as_o the_o same_o money_n receive_v be_v value_v by_o the_o merchant_n to_o be_v worth_a in_o the_o currant_n money_n of_o the_o same_o foreign_a country_n and_o according_a to_o the_o price_n and_o valuation_n the_o say_a currant_n money_n have_v in_o this_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n and_o not_o after_o the_o prince_n just_a valuation_n of_o the_o same_o money_n chap._n four_o the_o term_n of_o art_n proper_a to_o marchandise_v exchange_n by_o diversity_n of_o time_n and_o distance_n of_o place_n the_o first_o kind_n of_o diversity_n merchant_n call_v the_o take_n and_o deliver_v of_o money_n at_o sight_n sigh_n at_o sigh_n the_o custom_n whereof_o in_o this_o exchange_n &_o commutation_n compel_v the_o receivor_fw-la of_o the_o money_n upon_o a_o little_a schedule_n or_o bill_n contain_v the_o sum_n &_o value_n of_o the_o foreign_a coin_n and_o money_n which_o must_v be_v pay_v again_o to_o the_o use_n of_o the_o deliverer_n immediate_o as_o the_o say_a schedule_n &_o bill_n shall_v be_v show_v and_o present_v by_o the_o deliverer_n or_o his_o factor_n to_o the_o factor_n or_o servant_n of_o the_o say_a taker_n and_o receivor_fw-la of_o money_n or_o else_o to_o his_o own_o self_n the_o second_o be_v to_o take_v and_o deliver_v money_n by_o or_o at_o usance_n and_o the_o custom_n of_o this_o diversity_n compel_v the_o taker_n of_o money_n by_o this_o exchange_n upon_o his_o bill_n or_o schedule_n to_o pay_v the_o value_n thereof_o again_o in_o foreign_a coin_n or_o money_n at_o the_o end_n of_o one_o month_n next_o immediate_o end_v after_o the_o first_o day_n of_o the_o make_n of_o the_o exchange_n in_o the_o town_n or_o city_n appoint_v thereunto_o in_o the_o say_v schedule_n either_o by_o himself_o his_o factor_n or_o servant_n this_o space_n of_o time_n of_o one_o month_n be_v limit_v for_o this_o second_o distance_n of_o time_n in_o this_o marchandise_v exchange_n usance_n usance_n call_v usance_n between_o london_n and_o antwerp_n and_o other_o mart_a town_n thereabouts_o by_o the_o banker_n and_o exchanger_n of_o the_o same_o exchange_n the_o three_o be_v call_v double_a usance_n usance_n double_a usance_n by_o the_o use_n and_o custom_n whereof_o the_o taker_n and_o receiver_n of_o money_n by_o the_o same_o exchange_n be_v compel_v by_o his_o bill_n or_o schedule_n to_o pay_v the_o value_n thereof_o again_o in_o foreign_a money_n at_o the_o end_n of_o two_o month_n next_o immediate_o end_v after_o the_o day_n that_o the_o money_n be_v first_o take_v up_o by_o exchange_n either_o by_o himself_o factor_n or_o servant_n in_o the_o place_n appoint_v and_o assign_v thereunto_o by_o the_o say_a schedule_n and_o here_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o these_o two_o latter_a distance_n of_o time_n be_v make_v long_a and_o short_a for_o the_o payment_n of_o money_n take_v up_o by_o the_o same_o after_o the_o diversity_n of_o any_o of_o the_o say_v two_o kind_n according_a to_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o place_n for_o the_o which_o the_o say_v exchange_n be_v or_o shall_v be_v make_v at_o any_o time_n chap._n v._o the_o diversity_n of_o price_n of_o money_n currant_n in_o merchandise_v exchange_n according_a to_o the_o distance_n of_o place_n and_o difference_n of_o time_n like_a as_o the_o time_n and_o space_n limit_v to_o every_o diversity_n and_o distance_n of_o time_n &_o place_n of_o this_o merchandise_v exchange_n differ_v and_o vary_v one_o from_o another_o between_o england_n and_o antwerp_n and_o other_o mart_a town_n thereabouts_o so_o have_v th'english_fw-fr pound_n pass_v by_o this_o exchange_n between_o the_o one_o country_n and_o the_o other_o at_o diverse_a and_o sundry_a price_n differ_v one_o from_o another_o according_a to_o the_o time_n it_o be_v exchange_v for_o from_o the_o one_o place_n to_o the_o other_o first_o the_o price_n of_o the_o english_a pound_n exchange_v at_o sight_n differ_v from_o the_o same_o pound_n value_v by_o any_o prince_n or_o public_a authority_n ordinary_o four_o or_o five_o penny_n in_o the_o pound_n second_o the_o price_n of_o th'english_fw-fr pound_n exchange_v for_o usance_n differ_v from_o the_o same_o pound_n deliver_v and_o take_v for_o sight_n ordinary_o five_o or_o six_o penny_n in_o the_o pound_n three_o the_o price_n of_o the_o same_o pound_n take_v and_o exchange_v for_o double_a usance_n differ_v