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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
england_n	abbey_n	abbot_n	become_v	18	3	5.7297	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A42518	A short history of monastical orders in which the primitive institution of monks, their tempers, habits, rules, and the condition they are in at present, are treated of / by Gabriel d'Emillianne.	Gavin, Antonio, fl. 1726.	1693 (1693)	Wing G394; ESTC R8086	141,685	356

Europe Abbies of this Order which do acknowledge Citeaux for their Mother and him who is Abbot thereof for their General This Plague did infect England almost in its very beginning They had there a Monastery in the year 1132 at Rishval They wore at the beginning a Black Habit but it was changed by Bernard Abbot of Clairvaux into what it is now viz. a White Casock with a narrow Patience or Scapulary and a black Gown with long Sleeves when they go abroad but going to Church they wear it White and pretend that the Virgin Mary appeared to St. Bernard and commanded him to wear for her own sake such white Cloathes Of the Sacred and Reformed Order of Citeaux called Feuillans FAther John de la Barriere a French Gentleman was the Author of this Reformation Being twenty one years old he was made Commandatory Abbot of a Monastery of St. Bernard called Feuillans He held this Abby in commendam during eleven years after the manner of other Commendatory Abbots without exercising any other Function but that of receiving his Revenues After which it came into his thoughts to make himself a Monk under the Rule and the Habit of Citeaux He put this design in execution in the Monastery of Eunes and thence he retired to his Abby of Feuillans where being witness of the disorders of his Monks he undertook to reform them But these bony Fryers seeing him begin the Reformation in the Kitchin with a great courage opposed him threatning to break his Head and Shoulders is he went on with such work Nevertheless Father John was never the more disheartned for this and by his Constancy won at length some of them to his Party which became in time the strongest and chased those who would not reform from the Monastery The new reformed Monks lead there as saith a Popish Author a more Angelical than Humane Life abstaining not only from Flesh Eggs Fish and from all Milk-meats but also from Oyl Salt and Wine living only on Bread Pulse and Water Pope Gregory the XIII being informed of this Institution of the Abbot of Feuillans sent to him a Brief of Congratulation and founded at Rome a Monastery for his Monks Since this Sixtus the V. and Clement the VIII favoured them very much and their Congregation got ground particularly in France But they are now fallen very much from their former observances They boast themselves of being under a special Protection of the Virgin Mary in whose Honour they are all Cloathed in White Of the Order of the Humbled or Humilies THIS Order was founded in the year 1162. by some Gentlemen of Milan who were detained in a very hard Captivity under the Emperor Conrade or according to some others under Frederick Barbarossa These Gentlemen having put themselves all in White came before him and fell prostrate at his Feet which moved him so much to compassion that he gave them permission to return into their own Country They continued still to wear there the same Habit wherewith they had obtained their liberty and having taken the Name of Humiliati began some Congregations which growing every day bigger and bigger a Gentleman called Guido who was their Chief ordered them to live according to the Order of St. Benet There have been particularly in the State of Milan several rich Monasteries of this Order The Cardinal Charles Boromeo was the last Protector of it who seeing their abominable lewdness undertook to reform them But these Monks not willing to be redressed perswaded one of their Gang called Hierom Donac to murder him This desperate Fellow fired a Gun at the Cardinal who being a little out of his reach he missed him and being apprehended was immediately sentenced to Death and executed for his barbarous attempt Pope Pius the V. justly incensed at such a bloody Villany intended against one of his Cardinals did quite abolish that Religion in the year 1570 They wore white Cloaths and their Superiors were called Provosts The Bull of Abrogation of this Order is exprest in such terms that make a true representation of the detestable Life which the most part of the Monks of the Church of Rome lead to this day in their Cloisters There is an enumeration of all sorts of Crimes and Sacriledges which can be imagined If the Popes do not undertake to abolish these 't is not for want of reason for the doing of it but because these Monks for their mony have powerful Protectors at the Roman Court to whom they pay yearly very big Pensions and against whose Lives they have not attempted yet as the Humiliati did against that of Cardinal Boromeo their Protector 'T was observed when this Order was abolished that only seventy Monks were found in ninety Monasteries which they did possess Of the Order of the Celestins PEter Celestinus was