Selected quad for the lemma: england_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
england_n	act_n	king_n	law_n	5,822	5	4.7877	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A54621	Political arithmetick, or, A discourse concerning the extent and value of lands, people, buildings ... as the same relates to every country in general, but more particularly to the territories of His Majesty of Great Britain, and his neighbours of Holland, Zealand, and France / by Sir William Petty ...	Petty, William, Sir, 1623-1687.	1690 (1690)	Wing P1932; ESTC R17628	42,032	122

Seamen are such as have another Trade besides wherewith to maintain themselves when they are not employed at Sea and the charge of maintaining them though 72000 l. per annum I take to be little or nothing for the reasons above-mentioned and consequently an easie Tax to the people because Leavyed by and paid to themselves As we propounded that Ireland should be Taxed with Flax and England by Linnen and other Manufacture of the same I conceive that Scotland also might be Taxed as much to be paid in Herrings as Ireland in Flax Now the three Taxes viz. of Flax Linnen and Herrings and the maintainance of the triple Militia and of the Auxilliary Seamen above-mentioned do all five of them together amount to one Million of mony the raising whereof is not a Million spent but gain unto the Common-Wealth unless it can be made appear that by reason of all or any of them the Exportation of Woollen Manufactures Lead and Tin are lessened or of such Commodities as our own East and West India Trade do produce forasmuch as I conceive that the Exportation of these last mentioned Commodities is the Touch-stone whereby the Wealth of England is tryed and the Pulse wherby the Health of the Kingdom may be discerned CHAP. III. That France cannot by reason of natural and perpetual Impediments be more powerful at Sea than the English or Hollanders now are or may be POwer at Sea consists chiefly of Men able to fight at Sea and that in such Shipping as is most proper for the Seas wherein they serve and those are in these Northern Seas Ships from between three hundred to one thousand three hundred Tuns and of those such as draw much Water and have a deep Latch in the Sea in order to keep a good Wind and not to fall to Leeward a matter of vast advantage in Sea Service Wherefore it is to be examined 1. Whether the King of France hath Ports in the Northern Seas where he hath most occasion for his Fleets of War in any contests with England able to receive the Vessels above-mentioned in all Weathers both in Winter and Summer Season For if the King of France would bring to Sea an equal number of fighting Men with the English and Hollanders in small floaty Leeward Vessels he would certainly be of the weaker side For a Vessel of one thousand Tuns manned with five hundred Men fighting with five Vessels of two hundred Tuns each manned with one hundred Men apiece shall in common reason have the better offensively and defensively forasmuch as the great Ship can carry such Ordnance as can reach the small ones at a far greater distance than those can reach or at least hurt the other and can batter and sink at a distance when small ones can scarce peirce Moreover it is more difficult for Men out of a small Vessel to enter a tall Ship then for Men from a higher place to leap down into a lower nor is small shot so effectual upon a tall Ship as vice versa And as for Vessels drawing much water and consequently keeping a good Wind they can take or leave Leeward Vessels at pleasure and secure themselves from being boarded by them Moreover the windward Ship has a fairer mark at a Leeward Ship than vice versa and can place her shot upon such parts of the Leeward Vessel as upon the next Tack will be under water Now then the King of France having no Ports able to receive large windward Vessels between Dunkirk and Ushant what other Ships he can bring into those Seas will not be considerable As for the wide Ocean which his Harbours of Brest and Charente do look into it affordeth him no advantage upon an Enemy there being so great a Latitude of engaging or not even when the Parties are in sight of each other Wherefore although the King of France were immensely rich and could build what Ships he pleased both for number and quality yet if he have not Ports to receive and shelter that sort and size of Shipping which is fit for his purpose the said Riches will in this case be fruitless and a mere expence without any return or profit Some will say that other Nations cannot build so good Ships as the English I do indeed hope they cannot but because it seems too possible that they may sooner or later by Practice and Experience I shall not make use of that Argument having bound my self to shew that the impediments of France as to this purpose are natural and perpetual Ships and Guns do not fight of themselves but Men who act and manage them wherefore it is more material to shew That the King of France neither hath nor can have Men sufficient to Man a Fleet of equal strength to that of the King of England viz. The King of Englands Navy consists of about seventy thousand Tuns of Shipping which requires thirty six thousand Men to Man it these Men being supposed to be divided into eight parts I conceive that one eighth part must be persons of great Experience and Reputation in Sea Service another eighth part must be such as have used the Sea seven years and upwards half of them or 4 8 parts more must be such as have used the Sea above a