with the whole armie hauing against the expectation both of his own soldiors and of the enemie set the Romans vpon either wing and the troupes of their allies in the midst Asdrubal moued at the noyse which his horsemen made goes out of his tent and seeing the tumult which was before the trenches and palisadoes of his campe the smal assurance of his soldiors the enemies colours glistering a far off and all the fields couered with their troups he presently sends forth his horsemen against the Roman horse and he himselfe hauing put his footmen in battell goes out of his campe without changing any thing of his former order The horsmens encounter continued long without any aduantage for whē as any one was forced to giue back the which was ordinarie on either side they had a safe retreat to their squadrons of foot but after that the bodies of both armies were neere one vnto another Scipio giuing a signe caused his horse to retire opening the ranks of foot receiued them within the battell then he placed them in two squadrons behind the points of it to reenforce and support his foot and when he saw it was time to charge he commanded the battaillon in the middest which were all Spaniards to march softly he himselfe leading the right point had giuen charge to Syllanus and Martius who had charge on the other side that as they should see him aduance The Romanes and the Carthaginians ioyne in battaile they should doe the like and begin the battaile with the enemy with the most resolute of their horse and foot before the two squadrons in the middest should come to joyne Wherefore stretching forth in this manner both the wings either of them with three companies of foot and as many horse and some forlorne hopes lightly armed went with all speed to affront the enemie whilest the others followed Betwixt both wings there was a void place for that the Spaniards marched more slowly and they had alreadie begun the charge on either side when as the chiefe strength of the enemie which consisted in the Carthaginians and old African souldiors was yet a crosse-bow shot of and durst not turne towards the wings to succour their companions least they should leaue the battaile naked and open to the enemie who came against them The horsemen and Romane souldiours did wonderfully gall the enemies wings vpon the flankes the companies of foot which made the point prest them in front and sought to cut off the wings from the rest of the battaile and euen now the partie was not equall in any part for besides that the points of the Carthaginians armie were furnished with horse-boyes and Spaniards newly leuied Scipioes policie deceiues Asdrubal who had to deale with Romanes and braue Latine souldiors the day being far spent Asdrubals armie grew weake for that they had beene surprised by the alarme in the morning and were forced to put themselues in battaile without feeding the which Scipio had done of purpose and to that end had delayed the fight for many houres beginning it as late as he could It was past noone before the foot companies which were in the wings began to charge and much later before the battaillons in the middest did joyne so as before that all their forces came to fight the heat of the Sunne the toyle being so long on foot laden with armes hunger and thirst had so tyred the Carthaginians and young Africanes as they were forced to support themselues vpon their targuets they were so faint Besides the Elephants terrified with the furious combate which was vpon either wing had run through their middle battaillon Wherefore the Carthaginians tyred in bodie and fainting in courage began to recoyle but without disorder euen as if they had retyred by their Generals commaund But the victorious Romanes charging them with great resolution on all sides when as they found them to shrinke notwithstanding all the persuasions of Asdrubal to keepe their rankes vnto the next hils where they had a safe retreat being not able to withstand the enemies force they all turned their backes and fled feare being of more force than shame Feare is of more force than shame Being come vnto the foot of those hils they would haue stayed their ensignes and rallied themselues to make head against the Romanes who had made a stand to put themselues in order to assayle them but when they saw they were eagrely pursued they fled into the fortification of their campe with great amazement being chased so neere by the Romanes as they had almost entred pell-mell with them There fell so great a shower after the heat of the Sunne as they which pursued were forced to stand still and to retyre with great toyle vnto their campe yea there were some which did superstitiously beleeue That it was not good to proceed any farther that day Although the night and the raine did inuite the Carthaginians who were tyred and wounded to take some rest yet feare and danger made them to fortifie their campe with all expedition which they presumed would be assayled by the enemie at the breake of day and seeing they could not conquer by armes they raysed their rampiers with stones gathered out of the neere vallies Hereupon they did see themselues abandoned by their allies Trecherie of the Spaniards to the Carthaginians their allies wherefore they thought it best to be gone holding flight more safe for them than anyforce The beginning of the Spaniards reuolt was by Atanes Lord of the Turditanes who passed vnto the Romans campe with great troupes of his subjects and soone after two forts of importance were yeelded vnto the Romanes by such as had them in gard Asdrubal fearing this mischiefe would grow greater trussed vp his baggage and dislodged Scipio being aduertised in the morning that the enemie was gone sent his horsemen after them and then marched after with the Legions and the rest of the armie with all speed who if they had followed them the rightway they had soone ouertaken them but they trusted to their guides who assured them of another way which conducted them to the riuer of Betis where they might cut off their passage Asdrubal hearing that way was stopped was once in mind to haue retired towards the Ocean but his souldiours obseruing no kind of discipline marched like men that fled so as they got some ground of the Romane Legions yet the horsemen and souldiors which were lightly armed pursued them still and did not abandon them but charging them sometimes in the rere and sometimes in the flanke did stay them and force them to fight vntill the Legions arriued then was there no more any combat but a slaughter as of sheepe vntill that their Generall the author of their flight saued himselfe with about seuen thousand men most without armes the rest were in a manner all slaine or taken The Carthaginians which escaped with their captaine An absolute defeat of the
Romanes being charged by the Spanish horse they were forced to send some troups of horse to succour them where there was an encounter that day but to no effect The day following at the Sunne rising the Spanish armie aduanced in battel within a mile of the Romane campe The Ausetanes held the middest hauing the Ilergetes on the right hand and on the left some other Spaniards of small fame They had left betwixt the battailon in the middest and the two wings a good large space to giue passage to their horsemen when it should be time to come to the charge The Romanes ordered their armie after their accustomed manner A battell betwixt the Romans and Spaniards yet imitating the enemies therein they left a space also to bring in their horsemen This done L. Lentulus bethought himselfe that they should make best vse of those horsemen which should enter with them first into these spaces which were betwixt the squadrons of the enemies foot Wherefore he commaunded Ser. Cornelius who had charge of the Romane horsemen to enter into those spaces of the Spanish armie In the meane time he hauing the twelft legion being prest in the beginning of the battell by the Ilergetes on the left hand made it good vntill they were seconded by the thirteenth legion the which he caused to aduance to succour them in the front of the battell and hauing thus assured that part he ran towards L. Manlius who did his duetie encouraging the souldiours and sending supplies where he saw any need aduertising him that the footmen on the left wing behaued themselues well and that hee had sent Ser. Cornelius with the horsemen to charge furiously into the enemies troups the effect whereof did presently appeare for Ser. Cornelius being entred with his horse into the middest of the enemies he made all their battel of foot to wauer and withall stopt the passage to the enemies horse so as they could not come to fight which made the Spanish horsemen to leaue their horses The Romane captaines seeing the Spaniards in some disorder they cried out incouraged and intreated the soldiours to proceed valiantly and to keepe them from joyning together againe The enemies began now to forsake the fight if Indibilis leauing his horse had not come and presented himselfe in the head of the footmen There was a long and bloudie fight the which they maintained vntill that Indibilis and those that fought about him were ouerthrowne and slaine one vpon another The Spanish army defeated then they began to flie of all hands and the Romans to pursue them of whom they made a great slaughter and withall tooke their campe and all their baggage There were 13000 slaine vpon the place and about 800 prisoners Of the Romans there died two hundred or not many more especially on the left wing The Spaniards being thus defeated the rest which escaped retired home into their countrey The Spaniards being afterwards called to counsell by Mandonius they complained much of their losses and blaming the authors of this warre they said That they were of opinion to send embassadors vnto the Romans to beseech them to take them to mercie and that they would deliuer them their armes The Spaniards sue to the Romans for mercie the which they did and excused themselues laying the fault vpon Indibilis Mandonius and others which had solicited them To whom the Romanes answered That they would take them to mercie vpon condition they should deliuer vnto them the authors of this rebellion aliue else they would intreat the Ausetanes Ilergetes and other their confederats as enemies This answer being returned by their embassadours The chiefe authors of rebellion do alwaies smart for the rest Mandonius and the other authors were taken and sent to the Romanes to receiue the reward of their misdeeds By this meanes the troubles in Spaine were pacified whereas they imposed a double tribute for that yeare and a contribution of corne for six moneths with cassockes and cloakes for the souldiors besides the Romanes forced about thirtie seuerall prouinces to giue hostages These things were done in Spaine whilest that P. Scipio prepared to goe into Africke to diuert the warre which was betwixt the Romanes and Carthaginians in Italie whither he had sent C. Lelius Mago on the other side being arriued at Genes in Italie and vpon the coast of the Ligusticke sea 3 The Saguntines for whose sake this second Punicke warre betwixt the Romanes and Carthaginians had beene vndertaken had sent embassadours to Rome with Scipio The Saguntines send embassadors to Rome to thanke the Senate for the care they had of their faithfull allies to protest of the loue and affection the Commonweale of Sagunt had to the people of Rome and to offer a crowne of gold to Iupiter Capitolinus his Temple who were honourably entertained and rewarded by the Senat who hauing a desire to see Italie were by a publicke decree conducted and accompanied with a good gard wheresoeuer they would goe Some moneths after Hannibal being out of Italie the same Saguntines surprised in Spaine certaine Commissaries and Carthaginian captaines with a good summe of money wherewith they would haue leuied souldiors in that countrey whom they sent to Rome with their money and presented them to the Senate The Commissaries and captaines were detained prisoners but the mony was restored to the Saguntines with thanks by the Senat the summe was 250 pounds of gold and 800 of siluer The Spaniards were so entreated vnder the gouernment of L. Lentulus and L. Manlius as of the goods and reuenues of Spaine both Rome and Italie were often relieued with come apparrell armes and all other prouisions which they drew from thence In the end the Romanes hauing forced the Carthaginians to demaund a peace after the defeat which Scipio had giuen vnto Hannibal in Africke and neere vnto Carthage it was resolued in the Senat at Rome to call home the old souldiors which were in Spaine to leaue onely a Legion of Romanes with fifteene companies of Latines their allies and to send a new Gouernour thither Wherefore L. Corn. Lentulus returned to Rome Ann. Rome 553 where hauing related what he had valiantly and profitably performed he demaunded leaue to enter the citie in triumph the which they refused him being against the presidents of their auncestors for whosoeuer had the conduct of an armie Dictators Consuls and Praetors were allowed to triumph being no Dictator Consul nor Praetor but onely holding the place of a Consul or Praetor did not enter in triumph into the citie yet for that the exploits done by him were great and worthie they were content he should enter so in a sort which was not altogether so stately and pompeous as a triumph Ouatio the which in their language they called Ouatio Hee brought into the Treasurie 44000 pound weight of siluer and 2450 pounds of gold and of the bootie there was giuen to euery souldiour 120 Asses which make
that the enemie began to arme so as they put themselues in order to fight placing the strength of their armie which consisted in two Legions in the middest The field betwixt both enemies lay open which did assure them from ambushes and surprises The Spaniards seeing these two Legions in two great squadrons put themselues in battaile on the riuers side where they were thinking to disorder them before they should be able to joyne with the bodie of their armie wherefore they went and gaue them a furious charge The fight in the beginning was fierce the Spaniard being puffed vp with pride for his former victorie and the Romans mad with desire to deface the ignominie to haue beene vanquished contrarie to their custome The two Legions in the middest fought valiantly and could not be forced wherefore the Spaniards resoluing to pierce through them by some means they sent a great troupe in forme of a wedge A battaile betwixt the Romanes and Spaniards to breake this battaillon The furie of the fight was great and Calphurnius feared the Legions should not be able to resist wherefore he sent T. Quintius Varus and L. Iuuentius Thalua two Lieutenants vnto them to aduertise them That there was no means to hold Spaine nor to saue themselues neither euer to see their houses nor Italie no not to get vnto the other side of the riuer of Tayo if they did not vanquish their enemies and he at the same instant with the horsemen of the two Legions went and charged this pointed troupe in flanke and Quintius came on the other side with a certaine number of horsemen but with lesse courage than Calphurnius who fought in the middest of the preasse so as by reason of the Pretors presence and the danger whereinto hee thrust himselfe the legionarie souldiours and all the rest were greatly encouraged to doe their duties so as they first put their enemies to rout and then to flight towards their campe whither they were pursued by the horsemen who entred pell-mell with them that fled where they were sorely prest by them that had beene left to gard the baggage so as they were forced to leaue their horses and to make head against them vntill the fifth Legion arriued and the other bands one after another who freed them from this danger and put all the Spanish armie to the sword so as of fiue and thirtie thousand which were in the beginning of the battaile A notable defeat of Spaniards there escaped but foure thousand whereof three thousand recouered a neere mountaine and a thousand being naked and disarmed wandered vp and downe the fields The Romans carried away an hundred thirtie three of the enemies ensignes they themselues lost in this conflict little aboue six hundred men and about an hundred and fiftie Spaniards of their confederats Fiue Colonels and some Romane knights which were slaine there made the victorie seeme lesse fortunat The Romane armie was lodged in the enemies campe for that they had no time to rampier their owne The day following Calphurnius did highly extoll the souldiors valour and gaue them gifts in testimonie of their vertue to knights he gaue caparisons shewing that by their valour chiefely the battaile had beene woon many captaines of the two