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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
enemy_n	wound_a	wound_v	yield_v	14	3	6.3006	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A42668	The history of four-footed beasts and serpents describing at large their true and lively figure, their several names, conditions, kinds, virtues ... countries of their breed, their love and hatred to mankind, and the wonderful work by Edward Topsell ; whereunto is now added, The theater of insects, or, Lesser living creatures ... by T. Muffet ...; Historie of foure-footed beasts	Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625?; Topsell, Edward, 1572-1625? Historie of serpents.; Gesner, Konrad, 1516-1565. Historia animalium Liber 1. English.; Gesner, Konrad, 1516-1565. Historia animalium Liber 5. English.; Moffett, Thomas, 1553-1604. Insectorum sive minimorum animalium theatrum. English.; Rowland, John, M.D.	1658 (1658)	Wing G624; ESTC R6249	1,956,367	1,026

seeing the Emperor was delighted with the Beasts of Marius and would now and then make mention of the Mule at length it came to a common jest to call a double diligent servant Mulus Mari 〈…〉 s. The Italians do commonly call those men Mules which are base born and not by lawful marriage Concerning the disposition of Mules it is well observed by Aristotle that Mules are always tame and if at any time they be more wilde they abate their untameable 〈…〉 re by drinking of Wine because by the operation of the Wine their heels and hard parts do resolve and grow soft by the same reason that Ape● by drinking of Wine Mose their nails and men accustomed to drunkenness fall into palsies for there is such a dispersing and discussing nature in Wine that it dissolveth all nerves and hard things in the bodies of Beasts even as water dissolveth hard fruits and Pease and Vinegar maketh lead as soft as an Egge that it may be drawn through a Ring and such is the nature of Mules that after they have drunk Wine they feel themselves disarmed and therefore give over to resist because by kicking backwards they receive more harm then they give and thus the guiltiness of their own weakness maketh them gentle against their wills for otherwise they hate mankinde and are nothing so tractable as Horses For Varro saith that they have so much confidence in their heels that by them alone they kill Wolves when they come among them Mules were wont to be used for plowing and for carrying both of men and burthens but now in most parts of Europe Judges and great Princes ride upon them until they be old and then they sell them to the poor men who turn them into the Mountains where they suffer them to run wilde till their hoofs be hardned for long travails and then they take them up again They have been also accustomed to ploughing according to these verses Quantum mularum sulcus praecedit in arvo Tantum is praecurrit For the Mules did plough more speedily and come to the lands end more quickly then either the Ox or Horse And Martiall saith that they were used in Carts to draw Timber according to these verses Vixque datur longas Mulorum vincere mandras Quaeque trahi multo marmora fune vides They were also used in race at the games of Olympus as we have already shewed in the story of the Horse but that custom dyed quickly because that the Arcadians could not endure Mules The price of Mules was great for Crispine saith Juvenul gave six thousand pieces of mony for a Mule and yet he saith it was not well worth six pound the verses of Juvenal are these Crispinus Mulum sex millibus emit Aequantem sane paribus sestertia libris Vt perhihent qui de magnis majora loquuntur The Cappadocians payed to the Persians every year besides Silver and Gold fifteen hundred Horses two thousand Mules and fifty thousand Sheep but the Medians payed twice so much The dwarfish Mules called Ginni were also much set by not for use but only for delight as dwarfs are kept in Noblemens houses When Pysistratus the son of Hippocrates first of all affected Tyranny at Athens and laboured to get the government to himself as he came out of his Countrey being drawn with a Chariot by Mules he wounded himself and his Mules very grievously and so drave them into the Market place shewing his wounded body and Beasts unto the Athenians telling them that so he was wounded by his enemies and that he escaped death very narrowly but if it pleased them to grant him a gard of souldiers to defend his body he would take revenge upon their and his enemies whereunto they yeelded and he having gotten a Band of Souldiers under that pretence presently took upon him the government and Soveraignty To conclude this story of Mules I do read in Aelianus that Serpents do love to feed on the flesh of dead Mules and two things are very eminent in the nature of Mules one of their understanding and the other of their friendship Concerning the first Plutarch relateth this story of a Mule that was accustomed to carry Salt who upon a season going through a water fell down underneath his burden so that the Salt took wet afterwards the Beast perceived how by that means his extream load melted away and so became lighter and lighter afterward the Mule grew to this custom that whensoever he came loaded with Salt over that water he fell down in it for the easing of his carriage his Master perceiving his craft on a day he loaded him with Wool and Spunges and so the Beast coming over the water fell down as he was wont to do with