twelve-month viz. two three four five or six years allowing but one quarter of the whole Complements to be such as never were at Sea at all or at most but one Voyage or upon one Expedition so that at a medium I reckon that the whole Fleet must be Men of three or four years growth one with another Fournier a late judicious Writer makeing it his business to persuade the World how considerable the King of France was or might be at Sea in the ninety second and ninety third pages of his Hydrography saith That there was one place in Britany which had furnished the King with one thousand four hundred Seamen and that perhaps the whole Sea-Coast of France might have furnished him with fifteen times as many Now supposing his whole Allegation were true yet the said number amounts but to twenty one thousand all which if the whole Trade of Shipping in France were quite and clean abandoned would not by above a third Man out a Fleet equivalent to that of the King of England And if the Trade were but barely kept alive there would not be one third par● Men enough to Man the said Fleet. But if the Shipping Trade of France be not above a quarter as great as that of England and that one third part of the same namely the Fishing Trade to the Banks of Newfoundland is not peculiar nor fixt to the French then I say that if the King of England having power to Press Men cannot under two or three months time Man his Fleet then the King of France with less than a quarter of the same help can never do it at all for in France as shall elsewhere be shewn there are not above

and when they have no occasion to depend upon the Wind Weather and all the Accidents of the Sea A second Impediment to the greatness of England is the different Understanding of several Material Points viz. Of the Kings Prerogative Privileges of Parliament the obscure differences between Law and Equity as also between Civil and Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions Doubts whether the Kingdom of England hath power over the Kingdom of Ireland besides the wonderful Paradox that Englishmen Lawfully sent to suppress Rebellions in Ireland should after having effected the same be as it were Disfranchised and lose that Interest in the Legislative Power which they had in England and pay Customs as Foreigners for all they spend in Ireland whither they were sent for the Honor and Benefit of England The third Impediment is That Ireland being a Conquered Country and containing not the tenth part as many Irish Natives as there are English in both Kingdoms That natural and firm Union is not made between the two Peoples by Transplantations and proportionable mixture so as there may be but a tenth part of the Irish in Ireland and the same proportion in England whereby the necessity of maintaining an Army in Ireland at the expence of a quatter of all the Rents of that Kingdom may be taken away The fourth Impediment is That Taxes in England are not Levied upon the expence but upon the whole Estate not upon Lands Stock and Labour but chiefly upon Land alone and that not by any equal and indifferent Standard but the casual predomihancy of Parties and Factions and moreover that these Taxes are not Levied with the least trouble and charge but let out to Farmers who also let them from one to another without explicit knowledge of what they do but so as in conclusion the poor People pay twice as much as the King receives The fifth Impediment is the inequality of Shires Diocesses Parishes Church-Livings and other Precincts as also the Representation of the People in Parliament all which do hinder the Operations of Authority in the same manner as a Wheel irregulary made and excentrically hung neither moves so easily nor performs its Work so truely as if the same were duely framed and poised Sixthly Whether it be an Impediment that the power of making War and raising Mony be not in the same Hand much may be said but I leave it to those who may more properly meddle with Fundamental Laws None of these Impediments are Natural but did arise as the irregularity of Buildings do by being built part at one time and part at another and by the changing of the state of things from what they were at the respective times when the Practices we complain of were first admitted and perhaps are but the warpings of time from the rectitude of the first Institution As these Impediments are contingent so they are also removeable for may not the Land of superfluous Territories be sold and the People with their moveables brought away May not the English in the America Plantations who Plant Tobacco Sugar c. compute what Land will serve their turn and then contract their Habitations to that proportion both for quantity and quality as for the People of New-England I can but wish they were Transplanted into Old England or Ireland according to Proposals of their own made within this twenty years although they were allowed more liberty of Conscience than they allow one another May not the three Kingdoms be United into one and equally represented in Parliament Might not the several Species of the Kings Subjects be equally mixt in their Habitations Might not the Parishes and other Precincts be better equalized Might not Jurisdictions and pretences of Power be determined and ascertained Might not the Taxes be equally applotted and directly applied to their ultimate use Might not Dissenters in Religion be indulged they paying a competent Force to keep the Publick Peace I Humbly venture to say all these things may be done if it be so thought fit by the