born in the year 1215 at Isernia a Town in the Kingdom of Naples Scarcely was he come to be sixteen years of age when he left his Fathers House and fled into a Solitude Some years after he went to Rome where he was Ordained Priest and then he became a Monk in a Monastery of St. Benet From thence he withdrew into one of the Grotto's of Mont Moron in the year 1239 and lived there several years for which he was called Peter of Moron He gave beginning to the Monastery of the Holy Ghost at Majella which is the Chief of the Order established by him afterwards and confirmed in the Council of Lions by Gregory the X. under the Rule of St. Benet After the death of Nicholas the IV. the Roman See having been vacant two years and three months by reason of the Competition and Intreagues of the Cardinals this Peter was at last upon the motion of Cardinal Latinus elected Pope in the year 1294. They went to search for him in his Solitude where they found him busie in plowing the ground He was with much ado wrought upon to accept of the Pontificate but yielded at last came riding upon an Ass to Aquila where he was consecrated in the presence of above 20000 people He took the name of Coelestinus and was the fifth of this Name But his Genius proved soadverse to the Pride and Stateliness of the Roman Court that having drawn thereby upon himself the hatred of the Cardinals and being moreover very simple and of little wit one of those Gentlemen the Cardinals had the cunning to persuade him to abdicate the Popedo● on his behalf which he did and the new Pope was called Boniface the VIII But poor Celestin had no sooner deposed himself but his wretched Successor fearing lest for his apparent Holiness he should be recalled made him to be apprehended and put in a stinking loathsom Dungeon near Anagni where he died in the year 1296. Boniface disannulled a great many things which the deceased Pope had established for the grandeur of his own Order and took from it the Monastery of Cassin Clement V. made him a Saint in

give themselves to Prayer and Reading and likewise to Manual Work and particularly to Transcribing of Books 9. They ought to keep almost a continual silence 10. They must recite the smaller Prayers of the Canonical Office privately in their Cells at the ringing of the Bell. 11. Morning and Evening Songs together with the Masses ought to be performed at Church those days when they do eat in common 12. 'T is not permitted to them to say Mass every day 13. None of them is permitted to go out of the Monastery under any pretence whatsoever except the Prior and the Proxy for business 14. They ought to be satisfied with a very little space of ground about their Cells after which let the whole World be offered to them they ought not to desire a foot more 15. Such a number of Cattle is permitted to them which they ought not to exceed 16. There ought to be in a Charter-house twelve Monks only one Prior eighteen Convert Brethren and some few Servants 17. The entrance of their Cloisters and of their Churches also is forbidden to Women 18. They never admit to Penitence those that leave once their Order 19. They are all Cloathed in White except their pleated Cloak which is Black These practices were put in Writing not by Bruno but by those of his Order and confirmed afterwards by Alexander the III. in the year 1174. This Order is almost the only one of the old ones in the Church of Rome that continued without a Reformation pretending that they never went so much astray as the others though it fails very much in living up to the strictness of their first institution St. Bernard complained in his time of the Magnificency of their Buildings and now a-days notwithstanding their Vow of Poverty they may contend in Riches with the most powerful Princes in the World They have got the name of being very good Husbands and what hath yet more contributed to the conservation of their Riches was that the Superiors of this Order never took upon themselves the Title of Abbots but were always called Priors So that when the Abbies by an agreement with the Popes were put in Commands the Charter-houses which were not called by that name were not comprehended amongst them and consequently nothing of their Revenues was taken away from them Furthermore these Monks being seldom seen at the Courts of Princes were more free from Envy and less thought on The cruel and inhumane prohibition of eating Flesh even with the loss of their Lives is yet now a-days observed amongst them with this little but malignant restriction that Flesh ought to be presented to those who are thought to draw near their end If they do accept of it and recover from Sickness they are deprived for ever of any active or passive Vote they can never come to any degree of Superiority and are lookt upon as infamous men who have preferred a morsel of Meat to a precious Death before God See here the excess of Superstition and diabolical Illusion to which these poor Christians are now arrived As for what concerns Fish which they should never eat but when presented to them they do not only buy those of the best sort but spare neither cost nor trouble to fetch it from