from_o the_o pound_n by_o usance_n vi_fw-la or_o seven_o penny_n so_o that_o a_o english_a pound_n exchange_v by_o this_o last_o distance_n of_o time_n differ_v in_o price_n from_o a_o pound_n take_v up_o by_o the_o first_o difference_n of_o time_n twelve_o or_o xiii_o penny_n in_o the_o say_a pound_n many_o other_o diversity_n as_o well_o of_o time_n as_o of_o money_n be_v and_o may_v be_v practise_v &_o exercise_v in_o this_o merchandise_v exchange_n whereof_o to_o discourse_v particular_o be_v too_o long_o and_o tedious_a forsomuch_o as_o this_o brief_a declaration_n of_o these_o diversity_n before_o recite_v may_v suffice_v not_o only_o for_o the_o perceive_v and_o understand_v of_o the_o same_o but_o also_o for_o all_o other_o that_o be_v or_o may_v be_v practise_v in_o the_o say_v merchandise_v exchange_n for_o as_o these_o three_o price_n differ_v proportional_o one_o from_o another_o according_a to_o the_o rate_n and_o distance_n of_o time_n so_o do_v all_o other_o price_n thereof_o according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o time_n they_o be_v pass_v for_o chap._n vi_o the_o manner_n of_o raise_v the_o valuation_n of_o money_n in_o merchandise_v exchange_n forasmuch_o as_o the_o just_a and_o lawful_a valuation_n of_o money_n can_v maintain_v this_o subtle_a merchandise_v exchange_n every_o piece_n of_o gold_n and_o great_a piece_n of_o silver_n set_v forth_o &_o currant_n in_o any_o commonwealth_n be_v always_o of_o more_o valuation_n after_o that_o it_o be_v
currant_n money_n in_o this_o foresay_a exchange_n by_o two_o penny_n four_o penny_n or_o six_o penny_n in_o a_o piece_n more_o or_o less_o according_a to_o the_o quantity_n and_o substance_n it_o be_v of_o than_o it_o be_v by_o the_o prince_n and_o public_a authority_n of_o the_o country_n where_o it_o be_v first_o coin_a which_o policy_n in_o raise_v of_o money_n be_v chief_o practise_v of_o the_o banker_n of_o antwerp_n to_o allure_v merchant_n of_o all_o other_o part_n to_o bring_v thither_o ready_a money_n and_o therefore_o make_v they_o the_o coin_n of_o all_o other_o country_n more_o worth_a with_o they_o then_o in_o any_o other_o country_n else_o although_o they_o be_v not_o so_o allow_v and_o except_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o their_o country_n yet_o be_v thus_o value_v by_o they_o they_o be_v make_v the_o common_a currant_n money_n to_o buy_v and_o sell_v all_o manner_n of_o ware_n &_o merchandize_v there_o traffic_v and_o the_o way_n to_o pass_v and_o practice_v their_o exchange_n with_o and_o because_o they_o will_v not_o have_v the_o prince_n lawful_a money_n to_o be_v the_o mean_a to_o buy_v &_o sell_v all_o thing_n with_o they_o compound_v in_o all_o their_o contract_n bargain_n and_o exchange_n to_o have_v the_o payment_n make_v in_o this_o their_n invent_v money_n which_o they_o call_v currant_n money_n in_o merchandise_n and_o furthermore_o by_o this_o licentious_a liberty_n that_o they_o usurp_v in_o prise_v and_o value_v all_o prince_n money_n they_o make_v many_o sort_n of_o money_n currant_n among_o they_o which_o common_a authority_n do_v not_o permit_v nor_o allow_v to_o be_v payable_a nor_o currant_n in_o the_o country_n whereby_o they_o have_v great_o increase_v and_o advance_v the_o trade_n and_o concourse_n of_o merchant_n in_o those_o part_n and_o country_n notwithstanding_o therewithal_o have_v proceed_v the_o great_a occasion_n of_o the_o excessive_a price_n which_o reign_v upon_o ware_n merchandize_n and_o commodity_n in_o all_o country_n at_o this_o day_n chap._n vii_o the_o difference_n between_o the_o lawful_a exchange_n and_o merchandise_v exchange_n in_o the_o exchange_n which_o before_o be_v call_v tolerable_a and_o lawful_a exchange_n the_o price_n and_o valuation_n set_v forth_o by_o public_a authority_n be_v chief_o to_o be_v consider_v and_o regard_v in_o the_o money_n exchange_v thereby_o to_o the_o end_n that_o a_o just_a &_o equal_a payment_n may_v be_v make_v again_o thereof_o to_o the_o party_n that_o deliver_v his_o money_n by_o the_o say_a exchange_n as_o for_o example_n if_o the_o ambassador_n of_o a_o prince_n have_v need_n of_o 100_o li._n english_a to_o be_v pay_v he_o at_o antwerp_n and_o will_v deliver_v his_o 100_o li._n in_o london_n to_o have_v the_o just_a value_n thereof_o pay_v he_o again_o in_o flemish_a money_n at_o his_o or_o the_o come_n of_o