Sovereign Power because the like hath often been done already at several Places and Times CHAP. VI. That the Power and Wealth of England hath increased this last forty years IT is not much to be doubted but that the Territories under the Kings Dominions have increased Forasmuch as New-England Virginia Barbadoes and Iamaica Tangier and Bumbay have since that time been either added to his Majesties Territories or improved from a Desart condition to abound with People Buildings Shipping and the Production of many useful Commodities And as for the Land of England Scotland and Ireland as it is not less in quantity than it was forty years since so it is manifest that by reason of the Dreyning of Fens watering of dry Grounds improving of Forrests and Commons making of Heathy and Barren Grounds to bear Saint-foyne and Clovergrass meliorating and multiplying several sorts of Fruits and Garden-Stuffe making some Rivers Navigable c. I say it is manifest that the Land in its present Condition is able to bear more Provision and Commodities than it was forty years ago Secondly Although the People in England Scotland and Ireland which have extraordinarily perished by the Plague and Sword within this last forty years do amount to about three hundred thousand above what have dyed in the ordinary way yet the ordinary increase by Generation of ten Millions which doubles in two hundred years as hath been shewn by the Observators upon the Bills of Mortality may in forty years which is a fifth part of the same time have increased 1 ● part of the whole number or two Millions Where note by the way that the accession of Negroes to the American Plantations being all Men of great Labour and little Expence is not inconsiderable besides it is hoped that New-England where few or no Women are Barren and most have many Children and where People live long and healthfully hath produced an increase of as many People as were destroyed in the late Tumults in Ireland As for Housing the Streets of London it self speaks it I conceive it is double in value in that City to what it was forty years since and for Housing in the Country they have increased at Newcastle Yarmouth Norwich Exeter Portsmouth Cowes Dublin Kingsaile Londonderry and Coleraine in Ireland far beyond the proportion of what I can learn have been dilapidated in other places For in Ireland where the ruin was greatest the Housing taking all together is now more valuable than forty years ago nor is this to be doubted since Housing is now more splendid than in those days and the number of Dwellers is increased by near ● ● part as in the last Paragraph is set for t As for Shipping his Majesties Navy is now triple or quadruple to what it was forty years since and before the Sovereign was Built the Shipping Trading to Newcastle which are now about eighty thousand Tuns could not be then above a quarter of

LET this Book called Political Arithmetick which was long since Writ by Sir William Petty deceased be Printed Given at the Court at Whitehall the 7th day of Novemb. 1690. Nottingham Political Arithmetick OR A DISCOURSE Concerning The Extent and Value of Lands People Buildings Husbandry Manufacture Commerce Fishery Artizans Seamen Soldiers Publick Revenues Interest Taxes Superlucration Registries Banks Valuation of Men Increasing of Seamen of Militia's Harbours Situation Shipping Power at Sea c. As the same relates to every Country in general but more particularly to the Territories of His Majesty of Great Britain and his Neighbours of Holland Zealand and France By Sir WILLIAM PETTY Late Fellow of the Royal Society London Printed for Robert Clavel at the Peacock and Hen. Mortlock at the Phoenix in St. Paul's Church-yard 1690. TO THE KINGS Most Excellent MAJESTY SIR WHilest every one meditates some fit Offering for Your Majesty such as may best agree with your happy Exaltation to this Throne I presume to offer what my Father long since writ to shew the weight and importance of the English Crown It was by him stiled Political Arithmetick in as much as things of Government and of no less concern and extent than the Glory of the Prince and the happiness and greatness of the People are by the Ordinary Rules of Arithmetick brought into a sort of Demonstration He was allowed by all to be the Inventor of this Method of Instruction where the perplexed and intricate ways of the World are explain'd by a very mean peice of Science and had not the Doctrins of this Essay offended France they had long since seen the light and had sound Followers as well as improvements before this time to the advantage perhaps of Mankind But this has been reserved to the felicity of Your Majesty's Reign and to the expectation which the Learned have therein and if while in this I do some honor to the Memory of a good Father I can also pay Service and some Testimony of my Zeal and Reverence to so great a King it will be the utmost Ambition of SIR Your Majesty's Most Dutiful and Most Obedient Subject Shelborne PREFACE FOrasmuch as Men who are in a decaying condition or who have but an ill opinion of their own Concernments instead of being as some think the more industrious to resist the Evils they apprehend do contrariwise become the more languid and ineffectual in all their Endeavours neither caring to attempt or prosecute even the probable means of their relief Upon this Consideration as a Member of the Common-Wealth next to knowing the precise Truth in what condition the common Interest stands I would in all doubtful Cases think the best and consequently