as they had formerly done for the Swedes having notice of their designs and ready received and charged them so rudely that they forced them to save themselves by flight within their Works five of their men being taken prisoners and several of them slain The following Month they made another attempt Apr. 28. but with no better fortune for they were repelled in the Kings presence and lost threescore foot which they had taken with them to strengthen their Horse The Swedes also had designed the surprising of the City Cattle which fed under the Walls May 17. to which purpose they hastened thither with all their Horse but their intent being likewise known the Cattle were secured and the Enemy forced by the Cannon from the Ramparts to keep at a distance They yet returned some dayes after with a thousand Horse May 21 and threw down a Breast-work not far from the ruined Suburbs on the West side of the Town which annoyed them the which was again raised by the Coppenhageners two dayes after The Sweaes were also busie in other parts of the Kingdom for having gathered some small Vessels upon the Coasts of Holsteyn they landed by Nysted but being repelled thence they resolved to try their fortune on the Isle of Fameren though not with better success for the Danes having retired their Troops into a strong double Ditched Fort which they had there contained themselves in it until they were re-inforced by fresh supplies out of Holsteyn which obliged the Enemy to retire to their Ships again But Denmark was not alone the stage of War neither was it here only that the treaties for Peace were in agitation Poland the seat of so many miseries was at length delivered from the oppression of their infesting Enemies by the Treaty of Oliva This Treaty was chiefly managed by the French their Embassadour being the only Mediator admitted in it The Dutch had indeed sent an Extraordinary Deputy to the Polish Court but he was received there without Ceremony scarce civility upon pretext they were not acquainted with his Character it being a new thing with them His Mediation was likewise waved the French influence the Queen being Ascendant being too strong and the jealousies which they began to entertain of the Imperialists not a little formed Neither was he more acceptable to the Swedes his visit to their Plenipotentiaries being but repayed by a complement by their Secretary upon pretence he was lodged in Dantsick an Enemies Town and his interposition wholly refused being looked upon as a party so that he was but an idle Spectator as to the main in the said Treaty But for all the States exclusion the Emperour and the Electour of Brandenburg were not only included in the said Pacification but the old Friendship and Concord renewed by a new Act of Oblivion betwixt them and Sweden Only King Frederick for whose sake they had armed their own business being now done seemed forgot in that Treaty the Commissioners giving this reason for it that the Danish affairs could not commodiously be decided at that distance being also at that time treated in Denmark it self not without great hopes of success But the Danes troubled to be thus abandoned by their Allies were so much the more desirous of Peace They were indeed supported at present by the Forces of the United Provinces and with hopes out of England of more powerful Succours the Scene being there changed by the happy restitution of King Charles the Second to his hereditary Dominions This great Princes restauration did indeed contribute much to the present reconciliation for the English Commissioners fore-seeing their authority would quickly expire and loth to quit their Province without effecting what they came for urged it the Swedes considering the ties of blood and friendship betwixt the two Kings Charles and Frederick did desire it And truly the same reason prevailed with the Dutch but upon another accompt to wit lest they should be pressed by this great King to continue the War until Frederick his Friend and oppressed were restored to his entire Dominions which the victorious Swedes had so miserably mutilated Only the Danes the only sufferers were thought not so forward especially being obliged by this second Treaty once more to quit all their pretensions which they had so lavishly divested themselves of in the former War But they fore-seeing that the ayds from England the King being not yet fully established in his Kingdoms could not be sudden and that the vast expences which they were daily at in feeding so many Armies within their Country would necessarily ruine it seemed to prefer a certain Peace before the uncertainties of a War All parties being then agreed and that happy day which by a hopeful Peace was to put a period to this unhappy War being come the two Kings Commissioners and all the Mediators if they may be properly called so who seemed interessed asperties met in the Tents again where the Treaty elaborated with so much industry and pains was signed first by the Mediators and afterwards by the Commissioners of the two Kings and then exchanged and delivered in the mid way betwixt the Danish lodges and the Swedish Tents by the Mediators themselves a little before Sun set to the Commissioners of both Kings This being done the Assembly broke up the Swedes returning to their Camp and the Danes into the City where both from their Walls as also from their Fleets which lay before the Town witnessed their joy for this happy Accommodation with the more pleasing noises of their great and small shot The Peace was proclaimed the same night in all the publick places of the City by a Herald with his Scepter and Coat of Arms with the tintamar of Drums and Trumpets whilest every individual published his satisfaction with more than usual signes of joy The following dayes the Swedes came into the Town and the Danes went into the Camp without exception neither satisfying their greedy eyes and their curiosities with the contemplation of those unaccustomed sights whilest both admired and secretly condemned those things which they had found by experience to have been hurtful to them But this entercourse did not last long for the fourth day after the signing of the Peace the Prince of Sulsbach did according to the Articles of the Treaty draw all his Forces which were 3000 Horse and Foot out of the Camp and putting them into Battle array betwixt that and the City made a stand there exposing his Army and himself to the view of the Danes who flocked thither in multitudes to see so goodly a sight A while after having commanded his Cannon and all the Muskets and Pistols of his Army to fire twice round he left the City to its pristine Liberty and the Camp to the Danes disposal and marched with his whole Army towards Rotschild THE END The Articles of the Treaty of Peace betwixt the Two Northern Crowns concluded and subscribed by the Mediators and the Commissioners of
THE HISTORY OF THE Late Warres IN DENMARK COMPRISING All the TRANSACTIONS both MILITARY and CIVIL during the Differences betwixt THE Two Northern Crowns In the Years 1657 1658 1659 1660. Illustrated with several Maps By R. M. LONDON Printed for Thomas Basset and are to be sold at his Shop at the Sign of the George near Clifford's Inn in Fleetstreet 1670. TO THE KINGS Sacred MAJESTY SIR THis Narrative should have had like its Author too much Humility to presume into Your Sacred Majesties Presence but that it is warranted by Your Royal Commands and that all the Actions of my Life are Dedicated to Your Service The Subject is indeed one of the most considerable that hath happened upon the Stage of the World of late Ages where Kings were both Agressors and Defendants And this may in some sort warrant its Dedication to that Monarch who is proper Vmpire of the Controversies of Christendome Besides there was no Prince nor scarce any State in Europe of note that was not a Party in the quarrel Nay Your Majesties own Fleets and Your Treasures were employed there though not by Your Orders And Your Majesties happy Restauration had so much natural Influence upon the transactions in the North that it also restored those Crowns to that Peace they now enjoy If the English did not alwayes follow their true Interest in those parts 't is not to be wondered at being they prostituted it so unnaturally at home which did continue until the sense of their Faults and Errors obliged them to re-assume it by returning to their Duty and Obedience to Your Majesty All I will say for my Self is that as I cannot tell whether my humble Reverence for Your Majesties Person or my Loyalty and Allegiance for my Soveraign be the greater so they shall ever remain by an equal intermixture of Passion and Duty in SIR Your Sacred MAjESTIES most Obedient and alwayes Loyal Subject and Servant ROGER MANLEY The Preface TRuth being the life and chief ingredient of History hath been also my chief research in this Relation which I was so exact in that I cannot yet discover that I have been materially imposed upon I have endeavoured also to exempt my Narrative from both flattery and detraction which was no hard matter for me to do being I had been neither tempted by favours nor dis-obliged by injuries by either of the warring Princes though I had the honour to know them both What I wrote by way of memorials whilst it was acting upon the place in another language though not published seeâ— light but now in ours and it may be too soon to discover the imperfections of its Authour And yet I will not court the Readers favour being my errours are voluntary For who is obliged to write And how few write well A Catalogue of Books in the Press this 16th of September 1669. Printing for Thomas Basset at the George in Fleet-street near Cliffords-Inne ECclesia Restaurata or the History of the reformation of the Church of England containing the Beginning Progress and Successes of it the Counsels by which it was conducted the Rules of Piety and Prudence upon which it was founded The several steps by which it was promoted or retarded in the change of times from the first preparations to it by King Henry the 8th until the Legal settling and establishment of it under Queen Elizabeth together with the Intermixture of such Civil Actions and affairs of State as either were co-incident with it or related to it The second Edition by P. Heylyn Rastalls Entries with a Table not Printed heretofore This Book will be published in Easter Term next Aerius Redevivus or the History of the Presbyterians By P. Heylyn in fol. This Book will be published in Michaelmas Term next A Help to English History By P. Heylin This Book will be published in Michaelmas Term next Littletons Tenures in French and English in a small Pocket Volume exactly corrected and better Printed than any of the former Editions This Book will be published in Michaelmas Term next Wingates Abridgement of all the Statutes in force and use from Magna Charta until this present year 1669. A Geographical Description of the four parts of the world taken from the Notes and Works of the famous Monsieur Sanson Geographer to the French King and other eminent Travellers and Authours To which are added the Commodities Coyns Weights and Measures of the chief places of Traffique in the world compared with those of England or London as to the Trade thereof Also a Treatise of Travel and another of Traffique wherein the matter of Trade is briefly handled The whole illustrated with variety of useful and delightful Mapps and Figures By Rich. Blâ—me the price bound 40 s. This Book will be published in Michaelmas Term next THE HISTORY OF The late Warres in DENMARK BETWIXT The Two Northern Crowns The First Part. THough my design at first was but to describe the Siege of Coppenhagen and its accessorys as wil appear by some passages in this narrative Yet upon second thoughts and to gratifie the curious if this jejune Relation find any such I have judged it proper to add a summary of those transactions which were previous to it deducing the whole War from its original to that last Treaty which put a period to so many and so eminent calamities The ancient emulation and jealousie betwixt the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark the result of their neighbourhood and frequent broyles have been much heightned by the Swedish acquisitions in Germany For having joyned Pomerania and Bremen to their former Dominions they have in a manner enclosed and beleagured Denmark which rendered them so uneasie to the Danes that these seemed to desire nothing more than an opportunity not only to recover the Dutchy of Bremen and what they had lost by the Treaties of Bromsbro and Christianople to wit Halland Jempterland Gothland and the Oesel but also to enlarge their own limits and secure themselves for the future from the further incroachments of their growing neighbours And now a so wished for occasion did fairly present it self for Charles Gustave King of Sweden being deeply ingaged in Poland had carried with him the flower of the Swedish Souldiery to serve in that expedition so that whilst he was busie in the conquest of other Countries he did in some sort expose his own Nor did the Danes omit so favourable a juncture but mustering their grievances into a Manifest too long to insert which they published least they should be thought to be rather invited by the favour of the occasion than necessitated by any provocations or injuries They had beat up their Drums about the beginning of the year 1657. and their preparations for war were carried on with unusual pomp and hopes of success Their proceeding was likewise formal for they denounced war by a Herauld at Arms some months before they entred into the Lists which proved ruinous to them for they thereby gave the enemy