Legions were also rewarded These two Gouernours returned to Rome A. Terentius Varro and P. Sempronius being chosen in their places during the Consulship of P. Claudius Pulcher and L. Portius Licinius They brought many crownes of gold and readie money with gold and siluer in masse whereof the number is vncertaine and they triumphed for the victories which they had gotten against the Lusitanians and Celtiberians A. Terentius had the hither part of Spaine Ann. Rome 568 and Sempronius the further they also had prolongation in their charge for the yeare following Varro had some encounters in this second yeare with the Ausetanes a people inhabiting in the countrey of Cattelogne not farre from the riuer of Ebro and against the Celtiberians whom he vanquished and tooke some strong places and townes which they made their retreat in those marches As for Sempronius gouernment it was quiet for the Lusitanians stood in awe of the Romans fortune and the Pretor was continually afflicted with a troublesome disease which made him vnfit for all publicke gouernment and in the end killed him in Spaine P. Manlius did succeed him who had once beene Pretor in the hither Spaine when as Cato was Consull and Quintus Fuluius Flaccus succeeded Varro The hither Spaine was in armes and had need of a captaine and souldiors to suppresse the enemie but in the other prouince the Romanes had no worse enemies than themselues for that by reason of Sempronius long infirmitie the souldiors were idle and in a manner without a head Idlenesse and ease an enemie to vertue corrupt the Roman armie all were corrupted insolent and without any militarie discipline the which they must chiefely remedie The Senate therefore decreed That there should be foure thousand foot and two hundred Roman horse newly leuied to be sent into Spaine with seuen thousand foot and three hundred horse of their allies Terentius Varro yeelded vp the prouince and the armie to Qu. Fuluius Flaccus who besieged a towne called Vrbicua whereas the Celtiberians came to assaile him making diuers skirmishes to rayse the siege in the which many Romanes were slaine or hurt But Fuluius continued firme and by his perseuerance woon the towne the enemies tyred with fighting being forced to retyre The towne being destitute of succours was within few dayes taken and sacked P. Manlius did no other thing in his gouernment but gather together the dispersed souldiours so as both he and Fuluius after the taking of Vrbicua lodged the armies to Winter Terentius being returned to Rome entred in pompe and brought into the treasure 9320 pounds of siluer 80 pounds of gold and two crownes of gold of 67 pounds weight The yeare following these two Pretors were continued in their gouernment and the warre grew hoter in Fuluius prouince than euer for the Celtiberians went to field with thirtie fiue thousand fighting men against whom Fuluius fortified himselfe with all the Spaniards he could leuie among the Romane confederates but hee did not equall the enemies in number yet hee marched into the Carpetanians countrey and encamped neere vnto Ebura into the which he put a garrison The Celtiberians approched soone after and planted their campe within halfe a league of the Romanes at the foot of a hill whereas the Pretor sent to discouer them by two companies of their confederats horses being led by his brother M. Fuluius commaunding him to approch neere vnto the enemies trenches and to obserue of what compasse they were and if they came forth to charge them they should retyre without fighting the which he executed accordingly Some daies were spent without any action of importance In the end the Celtiberians resolued to goe foorth with all their forces who presented
and friends and by that meanes made a wonderfull breach in the Carthaginians Estate in Spaine For the people and townes did soone find what an aduantage it was to change their master for that in stead of the Carthaginians commaund which was imperious and proud the Romanes were entred with bountie and mildnesse So euery one commending the wisedome of this Acedux sought some fit opportunitie to reuolt as he had done And if Winter had not forced them to surcease the effects had followed with out delay Asdrubal finding himselfe too weake was retyred into places of strength farre from the Romanes The two Scipioes hauing diuided their charges Publius conducted the armie at sea and Cneus that at land Asdrubal durst not oppose himselfe neyther against the one nor the other but hauing after many petitions and much solliciting obtained from the Carthaginians a supplie of foure thousand foot and fiue hundred horse as soone as they arriued he went to field with his armie approched neer vnto the enemie began to repayre his shippes and to make a fleet for the defence of the coast and Islands Being busie about these things the reuolt of the sea captaines which had beene defeated the Summer before troubled him much These after the battaile hauing beene much blamed by Asdrubal did neuer afterwards shew themselues neither faithfull to their Generall nor well affected to the affaires of the Carthaginians so as by practises there were some townes yeelded to the Romanes in the countrey of the Carpesians where the Realme of Toledo is at this day and had taken one by force so as all the warre was drawne by the Romanes into this countrey Wherefore Asdrubal entring the countrey in hostile manner affronted a captaine of this nation called Galbus who lay in campe neere vnto the towne which had beene taken Hauing sent some souldiours lightly armed to the enemies trenches to draw them forth to skirmish and some others against them that were gone to forrage there was at one instant a great tumult in their campe and slaughter and flying without it so as manie saued themselues within their fort yet in the end they were so well assured as they not onely defended their rampiers but also sallied forth and presented themselues in battaile against the Carthaginians going resolutely to the charge leaping and skipping after their accustomed manner the which strucke terrour into the enemie who retyred as hee could with credit Asdrubal hauing recouered a hill flanked with a riuer he brought his armie thither thinking it needfull to fortifie himselfe there So these two armies giuing feare for feare there were some skirmishes among the souldiours on either side whereas to speake truth the Numidian horseman was not equall to the Spaniard nor the Moores darts able to pierce their aduersaries targuets who were as nimble and actiue as they and had more force and courage The Spaniards seeing that by running about the Carthaginians campe they could not draw them forth to battaile and that it was not easie to force they went to besiege a towne called Asena whereas Asdrubal comming into that Prouince had made his store-house for victuals and munition Contempt of militarie discipline followes a victorie they tooke it by force and spoyled all the countrey about it but after it there was neither order obedience nor conduct among them as it happeneth often after a good successe Asdrubal seeing their disorder and negligence thought good to embrace this occasion Asdrubal takes aduantage of his enemies negligence Wherefore hauing aduertised his souldiors thereof he left his place of strength and led his armie in good order against these Spaniards who were dispersed here and there in disorder and without ensignes Being discouered by them that were in sentinell euery one runs to armes and so went to encounter the enemie disordered without ensignes and without commaundement Some began the fight whilst that other arriued in troupes the greater part being not yet come out of their campe yet they encountred them with such furie as they stayed the first charge of the Carthaginians but finding themselues few in number faint and not well vnited against many in good order they were soone broken and forced to seeke their companions and in the end they were so prest being on a heape and not able to vse their arms as they were for the most part slaine some making way by force through their enemies saued themselues in the mountains and forrests neere adjoyning Their campe was in this amazement abandoned and the whole Prouince was in one day reduced vnder the obedience of the Carthaginians During these actions Asdrubal receiued commaundement from his superiours at Carthage The Councell of Carthage thinking to get Italy neglect Spain That hee should march with all speed with his armie into Italie the which being knowne in Spaine all the people in generall began to wauer and to follow the Romane partie whereof Asdrubal did aduertise the Senat letting them vnderstand what prejudice this bruit did bring vnto the affaires of the Commonweale of Carthage and that it was apparent if he parted from thence before he should passe the riuer of Ebro all Spaine would fall into the Romanes power for besides that he neither had men nor a sufficient captaine to leaue in his place to guard that Prouince the Romane captaines were such as they could hardly be resisted with equall numbers wherefore he aduised them if they had any care of Spaine to send a good Commaunder and a strong Armie in the place of that which he should lead away and although that all things should succeed as they desired yet should they euer find some alteration among the people of that countrey Asdrubal his letters did somewhat mooue the Senate but for that they did more affect the affaires of Italie they did not alter any thing that had beene decreed touching his departure with his army but they onely sent Himilcon with some bands and did arme some ships which they held sufficient to keepe the people of Spaine in awe as well vpon the sea coasts as within the countrey This captaine hauing past the sea with his forces layed vp his ships in safetie and fortified his campe he tooke some of his best horsemen and past through friends and enemies countries vntill he came to Asdrubal to whom he presented this decree of the Senat and hauing conferred with him and vnderstood the course that he was to hold in the warres of Spaine he returned to his troups hauing nothing that did assure him more from encounter vpon the way than his diligence and speed For before they could haue meanes to assemble their forces they had news of his returne Asdrubal seeing that he must needs go he exacted great summes of money from all the townes and people that were vnder the Carthaginians jurisdiction being well aduertised that he must purchase the passage and fauour of the Gaules with readie money as Hannibal his brother had done This done hee
Syllanus to gard that which lies on this side Ebro with 3000 foot and 300 horse and he himself past on with the rest of the armie the which consisted of 25000 foot and 2500 horse Some were of opinion that the enemies armies lying farre distant one from another he should goe and fight with the neerest But he thought otherwise for he doubted that whilest he should spend his time to draw the enemie to fight and to seeke his aduantages the others would make hast to come into those parts so all three armies being vnited together he should not be able to make head against them Wherefore he resolued to go and suddenly to besiege new Carthage a towne verie rich of it selfe and abounding with all sorts of prouision Scipio begins his charge with a great enterprise of victuals armes and treasure which the enemies had laid vp there for the warre and in the which the hostages of all the good townes and prouinces of Spaine were kept situated in a commodious place to passe into Africke hauing an ample port and capable of any great fleet Silence required in a great captaine and the best of all that coast of Spaine Yet hee did not acquaint any man liuing with this his resolution but onely C. Lelius who commanded the armie at sea hauing giuen him charge so to direct his course C. Lelius Generall of the gallies as at one instant they should come before the towne with both armies The seuenth day of their departure from the riuer of Ebro Carthage was besieged both by sea and land The campe was planted on the North side and fortified with a palisadoe The situation of Carthage was after this manner The situation of new Carthage In the middest of that coast of Spaine is a gulfe which runnes fiue hundred paces into the land and hath not much lesse in breadth The mouth of this gulfe is couered with a little island which defends it from all winds except that which carries the name of Africke of the place from whence it comes which we may cal Southeast or Libecchio according to the Italians Within this gulfe there riseth a peece of ground almost like an island on the which the towne is built Which peece of ground is enuironed with the sea on the East and South sides hauing towards the West a marish which doth couer some part of the North the which is not verie safe being in some places deeper than in others as the sea doth rise and fall A little hill joynes the towne vnto the firme land being some two hundred and fiftie paces This part was left open by Scipio without any fortification whether hee did it to braue the enemie or leaue this passage open to make continuall courses and attempts vpon the towne and then to haue his retreat easie Hee also planted his gallies within the port seeming as if hee would also besiege the towne by sea giuing charge vnto the captaines to be watchfull and to stand vpon their gards For in the beginning of a siege he that is shut vp doth most commonly make greatest sallies Hauing therefore prouided for all things necessarie for a siege he then resolued to impart his designe vnto his souldiors and to shew them the reasons which had mooued him to begin warre by a siege and to persuade them that it was easie to take it suddenly whilest their forces were farre off Hee shewed them That new Carthage was of such consequence as the taking thereof would conquer all Spaine for the Romanes by reason of the hostages of the princes potentates townes and commonweales of the countrey which were kept there the which being taken the enemie who had not any but mercinarie souldiours which must alwayes haue money would soone bee abandoned by their men for that the money appointed for their pay was within the towne in the which the Carthaginians made their treasurie the magazine for their victuals and for all sorts of munitions and engines All which things said hee the towne being taken will come into our hands and the enemie shall bee left naked of all meanes to make warre We on the other side shall be furnished of all things necessarie but aboue all wee shall get a good towne and commodious port to receiue all things whereof wee shall haue need as well by sea as land yea we shall haue an easie passaage into Africke if it be needfull to go thither He made so liuely an impression of the opportunitie profit and easinesse of the siege and enterprise as they began to crie that he should lead them to the assault the which he did presently Mago commanded within the towne who seeing that they prepared to come vnto an assault gaue order on his side to withstand their furie He assured himselfe of the castle for his retreat putting fiue hundred souldiours into it and as many vpon a high ground within the towne on the East side He appointed two thousand souldiours to make a furioussally vpon the enemie and the rest of the multitude were put in conuenient places to succor where need should require These Carthaginians opening their gates issued out vpon the Romans comming to the assault and staied them wheras the fight was long doubtfull but the Romanes hauing still fresh supplies the Carthaginians were in the end forced to turne their backes in such feare and disorder as if they had beene eagerly pursued they had entred pell mell with them into the towne in the which the tumult and confusion was no lesse than in the fight for many of them left their gards for feare as if the towne had beene taken Scipio obseruing what was done and watching all occasions from an eminent place seeing the walles abandoned in some places hee put all his armie in battaile commaunding them to march towards the towne with their ladders He himselfe being couered with some soldiours that were well armed goes among the troupes to encourage them and to be an eye witnesse of the valor cowardise of euery one The wals were again furnisht with soldiors by the diligence of Mago wherefore the souldiours comming to the assault were entertained with a shower of darts and arrowes which fell vpon them more vpon their flanks than in afront besides the wall towards the firme land was very high Notwithstanding the souldiors animated by their Generals presence and with a desire to vanquish and spoile planted their ladders of all sides and mounted couragiously striuing who should get first to the top of the wal But many of the ladders being ouer-laden with the multitude brake and they fell into the ditch besides most of them were too short They gaue an assault in like manner towards the sea but with more amazement than danger and of euerie side there was more brute than effect so as for this time the Romans were repulst which gaue courage vnto the enemies and hope they should be able to keepe the towne persuading themselues they were out