not despair without strong and manifest Reasons carefully examining whatever tends to lessen my hopes of the publick Welfare I have therefore thought fit to examin the following Perswasions which I find too currant in the World and too much to have affected the Minds of some to the prejudice of all viz. That the Rents of Lands are generally fall'n that therefore and for many other Reasons the whole Kingdom grows every day poorer and poorer that formerly it abounded with Gold but now there is a great scarcity both of Gold and Silver that there is no Trade nor Employment for the People and yet that the Land is under-peopled that Taxes have been many and great that Ireland and the Plantations in America and other Additions to the Crown are a Burthen to England that Scotland is of no Advantage that Trade in general doth lamentably decay that the Hollanders are at our heels in the race of Naval Power the French grow too fast upon both and appear so rich and potent that it is but their Clemency that they do not devour their Neighbors and finally that the Church and State of England are in the same danger with the Trade of England with many other dismal Suggestions which I had rather stifle than repeat 'T is true the Expence of foreign Commodities hath of late been too great much of our Plate had it remain'd Money would have better served Trade too many Matters have been regulated by Laws which Nature long Custom and general Consent ought only to have governed the Slaughter and Destruction of Men by the late Civil Wars and Plague have been great the Fire at London and Disaster at Chatham have begotten Opinions in the Vulgus of the World to our Prejudice the Nonconformists increase the People of Ireland think long of their Settlement the English there apprehend themselves to be Aliens and are forced to seek a Trade with Foreigners which they might as well maintain with their own Relations in England But notwithstanding all this the like whereof was always in all Places the Buildings of London grow great and glorious the American Plantations employ four Hundred Sail of Ships Actions in the East-India Company are near double the principal Money those who can give good Security may have Money under the Statute-Interest Materials for building even Oaken-Timber are little the dearer some cheaper for the rebuilding of London the Exchange seems as full of Merchants as formerly no more Beggars in the Streets nor executed for Thieves than heretofore the Number of Coaches and Splendor of Equipage exceeding former Times the publique Theatres very magnificent the King has a greater Navy and stronger Guards than before our Calamities the Clergy rich and the Cathedrals in repair much Land has been improved and the Price of Food so reasonable as that Men refuse to have it cheaper by admitting of Irish Cattle And in brief no Man needs to want that will take moderate pains That some are poorer than others ever was and ever will be And that many are naturally querulous and envious is an Evil as old as the World These general Observations and that Men eat and drink and laugh as they use to do have encouraged me to try if I could also comfort others being satisfied my self that the Interest and Affairs of England are in no deplorable Condition The Method I take to do this is not yet very usual for instead of using only comparative and superlative Words and intellectual Arguments I have taken the course as a Specimen of the Political Arithmetick I have long aimed at to express my self in Terms of Number Weight or Measure to use only Arguments of Sense and to consider only such Causes as have visible Foundations in Nature leaving those that depend upon the mutable Minds Opinions Appetites and Passions of particular Men to the Consideration of others Really professing my self as unable to speak satisfactorily upon those Grounds if they may be call'd Grounds as to foretel the cast of a Dye to play well at Tennis Billiards or Bowles without long practice by virtue of the most elaborate Conceptions that ever have been written De Projectilibus Missilibus or of the Angles of Incidence and Reflection Now the Observations

IV. That the People and Territories of the King of England are naturally near as considerable for Wealth and Strength as those of France THE Author of the State of England among the many useful truths and observations he hath set down delivers the Proportion between the Territories of England and France to be as Thirty to Eighty two the which if it be true then England Scotland and Ireland with the Islands unto them belonging will taken alltogether be near as big as France Tho I ought to take all advantages for proving the Paradox in hand yet I had rather grant that England Scotland and Ireland with the Islands before mentioned together with the Planted parts of Newfoundland New-England New-Netherland Virginia Mary-Land Carolina Iamaica Burmoudas Barbadoes and all the rest of the Carribby Islands with what the King hath in Asia and Africa do not contain so much Territory as France and what planted Land the King of France hath also in America And if any Man will be Heterodox in behalf of the French Interest I would be contented against my knowledge and judgment to allow the King of France's Territories to be a seventh sixth or even a fifth greater than those of the King of England believing that both Princes have more Land than they do employ to its utmost use And here I beg leave among the several matters which I intend for serious to interpose a jocular and