the remotest parts in revenge as it seems of the prohibition they are under of eating Flesh This Order hath spread it self not only in France where it had its original but also in Italy Germany Spain and in all other Countries subject to the Papacy where stately Charter-houses are to be seen all endowed with vast Revenues They passed into England in the year 1180 where they became in a short time extreamly rich One may see in many Charter-houses in France Pictures representing the pretended martyrdom of their Monks here in the beginning of the Reformation They adore them as Saints and these excepted they have but very few others in their Order and it is even observed that they work no Miracles because they say their Saints in Heaven are still so great lovers of that silence and retirement which they professed on Earth that lest they should give an occasion to the great concourse of People who would go on their account and trouble the solitude of their Brethren they chose rather to do no Miracles Of the Cistercian Order called otherwise Bernardins RObert Abbot of Molesme weary with the abominable and wicked Life of the Monks of the Monastery withdrew himself with one and twenty of his Religious as from a Sodom into the Solitudes of Citeaux five leagues distant from the City of Dijon in Burgundy where he founded a Monastery which was afterwards by Oto the I. Duke of Burgundy indowed with considerable Revenues There the Monastical Discipline seemed to take its first vigour again and by the Pattern of these Religious many others undertook to reform themselves acknowledging the Abbot of Citeaux for Chief of their Religion which under the Name of the Place where it had its beginning spread it self afterwards into all Europe They follow St. Benet's Rule with some Constitutions which Stephen the III Abbot of this Order wrote with the consent of his Brethren and were called Charitatis Chartae and Confirmed in the year 1107 by Pope Urban the II. They bound themselves to so rigid an observance that many at first could not bear with it and deserted quite the Monastical Habit. But their Hypocrisie had so good success under the Pontificate of Innocent the II that their Monasteries became extreamly rich by the great Donations bestowed on them They are also called Bernardins because St. Bernard native of Burgundy fifteen year after the foundation of the Monastery of Citeaux went there with thirty of his Companions and behaved himself so well to their own humour that he was some time after elected Abbot of Clairvaux which Monastery was founded by Robert of Molesme in the Diocese of Langres where the same observance was professed This Bernard founded himself afterwards above 160 Monasteries of his Order and because he was so great a Propagator of it his Monks were called from his Name Bernardines They had no Possessions at first and lived only of Alms and by the Labour of their hands but a very little while after they became as well as the other Monks Idolaters of Riches and applied themselves wholly to get possessions Their Riches entailed on them all sorts of Vices and although this Order was already a Reformation of that of St. Benet it self was afterwards several times reformed Nevertheless it must be acknowledged that it hath produced formerly great men who by the advantage of their retirement applied themselves to Letters and were raised to Bishopricks and Ecclesiastical Dignities in the Church of Rome but at present Luxury and Laziness the Mother of all Vices have so much got the upperhand that their more serious application is to the taking of their pleasures Nevertheless one sees to this day almost in all

cures the Beasts of all Diseases and to honour him in several places they keep at common charges a Hog which they call St. Anthony's Hog and for which they have great veneration Many others will have St. Anthony's Picture upon the Walls of their Houses hoping by that to be preserved from the Plague And the Italians who did not know the true signification of the Fire painted at his Side thought that he preserved Houses also from being burnt and they call upon him on such occasions As for the Anthonian Fryars they know so well to make use of the Power of their Saint Anthony that when they go a begging if one does refuse what they ask for they threaten immediately to make the Sacred Fire to fall upon him Therefore the poor Country People to avoid the Menaces and Witchcrafts of these Monks present them every year with a good fat Hog a-piece Some Cardinals and Prelates endeavoured to persuade Pope Paul the III. to abolish these wretched begging Fryars Quaestuarios istos Sancti Anthonii qui decipiunt Rusticos Simplices eosque innumeris superstitionibus implicent de medio tollendos esse But they could not compass their good design and these Monks do subsist yet to this day in several places though the Sickness of St. Anthony's Fire be now very rare Of the Order of Premontre NOrbert was born of a very great Family in the Country of Cleves where his Father was Earl of Gennap He begun the establishment of this Order in the year 1120 at a place which hath been called since Premontre in the