Selected quad for the lemma: enemy_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
enemy_n	left_a	right_a	wing_n	2,684	5	9.4701	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A17524	The complete captain, or, an abbridgement of Cesars warres with observations upon them; together with a collection of the order of the militia of the ancients; and a particular treatise of modern war: written by the late great generall the Duke of Rohan: Englished by I.C.; Parfait capitaine. English	Rohan, Henri, duc de, 1579-1638.; Cruso, John, d. 1681.; Caesar, Julius.	1640 (1640)	STC 4338; ESTC S107127	109,532	199

After that the Centurions chose their Vexillarii which are the Ensignes of our times and there were two of them in every Cohort Then they chose twentie Tergiductores which were Rear-commanders of the troups so that in every Cohort there were two commanders for the front and two for the rear CHAP. II. The division of a Legion of 4200 foot and 300 horse A Legion was alwayes divided into five bodies namely the Infantery into foure bodies called Velites Hastati Principes Triarii and the Cavalrie into one Every body was divided into ten troups which amongst the Infantery were called Cohorts or Maniples and amongst the Cavalrie were called Turmes In the three first orders of Infanterie were 1200 souldiers apiece each of which make ten troups of 120 souldiers and in the last namely the Triarii there were onely 600 men which make ten troups of 60 men apeece The body of Cavalrie was of 300 which maketh ten troups of thirtie souldiers apiece Amongst authours there is a diversitie in the names of Cohorts Centuries and Maniples which here do signifie one and the same thing but in some places of Titus Livius you may see the distinction from a Legion to a Cohort from a Cohort to a Centurie from a Centurie to a Maniple Which I conceive grew from this that when the Legions grew to be of 6000 and 7000 men they then made those subdivisions CHAP. III. Of marching WHen they were to march at the first sound of the trumpet they took down their pavilions and packed up the baggage at the second they loded it and at the third they parted away from their quarter But none were allowed to take down their pavilion untill the Consuls and Tribunes had taken down theirs The extraordinaries marched first then the right wing of the Allies and their baggage in their rear then the second Legion and their baggage after them then the left wing of the Allies and their baggage following them the cavalrie was in the van and rear and sometimes in the flanks thereafter as the enemy was to be suspected Every Romane Legion with one wing of the Allies marched in the van by turns that so every one might have the commoditie of arriving first at the camp If in the march there were greater suspicion on the rear then on the van or on the flanks they strengthened themselves there accordingly This was their ordinary manner of marching but I find in Cesar that when he marched in an enemies territories and particularly in a countrey inclosed with hedges and woods he made all the Legions to march in one body then all the baggage together leaving onely some new-levied troups on the rear thereof to guard it When the army marched in three equidistant bodies namely all the Hastati aswell Romanes as Allies together having their baggage before them then the Principes and Triarii in the same order the extraordinaries and cavalrie were to be on the flanks and on the van to secure the baggage or at least on those parts where the most danger was And being so ordered when an occasion of fight befell on what part soever it were on a sudden all the troups could be drawn out very easily without being troubled by the baggage to go and affront the enemy When the army drew near to the quarter the Tribunes and Centurions ordained for that work marched before to consider of the site of the camp Which being made choice of they first marked out the place for the Consuls lodging or of the Generall with a white banner then they distinguished his lodging from others by a red banner then with a second red banner they marked out the Tribunes quarters then with a third they divided and distinguished the lodgings of the Legions from the fore-mentioned ones after that they gave to every one their proportion of ground which they marked with banners of other colours then with a line they quickly marked out and divided all the lodgings because they never changed the measures nor form of the camp and that they were exceeding well accustomed thereunto by having alwayes the same way of encamping When the army arrived every troup took notice of their lodging by the marks and banners so that all went to them without confusion and without mistaking CHAP. IV. Of embattelling the Army THey quartered their foure bodies of Velites Hastati Principes and Triarii under the name onely of the three last and they divided and intermixed the Velites amongst the three other bodies as may be seen in that which followeth Hastati 1200 Velites joyned with the Hastati 480   1680 Principes 1200 Velites joyned with the Principes 480   1680 Triarii 600 Velites joyned with the Triarii 240   840 The Romanes allowed ten foot square of ground to lodge two souldiers insomuch that allowing 100 foot breadth of ground and 1000 in depth there was sufficient to lodge 2000 souldiers and so ten cohorts of Hastati which made but 1680 souldiers were lodged sufficiently and had room enough besides for their baggage The