his_o letter_n to_o antwerp_n here_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v only_o what_o and_o how_o much_o the_o english_a pound_n be_v worth_a flemish_a by_o the_o prince_n valuation_n of_o those_o party_n the_o valuation_n whereof_o be_v at_o the_o least_o xxii_o shilling_n and_o vi_o penny_n flemish_n after_o which_o valuation_n the_o hundred_o pound_n english_a shall_v make_v flemish_n 112._o li._n 10_o sh_n likewise_o if_o he_o will_v have_v a_o 100_o crown_n of_o the_o sun_n pay_v he_o in_o paris_n in_o france_n for_o the_o value_n thereof_o deliver_v in_o london_n by_o the_o exchange_n forsomuch_o as_o it_o be_v know_v that_o the_o french_a crown_n be_v value_v in_o england_n at_o vi_o sh_z english_z &_o in_o france_n it_o be_v value_v by_o the_o prince_n at_o 50._o sous_fw-fr now_o vi_o sh_n in_o enlish_n after_o 2._o sous_fw-fr and_o a_o half_a for_o the_o english_a grot_n amount_v to_o 45._o sous_fw-fr in_o the_o crown_n so_o that_o a_o hundred_o crown_n amount_v to_o 4500._o sous_fw-fr in_fw-la french_a and_o after_o the_o french_a valuation_n of_o the_o crown_n they_o amount_v to_o 5000._o sous_fw-fr so_o that_o for_o a_o hundred_o crown_n at_o the_o value_n thereof_o deliver_v in_o england_n by_o this_o lawful_a exchange_n he_o ought_v to_o receive_v in_o france_n 111._o crown_n 5._o sous_fw-fr as_o he_o do_v at_o antwerp_n for_o his_o 100_o li._n a_o 112._o li._n 10._o st_o flemish_n and_o this_o exchange_n may_v be_v make_v without_o the_o merchant_n three_o diversity_n and_o distance_n of_o time_n very_o well_o true_o and_o just_o because_o neither_o party_n seek_v to_o buy_v and_o sell_v money_n thereby_o but_o to_o commute_v and_o exchange_v it_o according_a to_o the_o just_a value_n give_v to_o the_o same_o by_o the_o prince_n and_o common_a authority_n of_o both_o country_n so_o that_o neither_o the_o taker_n nor_o deliverer_n shall_v have_v any_o more_o or_o less_o then_o that_o be_v due_a to_o they_o although_o the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n do_v tarry_v or_o be_v content_v to_o tarry_v 15._o or_o 20._o day_n for_o the_o receit_n of_o his_o money_n the_o receivor_fw-la receive_v no_o damage_n nor_o hindrance_n thereby_o but_o rather_o commodity_n and_o profit_n nor_o yet_o the_o deliverer_n if_o he_o have_v his_o money_n to_o serve_v his_o purpose_n at_o the_o time_n appoint_v so_o that_o here_o be_v no_o necessity_n of_o interest_n to_o be_v pay_v to_o any_o party_n for_o the_o forbear_n of_o money_n and_o sure_o this_o be_v only_o the_o use_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o exchange_n at_o the_o first_o beginning_n thereof_o to_o the_o which_o if_o it_o be_v restore_v again_o the_o prince_n ambassador_n of_o england_n lie_v in_o france_n and_o in_o other_o place_n shall_v not_o lose_v 7._o or_o 8._o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o two_o or_o three_o month_n space_n in_o take_v up_o of_o money_n for_o paris_n to_o be_v pay_v again_o at_o antwerp_n and_o from_o thence_o at_o london_n by_o merchandise_v exchange_n to_o do_v their_o prince_n and_o country_n service_n but_o shall_v rather_o be_v gainer_n by_o the_o lawful_a and_o honest_a exchange_n as_o reason_n and_o conscience_n declare_v they_o shall_v be_v and_o yet_o notwithstanding_o may_v the_o banker_n and_o cambiador_n be_v allow_v for_o his_o pain_n and_o labour_n for_o the_o receive_n and_o pay_v of_o the_o money_n somewhat_o after_o the_o old_a manner_n of_o spain_n and_o italy_n which_o be_v after_o the_o rate_n of_o three_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o the_o year_n and_o so_o shall_v he_o not_o be_v evil_o pay_v therefore_o nor_o yet_o the_o payer_n and_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n by_o exchange_n over_o burden_a and_o charge_v as_o they_o be_v now_o a_o day_n eat_v out_o of_o house_n and_o home_n by_o merchandise_v exchange_n if_o only_o this_o lawful_a exchange_n be_v restore_v again_o for_o the_o pass_n of_o money_n from_o country_n to_o country_n contrariwise_o in_o this_o corrupt_a and_o crafty_a exchange_n and_o commutation_n of_o money_n the_o say_v public_a valuation_n of_o money_n be_v altogether_o neglect_v seclude_v and_o put_v out_o of_o mind_n and_o only_o the_o 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french-crown_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o paris_n