neere vnto Senegaille with almost all the Spaniards Gaules and Ligurians whereof his army consisted Asdrubal and his armie defeated in Italie a defeat which did recompence that of Canes yet was it not without great effusion of bloud on the Romanes side who lost aboue 8000 men Yet this did assure their estate which vntill that time had beene in great danger and Hannibal vpon the newes of his brothers death began to distrust his owne good successe and his countries Spaine during Asdrubals preparation and a while after his passage into Italie had some rest from warre but they fell soone againe to armes At that time Asdrubal sonne to Gisgo kept about the Island of Gades and in the West marches neere vnto the Ocean The Romanes commaunded all along the Mediterranean sea and held all that part of Spaine which lies towards the East Hanno sent from Caâ—thage into Spain with a new armie In the place of Asdrubal Barcinien they had sent Hanno from Carthage with a new armie who hauing passed the sea joyned with Mago These two had leuied among the Celtiberians which is in the middest of Spaine great troupes of souldiors in a short space Scipio sent M. Syllanus against this armie with 10000 foot and 500 horse who making great marches by difficult and strait passages which are ordinarie in Spaine he approched by the meanes of certaine Celtiberian guides who had changed their partie neere vnto the enemy before they had any newes of him being also aduertised by the same Celtiberians when hee came within two leagues of them that vpon the way hee should encounter two of their campes that of Celtiberians newly leuied on the left hand being some 9000 men and the other of Carthaginians on the right hand As for these they obserued good discipline kept their gards and had their sentinels placed in good order but the others regarded it not but were secure and carelesse like new souldiors who thinking themselues at home apprehended nothing that was to be feared Wherefore Syllanus marched first towards them causing his troupes to goe on the left hand as closely as they could least the Carthaginians in the other lodging should discouer him Then he sent forth some to discouer the enemies countenance and marched speedily after them He was now within lesse than halfe a league before the enemie had any notice of his comming for he went by broken wayes and deepe vallies full of trees where he fed his armie there they returned vnto him whom he had sent forth to discouer who confirmed that which the reuolted Spaniards had deliuered vnto him Then the Romanes leauing their baggage vpon the place put themselues in battaile and marched against the enemies whom they found in great amazement seeing the Romane armie so neere Mago who was in the other campe posted thither vpon the first bruit to put them in defence There were some 4000 good souldiours among the Celtiberians carrying targuets and 200 horse the which were set in the front and the rest to second them were lightly armed and in this manner they came to fight They were scarce come without their rampiers when as the Romanes cast their darts at them but the Spaniards stooped to auoid them M. Syllanus surprizeth and defeats the Carthaginians then rising suddainely againe they cast theirs against the Romanes who standing close and couered with their targuets defended themselues from any harme but approaching neerer they came to the sword The place where they did fight was of great aduantage for the Celtiberians by reason of the vneuennesse whose custome was to skirmish with leapes and jumpes contrarie to the Romanes who fight close and stand firme and therefore this vneuen ground did not much trouble them but that they were sometimes constrained to breake their rankes by reason of the straits and little groues wherewith the countrey is full fighting sometimes one to one and two to two the which did also hinder the enemies from flying and exposed them to the slaughter All those of the fore-ward which carried targuets were in a manner slaine and they continued killing and ouerthrowing those that were lightly armed and the Carthaginians which were come to their succours led by another Hanno who was taken aliue but Mago retyred in the beginning of the battaile with about 3000 foot and all the horse and the tenth day after came vnto Asdrubals campe The Celtiberian souldiours which remained got home into their countrey through the woods and forrests This victorie was very pleasing vnto Scipio who did greatly extoll Syllanus his vertue and was in hope to end the warre if he did speedily set vpon Asdrubal who remained in the remotest part of Spaine in the Betique Prouince which now is Andalousie He hauing intelligence that Scipio marched towards him dislodged from the place where hee encamped Asdrubal breaks vp his army and leaues the field to the Romans and retyred in great disorder towards the Island of Gades then thinking that whilest he had an armie in field they would not cease to pursue him he resolued to breake vp his campe and to put his souldiours into garrison as well for their safetie as the townes and he himselfe went into the Island Scipio being aduertised that the enemie had no armie in field and seeing that he must make warre in diuers parts of the countrey and besiege one towne after another a matter of some difficultie and of more toile than profit he turned head again yet for that he would not wholly abandon that part of Spain to the enemy he left L. Scipio his brother with an army of 10000 foot and 1000 horse to trie if he could take Auringe the chiefe place of the country situated in a fertile soyle vpon the marches of the Mellesians the inhabitants whereof were naturall Spaniards There were certain mynes of siluer found it was Asdrubals retreat from whence he made his courses into the countrey L. Scipio being come neere the towne before he did wholly besiege it he sent some to parle with the inhabitants to know their minds and to persuade them rather to trie the Romans friendship than their armes Preuailing nothing he besieged it and cast a trench about it with a double pallisado diuiding his armie into 3 troupes the which should keepe the towne in continuall alarme The first assault giuen by one of the three troupes was valiantly maintained and their ladders with the souldiors which mounted throwne into the ditch and the assailants were often in danger to be drawne vp with hooks of yron which the besieged cast downe from the wals and towers The Romans besiege Auringe so as the Romans were forced to retire L. Scipio finding that the small number which he had sent to the assault made the partie vnequall hauing therefore caused the first to retire he sent all the rest of his armie to giue a new assault the which did so amaze the besieged being tyred with the first assault as
friends rather than be exposed to the scorne and insolencie of the enemie This spoken they added an execrable curse vpon those that should suffer themselues to be mooued with any pitie or tendernesse of heart and forbeare to execute that which they had decreed then hauing opened the gate they marched directly to the Romane trenches with more than a brutish furie The Romanes had no conceit they should sally thus forth vpon them wherefore they found the passages vnto the campe but ill garded Some troupes of horse and foot lightly armed were suddenly sent out against them where they came to fight with more furie than good order Wherefore the horsemen which came first to charge the enemie being repulsed amazed the footmen so as the Astapians had come vnto the Romanes campe if the legions hauing some little leasure had not put themselues into battell There the enemies like madde men ran desperatly vpon their weapons but the old souldiours keeping their ground and ouerthrowing the formost stayed them that followed then seeking to beat them backe finding them obstinatly resolued to dye where they stood they opened their battailon compassing them in with the multitude and slew them all This was done like souldiours against incensed enemies that were armed but within the towne there was a barbarous slaughter The Astapians do barbarously murther their owne wiues and children where as the citizens themselues murthered the weake vnarmed multitude of their wiues and little children casting their bodies yet breathing into the fire whose bloud did in a manner quench the flames In the end being tyred with this pitifull slaughter of their owne they leapt armed as they were into the middest of the fire Thereupon the victorious Romanes entred who beholding this cruell spectacle stood amazed for a season then seeing the gold and siluer shine through the fire thrust on with greedinesse they went in to gather it vp but many of them were roasted in the fire being kept in by the prease that followed them Thus ended the siege of Astapa being consumed by fire with all her treasure whereas the Romans got no spoile After this exploit Martius tooke in many other places of the country which yeelded to his mercie and then returned with his victorious armie to new Carthage About this time there came certaine deputies secretly out of the island of Gades who promised to yeeld vp the towne with the Gouernour The Gaditanes offer to deliuer their town vnto the Romanâ— into the Romans hands and all the Carthaginians which were there in garrison Mago was retired thither after the dissolution of the campe when as he was forced to flie who hauing gathered together certaine ships assembled some troups out of Spaine and Africke neere vnto the strait These citizens being heard and hauing plighted their faith one vnto another to obserue what had beene promised they were sent backe Scipio sent Martius thither by land with his ablest troupes and Lelius by sea with seuen gallies and a galleasse to the end that with a mutual consent they should mannage this enterprise both by sea and land 24 Whilest they are busie to surprise Gades Scipio fell verie sick Scipio falls verie sicke but it was made greater according to the common custome of men the which did much trouble the whole countrie and euen those that were farthest off and it seemed by the discord which grew of this false brute that if it had beene true it would haue bred a great alteration of the affaires in Spaine for neither the allies nor the Romane armie could containe themselues in their duties Mandonius and Indibilis being sorie that the effect was not answerable to their conceptions Ambition makes Mandonius and Iudibilis disâ—oial which was to make themselues kings as soone as the Carthaginians were expelled mooued the Lacetanes of their countrey to armes with many Celtiberians forraging and spoyling the fields of the Suessetanes and Sedetanes who were allied to the Romanes Besides there grew a mutinie in the Romane campe neere vnto the riuer of Sucro or Xucar where as there lay eight thousand men in garrison to keepe the people in awe on this side the riuer of Ebro These troupes had begun to grow disordered before the vncertaine brute of Scipioes death which grew through idlenesse the which doth commonly fall out Idlenesse makes soldiors insolent and 〈◊〉 when as souldiours want imployment Then they grew licentious and discontented for that being accustomed to take spoiles and to riot at their enemies charges during the warres they now saw themselues restrained and gouerned according to the orders of the time when as the warre ceased And these were their reasons If they make warre said they in any part of Spaine why doe they keepe vs here where there is no imployment If the warre be ended why do they not lead vs backe into Italie Then they demaunded their pay after an insolent manner They that are accustomed to liue vpon spoile cannot subiect themselues to discipliâ—â— not like vnto souldiours well disciplined When the captaines and officers of companies went the round in the night those that were in the corps degard vsed many opprobrious speeches against them Some stealing forth in the night spoyled the countrey of their friends and neighbours yea they grew so insolent as euen in the day time they would goe out of the campe and abandon their ensignes without leaue Finally all was done after the appetite of souldiors which were without order or discipline and without any commaund of their heads and Tribunes onely they were content there should be some forme of a Roman campe maintained and did suffer the captaines to sit in their accustomed places to doe justice they tooke the word from them went to the gard in their turnes and set their sentinels And although they had in a manner supprest the authoritie of their commaunders yet they made a shew to obey them whom in truth they commaunded This they did thinking that in the end their captaines being infected with their frenzie would joyne with them But when they saw that they reprehended them sharpely and that they sought to suppresse their furies The Roman captaines chased out of their camp by the mutined souldiours and openly refused to be companions vnto them in their insolencies they chased them first from their seats and in the end forced them to forsake the campe Which done they began to chuse the most seditious among them for their leaders and captaines creating with a general consent C. Albius Calenus and C. Atrius Vmber simple souldiours to be their Tribunes who not contented to take the markes of Tribunes presumed to vsurpe the authoritie of the Soueraigne head causing rods and axes to be carried before them not remembring that those rods and axes wherewith they thought to terrifie other men should fall vpon their owne shoulders for the conceit they had of Scipioes death did blind their vnderstandings imagining they would presently take
appointed to second these footmen with some bands of horse who arriued fitly for the combat was doubtfull The Spaniards were repulst by these succours with great slaughter yet they fainted not for all this but presented themselues the next day in order of battel vpon the same place and for that the vallie was not able to containe all their forces they brought forth some two third parts of their foot and all their horse The Romans held the straitnesse of the place to bee an aduantage for them for that their souldiours did fight better close than in an open field who kept their rankes and did not run vp and downe like vnto the Spaniards besides they saw that they should haue to deale but with two third parts of the enemies armie And Scipio resolued of a stratagem for seeing that he could not flanke his footmen with his horse by reason of the straitnesse of the place and that by the same reason the enemies horse were also vnprofitable he commaunded Lelius to lead all his horsemen about the hills and to seeke some passage to charge the Spanish horsemen vpon the backe and to draw them from their foot A battell betwixt the Romans and naturall Spaniards And to the end the enemie should not discouer what Lelius intended he presently went against the enemie with his footmen placing foure companies onely in front for that he could not do otherwise so the battell began in two seuerall places betwixt two battailons of foot and two of horse whereas one could not succour another till in the end the Spanish foot being put to rout their horsemen being prest before by the legions and behind by the Roman horse were all presently slaine so as of all the horse and foot which fought in the vallie there escaped not any one The other third part of the Spanish army which came not to fight but had only been spectators in a safe place on the top of the hils had all means to flie away among whom there escaped Mandonius Indibilis The campe and all their baggage was taken with 3000 prisoners and of the Romans there were slaine about 1200 about 3000 hurt The Spaniards defeated There is no doubt but they had gotten this victorie with lesse bloud if the field had beene larger and that the Spaniards might haue fled more easily Mandonius and Indibilis yeeld to Scipiors mercy After this rout Indibilis resolued to lay aside armes and as the safest way to submit himselfe to Scipioes faith and clemencie the which hee had tried and therefore he sent Mandonius his brother vnto him who did prostrate himselfe at his feet confessing their fault which seemed said he to be as a fatall disease in that season hauing