same proportion of ground was allowed to the Principes because they consisted of the same number And the moity of that ground was given to the Triarii because their number was but the half of that To the cavalrie they allowed for thirty horses 100 foot square and for 100 Turms 100 foot in breadth and 100 foot in depth apiece For the allies they allowed the same proportion of ground to their infantery as they did to the Romane legions but because the Consul took the fifth part of the legions of the allies near to himself they cut off also the fifth part of ground in this place which they allowed them elsewhere Concerning the cavalrie of the allies it was alwayes double to that of the Romanes but the Consul taking a third part of thē to lodge round about him there remained in the ordinary lodgings but one fourth part more of them then of the Romanes and because the space of ground was more then sufficient for them their ground was not inlarged but they had 100 foot in breadth and 100 foot in depth as the Romanes This quarter was divided by five streets each of them of fifty foot in breadth and divided in the middle by a street called Quintana of the same length as the other At the front of the quarter there was a great street of 100 foot broad next which the twelve Tribunes were lodged just over against the two Romane legions and the twelve Prefects were quartered just over against the two legions of allies there was 50 foot square allowed to each of these lodgings Then there was the Consuls lodging called the Praetorium which conteined 200 foot square and was placed in the middle of the breadth of the camp On the right and left hand of the Consuls lodging there were two void places the one for the market-place the other for the Questor On each side of these they lodged the 400 horse and 1630

together which made 32 souldiers those two files so joyned they called Dilochia and the Commander of these two files they called Dilochites Then they doubled the number of those two files which made foure files and 64 souldiers and this troup they called Tetrarchia which had a Commander called Tetrarcha After that they doubled the number of these which made eight files and 128 souldiers and this body was called Taxiarchia and their Commander Taxiarcha Then they doubled those eight files so made them 16 and this body was called Syntagma and the Commander of this body was called Syntagmatarcha To this body they appointed five generall officers An Ensigne a Lieutenant a Trumpeter for they had no Drumme a Cryer and a Sergeant The Ensigne was placed in the middle of the first rank as all will appear by the figure following The second figure Syntagmatarcha Taxiarcha Tetrarcha Dilochites The Phalanx was composed of sixteen bodies like to the foregoing figure This body of 16 files they doubled which made 32 files and called it Pentacosiarchia and the Commander of it Pentacosiarcha Then these 32 files they doubled which made 64 and this body they called Chiliarchia and the Commander Chiliarcha These 64 files being doubled made 128 files and were called Merarchia and their Commander Merarcha And 128 files being doubled make 256 called Phalangia and the Commander Phalangiarchos so that the Phalanx is composed of 4096 souldiers and of one Phalangiarchos which commanded in chief two Merarchas foure Chiliarchas eight Pentacosiarchas 16 Syntagmatarchas 32 Taxiarchas 64 Tetrarchas and 128 Dilochites as the next figure sheweth The third figure Now according to the ability of their Commonwealths they augmented this army by doubling the Phalanx which was called Diphalangarchia and the Commander Diphalangarcha or by doubling the Diphalangarchia and this they called Tetraphalangarchia and the Commander Tetraphalangarchos who then was the highest Commander And this they held to be a complete army which afterward hath been called a Phalanx Neverthelesse it was alwayes divided into foure bodies as foure Phalanges and was composed of 16384 souldiers The fourth figure This is the order of the Grecian phalanx for the heavy-armed called hoplitae namely of pikes and targets which took up allowing six foot for each souldier and without accounting the three intervalls six thousand one hundred fourty foure foot in breadth and ninetie six foot in depth To this army they joyned half that number of light-armed souldiers called Psyllagi which fought from afarre off with flying and casting-weapons and were ordered into battalia behind the Phalanx in equall front but that their files were but eight deep in the same order and with the same officers And when they were to begin the battel they passed through the intervalls and assailed the enemy when the armies were drawn so near each other as to come to the shock they retreated by the same intervalls into their places behind the heavy-armed and over their heads poured a showre of stones darts and arrows upon their enemies and fortified the depth of the Phalanx to sustein the shock being now of 24 men in depth The fifth figure Concerning the cavalrie they alwayes placed them on the wings and whether it were the cavalrie or the infantery they changed the form of their order according to the site of the places or to the number of the enemies forces with whom they had to do or to the order wherein they were ranged into battalia enlarging the front by lessening the depth doubling their front by the half files as Cyrus did in the battel which he fought agaist Cresus for fearing to be overwinged he made his