his Salt and coming out of the water he felt his load to grow heavier then it was wont to do in stead of lessening whereat the Beast much mused and therefore never afterward durst lie down in the water for fear of the like increase of his load The other observation of their love and friendship ariseth from the Proverb Mutuum Muli scabunt that is Mules scratch one another and help one another in their extremity from whence cometh our proverb O 〈…〉 good turn asketh another and the Latine proverb Senes mutuum fricant old men rub one another which did arise upon this occasion as Adrian the Emperour so passed a long on a day by a bath he saw an old Souldier in the bath rubbing himself upon a Marble stone for want of a man to help him whereupon in pity of his case he gave him maintenance for himself and a man afterwards other old Souldiers seeing how well their fellow had sped went likewise into the bath before the Emperors eyes and rubbed themselves upon the Marble thinking to get as much favour and liberty as their fellow had gotten but the Emperor seeing them and perceiving their fetches bid them rub one another and thereupon came that proverb And thus much fot the natural discourse of Mules now followeth the medicinal The Medicines of the Mule The dust wherein a Mule shall turn or rowl himself being gathered up and spread or sprinkled upon the body of any one who is ardently and fervently in love will presently asswage and quench his inflaming desire A man or woman being poysoned and put into the belly of a Mule or Camel which is new killed will presently expel away the force of the venom or poyson and will confirm and make strong their decayed spirits and all the rest of their members For as much as the very heat of those Beasts is an Antidote or preservative against poyson The skin or hide of a Mule being put unto places in any ones body which are burned with fire doth presently heal and cure the same it doth also heal sores and grievous ulcers which are not come unto Impostumes The same is an excellent remedy for those whose feet are worn

head The breast is by the French-men called peculiarly Hampan his blood is not like other Beasts for it hath no Fibres or small veins in it and therefore it is hardly congealed His heart is very great as it so falleth out in all fearful Beasts having in it a bone like a Cross as shall be afterward manifested His belly is not of one fashion as it falleth out in all other which chew the cud He hath no gall which is one cause of the length of his life and therefore also are his bowels so bitter that the Dogs will not touch them except they be very fat The Achaian Harts are said to have their gall in their tails and others say that Harts have a gall in their ears The Harts of Briletum and Iharne have their reins quadrupled or four-fold The genital part is all nervy the tail small and the Hinde hath udders betwixt her thighs with four speans like a Cow Both male and female are wonderfully swift and subtile as shall be shewed in the discourse of their hunting They are also apt and cunning to swim although in their swimming they see no land yet do they wind it by their noses They chew the cud like other Beasts It is reported that when a Hart is stung by a Serpent that by eating Elaphoscum that is as some call it Harts-eye other Hart-thorn or grace of God others Wilde Ditany it presently cureth the wound and expelleth the poyson the same vertue they attribute to Polypodie against the wound of a Dart. Having thus entred into mention of their food it is to be farther observed that the males of this kinde will eat Dwall or Night-shade which is also called Deaths herb and they also love above all other food wilde Elder so as in the Summer time they keep for the most part in those places where these plants grow eating the leaves only and not the boughes or sprigs but the Hinde will eat neither of both except when she beareth a male in her belly and then also by secret instinct of nature she feedeth like a male They will also eat Serpents but whether for hatred to them or for medicine they receive by them it is questionable A Hart by his nose draweth a Serpent out of her hole and therefore the Grammarians derived Elaphos a Hart from Elaunein tous opheis that is of driving away Serpents I cannot assent to the opinion of Aelianus that affirmeth the Serpents follow the breath of a Hart like some Philtre or amorous cup for seeing that all Authors hold an hostility in natures betwixt them it is not probable that the Serpent loveth the breath of a Beast unto whose whole body he is an enemy with a perpetual antipathy And if any reply that the warm breath of a Hart is acceptable to the cold Serpent and that therefore she followeth it as a Dog creepeth to the fire or as other beasts to the beams of the Sun I will not greatly gain-say it seeing by that means it is most clear that the breath doth not by any secret force or vertue extract and draw her out of the den but rather the concomitant quality of heat which is not from the secret fire in the bones of the Harts throat as Pliny hath taught but rather from her ordinary expiration inspiration and respiration For it cannot be that seeing all the parts of a Serpent are opposite to a Hart that there should be any love to that which killeth her For my opinion I think that the manner of the Harts drawing the Serpent out of her Den is not as Aelianus and Pliny affirmeth by sending into the Cave a warm breath which burneth