perhaps ridiculous digression and which I indeed desire Men to look upon rather as a Dream or Resvery than a rational Proposition the which is that if all the moveables and People of Ireland and of the Highlands of Scotland were transported into the rest of Great Brittain that then the King and his Subjects would thereby become more Rich and Strong both offensively and defensively than now they are 'T is true I have heard many Wise Men say when they were bewailing the vast losses of the English in preventing and suppressing Rebellions in Ireland and considering how little profit hath returned either to the King or Subjects of England for their Five Hundred Years doing and suffering in that Country I say I have heard Wise Men in such their Melancholies wish that the People of Ireland being saved Island were sunk under Water Now it troubles me that the Distemper of my own mind in this point carries me to dream that the benefit of those wishes may practically be obtained without sinking that vast Mountainous Island under Water which I take to be somewhat difficult For although Dutch Engineers may drain its Bogs yet I know no Artists that could sink its Mountains If Ingenious and Learned Men among whom I reckon Sir Tho. More and Des Cartes have disputed That we who think our selves awake are or may be really in a Dream and since the greatest absurdities of Dreams are but a Preposterous and Tumultuary contexture of realities I will crave the umbrage of these great Men last named to say something for this wild conception with submission to the better judgment of all those that can prove themselves awake If there were but one Man living in England then the benefit of the whole Territory could be but the livelyhood of that one Man But if another Man were added the rent or benefit of the same would be double if two triple and so forward until so many Men were Planted in it as the whole Territory could afford Food unto For if a Man would know what any Land is worth the true and natural Question must be How many Men will it feed How many Men are there to be fed But to speak more practically Land of the same quantity and quality in England is generally worth four or five times as much as in Ireland and but one quarter or third of what it is worth in Holland because England is four or five times better Peopled than Ireland and but a quarter so well as Holland And moreover where the Rent of Land is advanced by reason of Multitude of People there the number of Years purchase for which the Inheritance may be sold is also advanced though perhaps not in the very same Proportion for 20 s. per annum in Ireland may be worth but 8 l. and in England where Titles are very sure above 20 l. in Holland above 30 l. I suppose that in Ireland and the High-Lands in Scotland there may be about one Million and Eight hundred thousand People or about a fifth part of what is in all the three Kingdoms Wherefore the first Question will be whether England Wales and the Low-Lands of Scotland cannot afford Food that is to say Corn Fish Flesh and Fowl to a fifth part more People than are at the present planted upon it with the same Labour that the said fifth part do now take where they are For if so then what is propounded is naturally possible 2. It is to be enquired What the value of the immovables which upon such removal must be left behind are worth For if they be worth less than the advancement of the price of Land in England will amount unto then the Proposal is to be considered 3. If the Relict Lands and the immovables left behind upon them may be sold for Money or if no other Nation shall dare meddle with them without paying well for them and if the Nation who shall be admitted shall be less able to prejudice and annoy the Transplantees into England then before then I conceive that the whole proposal will be a pleasant and a profitable Dream indeed As to the first point whether England and the Low-Lands of Scotland can maintain a fifth part more People than they now do that is to say Nine Millions of Souls in all For answer thereunto I first say that the said Territories of England and the Low-Land of Scotland contain about Thirty Six Millions of Acres that is four Acres for every Head Man Woman and Child but the United Provinces do not allow above one Acre and ½ and England it self rescinding Wales hath but three Acres to every Head according to the present State of Tillage and Husbandry Now if we consider that England having but three Acres to a Head as aforesaid doth so abound in Victuals as that it maketh Laws against the Importation of Cattle Flesh and Fish from abroad and that the draining of Fens improving of Forrests inclosing of Commons Sowing of St. Foyne and Clovergrass be grumbled against by Landlords as the way to depress the price of Victuals then it plainly follows that less than three Acres improved as it may be will serve the turn and consequently that four will suffice abundantly I could here set down the very number of Acres that would bear Bread and Drink Corn together with Flesh Butter and Cheese sufficient to victual Nine Millions of Persons as they are Victualled in Ships and regular Families but shall only say in general that Twelve Millions of Acres viz. ⅓ of 36