again_o for_o the_o prince_n valuation_n will_v not_o serve_v but_o he_o must_v agree_v upon_o a_o new_a price_n of_o english_a money_n for_o the_o say_a crown_n so_o where_o it_o be_v worth_a in_o england_n by_o the_o prince_n valuation_n but_o uj_o shilling_n the_o exchanger_n will_v have_v six_o shilling_n four_o penny_n or_o six_o penny_n or_o peradventure_o a_o noble_a according_a as_o the_o occasion_n of_o time_n serve_v for_o every_o crown_n to_o be_v pay_v in_o paris_n and_o sometime_o more_o so_o that_o where_o by_o equity_n and_o conscience_n which_o be_v know_v by_o the_o prince_n and_o public_a valuation_n of_o the_o crown_n the_o deliverer_n of_o the_o money_n in_o england_n shall_v receive_v for_o his_o hundred_o crown_n deliver_v in_o england_n a_o hundred_o and_o eleven_o crown_n and_o five_o sous_fw-fr
upon_o one_o thing_n or_o other_o that_o thereupon_o begin_v to_o grow_v some_o disorder_n of_o price_n in_o all_o ware_n and_o commodity_n sell_v in_o this_o kingdom_n which_o be_v first_o perceive_v by_o the_o grave_n and_o fatherly_a governor_n of_o the_o realm_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o bless_a king_n edward_n the_o sixth_o they_o consult_v together_o for_o the_o devise_v of_o some_o way_n to_o be_v take_v to_o avoid_v the_o say_a disorder_n so_o begin_v and_o spring_v and_o the_o best_a mean_n for_o that_o purpose_n be_v think_v by_o their_o wisdom_n to_o be_v the_o diminish_v of_o all_o the_o white_a currant_n coin_n and_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n intend_v by_o that_o mean_n at_o the_o length_n to_o have_v utter_o banish_v from_o thence_o all_o such_o counterfeit_a coin_n take_v leisure_n withal_o study_v &_o care_n to_o do_v it_o with_o as_o much_o ease_n and_o as_o little_a loss_n to_o every_o state_n &_o condition_n as_o can_v be_v devise_v but_o before_o this_o their_o 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marting-towne_n and_o all_o for_o the_o love_n of_o this_o lucre_n &_o great_a gain_n that_o no_o commodity_n in_o england_n transportable_a for_o those_o part_n can_v lie_v by_o they_o unbought_a and_o this_o mean_n and_o practice_n of_o the_o two_o company_n of_o merchant_n in_o follow_v the_o traffic_n &_o merchandise_v exchange_n be_v the_o principal_a cause_n why_o both_o foreign_a ware_n and_o english_a grow_v to_o such_o excessive_a price_n in_o england_n for_o when_o all_o other_o sort_n and_o condition_n of_o person_n of_o the_o realm_n perceive_v that_o the_o better_n and_o amend_v of_o the_o ☞_o coin_n of_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v nothing_o esteem_v among_o the_o merchant_n but_o rather_o less_o regard_v as_o though_o it_o have_v be_v less_o in_o value_n than_o it_o be_v before_o forsomuch_o as_o they_o daily_o increase_v the_o price_n of_o the_o ware_n they_o bring_v from_o the_o marting-towne_n to_o be_v sell_v in_o england_n all_o other_o state_n likewise_o begin_v to_o pass_v and_o set_v nothing_o by_o it_o and_o so_o rather_o covit_v to_o bestow_v it_o rash_o and_o unaduised_o in_o one_o thing_n or_o other_o what_o price_n so_o ever_o thing_n do_v bear_v then_o discreet_o and_o wary_o to_o foresee_v and_o look_v aforehand_o how_o they_o may_v bestow_v it_o for_o the_o bring_n down_o of_o the_o immoderate_a price_n that_o everything_n be_v grow_v unto_o because_o they_o be_v persuade_v that_o the_o say_v english_a coin_n be_v no_o more_o worth_n than_o the_o exchange_v merchant_n value_v it_o at_o in_o so_o much_o that_o the_o clothier_n which_o come_v to_o blackwellhall_n set_v their_o pices_fw-la on_o their_o clothes_n according_a ☞_o as_o they_o learn_v of_o the_o merchant_n the_o price_n of_o money_n come_v from_o the_o marting-towne_n in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n into_o england_n and_o not_o according_a to_o the_o valuation_n thereof_o