thereby their friends as well as their enemies For the Princes of the nether Saxon circle declare the invâ—ding of the Dutchy of Bremen to be a breach of the peac◠〈◊〉 the Empire and a violation of the Instrument of Peace for the observation whereof they stood reciprocally engaged By this time King Charles was advanced as far as Hamburgh with his harassed and ill accoutred Troops without opposition where he mounted and cloathed and armed them by the favour of that Ciâ—y jealous of its own Lords greatness and the assistance of good supplies of moneys which he received there upon the French accompt It seemed strange what was become of the Danish Army but that however sixteen thousand strong In stead of fighting the enemy in Pomerania or Mecklenburg or any where before they reach'd Hambourg still retired before them but whether affrighted with the reputation of these glorious Ruffians or betrayed by their own dissentions I will not determine though it be certain that King Charles had his Ulefeld in Denmark as well as his Radizeuski in Poland The Swedes being thus refreshed and lusty grew also very numerous by the accession of such whom the hopes and liberty of pillage daily added to their party They followed the retiring Danes as far as Frâ—dericks-ode which they also after some time took by assault under the conduct of Marshal Wrangel Fredericks-ode is seated upon the lesser Belt a new Town endowed with many priviledges to invite Inhabitants and fortified on the land side though the Works were not fully finished after the modern fashion the Sea was esteemed a sufficient guard on that side it watered being strengthened with Pallisadoes from the adjoyning Bulwarks as far as deep water But the Swedes under favour of the darkness and some false Allarms in other places broke down this wooden Fence and rushing in on that part up to the Saddle skirts in water wheeled about the Bastion and entred the Town rendring themselves Masters of the same without any considerable resistance This victory equalled a gained battle for they made above 2000 prisoners besides the slain which amounted to as many more well nigh 200 Officers 33 Colours and above fourscore pieces of Cannon with other store of Ammunition and plunder This success rendred them also absolute Masters of Holstein except Krempen and Gluckstadt and Rensbourg gave them the plunder and contribution of all Jutland and the communication betwixt the North and East Seas by the lesser Belt It was thought strange that so strong a place as Fredericks-ode and so well provided with Garrison and provisions should be taken by a number scarce equal to them within Andrew Bilde Marshal of the Kingdom was Governour of this important place but whether he lost it by his fate or by his folly by his cowardise or by his treason is still disputeable However it was it cost him his life he being mortally wounded in the attack which did not yet suffice to clear his memory from obloquie and a suspition of disloyalty The Swedes themselves contributed much though accidently to this rumour for they sent his body richly vested without ransom over into Funen which encreased the ill reports or him though it might as well have been thought an argument of their generous humanity as his perfidie as they will hereafter evince in the person of Vice Admiral De Witt slain in the Sound and returned with no less honour and pomp King Frederick hearing of this great loss quits Schonen where he had in person twice beaten the enemy by Helmstat and flies into Funen to give orders for the conservation of that Island the second of Denmark Which done he leaves his Bastard Brother Guldenlew there with 3000. men and returns to Coppenhagen to struggle with the divided factions of his Nobles which did not end but in theirs and their Countries Ruine But leaving the Danes to their dissentions and the Swedes posted in their new conquests let us step back a little to take a short view and prospect of the civil transactions contemporary with the former England had too great an interest in the Baltick which may not improperly be called the Mediterranean of the North to sit still without making reflection upon the great commotions in those parts And besides the concerns of a free and undisturbed Commerce England being at that time in an open War with Spain had much rather that the Swedish Arms had been at liberty to give a check to the other Austrian Branch in Germany than to have been diverted by a Warre with Denmark Upon this account two Gentlemen are made choice of to endeavour a Reconciliation betwixt the two Kings Mr. Meadowe being sent to the Court of Denmark and Mr. Jepson to that of Sweden The former arrived in Denmark in the beginning of September 1657. much about the time that the Swede entred Jutland He was received far above his Character being that of Envoy Extraordinary to the regret of other forreign Ministers But the conjuncture of time and affairs obliged the Danes by all possible waies and means to ingratiate themselves with the English So that the Envoyes Proposition for a Mediation after he had declared the ruinous effects of a War Sep. 25. 1657. was accepted off The Dane declaring that he was ready to enter upon a Treaty of a sure and honourable peace under the Mediation of England and that so soon as the King of Sweden should testifie a suitable concurrence on his part This Declaration was transmitted to the Swede with all possible diligence and drew from him a reply dated at Wismar in October following in which offer many expostulations how injuriously he had been dealt with 19. 1657. intermixt with some language which the Dane resented as opprobious He declares likewise his assent to enter upon a Treaty under the Mediation of France and England and that the preliminaries as to place of treating number of Commissioners sale conducts c. should be adjousted according to the transactions betwixt the two Crowns in the year 1644. upon the confines of the two Kingdoms This reply produced another Declaration from the Dane Nov. 5. That he consents also to the transactions in 44. only as to the place of the future Treaty conceives Lubeck or some other in that neighbourhood to be most commodious That the Treaty should commence under the Mediation of England and also of the States General and so soon as France should offer him their Mediation he would accept of that likewise But that the designed Peace be not restrained to the two Crowns only but that the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg be comprehended in the same It was easie to see how this comprehension of the Pole insisted on by the Dane would trouble the scene of affairs which obliged the English Mediatour to remonstrate it to be a novel Proposal and how that it would render the so much desired peace tedious and difficult if not impossible for that
only lesser Rivers and Fountains froze up but the Sea it self became passable being covered with an unusual but solid bridge of Ice King Charles was too prudent to let slip any opportunities which made way to his greatness Not a night passed wherein he did not send his Spies into the Island and his Scouts to discover the firmness of the congealed Waters which being at length reported to be strong enough save only a small but long rent of scarce five foot broad he gave orders to march commanding great quantity of planks posts hurds and the like materials to make a bridge over the said breach to be first brought thither and laid Two troops of Waldechs Regiment fell in the Ice breaking and several other single troopers were drowned which forced the Army to rush on with more vigour being too far ingaged to retire and the danger behind them being greater than that in their front The Danes made some though no great opposition for being bravely charged they were easily broke routed and slain scarce two hundred of them escaping the King pursued them that fled so close that he overtook Guldenlewe who was sick in his Coach not far from Odensea in which town the chief of the Island he also surprised five Danish Senators and several other fugitives so that he became absolute Master of this wealthy Province and the whole power of the Enemy in it which consisted of well with 5000. Souldiers and armed Boores sixty pieces of Cannon and great Magazines of all sorts of military provisions 'T is not unworthy the remembring that this adventrous march over the Frozen Seas was the resolve of the King himself at a Councel of War against the sense of his chief Officers who censured it of too much temerity And since it prospered well 't is due to the honour of that Kings Name which had it otherwise succeeded would have aspersed his memory The news of the losse of Funen being arrived at Coppenhagen carried so much the more of terrour and apprehension with it because besides the loss of so important an Isle the like Bridge which had let the Swede over the little Belt into Funen might serve to pass him over the great Belt into Zeland Hereupon the King of Denmark sends for Mr. Meadowe desiring him to set a Treaty on foot with all possible expedition which he did Feb. 3. by writing to the King of Sweden the purport whereof was to this effect That the King of Denmark had authorised the Lord Joackim Gersdorff and Christian Sckeel both Senatours of his Kingdom his Plenepotentiaries and Commissioners to meet treat and conclude with the like Commissioners of his at such time and place as his Majesty should please to appoint which he also desired at the instance and intervention of England and that his Majesty would be further pleased to deliver out safe conducts in due form both for him the Mediatour and for the Danish Commissioners and in the mean time suspend all future Hostilities This being dispatched with extraordinary diligence Feb. 5. the Messenger returned with his Answer Dated at Newburg in Funen where he left the King whereof the substance is That he thanked him for his care and dexterity in promoting the concerns of a peace which the Dane had hitherto so obstinately opposed How he was willing to enter presently upon a Treaty under the respective Mediatours of France and England and being it was left to him to appoint the place he gave the King of Denmark the choice either of the Isle of Spro or of Ruakoping in Langland for the Commissioners of both sides to meet in within eight daies That together with the present Letter he had sent safe conducts as desired And that the business required the greater haste forasmuch as he could promise no security to himself in a suspension of Arms. This was a clear answer and concession as to the desired treaty but he would not be complemented our of his advantages by a cessation of Arms knowing well that nothing more facilitates a conquest than a pannick terror incussed by the suddenness of an invasion and that the only way to profit upon it is to give no respite for recollecting those Spirits which the first impressions of fear had dissipated The Swedish King marches incessantly His nearest way to Zeland had been over the great Belt from Newbourg to Corsâ—ur about 16. English miles But he takes that of Langland so to Laland then to Falster which though much the further yet was the safer because the traject from Island to Island was no where so broad as that in the great Belt And he would secure all behind him They were not idle this while at Coppenhagen The Swedish safe conducts being delivered the Danish Commissioners together with the English Mediatour journeyed with what diligence they could towards Rydcoping They had travelled little more than sixty miles English when not far from Wardenburg or Warburg the last town upon Zeland from Coppenhagen they met with the Swedish scouts by whom they were advertised that their King was newly entred upon Zeland and not far behind And soon after they met the King himself in a Sledge at the head of 200 Finnish Horse This incredible diligence was altogether surprizing to the Danish Commissioners All alighting out of their Sledges the manner of travelling in the Northern Countrys to salute him His Majesty did the same and willing them to pass on to the neighbouring town and that he would speedily be with them For that he was going only to take view of a ground where he might most conveniently draw his Army into battalia To Warburg they went and there the Treaty first began where they also met the Chevalier Terlon Ambassadour of France who came in company with the Swedish King The Commissioners on the part of Sweden were Count Ulefelt a discontented Dane who had a long time refuged himself in the Court of Sweden and Steno Bielke a Senatour of Sweden The King of Sweden staid no longer at Warburg than was necessary for drawing over his Army and then ranging them in Batralia in a large extended Front in view of the Danes to make them appear more numerous at last marched off in the direct way to Coppenhagen 'T was uncomfortable treating whilst the King was marching and the Mediatours and Commissioners not being willing to be left behind adjourned the Treaty and breaking up thence overtook the King at Keuk four leagues from Coppenhagen who the next morning drew up in Battalia again and then drew off as before in an orderly march towards Coppenhagen The number of the Swedish Army was about 7000. Horse and Foot and some few Field-pieces with which he took up his quarters within two leagues of the City of which he would often sportingly say she was a fair Bride and deserved dancing for and not without reason neither for had he won Coppenhagen as he woo'd her she had brought him for her Dower all Denmark
the one and reconcile himself with the other At this time Sir Philip Meadow being in the Swedish Camp having received Letters from England instructing him to urge a separate Treaty betwixt the two Crowns sent into Coppenhagen several Proposals to the King of Denmark conformable to his Orders to press the business of a speedy Peace in order to prevent the hazardous contingencies of an Assault to which he saw all things disposed and prepared The Gentleman also whom he sent did not obscurely intimate the said preparations in the Swedish Camp for a general Attack but the King nothing terrified here with returned answer That he could not in honour and safety enter upon a distinct and separate Treaty without a comprehension and inclusion of the rest of his Allies The Swedes having notice of this refusal prepare to force that by Arms which they could not get by composition and approaching the â—own walls with their best Troops fired a Prame or Flat-boat which lay betwixt Christians-haven and the City armed with six small Guns and twelve Souldiers But the day comming on they retired for that time into their Camp again without any further attempt The Night following they made another show of assaulting the Works but retired as before and for the same reason The third day the Army being well refreshed was drawn out of the Camp and being abundantly furnished with all things necessary for the present Expedition was commanded to march The King had affigned each Regiment his Post and the place they should attack and having ordered that the Souldiers should wear Straw and little bundles of Juniper on their Arms or Caps gave the word God help us The sign to fall on being given by firing some pitcht Barrels the King who was present commanded fifty Musketiers to go and take possession of the Ravelin before the half Bulwork near the West Port. This being done Lieutenant Collonel Geneki marched with two hundred men on the right hand of the said Ravelin up to a little Work which lies betwixt the long Gallery and the Wall Delwig attackt the half Bulwork with his Regiment and Major General Fersen seconded him on his right hand The English and the Palsgraves Troops assaulted the Bulworks next the Kings Stables Collonel Voyette seconded by Aschenberg