not onely run among the Ilergetes and Lacetanes but also infected the campe and Romane armie finally that both he and his brother were come thither being readie either to yeeld vp their liues to Scipio from whom they had receiued them if it were his pleasure or in taking them againe from him to be for euer bound vnto him It was an auntient custome with the Romanes not to capitulate nor to haue any peace with them with whom they had no allyance nor friendship before they did yeeld into their hands whatsoeuer they held were it holy or prophane giuen hostages deliuered vp their armes and receiued garrisons into their townes Scipio was content to receiue Mandonius present and Indibilis being absent at that time Scipio pardons the rebellious Spaniards with some bitter speeches giuing them to vnderstand that they had deserued death but they receiued their liues by the grace of the people of Rome Moreouer that hee would not disarme them which was the assurance they did vsually take of rebels but would they should hold them freely and to be void from feare but if they reuolted againe they should know he would not be reuenged of innocent hostages but vpon such as had offended and that he would punish those that should present themselues in armes and not the disarmed Wherefore they should chuse whether they would haue the Romanes fauourable vnto them or incensed against them Thus was Mandonius sent away without any other punishment than money which they commaunded him to furnish to pay the armie Scipio hauing sent L. Martius before to passe the riuer of Ebro and Syllanus to Tarracone he staied some time vntil the Ilergetes had paid their money and then he followed after Martius who approached neere vnto the Ocean with some few men and no baggage 25 The treatie begun with Massinissa had beene delaied for diuers reasons for this Numidian would treat with Scipio himselfe and make his promises to him This made Scipio to vndertake a long voiage Massinissa was in the island of Gades where hauing intelligence by Marius that Scipio approached he told the Gouernour Mago That the horses and horsmen were spoiled in the island where they caused a dearth of all things to the hurt of others desiring him to giue them leaue to passe into the firme land to make some courses into the enemies countrey Being past he presently sent three of the chiefe among the Numidians to Scipio two of the which should remaine for hostages and the third returne to bring him notice of the day and place where the enteruiew should be A parley betwixt Massinissa and Scipio to the preiudice of the Romans where they met with a small companie Massinissa first of all thanked Scipio That he had sent him his nephew his brothers sonne then he said vnto him That he had long desired to see that day and that hee desired much to doe something that might be acceptable vnto him and profitable to the Romans wherein hee would imploy himselfe more willingly than any stranger whatsoeuer the effects whereof he could not yet shew in Spain a country vnknowne vnto him but in place where he was borne and bred hoping to succeed his father in the kingdome and that if the Romanes did send Scipio into Africke he did hope to worke so as the estate of Carthage should not stand long Massinissa was welcome vnto Scipio who heard his words with great content knowing that whatsoeuer had beene valiantly performed in Spaine by the horsemen was done vnder the onely leading of Massinissa who shewed by his carriage and countenance that he was a yong prince of great hope So hauing plighted their faith one vnto another they parted Scipio towards Tarracone and Massinissa to Gades and to the end hee would not seeme to haue passed into the firme land in vaine he spoyled some of the neighbour countrey neere the shore with Scipioes consent 26 Mago being made frustrat of his conceiued hope to repaire the Carthaginians affairs in Spaine by the Spaniards rebellion vnder Mandonius and Indibilis and the sedition of the Romane souldiours resolued to goe into Africke when as being readie to depart he receiued order from the Senat of Carthage by the which he was
lyes mid way betwixt vs and our lodging all that is behind vs is the enemies wherefore there is no better safetie than to trust to our owne vertues He then caused his companies which were gone to skirmish to retyre as if they would haue fled that he might draw forth the enemie as hee did for the Spaniards thinking that the Romanes had retyred for feare left their campe and came out armed filling the place betwixt their trenches and the Romanes armie and there put themselues confusedly and hastily into battaile but the Consull gaue them no leisure but caused certaine troupes of horsemen to aduance who came and charged these Barbarians thus disordered but the Romanes on the right hand were presently repulsed and retyring in hast had almost put the footmen in rout The Consull perceiuing this he presently sent two bands of foot who passing along the enemies right flanke presented themselues behind before the battaillons of foot came to joyne the which did so amaze the enemies as the partie which before was doubtfull for the Romans by reason of the disorder of their horse was now almost equall yet both the horse and foot on the right wing were so troubled as the Consull could hardly make them stand firme yea he was forced to take some by the hands to turne them against the enemie Whilest they did fight with their darts a farre off the encounter was doubtfull yea the Romanes wauering on the right wing could hardly be kept in order On the left wing and in front the Spaniards were sorely prest and besides they feared those companies which came in the rere to charge them but when they were approched and so joyned as no blow fell in vaine and that there remained no hope but in their resolutions and valours being come to the sword and that Cato had refreshed his tyred men with new troupes The Spaniards defeated by Cato which charged the enemie like lightening then were they forced and put to rout so as they did what they could to saue themselues in their campe Then Cato galloping to the second Legion which he had reserued for succours he caused them to aduaunce speedily towards the enemies campe to force it but with such order as if any one aduaunced too fast or went out of his ranke he beat him into his order with a jaueline which he carried commaunding the colonels and captaines to doe the like Now did the Roman armie giue an assault vnto the enemies rampiers palisadoes who defended themselues valiantly repulsing their enemies with stones staues and other arms where a new Legion arriuing the combat was more furious both parties growing more couragious the one through hope the other through despaire The Consull riding about the campe obserued what part was worst manned or weakliest defended and finding that the gate on the left hand was but ill furnished with men he sent some of the formost rankes of the second Legion thither and such as carried long staues who forced the gard which was at this gate and entred into the campe The Spaniards seeing the enemies within their trenches leaue their armes and ensignes flye out of their ports and cast themselues ouer their rampiers euery man seeking to saue himselfe and one hindering another with hast so as there was a great slaughter of them that fled A great slaughter of Spaniards and their baggage was all taken Some hold that there died in this battaile fortie thousand Spaniards There are three commendable things noted in Cato in this action First to take all hope of safetie from his souldiors but by their armes and vertue he had led them far from their campe and ships betwixt the enemies campe and his countrey Secondly that he did send two companies behind the enemies armie whilest that he charged them in front and for the third that he had reserued the second Legion behind the rest and led them in good order to assayle the enemies campe whilest that all the other troupes were disbanded and busie in fight After this great victorie he gaue his souldiors no great rest for being a little refreshed in their campe he led them to spoyle the enemies countrey the which they did ouerrun at their pleasures for that they were all fled This was the cause which made the Spaniards of Empuria to yeeld and many other people thereabouts There were many inhabitants of other Cities and Communalties fled to Empuria whom Cato caused to come before him and courteously entreated them commaunding to giue them meat and drinke and then he sent them home to their houses Soone after he marched with his armie towards Tarracone and in all places where he passed he met with the embassadours of townes which yeelded vnto him so as all Spaine on this side Ebro was reduced vnder the obedience of the people of Rome before he came to Tarracone and from all places there were presented vnto him and freely giuen an infinite number of prisoners Romanes Latines and other allies which had beene taken by diuers accidents The bruite was That hee would lead his armie into Turditane which is the furthest part of Spaine towards the strait and some sayd That he would passe vnto the mountaines and places vnknowne The Spaniards alwaies apt to rebell Vpon this false bruit there were seuen strong places in the countrey of the Bargistanes which rebelled whom hee subdued without any great toyle or memorable combate but soone after the Consull being returned to Tarracone Catos seueritie in the Spaniards relapse they rebelled againe so as hee leading his armie thither againe subdued them but they escaped not so good cheape as at the first for he caused them all to be sold for slaues by the drumme to the end they should trouble the peace no more In the meane time the Pretor P. Manlius hauing receiued the armie from his predecessour Qu. Minutius and being joyned with that which Appius Claudius Nero had in the farther Spaine all old bands he marched into the countrey of Turditania the which is Andalousia and the countrey adjoyning The Turditanians were esteemed the worst warriours among all the people of Spaine yet trusting in their multitudes they came to encounter the Romans when the Romane horsemen disordered them at the first charge then the Legions arriuing they put them wholly to rout But the war was not thus ended for the Turditanians did entertaine in pay ten thousand Celtiberians and continued to make warre with these mercinaries The Consull being incensed at the double rebellion of the Bargistanes vsed his naturall rigor and seueritie against all the Spaniards which dwelt on this side the riuer of Ebro for he disarmed them all thinking that if they were armed they would vpon any occasion fall into rebellion This was taken so disdainefully by these people as many grew furiously mad and slew themselues The Spaniards esteemed not the life which passed without armes A nation in truth fierce and warlike who esteemed not
Of this beginning followed the warre of Numancia which lasted twentie yeares The Senat of Rome hauing first forbidden them of Segida to raise their walls and then commaunded them to goe to the war with their Consuls and Pretors according to the pacification made by Gracchus they answered That they had capitulated The stronger construe treaties as they please not to make any new forts but not to repaire their old And as for going to the warre they were exempt from that charge by the treatie of Gracchus the which was true But the Senat added a glose to these conditions that is As long as it shall please vs the which the Spaniards would not heare of Wherefore seeing that Quintus Fuluius Nobilior came against them with an armie of thirtie thousand men they left their towne which was not yet in defence sent their wiues and children to their neighbours and vnder the conduct of one Carus they assembled to the number of 20000 foot Carus a captaine of the Spaniards and 5000 horse and came and camped in a place couered with wood verie fit to surprise their enemies whom he met withall in the woods and both gaue and took many wounds Afterwards in a great encounter Carus had the victorie hauing slaine 6000 Romans wherewith being growne insolent and carelesse the Consull had means to haue his reuenge sending his horsemen to charge the Spaniards which were scattered and out of order who put 6000 to the sword and more had bin slaine if night had not seperated them This made the Celtiberians more circumspect The same night the people of the countrey assembled at Numance A conspiraciâ— of the Spaniards at Numance and being resolued to resist the Romanes they made choice of Ambo and Leuco for their captaines The Consull Fuluius hauing receiued 300 horse with some Elephants from king Massinissa a Moore an auntient friend to the people of Rome marching forward he came and offered battell to the enemies vnder Numance He had placed his Elephants behind the first rankes that they might not be seene thinking to terrifie them suddenly and to defeat them by that meanes but it fell out otherwise for being come to joyne and the ranks opened when as the Elephants shewed themselues they did somewhat terrifie the Spaniards and their horses which were not accustomed to see such beasts so as turning their backes they went towards the towne But one of these Elephants comming neere the walls being hit on the forehead with a stone he entred into such a rage as turning against the Romanes themselues he trode them vnder his feet after whose example the rest began to run through the Romane troupes and disordered them For it is the nature of these beasts Elephants held by the wise to be common enemies when they are terrified they know neither friend nor foe wherefore many call them common enemies The Spaniards which were within Numance seeing this confusion sallied out vpon the Romanes and slew foure thousand men and tooke three Elephants and many ensignes yet they lost two thousand of their men The Consull hauing refreshed himselfe somewhat after this rout he was repulsed againe at the fort of Axenium the which he assailed to haue the victuals which the enemie had in it and in this misfortune the Romans receiued a third rout whereas Biasius a leader of some horse of their allies was slaine with many good souldiours These many losses did moue the inhabitants of Ocilis Ocelon reuolts from the Roman partie or Ocelon allies to the Romanes and gardians of the money and victuals of their campe to reuolt and to follow the Celtiberians partie So as vanquished with so many misfortunes the Consull Fuluius could take no better course than to fortifie his campe for to winter the which hee did with the greatest want that might be besides haile snow raine and all the rigour of the season so as many of his souldiours perished for cold 16 The yeare following M. Claudius Marcellus succeeded Fuluius M. Marcellus Consull sent into Spaine and brought 8000 foot and 500 horse into Spaine This man was more politique than his predecessor to keepe himselfe from the surprises of his enemies leading his armie safely to Ocilis the which hee tooke in few dayes and pardoned their offence paying a fine of thirtie talents and some hostages which he demaunded of them This clemencie of his made the Nertobriges another nation to send embassadors vnto him to demaund peace and pardon to whom he made a pleasing answer demaunding an hundred horsemen of them the which they promised But during this treatie they sent certaine troupes which fell vpon the Romanes baggage and spoyled some of it Hereupon the hundred horsemen which the Consull had demaunded arriued whom he committed to prison and sold their horses by reason of their treacherie Then he led his armie against their towne The inhabitants seeing themselues inuironed with ditches and trenches Ceremonies of the Barbarians when they are suters sent forth a herauld attired in a wolues skin a ceremonie vsed by the Barbarians in such supplications crauing pardon To whom hee made answere That hee would not grant it if the Areuaces and the other rebels their allies did not sue for it all together Which being knowne vnto them they all sent their embassadours to intreat the Consull Marcellus to referre them to the accord made in former time with T. Gracchus imposing vpon them according to his clemencie a tollerable punishment There were some people allyed vnto the Romanes which hauing beene wronged by them opposed themselues to this demaund wherefore Marcellus sent them all to the Senat of Rome The Senat made no other answer hauing heard their debate but that Marcellus should tell them what they were to do 17 In the meane time Ann. Romae 602 in the yeare 602 Spaine fell by lot to the Consul L. Lucullus and then they began first to inroll souldiours by lot Lucullus led with him P. Scipio Aemiltanus he that made himselfe famous by the euersion of Carthage the great and of Numantia Marcellus hauing aduertised the Celtiberians of the comming of this Consull and of the warre which was prepared he aduised them before they attended any greater extremitie to yeeld to his discretion promising them all good vsage and reasonable conditions for he desired to end this war before the comming of Lucullus the which they did This Marcellus as Strabo writes did build the citie of Corduba Corduba built by Mâ—â—tellus and imposed a tribute of six hundred talents vpon Spaine continuing his gouernment a good while after that Lucullus was chosen Consull gouerning as Proconsull Lucullus finding nothing to doe at his arriuall Lucullus being couetous seekes occasion of war he laid the foundation of a new warre being as desirous to make some spoyle for he was but poore as to get honour He entred therefore as an enemie into the Vaccens countrey who had in no sort offended