reasonable_a price_n than_o they_o shall_v lose_v by_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o coin_n for_o the_o cause_n be_v take_v away_o of_o those_o excessive_a price_n which_o be_v as_o all_o man_n say_v the_o drossy_a and_o base_a coin_n and_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n the_o effect_n which_o proceed_v thereof_o must_v needs_o also_o have_v cease_v and_o vanish_v away_o but_o see_v it_o have_v not_o so_o come_v to_o pass_v man_n must_v needs_o say_v and_o confess_v that_o some_o other_o subtlety_n and_o policy_n beside_o the_o foresay_a drossy_a coin_n exchange_n merchandise_v exchange_n have_v cause_v this_o inordinate_a price_n which_o be_v merchandise_v exchange_n practise_v by_o merchant_n adventurer_n as_o be_v heretofore_o prove_v item_n the_o same_o practise_v of_o merchandise_v exchange_n be_v the_o mean_n whereby_o all_o thing_n do_v continue_v dear_a and_o at_o high_a price_n still_o in_o england_n for_o like_a as_o be_v before_o declare_v the_o merchant_n adventurer_n for_o their_o own_o private_a lucre_n &_o gain_n by_o the_o policy_n thereof_o cause_v all_o thing_n in_o the_o realm_n to_o rise_v to_o immoderate_a and_o excessive_a price_n alter_v the_o valuation_n of_o the_o english_a pound_n without_o reason_n or_o equity_n by_o disualue_v and_o bring_v down_o the_o price_n thereof_o far_o under_o the_o value_n it_o ought_v to_o have_v have_v in_o the_o say_a exchange_n which_o policy_n they_o invent_v at_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o money_n to_o prevent_v the_o loss_n their_o state_n and_o company_n shall_v have_v receive_v thereby_o so_o after_o the_o fall_n be_v proclaim_v in_o england_n for_o the_o love_n of_o the_o like_a private_a gain_n and_o lucre_n which_o they_o have_v taste_v of_o so_o sweet_o at_o the_o same_o time_n ever_o since_o they_o have_v keep_v the_o price_n under_o the_o sum_n of_o money_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v worth_a in_o the_o same_o exchange_n and_o thus_o pass_v and_o return_v their_o money_n into_o england_n unjust_o and_o without_o equity_n they_o stay_v all_o manner_n of_o ware_n and_o commodity_n at_o the_o unreasonable_a and_o excessive_a price_n they_o first_o bring_v they_o to_o or_o rather_o do_v raise_v they_o high_o for_o never_o since_o the_o queen_n majesty_n reduce_v all_o the_o corrupt_a coin_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o pure_a and_o fine_a silver_n the_o price_n of_o the_o english_a pound_n have_v come_v from_o the_o marting-towne_n into_o england_n above_o 22._o ss_z 2._o penny_n flemish_n at_o usance_n by_o the_o say_a exchange_n where_o before_o till_o the_o first_o fall_n be_v noise_v in_o england_n the_o coin_n be_v most_o drossy_a and_o corrupt_a the_o price_n of_o the_o say_a pound_n come_v from_o thence_o between_o 26._o and_o 28._o ss_z flemish_n to_o the_o which_o price_n the_o say_a merchant_n shall_v do_v their_o endeavour_n to_o bring_v it_o again_o rather_o than_o as_o they_o do_v keep_v it_o at_o so_o vile_a a_o price_n and_o far_o under_o the_o price_n that_o it_o be_v esteem_v and_o value_v to_o be_v worth_a in_o value_a money_n of_o that_o country_n set_v forth_o by_o the_o prince_n thereof_o forasmuch_o as_o all_o the_o money_n of_o the_o realm_n country_n mark_v well_o the_o use_n and_o advantage_n which_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n make_v of_o their_o special_a mart_n town_n beyond_o the_o sea_n to_o the_o good_a of_o their_o country_n be_v now_o so_o fine_a and_o pure_a but_o greedy_a lucre_n have_v no_o reason_n which_o cause_v that_o both_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n of_o england_n and_o also_o the_o merchant_n of_o the_o marting-towne_n do_v as_o it_o be_v by_o a_o conspiracy_n between_o they_o keep_v the_o value_n of_o the_o english_a pound_n at_o so_o unjust_a and_o vile_a price_n in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n for_o by_o reason_n thereof_o do_v the_o merchant_n of_o those_o part_n sell_v there_o ware_n to_o english_a merchant_n for_o marvellous_a much_o more_o gain_n than_o ever_o they_o do_v before_o and_o buy_v the_o commodity_n of_o england_n again_o of_o they_o as_o good_a cheap_a as_o ever_o they_o do_v at_o any_o time_n before_o likewise_o the_o say_a merchant_n of_o england_n gain_n and_o get_v much_o more_o than_o every_o they_o do_v whether_o they_o make_v employment_n of_o their_o money_n home_o in_o ware_n or_o in_o money_n by_o exchange_n from_o the_o marting-towne_n therefore_o it_o appear_v that_o as_o this_o base_a vile_a and_o low_a price_n of_o the_o english_a pound_n in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n do_v raise_v at_o the_o first_o all_o manner_n of_o ware_n and_o commodity_n to_o immoderate_a &_o excessive_a price_n in_o england_n so_o by_o the_o same_o merchant_n have_v gather_v so_o sweet_a and_o pleasant_a