with three hundred Horsemen now on foot the Brew-house and Major Smith assisted by Bidal a Lieutenant of the Kings Guards a man of War and a Prame which lay betwixt Christians-haven and the Town The rest fell upon the other quarters of the City as they were ordered all full of hopes for a happy success But if the Swedes omitted nothing for compassing of their Design the Danes on the other side whose mark was their Hankerchiefs in their Hats were no less sollicitous to divert the storm which did so threaten them They were informed of the Enemies motion by their Centinels and Patrouillis without the Walls so that they were more than sufficiently allarmed and prepared to receive them And truly we have not often heard of a more surious encounter Charles shewing his men the riches and pillage of the Town bids them hew out their own rewards for all their past and present labours whilest Frederick riding from one Guard to another tells his that theirs and their Countries welfare depended on their valour and this moment of time The fight grew high and hot the Defendants upon first sight of the Enemy thundred upon them with their great Guns as they approacht but when they were come nearer well-nigh over-whelmed them with showrs of Bullets Cartrages Wild-fires Hand and Mortar-granadoes which they rowled in great numbers from the Walls and other offensive instruments That side which the Swedes assaulted was best flancked of any so that they were viewed and shot at from several parts at once but they chose it by reason of the Ice to avoid the Graffs and Pallisadoes and because the Works there were less compleat than the other the Sea in gentler seasons rendring them inaccessible on foot For all this they came up to the very Walls Fersen's men were got so close that they were secure from the Flancks and having pulled out some of the Pallisadoes began to rear their Ladders and mount The Besieged on the other side filling the Bulworks with their numbers and their Moates with swarms of Darts which they incessantly threw upon the Assailants forced them back three or four got upon the top of the Works but being ill seconded perished there though otherwise worthy a better fortune Neither were the Swedes more succesful else where the Colonels Gengel and Voyet were slain and Ashenberg Hestrige and Weyssensteyn being sorely wounded the Souldiers they had led began to give back The King seeing it dispatcht Count Erick Steynbock with the Smaland Regiment to their assistance but he observing their disorder and apprehensions at the loss of their Officers passed by them with design to fall upon the Rampart next the Stables but whilest he endeavoured to pass the Ditch he was shot into the breast and slain Neither did the Lieutenant Colonel who commanded the Smalanders escape he being also sorely wounded so that the Souldiers seeing their Leaders fall on all sides did not a little stagger The King had also sent the two Spars with the other Swaland and Sudermanian Regiment to second Fersens men who fought so well but seeing the inequality of the place they contended in and the little appearance there was of success he commanded to draw off though necessitated to retreat through the tempest and incessant hailing of the adverse shot The fight at the Ship was very hot the Swedes had dragg'd Boats and Bridges with them to pass the Water for the Defendants had broken the Ice round about them and some got over and entred but being ill received by them on Board and worse seconded by their own men they were forced out again or slain in it Smith and twelve more of his men were killed upon the Hatches the Sea swallowed many and such as escaped the Cannon were glad to save themselves by a hasty slight Banner and Vavasor who were ordered to keep the Enemy in allarm on the East-side were no less unfortunate than their Comrades Lentsman and Fittinghoff two Lieutenant Colonels were commanded to assault the Cittadel but they whether upon mistake or a sudden change in their design is uncertain fell upon the Mill-bulwork next the East-Gate The Netherland Auxiliaries made up of several Companies of those Nations which are in service of that Illustrious Republick guarded that Post the which together with the Port the neighbouring quarters had been assigned them upon their first arrival they had sent 100 of their Souldiers with a drum of every Nation at the beginning of the tumult to help the Danes where the storm was hottest which deceived the Enemy who believing by this various noise that most of them were un to the danger hastened to take possession of their for saken stations
War The English as is already mentioned had about the latter end of the last year sent a Fleet towards Denmark but that being by reason of Tempests and the unpassableness of the Seas full of sholes of Ice unable to advance was obliged to return The Winter being past General Montague was sent thither with a second no less useful for service being very well fitted for War and well manned with betwixt nine or ten thousand men but no Land forces then glorious for ostentation The English Fleet was got ready with that expedition that it put to Sea a Fortnight or three Weeks before the Dutch which bred no little jealousie in them seeing their Rivals ready before them and that with such powerful Forces however Mr. Downing then Resident at the Hague had assured them Apr. 6. that the English Fleet which was gone towards the Sound had no Orders to use any kind of hostility against their Shipping but only to endeavour the procuring of a Pacification betwixt the two Crowns And it proved so though the States were hardly induced to believe it And yet they will not now making a vertue of necessity seem to wish it otherwise so that their preparations moved flower at least in appearance whilest they gave out that they did not need to make hast being Denmark was secured in the Neutrality of that present power General Montague having Rendevouzed in Sould Bay March 27. 1659. weighed the twenty seventh of March and arrived in the Sound at an Anchor between the Island of Ween and Cronenburg Castle April 6. Apr. 6. And And by agreement between the King of Sweden and the English Admiral neither flag was stirred but born aloft and the three Flag-ships as they passed by the Castle saluted it where the King and Queen were in person with 21 19 and 17 Guns Every other Ship gave only a Volley of small shot which were answered Flags and all only with two Guns each according to the Custom of Sweden The Instructions given to General Montague I have thought proper to insert here being they will give great light to the following passages of that Summers action WHereas upon consideration had of the state of Affairs in the Eastern parts and particularly of the War faln out betwixt the two Kings of Sweden and Denmark which hath greatly disturbed the Navigation and Commerce of this and other Neighbouring States and distracted the Affairs of the greatest part of Europe We thought it necessary to use Our best endevours for composing the said War and thereby to remove the manifold Evils and Inconveniences which depend thereupon And to that purpose gave directions to Sir Philip Meadow Our Envoy Extraordinary with the King of Sweden to offer Our friendly Mediation to both those Kings and to contribute his utmost diligence for setling a Peace between them Giving him such further Instructions as We found necessary for that occasion a Copy whereof they bearing Date the ninth of December last is herewith delivered unto you And whereas since that time there hath been a Treaty made and concluded on betwixt Us and the King of France a Copy whereof is also herewith delivered you touching the said Affairs which both States finding to be of so great importance to their respective Countries and Dominions and the Interest thereof They judge that it concerned Them in a joynt way and by joynt Counsels to apply the most effectual remedies that could be thought of for composing the said War And therefore did agree by the said Treaty to offer their joynt Mediation to those two Kings for procuring of a Peace betwixt Them as also their Garranty for securing thereof in case it should be accomplished With a mind also to accommodate the differences betwixt the King of Sweden on the one side and the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg on the other And for the better effecting of the mutual intentions of these two States It was further concluded by the said Treaty that all endeavours should be used for disposing the States General of the United Provinces to co-operate with England and France in this good Work And accordingly as well We as the King of France have given Instructions to Our respective Publick Ministers both at the Hague and with the said Kings of Sweden and Denmark to prosecute and promote the aforesaid good Intention which We hope will have the issue that is desired and that such a Peace will be setled in those parts where so great and powerful Armies both by Land and Sea are engaged as will be for the security of the common Interest and in particular of this Commonwealth And having on these grounds sent a Fleet towards those parts the last Winter which in respect of the season of the year was not able to perfect the intended Voyage We have now judged it necessary upon the same Grounds and to the same ends as are before expressed to send a Fleet under your Conduct and Command into the Sound and Baltick Sea You are therefore on the receipt of these Our Instructions and of the other papers herewith delivered to repair to Our Fleet prepared for this Expedition a List whereof is hereunto annexed and upon your coming aboard you shall by Gods blessing and assistance with your first Opportunity of Wind and Weather set sail for the parts aforesaid and having come thither shall follow and pursue the Instructions following viz. 1 You shall immediatly upon your arrival in the Sound send to Sir Philip Meadow as also to our Envoy with the King of Denmark if he be there residing and receive from them a true and perfect account of the state of the affairs of the several Princes engaged as aforesaid and what effect our Mediation hath had and whether it be probable that a Treaty and Peace will ensue on the Terms wherein you shall find affairs to stand at your arrival 2 You shall either by your self or by the hand of Sir Philip Meadow as you shall find it most convenient let both the Kings of Sweden and Denmark know that you have brought the Fleet into these parts by Our command as a common friend to both and with desires to procure a Peace betwixt them And that for the same purpose you are ready to contribute all that lies in you to remove those difficulties that lye in the way of Peace and secure Agreement betwixt them We judging it to be their own Interest as well as that of their Neighbours and Allies that the present War between them should be put to a speedy end And that We cannot understand how the same can be continued without extream danger as well to themselves as to the present Interests of their Allyes 3 If a Treaty be begun between them before your arrival you shall do what you can to bring the said Treaty to a Peace without delay But if it be found that either no Treaty is begun or that the difference is such upon the
compel them thereunto by force 18 You shall take care to give Us frequent Intelligence of your proceedings and of every thing that shall occur in those parts That thereupon you may receive further direction as shall be necessary either touching your acting there or returning with the Fleet which yet you are to do when the season of the year the necessity of the Fleet or other condition of affairs shall require although you should not receive Our further directions therein 19 In case it shall please God to take you away or otherwise disinable you that you cannot intend this service The Vice-Admiral of the Fleet is hereby impowred to execute these Instructions until We shall give other order therein March 18. 1658. 20 In case the whole Fleet contained in this List be not ready you shall proceed upon your Voyage with such part of them as are ready to said with you giving order to the rest to follow after you Out of these Instructions it is observable that the true Interest of England was then judged to be First to preserve Denmark from ruine and the power of the Sound in his hand as being a weaker Prince whose Interest it would be not to impose upon his Neighbours or if he did it were easier reducing him to terms of reason and therefore sincerely they endeavoured to re-establish the Peace of Rotschild and save that King from the violence of the Swede and Menes of the Dutch and to leave him a free Prince Secondly but if that could not be done then as hath been touched before they chose rather to help the King of Sweden and take his word for their share in the benefit of the Conquest than that the Dutch should grapple all into their hands and power The English being come thus first into Denmark resolved to hinder De Ruyters conjunction with Opdam who had Wintered in Coppenhagen and governed greatly in all their Councels and affairs for fear their force might be superiour in the Sound And therefore when the English Admiral was past the Schaw or Point of Schagen De Ruyter being not yet come out of Holland he left three Scout-ships one at the Schaw Point another about Lezow and Anout and a third at the Koll all in sight one of the other and the last in sight of the Fleet. He at Schaw had Order to meet De Ruyter there and deliver him a Letter wherein he desired him that he would signifie to him that he would not give any assistance to either side Apr. 4. 