without any noise being assured they had dispatched him they retired to the Consul Cepio Viriatus treacherously murthered to the dishonour of the Romans and of the Consul Cepio Traitors deceiued by him that suborned them who gaue them leaue to enjoy the possessions which they then held but as for gifts and recompences which he had promised he sent them to the Senat. At the breake of day Viriatus seruants and the whole armie wondering that he slept so long contrarie to his custome some going in found him wallowing in his owne bloud which filled the whole campe with griefe teares who besides their heauinesse for the vnworthy death of so valiant a man they were in care of their own preseruations and for the dangers which did inuiron them Besides they were the more discontented that the traitors were escaped Wherefore taking his bodie and wrapping it in a rich cloth they laid it vpon a high pile and hauing sacrificed many beasts they did celebrate his funerals after their manner the souldiors both horse and foot running about the fire and filling the aire with the name of Viriatus vntill the fire had consumed all after which in memorie of his name they had sword plaiers which did fight for their liues Thus Viriatus ended his dayes being desired and lamented of all his souldiors Viriatus lamented of his souldiours for his valour and bountiâ— for that in war he was the first in danger but when it came to diuide the spoyles he was but equall it may be inferiour to all the rest and he had that happinesse aboue most captaines that hauing an armie of diuers nations he led them to the wars for the space of eight yeares without any mutinie or sedition among his souldiors who in Viriatus place chose Tantalus for their captaine verie contrarie to him in manners and vertue This fact did purchase no lesse infamie to Cepio than to the traitours which did execute it Tantalus was so prest by him as he left both armes and armie vpon composition to whom there were certaine lands appointed so as for a time the Lusitanians contained themselues in peace THE FOVRTH BOOKE OF the Historie of Spaine The Contents 1 WArre ill managed by Q. Pompeius against the Numantines 2 The exploits of M. Pompilius Lenas his successour 3 The deeds of D. Brutus in Lusitania and Galatia 4 The miseries of Mancinus and his companion M. Aemilius Lepidus in the Numantine warre 5 The gouernment of P. Furius Philus by whom Mancinus was deliuered vnto the Numantines 6 The Numantine warre ended by P. Scipio Emilianus 7 The expedition of Q. Caecilius Metellus and his victories in the islands of the Baleares 8 The gouernment of C. Marius and other Pretors in Spaine vnto L. Corn. Dolabella 9 The acts of the Consull T. Didius 10 Fuluius Flaccus 11 Retrait of M. Crassus flying the Romane sedition in Spaine 12 Sertorius warre in Spaine begun by Q. Caecilius Metellus and ended by Pompey 13 Death of Cn. Piso in Spaine 14 Gouernments of Calid Tubero and C. Iul. Caesar. 15 Pompey perpetuall Proconsul in Spaine 16 Caesar disarmes Afranius and Petreius in Spaine 17 Caesar constraines M. Varro to yeeld vnto him 18 Warre betwixt Caesar and Pompeyes children 19 Lepidus triumphes for Spaine hauing done no exploit of warre there 20 The deeds of Augustus in Spaine and the absolute conquest thereof 21 Spaine vnder Tiberius 22 Christian religion preached in Spaine 23 Saint Iames sonne to Zebedee 24 Seneca and other learned Spaniards put to death by Nero. 25 Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian and the persecutions of the Church of God vnder them 26 Cocceius Nerua Traian and his edict to ruine the forts of Spaine 27 The peopling of Spaine by Iewes vnder Adrian 28 Spaine vnder the Antonines 29 The Empire of Seuerus Caracalla and others vnto Claudius 30 The enterprises of Tetricus vpon Spaine and the Gaules 31 Spaine vnder Aurelian Tacitus and others vnto Dioclesian 32 Cruelties of Dioclesian against the Church of God and of his companions in the Empire and their ends 33 Constantine the Great his children with Iulian and Iouinian Emperors 34 Valentinian and Valence vnder whom the Gothes inuaded the Roman Empire in the East 35 Theodosius Arcadius and Honorius his children vnder whom the Gothes assailed Italie and the prouinces of the Westerne Empire 1 QVintus Pompeius Aulus Consull in the yeare 612 comming very late in his Prouince and hauing receiued an armie but in bad equipage from the hands of Q. Metellus he went to beseech the Numantines for of all the townes against whom Metellus had made warre only Numantia and Thermancia continued in armes Thermancia was strong by nature situated among the woods and betwixt two riuers and therefore of hard accesse Numantia attempted in vain by Qu. Pompeius wherefore hee went first to Numantia in the which there were eight thousand of the best and most resolute souldiours that were in all Spaine as the Romanes found by experience The Romane armie was in all about thirtie thousand foot and two thousand horse Being at this siege the Romane forragers were charged by a suddaine sally of the besieged so as many of them were slaine vpon the place Pompey was then absent who being aduertised of this rout hasted to the campe but the Numantines notwithstanding his diligence retired without losse and continued daily to skirmish with the souldiours and to haue the aduantage wherewith Pompey being discontented he left it and would attempt Thermancia to see if he could repaire his honour and get some profit but he lost seuen hundred of his best men at the first encounter and they chased a Colonel which conducted victuals to the campe Soone after hee had a third rout with the losse of many horse and foot and with such an amazement of all the rest of the armie as they stood all night in armes and day being come the Thermantines running vnto their trenches and prouoking the enemie they fought with equall aduantage all day long vntill night Whereupon Pompey did also dislodge from thence Qu. Pompeius retyres from Thermancia and marched towards Malia a little towne held by a garrison of the Numantines the which was yeelded by the treason of the inhabitants hauing slaine the souldiors which were set there to gard it where hauing left some companies after that he had disarmed the inhabitants he marched towards Sedetane to defend it from the spoyles of Tangin captaine of the theeues whom he defeated and tooke prisoner with a great number of his souldiors but he could neither draw ranson nor seruice from them for these Barbarian captiues entred into such a rage The Barbariaâ— impatient of seruitude kil themselues as in a manner they all slew themselues or murthered their masters which had bought them being vnable to endure seruitude yea some were so malicious as passing the riuers they made holes in boats so as they sunke with their burthens After all this Pompey
commaunded They joyned their forces together on this side the riuer of Ebro making their store-house for the war at Ilerda hauing in their armies fiue Romane legions almost 80 companies of Spaniards and about 5000 horse Caesar being resolued to fight with them and to chase them out of Spain had sent C. Fabius with three legions to seize vpon the passages of the Pyrenee mountaines then he followed with about 6000 Italian foot which had alwaies serued him in the wars of Gaule and 3000 horse and the like number of other souldiors leuied in Aquitania most of them of the mountaines of whom he had politickely borrowed all the money they had to pay his armie where he found that Fabius and the Pompeians were neere and often skirmished about the riuer of Sicoris or Sigro whereas Fabius had made two bridges by the which he sent his souldiors to forrage for all neere vnto him was consumed Petreius and Afranius lying beneath the enemie It happened that Fabius meaning to passe two legions ouer one of his bridges to second his forragers when as the souldiors were past the baggage following them the bridge was so ouercharged with weight as it brake so as Fabius armie was diuided and these two legions ingaged and cut off by the riuer from the rest of their horse and foot which the enemies who lay beneath them perceiuing by the timber and other stuffe which came down with the streame Afranius did suddainly cause foure legions and all his horse to passe to charge Fabius two legions which were led by L. Plancus who hauing put them into a long forme of battell least he should be enuironed by these horsemen he endured the shocke of these foure legions vntill that C. Fabius came to succour him and to vngage him for when he saw the bridge broken he doubted what the enemies would doe and therefore had caused all the rest of his army to passe by the other bridge which was a good league aboue it Hereupon Caesar arriued with his armie and marched towards the enemies to draw them to battaile but he could not skirmishing for three daies together vnder the towne of Ilerda with losse on either side Caesars armie which lay then in a country about seuen leagues compasse betwixt the two riuers of Sicoris and Cinga which were not to be waded through was much annoyed with raine and tempests that fell wherewith the riuers being much risen the bridges which Fabius had repaired were carried away so as they could not bring any victuals from their confederat townes nor out of Gaule nor Italie neither yet goe to forrage and if any did stray out farre to seeke victuals they were compassed in by the waters and could not returne to the campe And on the other side Afranius and Petreius armie liued in abundance and to encrease Caesars miseries great store of victuals stayed by the riuers which were ouerflowne being conducted out of Gaule with a good number of foot and horse were stopped and dispersed by Afranius who departed in the night with three legions and all his horsemen to defeat them But the Gaules defended themselues so valiantly as most of them escaped in the mountaines the which Caesar hauing found meanes soone after to repaire his bridges receiued with their leaders Many daies were spent in light skirmishes and to cut off them that went for forrage in the meane time there were many secret practises so as Caesar drew vnto him fiue townes and nations Osca Calagurri Tarracone the Lacetanes and Ausetanes and in the end the Spaniards which were in Afranius campe began to disband and to flye to Caesars campe yea whole bands of the Ilurgauonians And after the example of these neere townes those that were farthest off sued to Caesar for his friendship who making many ditches and trenches drew the riuer of Sigro or Sicoris into so many streames as his horsemen might wade through it Afranius and Petreius being amazed thereat resolued to dislodge and passe the riuer of Ebro to retyre into the Celtiberians countrey where they did thinke to get many horsemen victuals and other commodities According to this resolution they dislodged in the night from Ilerda where they left a good garrison and marcht towards Ebro Caesar hauing passed his horse followed them in the rere and in the end he was so importuned by the legions as he caused them to wade through the riuer whereas the horsmen had passed and made such speed as he ouertooke the enemies in the morning so as the armies were again neere together yet did they neither fight nor march spending some time to discouer the countrey yet Caesar in the end found meanes to get but not without a sharpe encounter certaine straits whereby he stopped Afranius and Petreius designe for their going to Ebro Whilest they consult what they had to doe Câ—sar disarmes Afranius and Petreiâ—â— and how to preuent Caesars surprises their armie wearie of them and woon with Caesars fame and reputation was easily corrupted by the Caesarian souldiors the which Afranius and Petreius sought to hinder yea Petreius vsing his absolute authoritie slew many of them that parled Thinking afterwards to returne towards Ilerda and to passe the riuer Sicoris but being hindered by Caesar they put their armie in battaile readie to fight but Caesar holding them as it were besieged reduced them to that extremitie as they demaunded their liues of him resigning their Legions vp vnto him and all the Prouince 17 M. Varro Varro followes the time and occasions who was in the further Spaine hearing the successe of the affaires in Italie in the beginning he did hold Pompeyes ruine to be most certain wherefore he spake very honourably of Caesar and seemed to desire to be a neuter in these quarrels but when as he vnderstood that Afranius and Petreius were gone to field with so great an armie and in what difficulties Caesar was vnder Ilerda for want of victuals he then changed his mind and followed Pompeyes partie and filling vp two legions which he had to the which he joyned about thirtie bands of allies he began to make prouision of great store of corne to send to Afranius and in like manner to the Marsilians whom Caesar caused to be besieged and assuring himselfe of the citie of Gades he caused all the gold siluer and jewels which were in Hercules Temple to be transported thither making Caius Gallonius a Roman knight Gouernor thereof with six companies of Spaniards carrying all the citizens armes into his lodging Then he began to change his speech of Caesar and of his exploits contrarie to that which he had of late vsed wherefore the citizens of Rome being dispersed ouer the Prouince being amazed did easily suffer themselues to be taxed in a great summe of money for the seruice of the Commonweale not sparing as it is to be conjectured the townes which he thought to be affected vnto Caesar. Varro â—andies himselfe against Caesar. And if there