gain_n do_v they_o stay_v and_o keep_v they_o at_o those_o say_v immoderate_a and_o excessive_a price_n from_o the_o which_o there_o will_v no_o way_n be_v find_v to_o remove_v they_o so_o long_o as_o the_o merchant_n may_v liberal_o at_o their_o pleasure_n under-price_n the_o queen_n majesty_n coin_n of_o england_n in_o their_o exchange_n and_o so_o trade_n and_o traffic_n therewith_o between_o england_n and_o the_o say_a marting-towne_n because_o of_o the_o great_a commodity_n gain_n and_o profit_v the_o merchant_n of_o both_o country_n receive_v by_o the_o same_o moreover_o the_o queen_n majesty_n of_o england_n receive_v great_a loss_n and_o damage_n at_o the_o merchant_n hand_n by_o take_v or_o provide_v money_n of_o they_o by_o this_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n according_a as_o they_o practise_v it_o now_o a_o day_n for_o where_o the_o merchant_n adventurer_n and_o stapler_n of_o england_n esteem_v the_o english_a pound_n in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n not_o above_o 22._o ss_z 6._o penny_n flemish_n from_o london_n to_o antwerp_n at_o usance_n yet_o be_v not_o that_o the_o true_a and_o just_a valuation_n it_o ought_v to_o have_v in_o currant_n money_n of_o the_o say_a exchange_n forsomuch_o as_o by_o the_o public_a valuation_n of_o that_o country_n money_n proclaim_v by_o the_o commandment_n of_o the_o prince_n anno_fw-la 1559._o the_o english_a pound_n of_o money_n be_v esteem_v to_o be_v worth_a of_o the_o same_o value_a money_n 22._o ss_z 6._o penny_n flemish_n at_o least_o which_o value_v money_n be_v better_a by_o 6._o penny_n and_o 12._o penny_n in_o a_o pound_n than_o the_o currant_n money_n by_o exchange_n so_o then_o when_o one_o deliver_v money_n in_o london_n by_o merchandise_v exchange_n to_o be_v pay_v again_o at_o antwerp_n at_o sight_n he_o ought_v to_o receive_v there_o for_o his_o english_a pound_n of_o money_n at_o the_o least_o 23._o ss_z flemish_a of_o this_o exchange_v money_n and_o after_o the_o order_n of_o merchant_n in_o the_o say_a exchange_n if_o it_o be_v deliver_v for_o usance_n he_o ought_v to_o receive_v 23._o sh_z 6._o penny_n flemish_n neither_o can_v the_o merchant_n give_v any_o good_a reason_n why_o the_o price_n of_o the_o english_a pound_n in_o their_o exchange_n shall_v be_v esteem_v at_o this_o day_n but_o at_o 22_o sh_n 6._o penny_n see_v it_o be_v no_o less_o worth_n in_o the_o value_a money_n of_o the_o say_a country_n for_o after_o their_o old_a order_n of_o their_o exchange_n when_o the_o english_a pound_n be_v value_v in_o those_o party_n to_o be_v worth_a 26_o sh_n 8._o penny_n flemish_n of_o the_o prince_n money_n the_o say_a pound_n in_o currunt_fw-la money_n of_o that_o exchange_n be_v worth_a 28_o sh_n so_o that_o than_o their_o be_v 4._o groat_n of_o exchange_v money_n allow_v more_o to_o the_o english_a pound_n at_o the_o least_o then_o of_o value_a money_n yea_o most_o common_o it_o come_v from_o thence_o into_o england_n by_o their_o exchange_n at_o 30_o sh_n flemish_a and_o sometime_o at_o 34_o sh_n of_o the_o say_a money_n &_o from_o hence_o it_o go_v at_o a_o more_o and_o high_a price_n in_o their_o say_a exchange_n therefore_o according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o price_n of_o money_n then_o and_o now_o at_o this_o day_n the_o price_n of_o the_o english_a pound_n from_o hence_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v under_o 23_o sh_n 10._o penny_n &_o from_o hence_o at_o 24_o sh_n 4._o penny_n for_o from_o hence_o by_o the_o order_n of_o exchange_n unto_o the_o marting-towne_n the_o price_n of_o the_o say_a pound_n be_v high_a and_o more_o worth_a then_o from_o thence_o hither_o common_o by_o 6._o penny_n flemish_n wherefore_o if_o truth_n and_o equity_n be_v use_v in_o this_o merchandise_v exchange_n or_o if_o the_o foresay_a english_a merchant_n frequent_v the_o marting-towne_n beyond_o the_o sea_n for_o the_o preferment_n of_o the_o common_a wealth_n of_o their_o country_n and_o not_o rather_o altogether_o ☞_o for_o their_o own_o private_a gain_n and_o lucre_n they_o will_v never_o maintain_v this_o piratical_a exchange_n that_o they_o practise_v now_o a_o day_n esteem_v the_o english_a pound_n to_o be_v less_o worth_a of_o