that quantity First Because the City of London is doubled 2. Because the use of Coals is also at least doubled because they were heretofore seldom used in Chambers as now they are nor were there so many Bricks burned with them as of late nor did the Country on both sides the Thames make use of them as now Besides there are employed in the Guinny and American Trade above forty thousand Tun of Shipping per annum which Trade in those days was inconsiderable The quantity of Wines Imported was not near so much as now and to be short the Customs upon Imported and Exported Commodities did not then yield a third part of the present value which shews that not only Shipping but Trade it self hath increased somewhat near that proportion As to Mony the Interest thereof was within this fifty years at 10 l. per Cent. forty years ago at 8 l. and now at 6 l. no thanks to any Laws which have been made to that purpose forasmuch as those who can give good security may now have it at less But the natural fall of Interest is the effect of the increase of Mony The fears of many concerning the Welfare of England The real Prejudices of England The Improvements of England The Author's Method and Manner of Arguing The Nature of his Positions and Suppositions How one Man by art and one Acre of Land by improvement may be equivalent to many A Comparison of Holland and Zealand with France That the Lands of France are to the Lands of Holland and Zealand as 8 to 1 in value The Buildings of Amsterdam are about half in value to those at Paris The Housing in France above five times the value of those in Holland and Zealand The Shipping of Holland 9 times that of France The Comparison of Holl. and France in the India's The exportations of France and Holl. and is as 21 to 5. The Revenues of France The Taxes paid by Holl. and Zealand The Difference of interest between Hol. France The superlucration between France and Holl. The causes of the difference between France and Holl. The reasons why rich Land is better than course Land tho of the same Rent and consequently why Holl. is better than Fran. The advantages from the level and windmills of Holl. The advantages from Holl. of Manufacture Commerce The Situation of Holl. Zeal upon the Mouths of three great Rivers Nearness to navigable Waters The defensibleness of Holland Harbouring of Shipping at small expence Advantages from Fishing Advantages by Naval Provisions Fitness for Universal Trade Artificial advantages of Trade Husbandmen Seamen Soldiers Artizans and Merchants are the very Pillars of a Common-Wealth and a Seaman is three of them A Seaman equivalent to three Husbandmen Silver Gold and Jewels are Universal Wealth Reasons why the Hollanders Sail for less Freight The Policy of Holland Undermasting of Ships Liberty of Conscience and the Reasons thereof in Holland The Trade of any Country is chiefly managed by the Heterodox party All the Papists Seamen of Europe are scarce sufficient to Man the King of Englands Fleet. Firm Titles to Lands and Houses Of the introducing Registries into England The Banks of Holland The Hollanders are seldom Husbandmen or Foot Soldiers The Method of computing the value of Men and People Reasons why Rents do fall What shift ing of Money from hand is profitable or not Taxing of new works a benefit to the Common-wealth The taxing of Idlers A judgment of what taxes are advangeous It is probable that Holland and England are grown richer under taxes The difference of Princes Revenues That Ireland may be more advantageously taxed by a Pole in Flax. Duties put upon redundant Commodities may be a harmless Tax Of a Tax by a grand Militia and by two other sorts of Armies For supplying the Navy and Merchants with Seamen A Herring Tax upon Scotland The qualities of Ships fit for the defence of England The qualifications of Seamen for defence The Number of Seamen in France The ways whereby the French must increase Seamen Why Seamen dislike Land-men The danger of English Seamen their serving the French How Men learn to be good Seamen Whether the Shipping Trade of France is like to increase Reasons why it cannot Of comparison between the Territories of England and France A Proposition for quitting Ireland the Highlands of Scotland That England and the Low-lands of Scotland will feed all the People of England Scotland Ireland That the value of all the quitted Lands and immovable goods and charge of transplantation are not worth above 17 Millions That those who purchase Ireland shall weaken themselves That the difference between England's France's Territory is not material 〈…〉 The multitude of Clergy's do lessen the K. of France's People the multitude of Sea Naval Men doincrease the K. of England's Subjects The K. of England's Territories are in effect but 12 Miles from Navigable Water the King of France's 65. The decay of timber in Englan is no very formidable matter The K. of England's Subjects spend near as much as the K. of France's The greater spendor of the King of France no certain argument of the greater Wealth of his People Comparison of the foreign Trade of England and France The disunion of the Territories of England is an impediment of its greatness The different Legislatures another impediment The colonies belonging to England a diminution to the Empire The different Understanding of Prerogative and Privileges of Parliament Law and Equity Civil and Ecclesiastical the Supream Legislature of Ireland c. Want of Natural Union for want of mixture and transplantation The unequal inconvenient method of taxing Inequality of Shires Diocesses Parishes Members of Parliament c. Many Territories have been added to England within about forty years and many improvements made The Housing of London doubled in value The Shipping very much increased with the Reasons thereof Interest of Mony abated near half