them selues or their goods for the aduancement thereof with an especiall charge and commission to Don Gil Carillo of Albornoz Arch-bishop of Toledo to publish this Croisado making him to that end Legate of the Apostolike sea The army before Tariffe being opprest with famine King Alboacen gaue Don Iohn Alphonso of Benauides the Gouernor to vnderstand that he had some matters to treat of with him for the good of the king his master and therefore he should send some vnto him to conferre with him The Gouernour hauing receiued hostages sent two Gentlemen vnto him but beeing aduertised at the same instant that the gallies of Castile and Portugall had beene all cast away by tempest vppon the coast so as the sea beeing free victuals began to come aboundantly from Affrike vnto the campe when as these Knights came vnto king Alboacen hee sayd nothing of consequence vnto them but was desirous agiane to continue the warre sending backe these messengers and retiring his hostages Then did they make a furious batteire with all kinds of engines vsuall in those times against the which the beseeged rampared themselues and made a gallant defence King D. Alphonso hauing called to seuile the Noblemen of his Councell and the chiefe men among his subiects sitting in his royall throne with great maiestie holding in his right hand the sword wherewith hee had beene girt in Saint Iames Chruch of Gallicia when he was made Knight and in his left hand the Crowne wherewith he had beene crowned in the cittie of Bourgos he spake grauely vnto them of the present estate of his affaires D. Alphonsos speech to his Councell and the danger wherein the Christian realms of Spaine then were by the importune malice and impiety of the Arabians their ancient enemies coniured together at that time from the East vnto the West to glut their implacable thirst with the bloud of Spaniards against whose forces without all doubt in time Spaine should not be able to resist many of their best men hauing beene consumed by the factions and diuisions which had raigned among them whereby Spaine had wasted her selfe by her owne armes and withall the ill successe of his armies at sea brought twise to nothing so as for so dangerous a mischiefe there was need of an extraordinarie remedie the honour of the name of Christians the Crowne of Castile and their liberties liues and goods beeing then in question wherein he had need of good and faithfull Councell and for that cause had called them together praying God to put into their harts and vnderstandings what was fit for the honor and increase of his Crowne and the Common-weale Whereupon many different opinions hauing beene propounded all in the end concluded that they must rayse the seege from before Tariffe for the effecting whereof they must find meanes to ioyne the forces of Portugall Arragon and Castile together for the which they began presently to giue order The Queene of Castile got a promise from Don Alphonso King of Portugall her father to ayde the king her husband with all his forces whereupon there was an enterview of the two kings at Irumegna a towne in Portugall The king of Castile sent to encourage them of Tariffe giuing them hope of speedie succours forbidding them expresly not to sally foorth vpon the enemy for that the losse of one man did more import them then an hundred to King Alboacen he obtained a new army at sea from the king of Arragon the which was commanded by the Prior of Saint Iohn who had escaped in the tempest to ioyne with those few gallies which he had yet left and presently after the king of Portugall came in person to Seuile beeing accompanied with all the flower of his Nobility and the best souldiers of his country The leauied men in all parts of Spaine both foot and horse which enrolled themselues for this religious warre but especially out of Biscay Alaua and Guipuscoa which bee the best footmen of Spaine the which were commanded by Don Pero Nugnes de Gazman their Lord Don Iohn Nugnes de Lara beeing employed in the conduct of the horse To conclude their indeauors were such as within few dayes there were mustred about Seuile 25000. foote and 14000. horse with which forces the two kings of Castile and Portugal resolued to offer battell vnto the enemy which was before Tariffe beeing farre more mighty then they hauing besides the great number of horse and foote which he brought out of Affricke ioyned vnto him the forces of Granado the which consisted of 7000. horse and a great multitude of foot Assoone as the Christian army began to march Alboacen king of Maroc and Ioseph king of Granado sent Albohamar Infant of Maroc with 2000. horse to keepe the passage of the riuer of Salado Skrimâ—sh at the passage of the riuer Salado which runnes betwixt Pegna du Cerf and Tariffe the which were defeated by a thousand horse and 4000. foot which the King of Castile had sent to put themselues into Tariffe the which they effected happily after this exploit through fauour of the night the Moorish kings hauing already raised their seege burnt thier engines of batterie and retired their army into a place of aduantage called Alfaneque These troups were the bands of D. Henry and D. Tello children aduowed of Castile the which were led by wise and expert Captaines The day after this defeat the two armies presented themselues vppon the bankes of the riuer of Salado which the Christian meant to passe and so they did but with great resistance and difficultie yet Gonçalo Ruis de la Vega and his brother Garciaço who marched in the head of the army assured the passage for the rest repulsing the Mores who defended it valiantly when as the Christians were all past without breaking they found the great squadrons of the Moores in Order ready to fight so as in an instant they ioyned and were so mingled as the kings themselues on either side sparing not their owne persons and performing the duties as well of souldiers as of Generals of armies were many times found in danger and their obstinacie was so great in the fight as the Arch-bishop of Toledo was faine partly by intreaties and partly by force to draw the king of Castile out of the presse where he had the fore-part of his saddle shot through with an arrow a dangerous blow if it had lighted a little higher the which might haue made the kingdomes of Spaine a prey vnto the Mores by the losse of a battell which doth commonly follow the death of the Generall But God disposed otherwise according to his mercy to the Christians for the Moores beeing rather hindred then helped by their multitudes gaue way and fled where as the slaughter was so great as the number of the dead as Authors write is not credible but howsoeuer Defeats memorable of the Moores at Salado the Christians had an absolute victorie who might haue slaine more and it may be
Nauarre Notwithstanding these things aboue-mentioned D. Henry did so labour the king of Nauar as he made him forget the promises he had made at Bayone to D. Pedro king of Castile and to the English comming to meet with D. Henry at Santa Cruz of Campeço where hee promised and sware to bee of his side and to do his best to stop the passage of the English army through Nauarre which would haue auayled him much to breake the desseines of the dispossessed king for in the passage of the Pyreneé hilles hee had nothing to fauour him but the Townes of Saint Sebastian and Guetaria in Guipuscoa At these promises sollemnly made by the king of Nauarre vnto Don Henry there assisted Don Gomes Manrique Arch-bishop of Toledo D. Lopes Fernandes of Luna Arch-bishop of Sarragossa Don Alphonso of Arragon Earle of Denia and Marquis of Villena Bertrand of Guesclin and many other great personages of Castile France and Arragon And a league was concluded betwixt the kings of Arragon Nauarre and Don Henry for their common defence against all men And the king promised to be readie with the forces of his countrie and to be in person at the Battaile which they thought would be giuen for assurance whereof there was deliuered into the Arch-bishops hands of Sarragossa the castle of Garde and that of S. Vincent to Bertrand of Guesclin and that of Buradon was giuen in gard to D. Iohn Ramires of Areillan In recompence of the good offices which D. Henry expected from King Charles he promised to giue him the towne of Logrogno to him and his for euer It was likely that D. Henries affaires should succeed better then those of Don Pedro and therefore K. Charles made choice to hold with the stronger as he thought The dispossessed king of Castile and the Prince of Wales vnderstanding of this league found it very strange and the English being more familiar with the king of Nauarre he complained much vnto him and sought to reduce him to his first promises the which he did making him againe with the note of great inconstancie to quit the party of Don Henry and of the king of Arragon in regard that they had promised to giue him besides Logrogno the citie of Victoria which did yet hold for the king Don Pedro for the which he bound himselfe by oath to giue them passage and to be in person with his troupes in the battell in their fauor excusing his lightnesse for that the Realme of Castile did by right belong vnto the King D. Pedro and withall he had a desseine to make vse of the friendship and forces of the English in the quarrels and pretensions he had with the French King who did much trouble his affaires The conditions which D. Pedro king of Castile made with the Prince of Wales were these He gaue him from that time the Segneurie of Biscay Castro of Ordiales Conditions betwixt D. Pedro and the Prince of VVales promised to pay the soldiers which he led into Spaine leauing his three daughters in hostage with the English he promised the citie of Soria to Iohn Chandos Constable in Guienne for the English and to many other Noblemen and knights other places and townes in Castile Vpon these accords being full of good hope seeing they had the king of Nauar their friend they marched with a great and mighty armie in the Spring time 1367. An. 1367. to repossesse the king D. Pedro in his Realme King Charles whether troubled in conscience for the oaths which he had so often broken or for some other consideration would not bee in person at this incounter betwixt the king D. Pedro and D. Henry as hee had promised but vnder colour of going a hunting he caused himselfe to bee taken prisoner by a plot and accord made with Olyuer of Manny or Maulny a Britton Knight who held the castle of Berja for Bertrand of Guesclin who had it by gift from the king of Arragon in the which he was shut vp and for that he would not shew himselfe altogether disloyall hee left Don Martin Henriques of Lacarra the master of his horse and his Standard-bearer at Pampelona with three hundred Lances commanding him to ioyne with the English armie and to fight in it The English armie arriued at Cuenca or Combe of Pampelona Castile about the beginning of March this yeare 1367. from whence it past into Alaua besides the Prince of Wales and Don Pedro king of Castile there were in it Iohn Duke of Lancaster brother to the Prince D. Iames of Maiorca son to the king Don Iames who had come for refuge to this English Prince being at Bourdeaux Iohn Chandos Constable of Guien Robert Felton great Seneshall Richard of Angle and Stephen of Consentone Marshals of Guien moreouer the Earle of Armaignac and Albert who offered and brought to this warre a thousand complet lances of his subiects and friends but they were reduced to his great griefe to two hundred by the Prince beeing so aduised by some other or of his own proper motion and for enuy which vice some write did often blemish the great vertues that were in him For euen some affirme that this voyage whih he vndertooke into Spaine was not for charity nor any loue he bare to the dispossessed king D. Pedro but for that the honor and reputation which Bertrand of Guesclin hand gotten to haue made D. Henry K. of Castile would not let him sleepe Besides the aboue named there did accompanie the Prince of Wales in this expedition the Earls of Perigort and Cominges the Vicont of Carmain Bernard and Perducas of Albert Captal of Buch the Lord of clisson the Seneshals of Xaintong Rochel Querci Limosin Agenois and Bigorre with many other Noblemen and renowned knights of England Poitou Brittaine Gasconie and other contries and among them some which had a litle before serued D. Henry vnder the command of Bertrand of Guesclin which Guesclin did not fayle at need but came to D. Henries army with a good number of Knights and souldiers to ayd him to maintaine his conquest Vpon the newes of this mighty army D. Henry had gathered together all his good subiects so as according to the French Authors it may be exceeding in their computations he made accompt to haue 7000. men at arms 20000. light horse and 40000. foot wherof many were armed with slings much feared in those dayes with these forces hee came to incounter his enemie and lodged betwixt S. Dominike of Calçada and Bagnares the enemy being camped about Saluatierra who approching towards Logrogno he came to Calderan The Captaines were of opinion that D. Henry should not fight but only coast the enemy and keepe him in continuall feare cutting off their victuals and other commodities whereby they should be soone forced to breake of themselues so had the French king aduised him to do but hee who was a Prince of great spirit and more resolute in such actions then was
Iohn and Andrew Phoebus who dyed both yong Henrie who succeeded them in the estates of Foix Bearn and in the title of Nauarre and was born three daies after the death of Andrew Phoebus his brother Geneolâ—gie of Nauarre in the town of Sanguessa in the yere one thousand fiue hundred and three in the month of Aprill the godfathers at the Christening were two Germaine Pilgrimes which past by chance at the time of his birth to goe to Saint Iaques whereof the one was called Henrie and the other Adam the which the king his father did by deuotion but the Spaniards say that it was an aduertisement and presage of his future condition that he should liue a stranger and Pilgrim out of his realme Besides these hee had Charles named by some Francis who dyed in the Lord of Lautrees voyage to Naples Katherine Anne Quiteriâ— Magdeline Isabell and fiue other children whose names are not specified for they dyed young Of the daughters Anne was betrothed but not marryed the earle of Candale for shee dyed at the assurance making into which house the Queene of Nauarres aunt called Katherine also had beene married shee was mother to Queene Anne of Hungarie wife to king Ladislaus Isabell married with the earle of Rohan in Brittaine This king D. Iohn of Albret was full of pompe and state in his court and house the which was frequented by the nobility both of Spaine France and other nations Disposition of king Iohn of Nauarre as much as any of the greatest monarchs His studie and delights were diuers for he loued learning and books whereof hee made a goodly Librarie hee was curious in the search of Genealogies of noble families and would vnderstand their armes and blasons yet sometimes he made some noble that were of small merit hee tooke great delight to discourse priuately and familiarly with his vassals and others as if hee had been no king but a priuate gentleman hee daunced willingly and did so little mainteine his royall grauitie as hee made no difficultie to come into publike assemblies and to dance in the streets with wiues and virgins after the countrie maner he went familiarly to dine and sup and to make good cheare in his subiects houses inuiting himselfe the which did winne him the loue of some and made him to bee scorned of others as not knowing how to hold his ranke the which hee held of the French humor whereas the princes doe sometimes make themselues too familiar with petty companions Hee was so giuen to his pleasures as many times he referred matters of greatest importance to others the which did purchase him contempt and hatred with many for by this meanes against his oath and promise made at his coronation many strangers were admitted to estates offices and benefices within the realme of Nauarre wherof there were sundrie admonitions and protestations made vnto him in the assemblie of the estates by the noblemeÌ„ of the realm but he did not regard it for hee thought to find a great support in the king of Castilles friendship yet notwithstanding king FerdinaÌ„d did not forbeare to capitulat with Lewis 12 the FreÌ„ch king who should help to dispossesse him of the realm of Nauar to inuest Gaston of Foix duke of Nemours son to Iohn vicont of Narbone brother to queene Germain which D. Ferdinand did afterwards sease on vpon another occasion 1597 as we will shew About the end of the yeare one thousand fiue hundred and sixe the Duke of Valentinois hauing escaped from Medina del Campo and being come Ihon of Albret king of Nauarre the Queene his wife fall into factions as we haue said into Nauarre he found that the King D. Iohn of Albret and the Queene his wife were growne into factions one against another the King fauouring them of Beamont and the Queene the others of Gramont wherefore the Duke shewing therein both iudgement and affection hee dealt so as hee reconciled them making the King his brother in law to fauor the faction of Gramont wherewith the contrary partie was much troubled yet Lewis of Beamont the Constable a man of a great courage maintained himselfe still proudly in his ranke so as on a time a certaine Officer comming to giue him notice of some commaundement from the King he caused him to be beaten with cudgells Rashnesse of the Earle of Lerin which caused his ruine and to be cast into prison in the castle of Larraga making shew that he did not much respect the King nor his Aduersaries of Gramont which were fauored by him which was the cause of his ruine for the King being iustly incensed at this audacious fact hauing by many messages sent for him to Court and hee not obeying hee resolued to ruine him quite He had to friend although he were of the contrary faction D. Alfonso Carillo of Peralta Earle of Saint Stephen sonne to Troilo Carillo and grandchild to D. Alfonso Carillo of Acugna Archbishop of Toledo who did aduertise him of all that was practised against him aduising him by no meanes to come to the Court vnlesse hee would fall into their ambushes By reason of this contumacie the King hauing caused his processe to be made SenteÌ„ce against the Earle of Lerin he was condemned to loose both life and goods as guiltie of high treason and hauing sent forth troupes for the execution of this Sentence he gaue the charge to the Duke of Valentinois his brother in law to pursue him with all extremitie of warre the which the Duke beganne by the siege of the castle of Larraga the eleuenth of February 1507. But a Gentleman called Oger of Berastegui who commanded there defended it brauely so as both the King who was there in person and the Duke left it and went to Viana whereas the towne made not any resistance but the castle held good although they were scanted for victualls whereof the Earle of Lerin the Constable being aduertised he resolued to relieue it Castle of Viana besieged by the Duke of Valentinoâ— for the effecting whereof hauing gathered together about two hundred horse and some foot hee came to Mandauia to watch some opportunitie to execute his designe the which succeeded happily for the same night there did rise a horrible tempest which made the Duke thinke that the enemy would not goe to field and that they would not aduenture to succour the besieged wherefore he retired his gardes and sentinells which he did vsually set vpon all the approches to the castle wherein hee was deceiued although he were held for a wise and discreet Commâ—under for through fauour of the noyse of the winde and the great raine three score horses parted from Mandauia Viana viâ—â—ualled by the Earle of Lerin euery one carrying a sacke of meale and some baked bread which prouision they put into the castle by a posterne and were not discouered Morning being come in their retreit they discouered certain horsmen vpon the