their_o exchange_v money_n than_o the_o prince_n allow_v it_o to_o be_v worth_a of_o his_o value_a money_n which_o be_v never_o see_v before_o these_o day_n for_o see_v their_o exchange_v money_n be_v worse_a by_o 6._o penny_n &_o 12._o penny_n in_o a_o pound_n than_o the_o prince_n value_v money_n why_o shall_v not_o more_o thereof_o be_v give_v and_o allow_v for_o the_o english_a pound_n then_o of_o value_a money_n according_a as_o it_o have_v be_v accustom_v to_o be_v ever_o here_o before_o when_o the_o prince_n of_o that_o country_n allow_v 26_o sh_n 8._o penny_n of_o his_o value_a money_n for_o the_o english_a pound_n therefore_o that_o the_o queen_n majesty_n may_v be_v exonerate_v of_o so_o great_a loss_n when_o her_o affair_n do_v require_v the_o foresay_a mean_n to_o provide_v money_n and_o to_o the_o end_n some_o way_n of_o reformation_n may_v also_o be_v provide_v for_o the_o redress_v of_o the_o excessive_a price_n that_o special_o all_o foreign_a ware_n be_v sell_v for_o in_o england_n the_o foresay_a merchant_n stapler_n and_o adventurer_n will_v be_v by_o some_o order_n compel_v to_o bring_v the_o english_a pound_n to_o this_o aforesaid_a just_a price_n &_o valuation_n it_o ought_v to_o have_v in_o their_o unjust_a and_o poll_n exchange_n &_o then_o shall_v they_o bring_v the_o sales_n of_o their_o commodity_n at_o the_o mart_a town_n to_o be_v sell_v at_o 26._o and_o 27._o ss_z flemish_a and_o upward_o for_o the_o english_a pound_n for_o the_o sales_n of_o their_o ware_n must_v be_v 2_o sh_n in_o a_o pound_n above_o the_o price_n it_o have_v in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n or_o else_o shall_v they_o make_v no_o reckon_n to_o live_v by_o and_o so_o after_o this_o reckon_n raise_v the_o price_n of_o their_o exchange_n shall_v they_o be_v able_a to_o sell_v in_o england_n and_o afford_v all_o foreign_a commodity_n 25._o in_o the_o hundred_o better_a cheap_a and_o under_o the_o price_n they_o sell_v they_o now_o a_o day_n which_o reckon_v shall_v induce_v some_o manner_n of_o reformation_n in_o the_o disordinate_a price_n which_o all_o ware_n bear_v at_o this_o day_n to_o the_o great_a ease_n of_o all_o the_o common_a wealth_n after_o the_o same_o sort_n when_o the_o say_v marting-merchant_n venture_v into_o spain_n although_o they_o can_v devise_v no_o such_o way_n and_o mean_n to_o practice_v their_o exchange_n thither_o as_o they_o do_v to_o there_o marting-towne_n yet_o by_o the_o example_n thereof_o they_o occupy_v in_o that_o country_n as_o subtle_a practice_n and_o as_o injurious_a and_o hurtful_a to_o the_o common_a wealth_n of_o their_o country_n as_o their_o exchange_n for_o when_o they_o bestow_v xx_o noble_n in_o the_o commodity_n of_o england_n to_o be_v transport_v into_o spain_n at_o the_o come_n thither_o withal_o they_o make_v not_o their_o reckon_n to_o sell_v their_o ware_n to_o make_v their_o english_a money_n good_a again_o in_o spanish_a money_n that_o be_v to_o make_v of_o every_o english_a noble_a 15._o rial_n of_o plate_n and_o of_o every_o 5_o sh_n english_a 11._o rial_n or_o a_o single_a ducat_n of_o spain_n which_o be_v to_o make_v of_o every_o pound_n worth_a of_o english_a ware_n 4._o ducat_n in_o spanish_a money_n but_o they_o make_v their_o reckon_n to_o sell_v their_o ware_n there_o as_o the_o ducat_n be_v value_v in_o england_n when_o the_o coin_n and_o money_n of_o england_n be_v most_o base_a and_o drossy_a after_o the_o reckon_n they_o make_v of_o a_o english_a noble_a but._n 11._o rial_n or_o a_o single_a ducat_n in_o spain_n so_o where_o they_o shall_v sell_v the_o 20._o nobles_z english_z for_o 26._o or_o 27._o ducat_n spanish_n if_o they_o be_v profitable_a merchant_n for_o their_o country_n with_o some_o gain_n towards_o their_o charge_n they_o content_v themselves_o now_o a_o day_n rather_o than_o fail_v to_o make_v of_o the_o 20._o nobles_z english_z but_o 20._o ducat_n spanish_n and_o so_o turn_v the_o matter_n clean_o contrary_a devise_v aforehand_o at_o their_o return_v home_o into_o england_n to_o make_v by_o the_o sales_n of_o such_o spanish_a ware_n as_o they_o bring_v into_o england_n not_o only_o 20._o nobles_z english_z of_o 20._o ducat_n spanish_n but_o within_o these_o few_o year_n they_o have_v price_v spanish_a ware_n after_o such_o sort_n that_o they_o have_v ☞_o make_v of_o every_o spanish_a single_a ducat_n between_o 8._o and_o 10_o sh_n english_a which_o unreasonable_a reckon_n they_o be_v most_o diligent_a to_o make_v when_o the_o english_a pound_n be_v most_o