files which were 24 deep but 12 and so augmented the front of his army by the one half Besides they made use of severall orders of battalia according to occasions as the Orb and the light-armed in the middle to sustein a strong charge on all parts or the Wedge the better to enter into a battalion or a Half-moon to enclose or overwing and others which are of no great use in these times And that they might not confound themselves in such orders when occasions served they had publick Schools where all the younger sort of men went to exercise themselves which they called Gymnasia and had Masters to teach the use of arms and motions called Tactici Now to perform all the motions they allowed to every souldier six foot of ground square and for fight three foot and to sustein a violent charge they serried them so as they took up but a foot and a half By this means it was that so many small Commonwealths of the Grecians maintained their liberties so long have performed so brave actions having repulsed so great armies with so small forces and having even planted their tropheys in Asia and elsewhere untill their divisions overthrew them which Philip dextrously laying hold on brought them to subjection and after that Alexander his sonne with them and their Militia conquered a great part of the world It is true indeed that the constitution of those Commonwealths was more proper for a happy mainteining of their liberty then to encrease themselves for howsoever they all addicted themselves to arms so that none were exempted from them yet their poverty and the small number of souldiers of every Commonwealth apart by it self hindred them from making any great progresse so did their divisions it being a hard matter that so many sovereigne Common-wealths should agree together unlesse it were in a common necessity to defend themselves as they did divers times against the Persians but not for a conquest where men cannot agree neither about places of command nor about sharing of what is gotten Concerning their retrenched camp which they called Aplectos they chose rather strong sites then that they fortified them by industry neither had they any certain form as the Romans had but according to the advantage of places they fortified one part more then another and hereof there is nothing certain to be found in writing amongst ancient Authours The Militarie discipline of the Romanes CHAP. I. Of the election of souldiers and their arms ROmulus having built the citie of Rome divided it into centuries and militarie orders every body conteined foure thousand foot and three hundred horse Now because the most valiant were chosen it was called Legio which signifieth as much as a select company The citie being more populous by the addition of the Sabines the Legions were doubled which then became to be of six thousand foot and six hundred horse yet after that they have been of a greater number Tullus Hostilius third king of the Romanes established military exercise and distinguished all the people into five Classes or orders They of the first Classis as being the richest were bound to mount and arm themselves to serve on horseback The three following Classes were imployed on foot and according to their means were Hastati Principes or Triarii and were

the Hastati must then fight at so wide a distance that between two files they might receive two other files which sheweth the weaknesse of this first order which being so ranged in battalia could not be able to repulse nor sustein the adverse battallion And even the files being at so wide a distance from each other were not able to keep themselves right in fight nor to observe their distances but in the other way there are many conveniences to be found First many bodies of a hundred and twenty men apiece or thereabouts assaulting a battallion they may very well defeat it at the worst they may retreat without disordering themselves or loosing their distances And the second order which is embattelled behind the first just over against their intervalls may easily fill them as also in case of necessity the third body may supply those distances which are reserved for them renewing the fight three times And that which confirmeth us the more in this opinion is that in reason it ought to be so next the description of the battel of Zama which Scipio fought against Hannibal where it is said that Scipio to hinder Hannibals elephants from routing his souldiers caused the Cohorts of the Principes which were placed just over against the intervalls of the Hastati to stand just behind them so to leave streets for the passage of the elephants which sheweth plainly that the order of battalia was disposed by Cohorts and not by files I speak not of the Velites in this order of battalia nor of all other light-armed souldiers because they fought not but with casting-weapons and afar off and when the armies approched to give the shock they retired themselves behind the heavie-armed Now to form the said order I will say that the file was alwayes of ten men in depth that a Cohort or Maniple of a Legion of foure thousand two hundred men consisted alwayes of one hundred and twentie souldiers and consequently the Cohort made ten ranks and twelve files conteining at six foot square of ground for every souldier seventy two foot in breadth and sixty in depth and the moity of it when they were at three foot distance The first figure of a Cohort This figure in the Authours copy hath 13 files 11 ranks which I conceioee