he had drawne out of the garrisons of Italie Thither also came many round and flat bottomed vessels carrying victuals munition artillerie horse and a good number of foot newly leuied to that end in Spaine Italy Germany so as there was found when this army weighed anchor three hundred and sixtie saile carrying besides the Court the traine of noblemen and many voluntaries seuen hundred men at armes two thousand light horse and 12 thousand bisoques or new souldiers fiue thousand old souldiers Spaniards and sixe thousand Italian foot seuen thousand Lansquenets men of experience These forces being not lesse than forty thousand men parted with a prosperous wind from the IslaÌ„d of Sardinia and came to land the fiue and twentieth of Iune this yere 1535 at a place called Porto Farina neere to the ruines of old Vtica about sixe leagues distant from Tunes There order was giuen by the emperour for the landing of his men the first were the old Spanish arquebuzies and the Italians that they might keepe off the Moores who had shewed themselues both horse and foot to disturbe their landing wherin the Marquesse of Guast who was general of the foot shewed great iudgement for he wold not suffer the souldiers to leaue their standings and to pursue the enemy vntill the army were landed with the victuals and munition and the quarters made and fortified with a Trench in the which they found great difficulty for that the sand was loose not fit for that purpose neither had they any bauines or other matter to binde it with all The army being lodged the emperour called a Councel Councell held by the emperour for the beseeging of Goulett where it was propounded whether they shold first assault Goulette or goe directly to fight with the enemy in Tunes which was much more easie than that of Goulette whereas attempting that fort first being strong by situation defended by valiant men commanded by iudicious captaines and hauing great store of artillery and which did most import not being able to take their succours from them neither by the lake nor by land on the east part either the action would proue desperate and they shold consume their forces there in vaine or at the least they should spend so much time there as not onely Baberousse would grow stronger in men be of greater reputation but the Christians campe being wonderfully afflicted with the violent heat of the Sunne in that region and vnder that clymat and which did more import the waters which they dranke being halfe salt in short time being corrupted would breed a great mortalitie so as they should be forced rather to seeke to saue the relikes of their army than to attempt any new enterprise But the most judicious shewing how dangerous it was to leaue such a fort as Goulette with a great garrison and so neere vnto Tunis behind that the army aduancing they should be in extreame want of victuals the which not being able to bee conducted but from the army the enemies horse being many and venturous scouring the fields continually would at the least force the Christians to keep the greatest part of their horse and of their best foot to gard their victuals which were ingaged It was therefore resolued first to attempt Goulette Goulette the fort which fort Barberousse had furnished with great care it is a great square Tower with large rampers and flankers and is set vpon the mouth or entrie of the Lake which extends from it vnto the Citie and is foure leagues broad Campana writes that it is twelue miles long and fiue miles broad The Citie of Tunes was great and well peopled but at that time the walles were weake and low hauing three suburbs open greater and farre better peopled than the towne in the which there dwelt many kindes of Merchants some of the most industrious Artisans and among them some other rich people who were delicate and idle For the gard of these places Barberousse had about eight thousand good souldiers Forces of Barberousse in Tunes whereof he had put a good part into the fort of Goulette some write they were three thousand men commanded by Sinan Cefutt of Smirna called the Iew and Nâ—aid surnamed Chasediuels The rest were with Barberousse who had also leuied great numbers of Moores and Alarabes both horse and foot whome hee sent or led himselfe continually to the warre and made continuall skirmishes to molest the emperours campe to hinder the approaches and the batterie which was planted against this fort the which they must force and take before they came vnto the citie vnlesse they would bee betwixt two enemies subiect to the great and ordinarie sallies of either of them especially of the Moores who ouerrunning the countrie which was well knowne to them might hinder the victuals surprise them that went to forrage seeking aboue all things water which is rare in that countrie and take from them the commoditie of the sea if they had gone farre and left this fort standing and so had ruined the imperiall armie Whilest they are busie at this worke and about fiue weekes after the emperours arriuall Muley Hascen creepes out of his holes and comes vnto the campe hauing had a good conuoye sent vnto him with two hundred horse or there abouts Moores ill attyred and ragged mounted vpon geldings or mares peasantlie clownes Hauing saluted the emperour and kindly receiued by him they conferred long together by truchmen but they soone discouered that this Prince had neither friends nor meanes although hee vaunted that hee had left not farre from thence sixteene thousand horse Alarabes and eight hundred camels laden with victuals and refreshings of the which they neuer saw head nor taile assuring impudently that hee had great intelligences within the Towne with the chiefe inhabitants who notwithstanding neuer made any signe that they would fauour him Thus the winde carried away all the goodly promises which his embassador had made in Spaine to the emperour for he kept not any one were it through inconstancy or impossibilitie Notwithstanding the emperor continued constant in his resolution to chase away Barberousse and to restore this exiled king to the possession of his realme for he had made no accompt to be assisted by the Moores and had beene drawne vnto this enterprise more for his owne priuate interest then for any other consideration and therefore he was come well prouided Notwithstanding all the attempts of the Barbarians Goulette was battered by land with forty peeces of ordnance planted in two batteries and by sea with aboue 200 for the galleys being put into squadrons whilest that one approached to discharge the other retired to charge their peeces and so they continued from the break of day vntill noone whilest that the two batteries at land thundred continually The which did so ruine the tower as the greatest part of it falling it couered or made most of the ordnance within it vnprofitable The ruines of the
all his attempts Hee carried with him indiscreetly in this expedition Emeralds fiue exceeding faire fiue admirable emeralds the which hee lost whose forme and qualitie being held rare and precious it is fit there should be some mention made of them One of them which was valued at forty thousand ducats had the forme of a cup the button whereof was a great pearle and the foot of pure golde the second was like a little bell the clapper was of pearle verie properly made the third had the figuâ—e of a 〈◊〉 on the head whereof there were eies of gold artificially wrought the fourth was cut like a hoâ—e and the fift like a rose After the return from that vnfortunate attempt of Alger he laboured fiue yeres to proue his innocencie and in the end had leaue from the emperour to returne to Mexico and to hold his first honours and estates but he could neuer enioy them for being sixtie yeares olde hee died in the beginning of December one thousand fiue hundred forty seuen leauing an honorable testimony behind him to haue beene valiant modest and religious After the taking of the Citie of Cusco at Perâ— by Francis Pizarro Proceedings of Pyzarro at Peru the Spaniards went to take the towne of Quito which was great and rich and stood in an excellent ayre almost vnder the South line the which besides that it abounds in mines of mettall hath great store of quicke siluer of yellow colour as they write There came other Spaniards from Panama vpon the brute of the great store of gold which Pyzarro had found in that prouince and they soone made good purchase though not so great as they expected There came also from S. Iago in new Spain Pedro of Alâ—arado with a fleet of some ships thinking to effect some great matters but Pizarro would not suffer him to make any profit in the countrie which he had discouered and was his gouernment wherefore they agreed to leaue his ships with Francis for 100000 crowns and Aluarado returned from whence he came In the yere 1535 the citie of Lima was inlarged and many dwellings made for Spaniards by Pizarro Lima called the kings Citie he made it the residence for the councel of the realme and called it the kings citie choosing it for his dwelling giuing the gouernment of Cusco to Almagro This yeare 1542 D. Philip sworn future king of Spaine the emperour caused the Prince D. Philip to be sworne future king of Spaine by the estates of the Countrie seeking to draw his subiects to giue him good helps for the future warre wherein hee was well assisted by the treasure which came in those daies from the West-Indies for his fift part besides a great summe of money which was lent him by Merchants and others giuing them assignements out of the ordinarie reuenues of his realmes He was come to Barcelona to be neere to Perpignan or to any other attempt of the French and there he caused the Spanish footmen to passe which had been in Sardynia at his returne from Alger the which he wold haue remaine vpon those frontiers if need should require or be transported elsewhere vpon any occasion From Barcelona he went with the court to Taracona from thence to Tortosa then to Valencia the Prince making a solemne entrie in all these place where he was entertaind with great feasts and pompe After which they past the feasts of Christmas at Alcala of Henares whereas their ioy was doubled by the presence of the two Infants Philip prince of Spaine contracted to the Infant of Portugal two marriages being concluded at that time one of the Prince D. Philip and D. Maria Infanta of Portugall daughter to king Iohn the third the other of D. Iohn prince of Portugall a youth of fourteene yeares of age and D. Ioane the emperours second daughter They continued in Alcala with great feasting vntill the end of the yeare and then went to Madrid where hee made his entrie the first day of the yeare one thousand fiue hundred forty and three where they made preparation of new solemnities for the future marriage as also for the warre the emperour beeing resolued to passe into Italy in the Spring The marriage of prince Philip concluded in winter 1543 was celebrated in March after with great pompe and state Mariages of the Prince and Infant of Spaine and in like maner that of the Infanta his sister the Emperor neglecting nothing touching his preparation for warre as well against the French who had the yeare before annoyed him in many places as also against the Moores of Tremessâ—n who according to their naturall inconstancie had iniuriously rebelled To suppresse the which hee had in beginning of this yeare sent D. Martin of Cardone earle of Alcadette into Africke with eight thousand foot and about fifteene hundred horse Treâ—essen rebels against the emperour what succeded there you shall heereafter heare After which hauing prouided a great summe of money and such foote and horse as should passe with him into Italie hee gaue order for the gouernment of those Realmes vnder the charge of the king D. Philipi to whome hee appointed for his chiefe Councellours the commaunder Couas and the Duke of Alua fore-seeing many matters of great importance and prouiding for them all with great care as hee that sought to make his forces greater to free himselfe from the molestations of Fraunce and frustrate their practises which they had in Germanie where they had those Princes readie to make any alteration being not greatlie affected to the house of Austria wherefore hee sought to settle the greatnesse of his house for many ages according vnto humane wisedome And therefore hee had matcht D. Philippe his Sonne to the eldest daughter of Portugall and to the sole Prince of the realme had giuen his second Infanta onely with foure hundred thousand crownes dowrie although his Sonne had receiued double the summe and for Maximilian eldest sonne to Ferdinand his brother hee had reserued his eldest daughter for all doubtfull euents of succession in those great dominions In the beginning of the yeare the emperour as wee haue said had sent the earle of Alcadâ—tte to the enterprise of Mostagan Earle of Alcadette at the enterprise of Tremessen who going with eight thousand foote and fifteene hundred horse from Oran in the beginning of Februarie this yeare neere vnto Tabida had a skirmish with the Moores who charged him in the reareward but it was of no moment The next day at the passing of a riuer neere vnto Tabida they found a greater armie of Moores both horse and foot furnished with good shot yet the Spaniards marcht in such order and shewed themselues so valiant as notwithstanding that the enemie stood ready on the other side of the riuer which they were to wade through to receiue them yet they repulst them with great losse and aduanced to take Tabida Hauing rested there a while they marcht on