1659. by Men Ships or otherwise nor endeavour to go with his Fleet into Coppenhagen the Sound or Baltick Sea lest further hostility should fall out betwixt the Swede and him but remain with his Fleet without the Sound and Belt until it might be seen whether by their joynt endeavours a Peace might be concluded or until some other certain way of management of this affair might be agreed upon between them conducible to the ends aforesaid And he engaged on the other side De Ruyter agreeing to the desires expressed in his Letters that he would give no assistance to either side The arrival of this great Fleet was no less terrible to the Danes than acceptable to the Swedes for these hugged themselves with the hopes of powerful assistance from their tried friends whilest the other apprehended the carriage of a reconciled enemy King Frederick being therefore doubtful of what might happen gave notice to the States General by an Express of the arrival of the English Fleet consisting of thirty six men of War besides Fire-ships in the Sound adding his entreaties That they would be likewise pleased to dispatch their promised Succours whereby he might be at length delivered from the oppressions of his growing enemies But neither the Swedes confidence nor the Danes fear did last long for Montague having sent his Cousin Mr. Montague and his Vice-Admiral to salute King Charles did likewise assure him by word of mouth as he did King Frederick the next day after his arrival by Letters that He was come with his Fleet to help to reconcile the two Kings which he would endeavour with all his might and in the interim neither assist nor offend either of them April 11. The Danes raised with the Admirals friendly Message were assured by Sir Phil. Meadow the English Envoy's confirming of it He wrote in the same sence Montague had done before offering withall his Masters so often proffered Mediation and having laid open the irreparable evils of a continued War magnified the Peace of Rotschild as most consentaneous to the present State of affairs and the surest foundation of the future Treaty But both Kings delayed their Answers though he of Denmark did at length reply 20. that he did very willingly accept of the offered Mediation the very name of Peace being most welcome to him but he could not Treat much less Conclude any thing without his Allies and Confederates The truth is he abhor'd the thoughts of the Peace of Rotschild and had obliged himself but lately by a Treaty with the Emperour the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg to make no Peace with the Swedes without mutual consent of the Confederate Princes King Charles seemed no less averse from the Treaty of Rotschild than the Dane and however Montague did daily tamper with him to encline him to it yet his returns were all delatory because he saw the English posted so as he thought their reputation would never permit them to suffer the Dutch Fleet to sail by the sides of their Ships into Coppenhagen and that then his work would be done gratis if they were together by the ears and he free from having signed any Terms for the benefit of England The English Admiral on the other hand apprehending his danger in being engaged to such a disadvantage pressed his Majesty for a clear answer without delay which not receiving and withall finding that King preparing to be gone in person into Funen where entercourse would be long and difficult and continue this inconvenience The Admiral sent him word that he was sorry he could not all that time know his Majesties resolution and that now he was obliged to pursue some other instructions he had and presently weighing Anchor sailed out of the Sound and posted himself in the Cattegat between the Koll and the Town of Guildeley in Zeland As his Fleet passed by Cronenburg the King of Sweden sent Count Brake and Monsieur Post two Senators of his Kingdom to complement the Admiral and wish him good speed in his undiscovered design And within two hours after sent another Boat to him with an Instrument under his hand and seal accepting the mediation of England upoâ— the Terms of the Rotschild Treaty which was in effect welcom to the English Admiral although he had an important reason to remove the Fleet as he did though he had hoped no other advantage thereby For in the Sound where the Fleet was posted
it was found that the Current ran so violently and uncertainly and differently in every small space of distance and the breadth of the water was so little that if the Dutch Fleet had come and he been obliged to fight the place was such as no Pilot knew how to work a Ship in And the other Station a breast of the Koll was good Sea-room and a steady Current for in that place is discernable no tide at all but if the Wind blow from the Ocean the Current runs into the Sound and if it blow out of the Baltick then the Current runs out The English Fleet thus posted and having obtained the consent of the King of Sweden to the Rotschild Treaty the Admiral again enforces the English Mediation upon the King of Denmark who being bound up and over-ruled by his Allies refuses the Terms of the Mediation whereupon the English Admiral according to his Instructions offers a Treaty of Assistance from England to the Swede which I thought fit to insert here WHereas there is a new and unhappy War broken out betwixt his Majesty the King of Sweden and the King of Denmark and that since the said Rupture the King of Sweden hath by his Arms got possession of the Town of Elzineur and Castle of Cronenburg in the Isle of Zeland and obtained thereby the Command of the Sound and hath also beleaguered the City of Coppenhagen yet with this mind and desire to make and conclude with the King of Denmark a good and secure Peace And whereas upon pretence of giving assistance to his Majesty the King of Denmark there is a great and powerful Army consisting chiefly of the Forces of the King of Hungary now Emperour of Germany and of the King of Poland already marched into Holstein and Jutland whereof they have already possession designing also to possess themselves of Funen and Zeland and the strength therein which should they be able to effect it would in all humane probability prove the ruine and loss of the Protestant Interest in those parts and endanger the subversion thereof in all Europe and also be to the destruction of Navigation and Commerce in the Baltick Sea and the King of Denmark himself whose assistance they pretend captivated into the hands of those whose interest obliges them to make a prey of him and his said Majesty the King of Sweden having upon these grounds and to the ends before expressed and in this exigency of affairs in pursuance of a Treaty made at London betwixt the two States on the seventh of July Old stile in the year of our Lord 1656 whereby it is in the first Article thereof among other things agreed that it shall be lawful for either of the said Confederates within the Kingdoms and Countries of the other to hire Ships as well Men of War as Merchant men upon the Terms and Conditions therein expressed desired the Assistance and ayd of his Highness the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland and the dominions and Territories thereunto belonging and for the further setling the Trade and Commerce betwixt the two States 1 It is agreed on either part that for the affording of Ayd and Succour to His Majesty and Kingdom of Sweden His most Serene Highness the Lord Protector shall be obliged to send forthwith towards the Sound a Fleet of Ships of War 2 That the said Fleet or Navy shall at the Charge of his said Highness and Commonwealth of England c. be equipped and fitted forth sufficiently with all things necessary for such an expedition and shall be also from time to time supplied for the keeping and maintenance of them in those Seas until the twenty ninth of September next 3 The said Fleet being come into those Seas they shall ayd and assist His Majesty the King of Sweden in a Defensive way that is to say First they shall do their endeavours to hinder any Forraign Ships of War to joyn themselves with the Fleet of Denmark under what Plag soever it be attempted or on what pretence soever Secondly for the hindering the transportation of any Souldiers or Forces belonging to the Confederate Army under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg into Coppenhagen or any Islands of Denmark Thirdly for preventing of the carrying any Relief or Succour of Money Victuals Souldiers or other provision of War into Coppenhagen Fourthly for the defence of the Swedish Fleet in case they shall be assaulted at Sea or blockt up in Harbour by the Dane or any other in Conjunction with him or separately from him 4 Forasmuch as His Highness and the Commonwealth of England will be at excessive charge in setting forth and managing the foresaid Navy for the attaining the ends aforesaid Therefore by way of Recompence and satisfaction of the charges expended and to be expended And in respect of the other hazards and dangers which may ensue to this Commonwealth by reason of this Assistance It is agreed that the People and Subjects of this Commonwealth from time to time Sailing and Trading coming and going through the Sound or Belt shall not at any time be obliged to pay any Tribute Tolle or Custom Duty or other Charge whatsoever for either Ships or Merchandizes to the King or Kingdom of Sweden or any of his Officers or Ministers whatsoever but shall in their said Passage and Navigation through the said places be treated in manner following 5 That upon the coming of any of the Ships of His Highness and this Commonwealth and the People and Subjects thereof into those parts and at their passage through the Sound or Belt producing their Legal and Authentick Certificates to the Officers of the King of Sweden and to such Officer or Officers as shall be appointed by His Highness to reside at Cronenburg or such other place thereabouts as His Highness shall desire the Commanders Masters and other Officers of such Ships of this Commonwealth as shall so pass shall on such Certificates pay to the Officer or Officers so to be appointed by His Highness such Tolle and Duty as His said Highness shall think fit to appoint which Tolle and Duty shall be for the sole benefit of His Highness and this Commonwealth in recompence of the said Charge and Hazards aforesaid And upon payment of such Tolle or Duty such English Ships shall be suffered to pass without any stop or molestation â— â—hat the People and Subjects of this Commonwealth shall in the â—â—â—ntreys and Dominions of the King of Sweden which either 〈◊〉 are in His possession or hereafter shall come into His possession pay no higher or greater Custom or Duty than the Subjects of Sweden at this time do and be used in all other things as the Subjects of Sweden at this time are â— That His Majesty of Sweden shall shut up the Sound as also the Great and Little Belt and all other Passages into the Baltick Sea and prohibit all Commerce and Navigation through the same to all such who
shall be in Amity with those Confederates or either of them 8 That all the Ports Rivers Roads Harbours and Countryes of Sweden shall be free and open for the English Ships and men to come into reside in and go forth of from time to time as there shall be occasion without any molestation and shall be assisted and furnished with provisions and other necessaries at the same rates that the People â—nd Subjects of the King of Sweden are â— That all reasonable endeavours shall be used by these Confederates â—o withdraw the Elector of Brandenburg and all other Princes â—â—d States from any conjunction with the House of Austria and to Unite them against the said House â— That the said Fleet set out by His Highness as aforesaid shall be continued forth for the purposes aforesaid for so long time as the present season of the year shall permit with respect to the safety of the Fleet and no longer â—he English Admiral was bound up not to admit of any alteraâ—â—â— in the Treaty and the King of Sweden how great soever his â—eed of Englands help was yet immoveably persisted in refusing to sign the Treaty upon these Points First that he could not admit the English the Priviledges in Sweden that all Swedes have because he alledged some sort of Ships were built there in a form particular to be useful in his Wars and for lading Salt also in consideration whereof they had special immunities But he offered to make them equall with the rest of the Nation 2 That he could not exclude their Enemies out of the Baltick Sea For it was not possible for the English alone to suffice for the Commerce of it and if they could yet it was giving them to much advantage in Trade upon his own people and all the bordering Nations upon the Baltick Sea to make them Monopolizers thereof Whilest these things are in discoursing in the Sound the change of Government happened in England and the English Fleet thereby taken off from the prosecution of its first design was made to wait the new directions of the Power then in possession whose Interest differing from the former seemed to espouse that of Holland by undervaluing the Swedes to their very great prejudice But however affairs went in Denmark the struglings at the Hague were no less remarkable which ended at length in a League betwixt the three States to wit England France and the United Provinces Whereby they resolved to perswade or enforce the warring Kings and that against their wills or without consulting with them to a Reconciliation and Peace The Articles of this Convention wherein its Authours shewed they no less minded their own than their Neighbours interest were in all nine The first was May 22 11. 1659. that a Peace should be made betwixt the two Kings upon the foundation of the Rotschild Treaty 2 That the second Article of the said Treaty by which all Forreign hostile Fleets were prohibited to pass the Sound should be wholly exploded and left out or so couched that no Vessels or shipping whatsoever belonging to any of the three States should be comprehended in that restriction but that on the contrary they should be permitted to pass the said Streight at pleasure without any let or interruption 3 That the English Fleet should not joyn it self to either of the two Kings Fleets nor affist nor offend either of them for the space of three whole Weeks counting from the day that notice hereof was given to the Commander in chief of the said Fleet And likewise that the Dutch Fleet which was to be sent for Denmark should observe the same and not joyn with Opdams Fleet who was also to act nothing in prejudice of the Swedes for the said three Months time and that the Fleet to be sent thither should not go to Coppenhagen nor enter the Baltick Sea either by the Sound or by either of the two Belts 4 That the said three States should withdraw all manner of ayd and succours from that King who should refuse equitable terms of Peace and continue so to do until he had declared the contrary 5 That the three States should stand bound for ever for the executing and keeping of the made peace 6 That all Ships whatsoever belonging to the Subjects of the three States as also their Merchandise and lading should be free and exempted in the Sound and both the Belts from any new Impositions or Tolls 7 That England and France should undertake to remove all diffidences and mis-understandings arisen betwixt the King of Sweden and the States General and cause the Treaty of Elbing with its elucidations to be ratified 8 That the three States should use their utmost endeavours to compose the War with Poland as also the difference betwixt the Elector of Brandenburg and the Swedes 9 Lastly that the Articles of this Treaty should be ratified and duly observed by the three States And thus this Treaty notwithstanding the main opposition of the Emperor the Danes and the Brandenburgers Ministers was agreed upon by the three States But being those of England and France did refuse to sign it at present under pretence of waiting further and more plenary Orders from their Principals the States General dispatched an Express to the King of Denmark assuring him that their Fleet. notwithstanding the arrival of Forreign Fleets in the Sound April 29. should follow with the forty Companies designed for his assistance with all possible speed and that they would omit nothing whereby they might remove that oppression that his Kingdom did at present groan under There was no industry omitted for the hastening out of the Dutch Fleet all forreign Commerce and traffick by Sea being forbidden and wholly prohibited until the same were furnished with Marriners This unusual Embargo did extreamly trouble the Merchants especially the Green-land Farers for the season to fish for Whales drew nigh and the loss would be as well great as irrecoverable if it were neglected Seeing therefore that Seamen came but slowly in as unwilling to engage in a War where nothing was to be expected but blows and that they would not be prest as inconsistent with the freedom they pretend they were forced to hire them at excessive rates the price heightening even to forty Guilders a man every moneth At last though with much ado they levied twelve hundred Seamen which were dispersed amongst the Navy which by this time was ready consisting of forty brave Ships of War And now their Land-forces being likewise embarked May 10 3â— they set sail towards Denmark The Danish Agents which resided in Holland had hired several Fluyts and Galliots to carry provisions to Coppenhagen and to transport the Confederate Armies out of Jutland into the Islands but wanting both monies and credit they were stayed behind to the prejudice and dis-reputation of them who were concerned Michael de Ruyter Vice-Admiral of Amsterdam had the present Command of this Fleet for Opdam was absent and