to be a mistake In each of the three orders howsoever the Legions were weaker or stronger there were alwayes ten Cohorts or Maniples but the Cohorts were either increased or diminished according to the proportion of the Legions The second figure of ten Cohorts The two first orders are of an equall number and the last of half as many and by this example of one Legion you may see how all the troups passed into each other The third figure of a Legion I conceive that between the Legions there was a far greater distance then between the Cohorts that so they might prevent confusion amongst them which I judge to be so necessary as that without the observation thereof it was altogether impossible to observe any good order Concerning the cavalry seeing it was divided into the like number of troups as the Infantery it is like they fought in the same order but the one half were on the right flank and the other on the left Thus the army was composed of six great bodies namely foure bodies of infantery and two bodies of the cavalry and every body divided into small troups as hath been shewed before The order of Battalia of a complete Army The fourth figure So in this figure the intervalls should be 4 times wider if the bodies must be so large but I conceive a generall mistake in the figure and that in Praissac pag. 190. to be much better CHAP. IX Of Sieges NO Romane Commander hath made braver sieges then Cesar nor described them more perfectly He hath left examples for the assailing of all sorts of sites and to maintein a siege against all kinds of reliefs At Brundusium which is upon the sea he constrained Pompey to abandon it for that he shut up the haven by which that town was to be relieved At Cadenac which was a site inexpugnable he constrained the garrison to yield it by taking away their water At Alexia where were 80000 souldiers within the town and which expected two or three times as many he so fortified himself before it both against the town and against the enemy without as he famished it And at Bourges and Marseilles he took the first by assault and constrained the other to yield when it was upon the point of being taken by assault I will not here particularize the engines which they then made use of to force places of strength because the cannon hath taken away the use of them Yet I will onely say that they approched to the walls by degrees as much sheltred as they could and then attempted to batter them down by their engines or by mines to force an assault or at least to lodge upon the breach which I the rather speak to shew that howsoever we have changed the manner of fortifications the better to make resistance against our new thundring engines neverthelesse the ancient maximes for the taking of towns are the same which we make use of at this day Concerning the siege of Alexia it is the modell by which the Prince of Parma the Prince of Orange and the Marquesse Spinola have directed themselves to make theirs And all these great works and circumvallations which we admire and by the help of which they have taken many great cities in sight of greater armies then their own which have not been able to relieve them are nothing in comparison of those which Cesar made at this siege of Alexia To conclude they which come nearest to the manner of warring of the ancient Romanes as well in sieges as in the field are they which prove the most excellent Commanders CHAP. X. Observations vpon some battels of the ancients NOw that we have shewed the ancient Militia of the Grecians and Romanes by means whereof they have obteined so many brave victories we must yet observe two principall causes which their most excellent Commanders have successefully observed to obtein victories in battel namely to strive to overwing their enemy and never to cause their army to fight all at once Cyrus to keep himself from being overwinged in the battel which he fought against Cresus doubled the front of his army by as many more as they were by making the files of his infantery but 12 deep which before were 24 and to enclose his enemy he placed his best men on the wings who having defeated the wings of the adverse army came to assault the body of the battel on their flanks and on their rear At the battel of Cannae Hannibal placed all his best souldiers on the wings and the meaner ones in the middle that so the Romanes finding but little resistance there might insensibly sink into them and by that means they

battels as the Turks and the Persians and even amongst the Christians we have seen of late divers battels given in Germanie whereof onely one had almost inthralled all the Protestant Princes And an army well-disciplined and which feareth not battel hath a marvellous advantage in all designes of that which feareth it For this reason howsoever the manner of warring at this time be not so frequent in the hazarding of battels as in times past the knowledge of them must not be neglected And a Generall of an army cannot be said to be a good Captain which knoweth not all advantages which may be taken on a day of battel and all disadvantages which ought to be avoyded that so he may well disintangle himself I will not speak of dust the sunne or rain whereof it is observed that many Captains have made use driving them on the face of the enemy by gaining the wind of them because they are casuall things which may change in a moment and which by consequence happen rather by hazard then come by designe but of things more solid He then that