Bishoprick of Laon framing a mixture of a Monastical and Canonical Life He followed chiefly the Rule of St. Austin and his Order was confirmed by Pope Honore the II. and Innocent the III. He was made afterwards Archbishop of Magdbourg and obtained for that See the Title of Primate of Germany The Monks of Premontre to get a greater esteem in the World published after the Death of their Founder that he had received his Rule curiously bound in Gold from the hand of St. Austin himself who appeared to him one Night and said thus to him Here is the Rule which I have written and if thy Brethren do observe it they like my Children need to fear nothing at all in the Day of Judgment These Impostors added moreover That an Angel shewed to him a Medow where he was to build his first Monastery which from thence was called Pre Montre that is the Shewed Medow Their Hypocrisie was so great in those beginnings that their Order spread it self into Siria Normandy Flanders England Spain and other Countries They wear a white Casock and a Rochet over it with a long white Cloak Pope Honorius the IV. having granted to the Fathers Carmelites the use of a white plaited Cloak those of Premontre complained of it as of a great scandal and wrong done to them This notwithstanding the Carmelites carried it in spight of their Teeth and under pretences of several Apparitions of the Virgin Mary kept their long white Cloaks The Abbots of several Orders and particularly those of St. Benet having obtained the Pope's permission to officiate in Pontificalibus with the Miter the Crosiers-stasf and the Ring as the Popish Bishops do the Abbots of the Order of Premontre refused to make use of these Marks of Vanity They agreed together in case any of them were raised to the Dignity of a Cardinal or to the Popedom it self never to leave their Religious Habit and that none of them should accept of any Dignity or Degree whatsoever without having first the licence of their General Chapter They made several other Regulations which they joined to the Rule of St. Austin This Order had moreover this peculiar to it That where-ever they sounded a Monastery for Men they had the cunning to build another for Women next to it But the infamous Correspondencies which they kept with them and the great Scandals that arose from thence moved Conradus Prior of Martello a very honesty Gentleman to use his utmost endeavours for the suppressing of those Female Monasteries They made then a Declaration in the year 1273 by which after having acknowledged that the Women were worse than the most venomous Aspicks and Dragons and that there was no malice comparable to theirs they resolved thence forwards not to look upon them but as upon so many mischievous Beasts and declared they would have no more to do with them Robert Bishop of Lincoln in England having undertaken to bring the same Reformation into the Monasteries of Premontre in his Diocese wrote concerning it to Innocentius the IV. but this Pope bribed with great sums of mony by the Monks would not consent to it The Bishop made bold to write to him a second time and had for Answer Brother thou hast discharged thy Conscience why art thou angry at my Condescention I have pardoned them is thy Eye bad because I am good This was a neat application of the Holy Scripture These Monks of Premontre did not apply their minds to study at the beginning of their Institution and therefore were tossed about by the other Monks as ignorant Fryars but now they have established Schools amongst them Of the Order of Gilbertines in England GIlbert was born in Lincolnshire deformed of Body but he made up this defect by the excellency of his Wit and a great application to his Studies Having been sent into France for his instruction he became there a great Master of Superstition and being returned into his own Country great numbers both of Men and Women flocked from all parts to him to hear his Doctrin He caused to be built for them in a short time thirteen Monasteries in which were reckoned 700 Monks and 1100 Women who lived together separated only by a Wall He begun his Order in the year 1148 and went into France again to inform Pope Eugenius the III. of his Statutes who approved them and his Order He returned into England very well satisfied with his negotiation and having made a Rapsody of the Rules of St. Austin and St. Benet he prescribed it to his Followers who for his Name were called Gilbertines This Hermaphrodite Order made up of both Sexes did very soon bring forth Fruits worthy of it self these holy Virgins having got almost all of them big Bellies which gave occasion to the following Verses Harum sunt quaedam steriles quaedam parientes Virgineoque tamen nomine cuncta tegunt Quae pastoralis baculi dotatur honore Illa quidem meliùs fertiliusque parit Vix etiam quaevis sterilis reperitur in illis Donec ejus aetas talia posse negat Tho' some are Barren Does yet others By Fryars help prove teeming Mothers When all to such Lewdness run All 's cover'd under Name of Nun. Th' Abbess in Honour as She ' excells Her Belly too more often swells If any She proves Barren still Age is in fault and not her will These Nuns