and scorcheth the Beast out of her Den but rather when the Hart hath found the Serpents nest she draweth the air by secret and violent attraction out from the Serpent who to save her life followeth the air out of her den as when a Vessel is broached or vented the Wine followeth the flying air and as a Cupping-glass draweth blood out of a scarified place of the body so the Serpent is drawn unwillingly to follow her destroyer and not willingly as Aelianus affirmeth Unto this opinion both Oribasius in his Commentaries upon the Aphorisms of Hippocrates and Guniterius his restorer do joyntly agree but the Serpent being thus drawn forth addeth greater force to her poyson whereupon the proverbial admonition did arise Cave ne incideris in serpentem cum extracta a latebris anhelitu cervi effugerit tum enim propter iracundiam vehementius ei venenum est that is Beware thou meet not with a Serpent drawn out of her hole by the breath of a Hart for at that time by reason of her wrath her poyson is more vehement After this self same manner do the Sea-Rams draw the Sea-Calfs hid in the Subterranean Rocks for by smelling they prevent the Air that should come unto them for refrigeration There is many times strange conflicts betwixt the Hart and the Serpent thus drawn forth for the Serpent seeing her adversary lifteth her neck above the ground and gnasheth at the Hart with her teeth breathing out very bitter hissings on the contrary the Hart deriding the vain endevour of his weak adversary readier to fight then powerful to harm hi suffereth him to embrace both his neck and legs with his long and thin body but at an instant teareth it into an hundred pieces But the most strange combates are betwixt the Harts and Serpents of Lybia where the hatred is deeper and the Serpents watch the Hart when he lyeth a sleep on the ground and being a multitude of them set upon him together fastening their poysonful teeth in every part of his skin some on his neck and breast some on his sides and back some on his legs and some hang upon his privy parts biting him with mortal rage to overthrow their foe The poor Hart being thus oppressed with a multitude and pricked with venemous pains assayeth to run away but all in vain their cold earthy bodies and winding tails both over-charge his strength and hinder his pace he then in a rage with his teeth feet and horns assaileth his enemies whose spears are already entred into his body tearing some of them in pieces and beating other asunder they never the less like men knowing that now they must dye rather then give over and yeeld to their pitiless enemy cleave fast and keep the hold of their teeth upon his body although their other parts be mortally wounded and nothing left but their heads and therefore will dye together with their foe seeing if they were asunder no compassion can delay or mitigate their natural unappeaseable hatred The Hart thus having eased himself by the slaughter of some like an Elephant at the sight of their blood bestirreth himself more busily in the eager battail and therefore treadeth some under foot in the blood of their fellows other he persueth with tooth and

that never in nature hath but two in heaven or earth air or water that will adventure to come neer it and one of these also which is the best deserving it devoureth and destroyeth if it get it within his danger Seeing the friends of it are so few the enemies of it must needs be many and therefore require a more large catalogue or story In the first rank whereof cometh as worthy the first place the Ichneumon or Pharaohs-mouse who rageth against their Egges and their persons for it is certain that it hunteth with all sagacity of sense to finde out their nests and having found them it spoileth scattereth breaketh and emptieth all their egges They also watch the old ones asleep and finding their mouths open against the beams of the Sun suddenly enter into them and being small creep down their vast and large throats before they beware and then putting the Crocodile to exquisite and intolerable torment by eating their guts asunder and so their soft bellies while the Crocodile tumbleth to and fro sighing and weeping now in the depth of water now on the land never resting till strength of nature faileth For the incessant gnawing of the Ichneumon so provoketh her to seek her rest in the unrest of every part herb element throws throbs rowlings tossings mournings but all in vain for the enemy within her breatheth through her breath and sporteth her self in the consumption of those vital parts which waste and wear away by yeelding to unpacificable teeth one after other till she that crept in by stealth at the mouth like a puny thief come out at the belly like a Conqueror through a passage opened by her own labour and industry as we have also shewed at large in the story of Ichneumon But whether it be true or no that the Trochilus doth awake the sleeping Crocodile when he seeth the Ichneumon lie in wait to enter into her I leave it to the credit of Strabo the reporter and to the discretion of the indifferent Reader Monkeys are also the haters of Crocodiles as is shewed in the story and lie in wait to discover and if it were in their power to destroy them The Scorpion also and the Crocodile are enemies one to the other and therefore when the Egyptians will describe the combat of two notable enemies they paint a Crocodile and a Scorpion fighting together for ever one of them killeth another but if they