of the two Commonwealths had with communication of the French Embassadour framed a Concept or Form which they called a Project and which we will call so hereafter also upon the Basis of the Rotschild Treaty according to the Conventions agreed on at the Hague This Project or Instrument of Peace they first presented to the King of Denmark who received it and requiring time to deliberate upon it promised an answer The Embassadours hereupon went the same day to the Camp and having obtained Steno Bielke the Swedish Embassadours liberty Aug. 28. for he had been thus long detained prisoner at Coppenhagen took him with them fancying that so great a present would render their coming more acceptable Being entred the Kings Lodging and in the Anti-Chamber his Majesty after a little stay came out to them where Collonel Sidney accompanied with all his Colleagues and the Dutch Embassadours for the French had withdrawn himself after a profound Reverence presented him a Rowl of Paper being the aforesaid Project The King asked what Papers they were Sidney answered that they contained the desires of the three States But the King replied with a stern countenance if it be the Project for Peace I will not receive it And adding told the English as for you I will not refuse your Mediation as long as you continue in the terms of friendship but will suffer no Arbitrators And then turning to the Dutch subjoyned as for you being you are my Enemies I absolutely refuse to receive you as Mediators and to them all You make your Projects in your Fleets and I clapping his hand upon his Sword wear mine at my side Having said this he left the Embassadours and turning suddenly from them went to the other side of the room The Dutch Embassadours following him said we are not your Majesties Enemies and shall â—prove your best friends The King looking fiercely upon them answered my Embassadours are unworthily used and you are suffered to go and come at pleasure Slingland replied to this We need fear nothing from a generous Prince and the King abruptly I have no great resentments of generosity for such Enemies The Embassadours would not provoke the offended King any further but retiring with a profound and respectful Reverence left the presence where His Majesty having given Bielke his hand to kiss rallied with his great Officers most of them having been present at this audience upon this unusual rencounter This indignity of offered the Embassadours was seconded with another though not so considerable They were scarce got into their Coaches when it was told them that the Trumpeter who waited upon them was thrown into prison Being surprised with this Novelty they sent me to the King to complain of this violence and breach of the Law of Nations But the Trumpeter was immediately released and his detension excused having happened without the Kings knowledge and done by the Generals command not with an intent to affront the Embassie but because he belonged to the Garrison of Coppenhagen which was very true The Danes were over-joyed with this ill treatment of the Embassadours fancying that the Dutch would now employ their Forces against the common Enemy without any further intermission as well in revenge of their own injuries as to assist their Confederates In the mean time Posts were dispatched into all parts with the news of this encounter the circumstances of it being aggravated according to the several passions of the interessed The States General were most netled at it as being most concerned and did not fail to exaggerate the affront done to the Embassadours of the three States by their Ministers in England and France as an indignity common to them all But the Mediators how ever ill received at their former Audience did not yet despair of a desired issue to their negotiation They knew the King of Sweden was not wholly averse from Peace for he had several times professed he had not espoused his Conquests provided he did not quit them without a compensation but from the manner of compassing it and he was not against the officious intervention of Mediators though he could not endure the Umpirage of their Arbitration The Dutch therefore seeing that he would never admit of their Mediation unless the ancient Correspondence and Amity betwixt him and them were first restored drew a form of reconciliation which should put an end to all their former misunderstandings and Controversies and sending it to Rosenhaen by the French Embassadour wrote also to him that they purposed to come to the Camp to perfect the Treaty of Elbing and its Elucidations and also to endeavour to accommodate the differences betwixt the two Kings But being they perceived that the King of Sweden looked upon the States as parties and their Ministers for that reason as improper for the Negotiation in hand and that it seemed not good to His Majesty to assent to the aforesaid elucidations before the difference betwixt himself and the States General were removed and the ancient friendship betwixt the two Nations restored and being they doubted whether their coming to the Camp at that time might be acceptable or not they thought good to send an Instrument of reconciliation with a promise that they would sign it as soon as the Peace betwixt the two Kings was concluded The day following the Dutch Embassadours being informed that the King had not only laid by his choller but that also he desired their return to his Court sent me to him to know whether their coming to the Camp would be agreeable to his Majesty or not Aug. 31. And whether they should be received according to their dignities in case they came I being returned and having brought word that all was as they desired the Heeren Slingland and Huybert went to the Camp where being civilly received by the Courtiers they were immediatly introduced into the Kings presence where having first condoled with him for the death of the Duke of Holsteyn his father in Law they urged what concerned the illustrations of the Treaty of Elbing the Peace betwixt the two Crowns and the reconciliation betwixt His Majesty and the States General They most insisted upon the present Treaty and pressed the King that he would be pleased to declare himself as to the main heads of it and grant his Letters of safe conduct for the Danish Commissioners in such manner and form as was required The King answered that he desired nothing more than to cultivate the ancient friendship betwixt Sweden and the United Provinces and had therefore sent Coyet his Embassadour Extraordinary into Holland to represent to the States General themselves the candor of his intentions in that particular As for the Peace he was not averse from it provided it were safe and honourable only he believed that the business would advance best if it were carried on by Commissioners of both sides according to the usual method betwixt the Northern Crowns The Conference being done the Embassadours returned to
yet General Montague declared in the name of his Colleagues that being the Dutch Commissioners would not define according to the Conventions betwixt the two Commonwealths how many of their Ships should joyn with an equal number of English men of War and how many of both Fleets should after the said conjunction be returned home they were resolved wanting also provisions for so great a multitude to send their whole Fleet back into England This he said they did not with an intent to depart from the Conventions betwixt the two Commonwealths or that they had any new design on foot but really forced to it through want of necessaries for the subsistence of so great a Fleet. The Dutch seemingly endeavoured to divert the English from this resolution and shewing them where and in what manner they might procure what provisions they pleased they besought them being the common Interest was to be carried on with common and conjoyned power they would not withdraw theirs seeing that could not be without a diminution of the dignity and credit of the two Commonwealths a weakening of their Mediation with the two Kings and a manifest retarding of the present Negotiation After this several Propositions were made concerning the number of Ships to be left behind and the English were invited to leave only fifteen of theirs whilest the whole Dutch Fleet continued there until further Orders from the States General but yet with this restriction that they should attempt nothing without communication of Councels with the English Plenipotentiaries and being the English were averse from such odds and so them a solemn Instrument of Assurance under their hands and seals and that one of their Commissioners should as a further testimony of their candor and sincerity not only trust his person in the English Fleet but continue in the same to communicate Councels with Montague and deliberate of what should concern the generality of their affairs according to emergencies Sidney did hereupon confess Sept. 5. that they had no Orders to send away their Fleet at all but on the contrary commands to observe the Hagues Convention But Montague of whose mind Honniwood and Boon also was being urged to declare himself answering very ambiguously broke the conference and next day leaving Coppenhagen went to the Sound and having saluted King Charles at Cronenburg where he was royally treated and all his chief Officers and Captains honoured with Presents he sailed with his whole Fleet towards England then full of Commotion and tumult The sudden departure of the Admiral surprised and troubled the minds of all parties The Swedes were grieved that the Sound their Havens and the Sea lay now open to the prevailing Dutch whilest the Danes interpreting all things in the worst sense fancied that Montague was therefore gone because he would not now war against the Swedes now openly refusing Peace and that all those Truces extorted hitherto from the States General had been prolonged in favour of their Enemies The Dutch also seemed to condemn this with-drawing of the English as happening contrary to their Treaties and even then when they were to act by vertue of them But this was but in outward shew for they did inwardly rejoyce that this Imperious Fleet was gone and they at length at liberty to act without controul But Sidney and his Colleagues were more really trouble at the absence of their Forces not being ignorant how weak their disputes were like to prove against an armed Mediation They were also more nearly grieved at the Admirals return as sensible of the great forces he commanded and his averseness to the present Government And truly they were not deceived for whilest all England weary of the tyranny of the Regicides prepared to vindicate their Liberties by Arms requiring tacitely their Prince but openly a Free Parliament Montague being invited and commanded by the King of Great Britain into whose grace and favour he had lately been restored hastened thither with his Naval forces to assist those just however unfortunate endeavours The day after Montague's departure the Commissioners met again in the Tents where the Danes demanded an Answer to their former Proposals declaring withall that their King induced by the desires and perswasions of the Mediators had consented to and would willingly accept of their Project for Peace so far forth as it agreed with the Hagues Conventions They therefore desired to know whether the King of Sweden had likewise done it protesting they would otherwise proceed no further The English and Dutch Embassadours pressed the same urging the Swedes to declare what Orders their King had given in answer to their just Propositions Rosenhaen being thus put to it replied that they had indeed delivered their King the Mediators Project professing further that His Majesty would omit nothing on His part for the compassing of an equitable and honourable Peace to which end he declared that the Mediatours endeavours should be most acceptable to him provided they interposed only when they were required and that as friends not Arbitrators leaving the disposing of affairs to the Commissioners of both Kings This he said was His Majesties resolution who could not chuse but wonder to see that a Treaty made at the Hague by the three States and that without his knowledge should be also obtruded upon him and that without his consent He further added that it was a thing wholly unpractical that Common-wealths should prescribe Laws to Kings at pleasure and never heard of in History that Mediatours should undertake to press or compel dissenting Princes even against their wills to accept of their fancies and conceptions as Laws This therefore being so his Majesty could not answer to those kind of proposals But if they would treat after the old fashion and according to the method hitherto observed betwixt the Northern Crowns he did not doubt but the way to the so much desired Peace would be plain and easie Monsieur Terlon the French Embassadour arrived there at the same time and declared to the Mediators that the Commissioners had truly and fully told them the Kings sense in order to the present transaction as he himself had understood it from His Majesties own mouth at Cronenburg from whence he came adding that he was very angry with Rosenhaen and Bielke for receiving their Project without his orders and had not pardoned them if he had not mainly interceded for them The Dutch Embassadours being returned to Coppenhagen sent Orders to De Ruyter and Everson to act with all their Forces both by Sea and Land against the Swedes and make war upon them where-ever they met with them The next day they gave the English and French Ministers notice of what they had done which could not at all as they affirmed retard the Peace which was being it could not be procured otherwise to be thus sought for according to the intention of the three States In the mean time they perswaded them to continue their endeavours and that with joynt advice