will give battel must have regard to seven principall things The first is never to suffer himself to be forced to fight against his will The second to choose a field for the battel fit for the quality and number of his souldiers for if he feareth to be inclosed by a great number he must shelter his flanks or at least one of them by the nature of the place as by a river wood or some other thing equivalent and if he be weak in his Cavalry he must avoid the plains as he must strait passages or enclosed places if stronger The third so to range his army in battel as according to the quality of his souldiers it may be within its own advantage sheltring his horse by his foot if therein he be the weaker and if the contrary his foot by his horse disposing all his souldiers in such order as they may fight divers times before they be wholly defeated for if we well observe the small troups of souldiers which fight not all at once and believe that a hundred horse in two troups wil beat two hundred in one entire troup and have observed in our times that divers battels have been won by him which had made a troup of reserve which was not to fight untill all the rest had fought how much greater effect will a second order of battel produce which will come to the charge after that all the adverse army hath fought against the first order and yet after that a third in imitation of the Romanes if the two former be defeated It is a maxime That every troup how grosse soever i● be which hath fought is in such a disorder as the least troup that chargeth it is able to defeat it absolutely so that that Generall which can reserve some troups to the last without fighting will with those bear away the victory it being a long work and difficult to go about to rally an army that hath fought into good order to fight afresh some gazing about for pillage others being vexed to return to the danger again and all being so distracted as they do not or will not understand any command on the contrary such as have not as yet fought are under obedience and ready to do whatsoever their Generall shall command them So that the knowledge of a Generall of an army is not so much to rally disordered and defeated troups which is properly but an action of courage as to make his troups fight to good purpose the one after the other and not all at once for he must consider that he cannot be well obeyed by his souldiers but onely untill the houre that he sendeth them to the combat After that all the orations of the world will not stay them when they flie but this troup which is in good order will easily do it The fourth is to have many good commanders it being impossible that a Generall should suffice for all places After that he hath made a good choice of his field for battel and put his army into good order it is altogether impossible for him when it cometh to blows to give order more then in that part where he is present so that if he be not well assisted every-where else aswell amongst the horse as foot though he should work miracles in that place where he himself is he cannot make good the ignorance of those officers which command in the other parts of his army Therefore there must be at least five principall commanders to make an army fight well namely for three bodies of Infantery distinguished by vanguard battel and rearguard and two for the horse which are on the wings The fifth is so to observe your distances in your order of battel that the foremost troups being put to recoil may not fall upon those which should come up to relieve thē nor the second upon the third The sixth is to place the most valiant souldiers on the wings of the army and to begin the battel by that wing which you think to be strongest for if you once break one of the enemies wings you fall upon his flank and rear and it is impossible for him to resist you The seventh and last is not to suffer any to pursue the enemy nor fall to pillaging untill he be routed on all parts and although it be good to give him a hot chace you must ever have some troups in order which must not disband that so you may avoid all inconveniences I will not speak of the advantages which may be met with in a field of battel whereof a good Captain often maketh use with great profit because there can no certain rule be given for it by reason the diversitie of situations is such that you shall never find two every-way alike CHAP. VIII Of Fortresses BEcause the gain and losse of battels draweth such consequences after it as it giveth or taketh away whole Empires at once it hath caused a resolution of opposing the conquers by fortified places to stay their first fury with few men and to ruine their armies But since the invention of the cannon they have been enforced to change their manner of fortifications and even by reason of the invention of petards we have beene constrained to assure the gates of cities by portculices pallisadoes draw-bridges and other inventions because there was no place how strong soever it were which did not runne a hazard to be surprised by this new invention Now the best fortresses against the cannon are those which are made of earth because when they have a sufficient thicknesse to make resistance they are not subject to endamage the besieged as those fortifications are which are made of masons work the shivers whereof do much mischief Neverthelesse when a Prince can be at the cost to line them as high as the rampart leaving the parapet upon it to be of earth cannon-proof it maketh