will decipher a speedy overthrow to ones enemy then they picture a Crocodile if a slow and slack victory they picture a Scorpion And as we have already shewed out of Philes that out of the egges of Crocodiles many times come Scorpions which devour and destroy them that lay them Fishes also in their kinde are enemies to Crocodiles the first place whereof belongeth to the most noble Dolphin Of these Dolphins it is thought there be two kindes one bred in Nilus the other forrain and coming out of the Sea both of them professed enemies to the Crocodile for the first it hath upon the back of it sharp thorny prickles or fins as sharp as any spears point which are well known to the fish that beareth them as her armour and weapons against all adversaries In the trust and confidence of these prickles the Dolphin will allure and draw out the Crocodile from his den or lodging place into the depth of the River and there fight with him hand to hand For the Dolphin as it knoweth his own armour and defence like other Beasts and Fishes so doth it know the weakest parts of his adversary and where his advantage of wounding lyeth Now as we have said already the belly of the Crocodile is weak having but a thin skin and penetrable with small force wherefore when the Dolphin hath the Crocodile in the midst of the deep waters like one afraid of the fight underneath him he goeth and with his sharp fins or prickles on his back giveth his weak and tender belly mortal wounds whereby his vital spirits with his guts and entrails are quickly evacuated The other Dolphins of the Sea being greater are likewise armed with these prickles and of purpose come out of the Sea into Nilus to bid battel to the Crocodiles When Bibillus a worthy Roman was Governor of Egypt he affirmed that on a season the Dolphins and the Crocodiles met in the mouth of Nilus and bade battel the one to the other as it were for the soveraignty of the waters and after that sharp combat it was seen how the Dolphins by diving in the waters did avoid the biting of the Crocodiles and the Crocodiles dyed by strokes received from the Dolphins upon their bellies And when many of them were by this means as it were cut asunder the residue betook themselves to flight and ran away giving way to the Dolphins The Crocodiles do also fear to meddle with the Sea-hog or Hog-fish because of his bristles all about his head which hurt him also when he cometh nigh him or rather I suppose as it is friend to the Swine of the earth and holdeth with them a sympathy in nature so it is unto the Swine of the water and forbeareth one in the Sea as it doth the other on the land There is likewise a certain wilde Ox or Bugil among the Parthians which is an enemy to the Crocodile for as Albertus writeth if he finde or meet with a Crocodile out of the water he is not only not afraid of him but taketh heart and setteth upon him and with the weight and violent agitation of his body treadeth him all to pieces and no marvail for all Beasts are enemies to the Crocodiles on the land even as the Crocodile lyeth in wait to destroy all them in the water Hawks are also enemies to Crocodiles and especially the Ibis bird so that if but a feather of the Ibis come upon the Crocodile by chance or by direction of a mans hand it maketh it immoveable and cannot stir For which cause when the Egyptians will write or decipher a ravening greedy idle-fellow they paint a Crocodile having an Ibis feather sticking in his head And thus much for the enmity betwixt the Crocodiles and other living creatures It hath been seldom seen that Crocodiles were taken yet it is said that men hunt them in the waters for Pliny saith that there is an assured perswasion that with the gal fat of a Water-adder men are wonderfully holpen and as it were armed against Crocodiles and by it enabled to take and destroy them especially when they carry also about them the herb Potamegeton There is also a kinde of thorny wilde Bean growing in Egypt which hath many sharp prickles upon the stalks this is a great terrour to the Crocodile for he is in great dread of his eyes which are very tender and easie to be wounded Therefore he avoideth their sight being more unwilling to adventure upon a man that beareth them or one

juster Kings then Lysimachus was said to be nor were there better subjects then the Athenians yet both of them did many things disorderly in famin and he gained thereby to be branded with the name of a pusillanimous faint-hearted Prince and they of rebellious Subjects Therefore this warre of the Pismires is to be commended that is not undertaken for a Crown of Ivy Bayes or of Gold or of Grasle which was accounted the most ancient but from intestine necessity and nature leads them to it for neither could Solon himself endure thirst nor Solomon conquet hunger For these will dig under all walls will be held by no bands and they only know neither Lawes nor bounds Aeneas Silvius relates a strange history of this fight lib. de Europa c. 50. His words are these In the County of Bononia many little Pismires that were hungry clambered up a dry Pear tree to seek for food the greater Pismires came upon them in no small number and these took the meat out of their mouths and killed some of them others they threw down those that were cast down returned to their Ant hill or fort in the way they meet with others and seemed to talk with them and rip up the injury they had received and they bring forth all the forces they had and