the Military being composed by One who had been publick Minister upon the place during the time of the first War terminated by the Rotschild Treaty in which He was Mediator and during most part of the Second renewed by the Swede upon a pretended inexecution on the Danish part of the said Treaty I have thought good to subjoyn as an useful Appendix to it A Report of the State of Affairs betwixt the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark made by Sir Philip Meadow upon his return into England in December 1669. AFter the Peace concluded at Rotschild in Febr. 1657. Betwixt the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark under the Mediation of England and France to the seeming good contentment of both the Kings The one gaining eminent advantages by the acquisition of a new Territory The other avoiding the imminent peril of the loss of his whole Country I was remanded out of Denmark by express order from England and placed with His Majesty of Sweden with intention to begin a new Mediation betwixt Him the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg and had powers and creditives requisite for that purpose In the mean time new and unexpected jealousies arose betwixt Sweden and Denmark which at last broke forth to an open rupture of the Peace so lately established The beginning of August 1658. His Majesty of Sweden rendezvouz'd a Body of his Army at Kiel in Holsteyn and there embarqu'd them but kept his Design very secret He propounded to me to go along with him which I refused considering that his Design must either be upon Denmark or Prussia in neither of which cases it could be proper for me to accompany Him Not into Denmark for there I had been already Mediator and therefore incongruous for me to have been the Spectator of a breach of the Peace I had so lately concluded without having orders from England suitable to such an emergency Not into Prussia because thither I was designed Mediator and therefore ought not to make my self a party by putting my self in company of an Enemy Whereupon I stopp'd in Germany writing immediately into England to communicate what had passed and attending further Orders During these traverses the old Protector fell sick and incapable of making reflection upon affairs in those quarters and soon after died But as soon as I had received new Orders and Creditives from England I embarqued at Travemond and returned for Denmark in quest of His Majesty of Sweden The latter end of October 1658. Admiral Opdam with the Dutch Fleet consisting of about 38 men of War and 70 small Merchant-men and Fluyts upon which were embarqued 3000 Land souldiers passed the Sound and after a sharp encounter with the Swedish Fleet arrived at Coppenhagen Thus was Sweden engaged at the same time in a War with the Emperour Pole Brandenburger Moscovite Dane and Hollander But this powerful arming of our Neighbour-State awakened us in England to consider that we also had an interest to preserve in the Baltick Sea which we had no more reason to believe that the Hollander would do for us at his own charges than that he would imbarque himself in so expensive a War without expecting some satisfactory considerations of return from Denmark Besides though we were willing to see Coppenhagen relieved yet we were not sure the Hollanders assistance would be bounded there and could not be willing to see the King of Sweden ruined by the combined force of so many Enemies The States General made it their work and business absolutely to assist the Dane and never made any overture of accommodation betwixt the two Kings nor had as yet any publick Minister upon the place by whom to do it But England steers in this affair another course propounds not a direct Assistance but a Peace Has no design to make the King of Sweden Master of Denmark for on the contrary the conservation of Denmark is the common Interest both of England and Holland But the proper Interest of England was so to make a Peace as not to suffer the Dane to be ruined by the Swede nor to suffer the Swede to be ruined by the Hollander or in the conditions of the Peace to be subjected to such Laws as he should impose upon him at pleasure but to preserve Sweden not only as a ballance upon the House of Austria which is the common interest of England and France but as the counterpoise upon the Confederate Naval strength of Holland and Denmark which is the peculiar interest of England And besides this England had another interest in this Affair viz. To enable the King of Sweden so to retire himself out of so unhappy a War and upon such equitable terms and conditions as might have both capacitated him and obliged him to give us some reasonable satisfaction and recompence in consideration of the great expences we were necessitated to be at for the securing of his interest together with our own And indeed the most visible medium at that time for stopping the progress of a War betwixt Sweden and Holland and taking up the differences betwixt Sweden and Denmark was a Fleet from England In November 1658. A Fleet of twenty Frigats was sea out under Vice-Admiral Goodson who coming to the height of the Scaw found he could not enter the Cataget for the abundance of Ice and so was constrained to return without effecting any thing only that this warlike appearance from England stopped the 4000 men and twelve ships of War which were ready in the Texel designed for the Baltick under the command of de Ruyter During this I had proposed to both Kings the Mediation of England for composing a second-time the differences betwixt the two Crowns which both of them freely accepted But I could never induce the King of Denmark to treat seperately with the King of Sweden alone he always insisting upon the comprehension and admission of all his Allies to the same Treaty which was directly against the letter of my Instructions In January 1658. A Treaty was made betwixt France and England for re-establishing a Peace betwixt the two Northern Kings upon equitable terms Wherein it was particularly provided that if upon occasion of the succours sent or hereafter to be sent from England to the King of Sweden in order to such a Peace a War should arise with any other Forraign Prince or State France together with England should declare such Prince or State their common Enemy The beginning of April 1659. The Fleet under General Mountague arrived in the Sound My Instructions were to propound a particular Treaty betwixt the two Crowns because a general one in order to an Universal Peace would have been at that time tedious and impracticable and the Peace to be established in pursuance of this particular Treaty was to be under the conditions and qualifications of the Rotschild Treaty as the most proper Medium for accommoding all differences Besides both France and England esteemed it most honourable to assert and
maintain that Peace wherein they had been joint Mediators The issue of my Negotiations was this The K. of Denmark absolutely refused to treat sperately with Sweden the K. of Sweden declares himself willing to treat but not willing to accept of the Rotschild Treaty as the terms and conditions of the Peace Pretending that this would be tacitly to accuse His last enterprise upon Denmark of injustice for if the Dane gave the occasion of the War by entring into new practises and combinations with his Enemies after the former Peace made which he avers they did though both Kings as is usual in such cases highly protest the right of their Cause and the justice of their Armes then sayes he I ought to have better security for the future that the Dane by an innate animosity and desire of revenge fomented by other States start not out upon every occasion to traverse my designs and work me mischief when they shall find me intangled in a remote War as formerly in Poland especially being contiguous with Sweden and so most capable of doing me hurt Besides that He pretended satisfaction for the loss of Thoren and a considerable part of Prussia occasioned by this diversion of his Arms in Denmark As also for the loss of these opportunities in Germany during the vacancy of the Empire which He might have improved by the presence of His Army in those parts and the assistance of France and his other Allies either to have turned aside the Succession from the House of Austria his Hereditary Enemy or to have capitulated advantages for himself with the Emperour that was to be Elected or at least wise to have prevented the conjunction and confederacy betwixt the now Emperour and the Electour of Brandenburg Many other difficulties lay in the way of the Rotschild Treaty amongst which it was not the least that the King had already disposed of to the Officers of his Court and Army the Lands in Schonen and Bleking which by the Treaty of Rotschild are reserved to their respective Proprietors viz. the Danish Nobility However after many instances and solicitations together with the advantage of the Report which was about this time confirmed from all hands that the Peace betwixt France and Spain was intended in good earnest which might probably oblige England to retire home their forces for their own security and slacken any assistance from France and so Sweden left alone to contest with so many Enemies His Majesty began at last to hearken to the Proposition of the Rotschild Treaty and by a Paper in writing signed by His Commissioners bearing date the 21 of April in answer to a former Memorial of mine expresly accepted the said Treaty but then subjoyned to the words of acceptance a provisional clause of better security than what was formerly granted him by the bare disposition of the Rotschild Treaty Which clause I not being satisfied with as that which might be interpreted as elusory of the fore-going words His Majesty soon after declared to me that as to point of future security He would acquiess in the special Garranty of England and France which I had power also to offer Him on the part of England In pursuance of the Instructions sent upon the Fleet under General Mountague and the better to facilitate the work of the Peace by engaging the States General to act in Consort with England and France A Treaty was concluded at the Hague the 11 of May 1659. Betwixt the three States in order to re-establish a Peace betwixt the two Northern Kings upon the root and foundation of the Rotschild Treaty There Weeks time was limited to the Negotiation of the publick Ministers upon the place after the expiration of which Term neither England nor the States were to assist either of the Kings who should refuse the Peace during his refusal The King of Sweden though unbeknown to the States General had already assented to treat upon the foot and foundation of the Rotschild Treaty his safe Conducts prepared his Commissioners nominated I as Mediator propounded Fredericksburg for the place of the Treaty which the King also accepted The Dutch Deputies Extraordinary from the States General to the two Kings who arrived about this time made their instances and applications to his Majesty of Denmark as I had formerly also done to draw from him a suitable concurrence to the Rotschild Treaty But that King still persisted in the same resolution not to treat separately but propounded an Universal Treaty at which the Ministers of his respective Allies and Confederates might be present and to this end nominated Lubec for the place of a general Assembly I urged upon the Dutch Deputies the fourth Article of the Treaty of the Hague wherein 't is covenanted that no assistance was to be given to the Prince that should refuse a Peace upon just and reasonable conditions which reasonable conditions are by the first Article to be expounded the Treaty at Rotschild Now he who refuses to treat which in this case according to the sense of the three Estates was to treat separately refuses a Peace upon what conditions soever The Deputies were at accord with me that His Majesty of Denmark continuing in that resolution their Fleets could no longer assist him and wrote to General Opdam their Commander in chief to the same effect who at that time was with his Fleet in the Belt He notwithstanding continued still to favour under-hand the Dane but durst not so vigorously and openly assist him as otherwise he would partly by reason of the contrary Advise and Orders which he had received from the Deputies of the States but more especially because over-awed by the presence of the English Fleet. This suspension of Assistance on the part of the Hollander though the English Fleet remained Neutral and acted nothing onely obliged the other to the performance of Covenants gave the Swede some considerable advantages who upon this opportunity reduced the Isles of Moenen Falster and Laland together with the capital Town of Naskow under his obedience The truth is the Dutch Deputies found themselves engaged in some difficulties for whereas they supposed that the King of Sweden would have been the refuser of the Treaty and consequently the English Fleet bound up from giving him any Assistance which was the main thing they aimed at and the King of Denmark the accepter and consequently the Dutch Fleet at liberty to assist him they found the quite contrary and so had tied up their own hands by their Treaty made at the Hague This was the state of Affairs in the Northern parts at the time of the Change of the Government here in England and the Parliaments being restored to their former authority And this was the true season of ripening things to a conclusion and if the Negotiation had continued still in the same train and method that is if the Parliament had either immediately sent new powers to me to act according to my former Instructions viz.