vile_o price_v in_o their_o merchandise_v exchange_n and_o that_o be_v always_o at_o such_o time_n as_o when_o either_o the_o queen_n majesty_n that_o now_o be_v or_o any_o of_o she_o ☞_o prodecessor_n be_v most_o studious_a by_o the_o abolish_n of_o the_o say_v drossy_a and_o base_a coin_n then_o currant_n to_o have_v bring_v down_o the_o excessive_a price_n by_o their_o subtlety_n raise_v upon_o all_o thing_n in_o england_n for_o at_o such_o time_n the_o say_v mart_a merchant_n have_v always_o think_v best_a and_o most_o fit_a to_o take_v occasion_n to_o raise_v and_o enhance_v the_o price_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o thing_n in_o their_o own_o country_n to_o the_o intent_n thereby_o to_o decline_v and_o avoid_v the_o loss_n that_o shall_v be_v bear_v by_o the_o reformation_n of_o the_o coin_n &_o money_n and_o therewithal_o do_v they_o venture_v most_o busy_o their_o own_o country_n commodity_n into_o spain_n in_o great_a number_n than_o ever_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o do_v before_o and_o all_o because_o of_o this_o new_a manner_n of_o reckon_n to_o make_v of_o every_o spanish_a ducat_n 8._o or_o 10_o sh_n english_a in_o the_o sales_n of_o those_o country_n ware_n through_o which_o occasion_n they_o have_v also_o raise_v the_o commodity_n of_o that_o country_n to_o double_a and_o treble_a the_o price_n that_o ever_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v sell_v for_o in_o spain_n insomuch_o that_o the_o wise_a and_o discreet_a man_n of_o that_o country_n wish_v that_o the_o mart_a merchant_n may_v be_v keep_v from_o the_o trade_n of_o that_o country_n two_o or_o three_o year_n together_o note_n note_n for_o than_o they_o say_v that_o the_o wine_n of_o those_o part_n will_v not_o be_v much_o more_o worth_a than_o the_o cask_n they_o be_v put_v in_o and_o so_o likewise_o of_o oil_n and_o other_o commodity_n thereof_o which_o now_o be_v unreasonable_a dear_n and_o yet_o do_v they_o sell_v their_o own_o country_n commodity_n in_o that_o country_n not_o only_o as_o base_o and_o low_o price_v as_o ever_o they_o do_v note_n note_n but_o also_o have_v bring_v they_o to_o be_v in_o no_o regard_n or_o estimation_n throughout_o all_o the_o country_n where_o they_o have_v bring_v all_o those_o country_n ware_n to_o be_v sell_v in_o england_n for_o thrice_o as_o much_o as_o a_o foretimes_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v sell_v in_o england_n which_o be_v unreasonable_a and_o excessive_a price_n yet_o can_v they_o not_o well_o sell_v they_o under_o those_o price_n to_o be_v any_o gainer_n they_o lose_v so_o much_o in_o the_o sales_n of_o their_o own_o commodity_n which_o they_o sell_v in_o those_o part_n although_o they_o need_v not_o to_o do_v so_o if_o they_o keep_v any_o merchant-like_a order_n in_o the_o transport_v of_o their_o commodity_n into_o those_o part_n and_o in_o the_o sales_n thereof_o at_o their_o come_n thither_o as_o other_o merchant_n of_o the_o realm_n have_v do_v in_o time_n past_a when_o they_o make_v ever_o reckon_v to_o make_v in_o the_o sales_n of_o their_o commodity_n in_o that_o country_n 15._o rial_n of_o plate_n of_o every_o english_a noble_n worth_n of_o ware_n they_o bring_v thither_o which_o gain_n be_v sufficient_a towards_o the_o charge_n so_o may_v wise_a and_o discreet_a merchant_n do_v now_o at_o this_o day_n as_o well_o as_o they_o which_o be_v wise_a in_o time_n past_a do_v for_o the_o commodity_n of_o england_n be_v as_o necessary_a and_o commodious_a for_o the_o country_n at_o this_o day_n as_o ever_o they_o be_v before_o and_o therefore_o will_v they_o give_v for_o they_o 1565._o they_o this_o treatise_n be_v write_v about_o the_o time_n of_o the_o colloquy_n of_o bruges_n which_o be_v hold_v in_o aunis_fw-la 1564._o et_fw-la 1565._o as_o much_o money_n as_o ever_o they_o do_v whereof_o i_o poor_a and_o plain_a writer_n of_o this_o treatise_n have_v have_v good_a experience_n even_o in_o these_o day_n a_o abridgement_n of_o the_o special_a inconvenience_n to_o this_o realm_n of_o england_n handle_v in_o the_o foresay_a ten_o chapter_n first_o that_o from_o transport_v of_o the_o store_n and_o translate_n of_o the_o staple_n sometime_o hold_v at_o calais_n and_o other_o good_a town_n in_o england_n to_o private_a mart-towne_n in_o foreign_a country_n have_v proceed_v the_o principal_a occasion_n of_o the_o