their companions out of their tents About two hours almost afterwards so many bands of the lesser Pismires and such a mighty Army drew forth that the whole field appeared black by these black souldiers they came all well guarded and compassing the stock of the tree round they began to climbe up The greater Pismires when they saw their enemies at hand drew close into a body to receive the encounter aloft so soon as the Armies met and fought the great ones killed abundance of the lesser ones with fierce biting them and they destroyed all those in a terrible skirmish that first ventred up that at the root of the Pear-tree there lay a great heap of them slayn The rest of the little Pismires and the middle Army would not be daunted by this or run away but they recollect their forces and attempt to be revenged and following more stifly and pressing one Army after another they mounted up the tree in greater numbers than before and they bite their enemies on the back on the sides and in the front and they forced them to yeeld and leave the tree The greater Pismires were much too strong for them but the numerous multitudes of the little ones prevailed against them and twenty at least set upon one This happened when Eugenius the fourth was Pope Nicolaux Pistoriensis a most learned Lawyer standing to behold it and he related the manner of the fight sincerely and truly Olaus Magnus reports the like accident to have hapned at Vpsal and Holme before that barbarous and cruel Tyrant Christianus the second was driven forth by the Inhabitants of Sweden from ruling over the Goths and Swedes In which battel that must not be forgotten the lesser Pismires after they had won the field interred the bodies of their fellowes leaving their enemies exposed to the Crowes and Muskins also they made choice of a high Tower for the place of combat as if they would with a clear voice call and draw unto them the prodigy of Tyrants and his followers to see their destiny revealed and the punishment that hang over their heads Also they hurt Elephants and Bears but not unlesse they be first hurt by them They afflict Serpents and Dragons and make them mad but it is either because they hinder them in their labour and stop the way or because they breath their venemous breath into their caves and turrets Grashoppers and Dormice they hate exceedingly those because they spend the Summer time in singing these because they lose the Winter in sleeping for a Common wealth well regulated doth punish idle persons as well as those that are wicked and the Spartans were wont to cast forth those that would not labour They live very long and would hardly ever die unless the Birds did catch them before their time or the flouds and waters drowned them They are for the most part very healthful because they observe those three rules of Plato very exactly mirth in labour temperance in diet and sparing in venereous actions For what creature labours more chearfully diets more moderately or did nature ever produce that is more temperate in venery Also there is in them many seeds of domestick discipline justice friendship and other virtues and had we the like either by nature or by art in us we would scorn to live basely on the labours of others and we would refuse to be slaves to our bellies Moreover they have some sense of future things for before a famine they labour exceedingly continuing their work night and day and every where laying up a great store as Juvenal hath it Satyr 6. Hunger and cold away drive And from the Ant learn thou an art to thrive Since therefore to wind up all in a few words they are so exemplary for their great piety prudence justice valour temperance modesty charity friendship frugality perseverance industry and art it is no wonder that Plato in Phaedone hath determined that they who without the help of Philosophy have lead a civill life by custom or from their own diligence they had their souls from Ants and when they die they are turned to Ants again To this may be added as I related before the fable of the Myrmidons who being a people of Aegina applied themselves to diligent labour in tilling the ground continual digging hard toiling and constant sparing joyned with virtue and they grew thereby so rich that they passed the common condition and ingenuity of men and Theognis knew not how to compare them better then to Pismires that they were originally descended from them or were transformed into them and as Strabo reports they were therefore called Myrmidons The Greeks relate the history otherwise then other men do namely that Jupiter was changed into a Pismire and so deflowred Eurymedusa the mother of the Graces as if he could no otherwise deceive the best woman then in the shape of the best creature Hence ever after he was called Pismire Jupiter or Jupiter King of Pismires For the generation of Pismires are endowed with so much virtue and justice that they need no King to govern them for each of them can regulate his own passions or if they have any King it is the Supreme Jupiter that governs all who is deservedly thought to be the Fountain and Authour of all virtue both in Men and Pismires and all other creatures For there is none amongst men that doth govern better then the Pismire and we that should teach them as saith St. Hieronymus may learn of them divers things that are necessary for our souls and bodies For when contrary to their nature and industry they hide themselves we are certain that rain is not far