the Rotschild Treaty or forthwith dispatched some other person or persons to pursue the same it had certainly issued to a Peace For England France Sweden yea and Holland too being at accord concerning the Medium of the Peace it was not possible that the Dane should stand it out long But no persons appearing from England and I having no authorities from the Parliament the Dutch Deputies began to seek evasions When I urged upon them that they ought not to assist the refusing King their only Reply was this that by the first Article of the Treaty at the Hague the Ministers upon the place were to use their utmost diligence and endeavour with both the Kings which said they I had done with the King of Sweden but not with the King of Denmark which was a meer shift because they knew I could not at that time go to Coppenhagen being destitute of Creditives And now they held themselves no longer obliged by the Treaty at the Hague but de Ruyter with a new Fleet of forty men of War enters the Belt joyns with Admiral Opdam passes on to Coppenhagen all which was expresly against the letter of the said Treaty True it is that about the middle of June 1659 I received a Letter from the Councel of State directed to my self authorizing me to continue my Negotiation with the two Kings as formerly till further order from the Parliament or Councel of State but I neither had Creditives nor Commission nor any thing to exhibit to either of the Kings whereby to constitute and legitimate me as the publick Minister of this Commonwealth And now the Negotiation for the Peace was at a long pause and our Fleet in the mean time at an Anchor in the Sound Only because His Majesty of Denmark had always insisted upon an Universal Treaty in reference to a general Peace His Majesty of Sweden gave me a Declaration in writing which I sent to the Councel of State June the 28 in which he also declared himself willing to treat a general Peace This he did of his own accord not at my instance for all my Instructions directad me only to a particular Treaty betwixt the 2 Crowns His Majesty told me moreover that in case England and France would obtain for him a general Peace in which said Peace he propounded to himself no more than that things betwixt Him the Emperour and the Electour of Brandenburg should return to their former estate without any further demands on either side and for the Pole he should only give him some equitable recompence for the places he should surrender to him in Pruss He would not only admit the Dane to the Rotschild Treaty but release something considerable in the said Treaty in consideration of a general Peace But in case of a separate Treaty with Denmark he would remit nothing of the Rotschild Treaty The 20. of July 1659. The Commissioners Plenipotentiary arrived in the Sound which was three months after the Change of the Government here in England I was put out of the Commission for the Mediation and had Creditives sent me only as Resident A little before this viz. the fourth of the said Moneth a new Treaty was made at the Hague by which the King of Sweden was to restore not only what he had gaine upon the Dane by this last War but also the Island of Bruntholm with the Government of Drontheym in Norway with all its appurtenances a Country of near 200 English miles extent which was formerly granted him by the Rotschild Treaty and by authentick Acts of State incorporated in the Crown of Sweden Besides the remission of the 400000 Ryxdollers which the Dane had formerly promised to pay for satisfaction of damages done to the Swede in Guinea The King of Sweden was also to admit the States General to the Treaty made at Elbing and the Elucidations thereof made at Thoren and both States viz. England and Holland reciprocally oblige themselves not only not to assist the refuser but to compel by joynt force of Arms to an acceptance of the foresaid conditions And thus the State of Affairs was quite altered and new obstacles interposed in the way of the Peace For I. Both Kings were highly dis-satisfied with this manner of proceeding For whereas the first Treaty at the Hague of the eleventh of May was never propounded to either of the Kings as that which should bind or oblige them but only made use of by Me as a private Instruction this was not only publikely propounded but was to be obtruded by a compulsory force England and Holland making themselves not Mediators but Umpires and Arbitrators of the quarrel betwixt the two Kings which they interpreted to a diminution of their Soveraignty by erecting a superiority over them But the King of Sweden was most of all disgusted because England without any concert or communication had with him enters into a Treaty with his open Enemies for so at that time he reputed the States General to impose upon him by a conjoint force Laws and Conditions which he judges altogether unreasonable II. Whereas the King of Sweden had already accepted of the Rotschild Treaty conform to the Agreement made at the Hague of the eleventh of May though not under the notion and formality of the Treaty at the Hague as obligatory upon him but as the counsel and advice of England his faithful Allies and upon the King of Denmark's refusal had in prosecution of the War gained notable advantages upon him the King of Sweden expected both to have profited by his acceptance of the Peace at the instance of England and by the advantages of the War he having after the refusal of the King of Denmark reduced Moenen Falster and Laland Whereas a new Treaty is made at the Hague of the fourth of July in prejudice of the accepting King to clog the Peace on his part with new and burdensome conditions and these to be forcibly imposed upon him in favour of the Refuser Besides that England recoils from their own Agreement and sayes the King as they have made a second so they may still make a third and a fourth Treaty at the Hague III. The tedious and unnecessary delayes which have been used have been a great obstruction in the way of the Peace For if the Peace betwixt the two Crowns had been concluded in the Spring of the year the King of Sweden had had time enough to have transported his Army into Pomeren to have taken the Campagn there to have prevented the infal of the Imperial Army and to have provided Winter quarters for his Troops But the Summer being almost pass'd before the arrival of the Plenipotentiaries and the Peace to be begun anew upon another foot which would necessarily require some longer time The King of Sweden was to seek what to have done with his Army to disband them was not reasonable because though he had made Peace with Denmark yet he had still War with the Emperour Pole
and Brandenburger In Sweden there was no subsistence for them to transport them into Pomeren and there take the Field he could not for the Imperial Army was much superiour to his in strength and had already seized the principal Passes of the Country and was absolutely Master of the Campagne And to have put them into Garisons which above two parts in three consisted of Horse the want of forage had ruined them in few days So that now the King of Sweden holds close to Denmark First as a quarter to his Troops Secondly as a place of refuge and security putting himself upon the Defensive as it were intrenched within those Islands not having strength sufficient to appear before his Enemy upon the Terra firma Thirdly as a Gage or Pledge for the restitution of what he had lost in Pomeren And I have reason to believe that as things now stand the War betwixt Denmark and Sweden will hardly be accommodated but by a general Peace In the mean time I humbly conceive that England in the management of this business hath departed from their proper Interest and that upon these following grounds I. We have wholly dis-obliged the Swede who is Englands counterpoise against the Dane and Hollander The Hollander is sure that the Dane will alwayes side with him against England witness the Arrest of our Merchant-men in the Sound in 1653. We ought to be as sure of the Swede and though not to assist him in the conquest of Denmark yet so to have managed the business of a Peace as to have firmly engaged him in our Interests II. We have lost our reputation It had been honourable for England to have maintained the Rotschild Treaty in which we were Mediators But to equip a mighty Fleet of forty of our best men of War and to keep them out at Sea six Months together to the amazement of all our Neighbouring States without effecting any thing failing of our End and Design is wholly inglorious III. We have lost our Expences The King of Sweden never supposed that England would be at all those vast charges without expecting any return from him but freely propounded several advantages in point of Trade and Commerce by way of recompence and amongst others propounded that the Pitch and Tar and the whole growth and production of Sweden which is for the apparel and equipage of Shipping should be sold at a regulated price to English Merchants only by which means London might have become the Staple of those Commodities But we on the contrary have barr'd our selves from accepting any thing of priviledge or advantage though it be only ratione oneris upon the accompt of our expences and so to be considered as a re-imbursement For by the Agreement of the Hague of the fourth of July England is to compel the King of Sweden to admit the States General to the Treaty at Elbing And by the express letter of the Treaty of Elbing the King of Sweden is obliged to admit the people of the United Netherlands to the same priviledges and advantages which he either hath or shall hereafter grant to any other Forraign Nation whatsoever IV. We oblige cour selves to force the King of Sweden to admit the States General to the Elbing Treaty notwithstanding that by that Treaty the former Treaties made betwixt Queen Christina and the States General one at Stockholm 1640 and the other at Suderacre 1645 are expresly renewed and re-confirmed Both which are Treaties of mutual Defence and by vertue of which in case England become hereafter engaged in a War against Holland the King of Sweden will be obliged to assist Holland against us with four thousand men at his own charges V. We have lost our Opportunity of making the Peace England was once in a manner Arbitrator of this whole affair England propounds the Rotschild Treaty as the Medium of the Peace Holland though very unwilling yet is necessitated to assent thereto For to think that Holland who was in actual War with Portugal and Sweden would at the same time break with England when back'd with France especially his most confident Ally the Dane being reduced to that extremity as to become instead of a help a charge and burthen is to suppose that which is Morally and Politically impossible But as the case now stands England is the least in this business all that we pretend to is to be included in the States Generals Treaty of Elbing wherein they are Principals and we but Accessories VI. We play advantages into the hands of the Hollander our Rival State and that only which stands in the eye and aym of England's greatness For besides the Treaty of Elbing which we engage to obtain for him The Hollander obliges us also to see Drontheym restored to the Dane In which the Hollander consults his own utility for Schonen is the Country which the King of Denmark would have restored but the Hollander profits more by Drontheym when in the King of Denmark's hands than the King of Denmark himself both in point of Trade and in Levies of Men For during the late War betwixt England and Holland the Dutch had seldome less than two or three thousand of those Norwegians in the service of their Fleets Besides that the greatest part or the whole of the Revenue of Drontheym is oppignorated to the Merchants of Amsterdam for debt And indeed the whole Kingdom of Denmark is become so obnoxious upon the accompt of vast Debts that it is in a manner at the disposition of Holland The States General have steered an even and direct course to their Interest They have maintained their Ally they have not only secured Denmark from the power of Sweden but secured it to themselves And being secure of Denmark are now assuring Sweden to themselves also having already weakened the near Amity and correspondence which was betwixt England and Sweden Whereas we after all our Expences are so far from being sure of the friendship of either of the Kings that we are sure of the ill-will of both Of the Dane for appearing with an armed Fleet in the Interests of Sweden of the Swede for no sooner appearing but deserting him They have also obtained their Treaty at Elbing which in rigour of justice they could not pretend to for they themselves formerly refused to ratifie it in due time And to crown all they have heightened their reputation by rendring themselves Masters of their Design We on the contrary have lost our Friend lost our Expences lost our Business lost our Reputation From whence I conclude that in the management of this Affair we in England have departed from Our proper Interest FINIS A Catalogue of Books Printed for and are to be Sold by Thomas Basset at the George in Fleet-street near Cliffords-Inn Folio ' s. 1. 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Treaty that no Agreement is like to be made thereupon Then Sir Philip Meadow as We have directed him by your Instructions to him shall in Our name propound the Treaty of Rotschild to be the Terms of a Peace to be now setled between them with such Alterations as shall be found necessary upon occasion of the War since faln out between the said two Kings perswading both of them to center therein as that which is the likeliest means as affairs now stand to put an end to this unhappy and unchristian War And this you as Admiral of the Fleet shall also let both the Kings know And also that you shall be obliged by your Instructions to oppose that Party which shall refuse a reasonable Peace upon these grounds We holding our self engaged to propound this Treaty in respect We were one of the Mediators thereof 4 In case the said two Kings can be brought to a Treaty then a Cessation of all acts of Hostility is to be endeavoured between them in which Cessation it is to be expressed that no part of the Forces under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg and that Confederate Army be transported into Zeland Funen or any other of the Isles where now the King of Sweden hath footing and that no relief of Men or Shipping be put into Coppenhagen nor any attempt made upon either of the said Kings by the Forces of any Prince or State whatsoever And you are authorized to use your endeavours that the Terms of the said Cessation be observed and to oppose whomsoever shall go about to break the same 5 And whereas We find that One great difficulty which the King of Denmark makes about treating separately with Sweden is because of his engagement to his Allies We have directed the said Sir Philip Meadow to let him know That this Peace being once concluded yea whilest it is Treating We shall use Our best endeavours to reconcile the King of Sweden unto the King of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg and do not doubt but something very effectually may be done therein But we conceive it of absolute necessity in the first place to agree the said two Kings without which it is impossible to imagine that any peace at all can any way be concluded on And we hope that the States General of the United Provinces will likewise agree herein 6 You shall also take the first opportunity to deal very seriously with the King of Sweden touching his present War in Denmark letting him know that We apprehend it very dangerous both for him and all his Allies in respect of the great Combinations that are made against him both by Land and Sea which in all probability he will not be able to defend himself against And that whosoever comes in to his assistance must expect to engage himself in a War with Holland and those other States which are the Allies of Denmark being a War which at this time this Nation is in no condition to engage in nor is the Parliament now sitting satisfied so to do And that therefore the Counsell which We as his true Friend and Ally do find necessary to give him at this time is That he will apply himself to make a reasonable Peace with the King of Denmark upon the Treaty of Rotschild which We at his own desire did in some sort become the Garranty of Letting him further know that in case his Majesty shall not think fit to follow this Counsel We cannot satisfie Our self to give him any assistance the consequence whereof will be so great upon this Nation And in case the Dutch will be perswaded to say as much to the King of Denmark We doubt not but matters will be brought to a happy issue in those parts 7 In case the King of Denmark shall refuse to treat upon the Terms before expressed you shall let him know That although We have not interested Our self in this present War but have carried Our self as Neuter betwixt him and the King of Sweden Yet now We find the Interest of this Commonwealth so much concerned in this War That We held Our self obliged to make use of all the means God hath put into Our hands to put an end thereto And that having done what lies in Our power by Our Ministers in a friendly way without success We have found Our self necessitated to give assistance to the King of Sweden as Our Friend and Ally who having declared himself willing to make Peace upon the Terms of the Rotschild Treaty We thought it not for the Common good nor for the interest of England to suffer him to be opprest and totally ruined by the conjunction of so great and powerful Forces against him 8 And upon this state of the case and having by your self or Sir Philip Meadow Our said Envoy used your best endeavour as aforesaid for making a Peace And if the King of Sweden shall give satisfaction upon the Terms of Assistance you shall then with the Fleet under your Command assist the King of Sweden in a defensive way in the manner expressed in the following Article 9 You shall with the Fleet under your Command either alone or in conjunction with the Swedish Fleet hinder what in you lies the transporting of any part of the Confederate Army under the Command of the Elector of Brandenburg or by whom else the same is commanded into the Isles of Zeland and Funen or into any other of the places now possessed by the Swedes And if any attempt shall be made to do it you shall use the force that is in your hand to withstand and prevent it by whomsoever it shall be attempted 10 In case the Fleet of the King of Sweden shall be attempted by the Dane or by the Fleet of any other State separately or in conjunction with the Dane you shall use the Force which God hath given you to defend him 11 You shall also labour by the Fleet under your Command to hinder the carrying of any Succour or relief into Coppenhagen until the King of Denmark shall be willing to Treat upon the Terms expressed in the former Article and are hereby impowred to fight with any such as shall endeavour to carry in any such relief as aforesaid And are also impowred to authorize such number of the Fleet as you shall judge necessary under the Flag of Sweden to joyn with the Fleet of Sweden to pursue and assault his enemies for the better accommodating of the Termes of Peace as aforesaid 12 And because Our intention is to manage this business by Counsel and Correspondence with the States General of the United Provinces as also to prevent any further Engagement between the King of Sweden and the Lords the States in a Hostile way We have directed our Resident at the Hague to propound to the said States General that they will joyn with England and France in the making of this Peace upon the grounds of the Treaty of Rotschild and that in order
thereto they will not send to the King of Denmark any assistance further till the issue of Our joynt endeavours for a Peace be seen nor go into those parts with a Fleet to take part with any side which We have also expressed Our self resolved to do And have accordingly given you direction by the fore-going third Instruction And have also desired of them to agree that their Fleet shall not sail into the Sound or Baltick Sea ut remain in some convenient place without in expectation of the Conclusion of the Peace whereunto We hope they will agree and give Instructions to their Admiral to conform thereto and to hold a good and friendly correspondence with you in the management of this business you shall therefore in case you shall either meet with the Fleet of the said Lords the States at Sea by the way thither or shall arrive in the Sound or those parts before them you shall hold a good and friendly Correspondence with them sending to the Admiral upon your first descrying of their Fleet at Sea and letting him know that you are come into those parts to endeavour a Peace between the two Crowns of Sweden and Denmark without taking either side or giving assistance to either if it be possible to make the Peace without it and further that We have ordered the Treaty of Rotschild to be propounded as the Termes of the Peace to be made between them with such alterations as are necessary the management whereof between the two Kings is left by Us to Our Publick Minister upon the place And that you hope he is come with the same mind and intentions and that the Lords his Superiours have given him Instructions to conform thereunto And that he will accordingly declare himself and joyn with you for the making of this Peace upon the terms aforesaid in such a way as may be most likely to effect it and prevent all jealousie between England and the United Provinces whilest these endeavours are on foot And in order thereunto you are to desire the said Admiral That by agreement with you he will not give any assistance to either side either by Men Ships or otherwise nor endeavour to go with his Fleet into Coppenhagen or into the Sound or Baltick Sea lest further Hostility fall out betwixt the Swede and him but that they will remain without the Sound and Belt until it can be seen whether by your joint endeavours a Peace may be concluded betwixt them or until some other certain way of management of this affair may be agreed upon between you and him conducible to the ends aforesaid Engaging likewise to him that you will give no assistance on either side nor remove the station of the Fleet from the place which shall be agreed upon between you until the issue of the Treaty be seen as aforesaid But in case the Admiral or Commander in Chief of the said Dutch Fleet shall not hearken to these terms But shall with their Fleet endeavour to go through the Sound or Belt for the relieving of Coppenhagen assaulting the Swedes Fleet or giving other assistance to the Dane or that the Danes Fleet with the Dutch Ships already there shall endeavour to joyn with the said Fleet of the States General for the purpose aforesaid you shall in any of those cases by way of assistance to the Swede use your force for the hindring thereof 13 Incase you shall find the Dutch Fleet and their new Succours for Denmark to be arrived in those parts before you and that they have relieved Coppenhagen and joyned themselves to the Dane contrary to those intentions and Propositions made in pursuance thereof expressed to Our Resident at the Hague you shall let the Dutch Admiral also know your intentions of coming into those Seas and desire him to joyn with you in the promoting thereof according to the twelfth Instruction But if that be refused or delayed beyond what the nature and condition of affairs will admit you shall give assistance to Sweden upon the Terms before expressed Or if whilest you are debating these things with the Dutch or during the Treaty with Sweden about an assistance any endeavours be used to transport the Forces under the Elector of Brandenburg and to fight the King of Sweden you shall oppose it by force either by your self or in conjunction with Sweden by whomsoever it be attempted 14 And in respect there may many cases fall out wherein We at this distance and upon affairs subject to so great Changes and uncertainties cannot give particular Instructions you are in cases which are omitted or not well explained to have your eye in the determination thereof upon Our General scope which lies in two things to wit the making of a good Peace between the said two Kings wherein we desire a good Correspondence with the Lords the States General and their Forces which shall be in those parts And secondly if it shall please God to bring things to that pass that you shall find your self obliged by the tenour of your Instructions to give assistance unto Sweden that you so manage it that before you engage the Fleet in Action the King of Sweden do agree and Authentickly ratifie the Treaty herewith delivered to you lest that after any part of his work be done he should refuse to do what in justice may be expected from him However for preventing of the transportation of the forces under the Elect. of Brandenburg as aforesaid or for executing your 12th Instruction you are authorized to engage the Fleet although the said Treaty should not be agreed 15 In case that the refractoriness to the Peace shall be on the part of the King of Sweden endeavour shall be used to settle things so with the King of Denmark and the States General that the Treaty betwixt Denmark and this State may he observed and that whatsoever advantages are granted to the States General in point of Trade and Commerce may be likewise granted to this State and the same security given to Us for the performance thereof letting them know that otherwise We shall be obliged to provide for Our own Interest and this We have directed Sir Philip Meadow to transact who shall also follow such advice as you shall think fit to give him therein 16 As to matter of salutes betwixt Our Fleet and the King of Swedens as also for what will be necessary to be agreed touching the manner of your Conjunction with the Swedes in case it shall fall out you joyn with them you are to do therein what shall be found necessary and agreeable to the Honour of this Commonwealth as you in your judgment and direction shall think fit 17 You shall in case of meeting with any Ships of War belonging to any Forreign State in the British Seas take care that the Honour of this Nation be preserved by causing them to strike their Flag and lower their Top-sail as is accustomed and in case of refusal you shall