the next day but somewhat late towards Tremessen lodging two leagues from the citie being continually molested by the Moores with often charging and flying away The king was in Tremessen where hee had leuied what souldiers he could both of horse and foot hauing entertained about 400 Turkes which were in garrison vpon that coast so as the next morning the earle did with great iudgement put his men in battell left that being farre inferiour in nuÌ„ber to the enemy he should be inuironed by so great a multitude disordered being charged in front flanke and rere and therefore he so disposed of his troupes both horse and foot as they might fight and succour one another fortifying his rereward as much as might be for that he vnderstood they had laied an ambush and would charge them behind They had sent the woman and children with their richest mooueables into the mountaines which were neere to preserue them whatsoeuer should happen and the king hauing disposed of his troupes would not be present at the battell but attend the euent in a place of safetie The two armies being ioyned the Spaniards shewed no lesse valour then was needful the enemies foreward being greater then all their army and although the Moores in the beginning shewed great resolutioÌ„ discharged a great volley of shot yet they did it so disorderly and so far of as there was not any one slain and but three lightly hurt the Spaniards giuing them no time to charge again the horse coÌ„ming vpon them with great violence the fight continued about two houres and the General hauing placed some loose shot in the head of the foreward they made a great spoile of the Moores and Turkes so as in the end the enemy was put to rout on that side whilest that they fought with great obstinacy in the rereward Thither the earle sent two companies who charged with such resolution as the Spaniards taking new courage the enemie being amazed hauing seen their companions put to rout the battell was ended hauing continued about three houres the Christians won the victorie but there was no great slaughter of the Moores who desired rather to saue themselues by flight than by fighting obstinatly to giue their enemies any cause to feare a new incounter King of Tâ—emessen defeated by the Spaniards flâ—â—s The king of Tremessen who expected the doubtfull euent of this battel hauing a signe giuen him by smoak that it was lost he prouided for his safety by flight among the rest the earle of Alcadette did win great honor in this battell both for his valor and iudgement being worthily imitated by his three sons D Alfonso D Francisco D. Aluaro the first leading a part of the foreward the secoÌ„d of the rereward D. Alfonso of Villaruolo marshall of the field D. Martin of Cordoua D. Iohn Pacieco with other noblemen of marke were much commended for their prowesse that day This victorie was won the fift of Februarie the victor hauing lost few men and most of them were slaine with crosbows whereof there were not aboue a hundred among the Moores and aboue fiue thousand Harquebuziers The Spaniards desirous to enter the Towne the generall sought to stay them that night fearing the slaughter would be great or there wold be some great disorder committed in the sacke wherfore he lodged the army without the towne among certain Oliue trees giuing good instructions vnto the captains to preuent all dangers which might grow by their too great confidence of the victorie or the disorders which doe accompany spoiling as it hath often fallen out either by the small authority of the generall or by indiscretion on want of militarie discipline About this time the state of Tunes which the emperor had conquered and restored to Muley Hascen fell into great combustions 1545 he hauing only retained Goulette Moores 42. with an homage and small tribute for the kings of Spain Muley Hascen king of Tunes dispossest again as we haue said The occasion was that Muley Hascen being desirous to confer with the emperor had past into Sicile with an intent to come vnto him to Genoa or wheresoeuer he should be at his last passage out of Spaine after which hee came to Naples and meaning to continue his course by sea he was staied there some daies by a tempest during the which D. Pedro de Toledo viceroy of Naples receiued a commandement to will him not to depart from thence vntill hee receiued farther newes from the emperour who was busied with the warres of France and would not haue any thing to diuert him This king as it was reported had a meaning to demand some forces against the Turkes which held Constantine a towne within his realme the which was rich and strong and did much annoy him and for that at the time of his passage into Sicile Barberousse was at Marseille hee feared also that in his returne he would fall vpon him He thought in like maner that in leauing the countrie he should auoid some great accident wherewith the starres did threaten him if hee remained in Afrike at that season this prince being studious of Astrologie Moores curious and superstitious and too credulous of such diuinations During his absence such as loued him not and desired some Innouation in the state bruted it out that the king was dead at Naples after that he had beene baptized and prest his Sonne Amida who had the command of certaine garrisons which were appointed to withstand the inuasions of the Turkes and the thefts of the Alarabes which did adhere vnto them to hasten his comming vnto the Citie Sonne dispossesseth the father and to seaze vpon the Castle and his fathers treasure before that his younger brother called Mahumet who remained in hostage at Goulette should preuent him and make himselfe king with the helpe of Francis de Touar then Gouernour of the fort Amida did easily credit that which it may bee he desired and although in the beginning he found some resistance which was made him by the Manufette of Tunes Amida incestuous who as it is were the kings Lieutenant general in that Countrie yet in the end hee preuailed and slue all his fathers friends seruants yea hee abused his wiues and concubines These newes being broght to Naples Muley Hascen was much troubled making great hast to depart he made great instance to haue some forces the which hee obtained of the viceroy who suffered him to leuie 1800 men such as were banished condemned by justice to whom impunitie was promised if they went to this war they had a gentleman of the countrie appointed for their commander whose name was Baptista Lofredo with which troupe the King did assure himselfe that hee should bee able to surprise his rebellious sonne before hee were setled Being come to Goulette the Gouernour sought to dissuade him from going into the Towne no not to approach too neere before hee vnderstood
discredit to the Leaders of our time that all the force and power of a mightie armie should consist vpon three or foure of the first ranks of the battell This error groweth from the defect of our rules in the marshalling of our battels and squadrons in a direct line euery man in particular and all the rankes in generall standing one directly behind another for in a direct line it is not possible to giue the first any meanes to rerire but they must disorder them that follow Wherefore for an introduction to a better methode than hath been hitherto practised it shal not be amisse to put those three bodies into which an army is diuided namely the foreward battel and rereward into three squadrons so placed one to anothers side as they may meet together in forme of a triangle The first squadron must represent the point the other two the sides for being thus disioyned disseuered by art it is an easie matter to bring forward the second to fight with out disturbance to the first and the third without trouble to the other two Thus coÌ„ming to succeed their fellows side long in continual fight against their enemies another aduantage wil arise which is they shall trie the fortune of the field thrice in one incounter I doe assure my selfe that from this beginning men may proceed to a more perfect knowledge how the squadrons themselues being also diuided into lesser squadrons might one retain another by the same proportion A man may aime at such a mysterie by orderly degrees for the matter being so intangled as experience dothteach it were no more possible to bring this than any other art at the first inuention to perfection in an instant It is the labour of a beare to licke mishapen fruit to fashion and of a Lyon to bring militarie rules to certaintie The want which men may iustly find in direction of an army at this day proceedeth farther yet for they put the best and most resolute souldiers in the formost rankes who being forced to giue backe they cause all the rest by their example to doe the like as if it were lawfull for them to imitate their actions and thoughts In some sort they may be excused in their imaginations yet wee see that from this error doth commonly grow the ruines of all Companies The Romanes were farre more discreet concerning this point of marshalling their men for the first front was made verie strong with yong men of great force whom they called â— but a third part of their old and best souldiers were mingled with this head-strong youth both to defend them to temper theÌ„ The second squadron to the which they gaue the title Primary coÌ„sisted of two parts of old soldiers only a third of yong The third was ancieÌ„t old soldiers called Triarij By this means neither the second depended of the first which were yong for the most part nor the third of the second in which were also some yong Besides the first incouÌ„ter was alwaies very furious by the forwardnes of yong spirits who the lesse they knew of danger in this kind the more resolute they were and aduenturous experience doth teach that to withstand the furie of a fight we cannot make our head better than of yong men so as they may be tempered with a third part of old the second shall be better gouerned and the third more furnished with valour Iudgement and consideration Such ought the distribution of our forces to bee in this age Wherefore let no man presume to prefer any before this discipline of Rome for it is verie likely that they which with such prosperous and long continuance of time made the onely true profession of armes marshalled their forces in this manner would euer haue forsaken it if there had not beene some speciall cause and therefore we may rest assured that they had reason on their side for proofe whereof I note that when soeuer those Phalanges came to ioine with the forces of Rome being ordered as we haue said they neuer sped happily The reason will appeare plainely by comparing both disciplines for the Greekes by marshalling the best men in the formost Squadron had a meaning to put valour and resolutioÌ„ into the rest which could not be expected generally of all the companies the greater part being a multitude void of experience guided onely by their sence wheras the Romans had as well regard to preparation of minds so as it was not hard to bring those that were guided by sence to execute things with good consideration wherefore it was sufficient that onely bodies of men were assigned ouer to the corporall whome Scipio left with Sâ—phax the better to braue the foot of Cartharge for albeit at the first they were lightly esteemed by the enemie yet by a course of good discipline they became afterwards the meanes whereby the Romanes conquered Euerie man is able to consider with him selfe to what great vse this forcing of bodies by good order was and how much it was esteemed at the first It were friuolous to say that those rules can hardly bee now obserued with any hope of good successe for that artillerie is crept into our warres for if those squadrons had in those daies and would haue in case artillerie were not in vse an aduantage ouer our men considering that this aide is common to both sides it followeth that the perfections of those squadrons remaine in the same aduaÌ„tage which it had and should haue without artillerie Besides it is euident to sence that those collaterall Squadrons are not in halfe the danger of great shot that ours bee which are ranged this day by a direct line for a volley of shot comming from the head of one battel to another scoureth throgh al the ranks Let vs ad the deceitful vse of late artillery and chiefly to offend the bodies of men in field But for that the smal shot may be made to play with great aduantage where those squadrons are close other rules of that Romane discipline carefully obserued you shall seeke out particular instructions among my notes And moreouer what fit considerations may be vsed in the choise of commanders to an armie what moderation should be obserued in causing the common souldiers to depend vpon their Generall other commanders put in trust by him besides other meanes for the setling of your best securitie I will now passe vnto other things which come into my mind to aduise you touching the carriage of your selfe in this time of warre but by the way I must once againe put you in minde with great earnestnesse that this care of finding out the best way of marshalling your forces in the field ought in reason to bee one of the chiefest that you must imbrace as well for occurrents of warre as to make your name immortall among all nations Your fleets at sea ought in like maner to haue their particular respects touching which there seldom chanceth any
the rereward and on their flankes they had other troupes of horse And for that they were in some doubt of the French which were at Tiuoli they sent some troupes of horse and foot on the right hand to stay the enemie if they should haue any notice of their enterprise Hee then sent aboue three hundred before with ladders and other instruments to climbe vp and to breake open gates if need were that being brought by some neere way neere vnto Port Maior they might giue a sudden assault and being seconded by some horse which were neere them they might enter the Citie and keepe a port vntill that the rest of the armie arriued The order was that they should present themselues vnto the wall about the seuenth houre of the night but there falling a small continuall raine the waies were so broken as being constrained to take a longer course it was breake of day before they arriued so as being discouered by some of the Countrimen they aduertised them of the citie which made them retyre speedily leauing their ladders against the walles and many cloakes wherewith they had couered themselues from the raine yea and some armes but the slackenesse of the enemie in the pursute was the cause that there were not aboue fiue and twentie or thirtie taken Cardinall Caraffy had intelligence by the Secretary Placidi when he came from the viceroy that the armie began to rise whereupon hee doubted they would assaile Rome or Tiuoli and take the French vnprouided so as hee gaue them warning ouer night and hee himselfe not making it knowne to the Romanes in whom he had no great confidence wachâ— all night with the duke and was in armes doubling the sentinels wheras they most doubted the enemie Ascanio de la Corne who commanded the horse that went to second the 300 foot seeing the lights about the wall and the gards in a readines held the enterprise to be discouered And to confirme this opinion foure light horsemen went forth earelie to get some bootie they thinking by reason of the darkenesse of the night the number to be greater and that they had laied an ambush whereupon they retired The duke of Alba comming neere vnto Rome and seeing his men had not done any thing thought that they stood readie within to receiue them And for that he vnderstood by certaine spies that Strossy had led foure hundred Horse and twelue companies of Gascons the euening before out of Tiuoli it confirmed him in his beleefe that they were entred into Rome Rome in danger to be sackt hauing notice of the Spaniards comming wherupon he caused the armie to retire to Colonna from whence it came without doubt if hee had but attempted it Rome had beene taken and sackt The citie was so ill garded as a lesser armie would haue forced it for that the Romanes were enemies to the Caraffi for the wrongs they thought they had receiued of them and of the souldiers that were within the citie of the which the Gascons did not spare their goods nor honors the Germans enemies to the Pope spoiled the church altars The Pope considering of these things lamenting the miseries of the time being forced to countenance and not to punish those wretches who called themselues defenders in name but in effect were destroiers of that miserable citie beganne to bee fully resolued to peace and the rather for that hee did visibly see the danger wherein hee was being certified that the Citizens of Rome had resolued that if the duke of Alba returned they would send to capitulate with him and open him the gates vpon honest conditions The duke of Guise and Peter Strossy entred into Rome after this tumult who talking with the Pope aduised him to accommodate himselfe vnto the time as wisemen doe commonly They laied before him the vnfortunate losse of the French king whereby there was no hope of any greater succours and that hee should remaine without a Generall for that hee was to returne speedily into Fraunce which would bee no small preiudice vnto him for that his Nephewes who were to gouerne the warre were of small experience neither would they beleeue them that vnderstood more in that art but intreated them ill keeping backe their entertainment so as seeing his holinesse without money and without Captaines they did not thinke the warre could continue long wherefore they counselled him to make the speediest and best accord he could with the king of Spaine The Pope gaue an attentiue eare to the free speeches of these Noblemen and resolued to make an end of the peoples miseries wherefore he called the embassadour of Venice vnto him intreating him to goe and informe that Senate of the estate of things and to exhort them in his name to make some good accord with the imperials After manie treaties in the end a Peace was concluded by the Cardinals of Santafiori and Vitelli and afterwards by Caraffa and the duke of Alba who met together at Caui And so by either of them hauing full authoritie from the Pope and the king of Spaine the following accord was published the 14 day of September 1 That the Pope should receiue from the duke of Alba in the name of the king of Spaine Peace betwixt the Pope and the king of Spaine the submissions that were necessarie to obtaine pardon from his Holinesse but afterwards the Catholike king should send a man expresly to that end And so his Holinesse should receiue the king into fauour as an obedient Sonne admitting him to all the graces of the holy church like vnto other Christian Princes 2 That the Pope should renounce the league contracted with the French king and remaine a Neuter louing them both equally as his Sonnes 3 That his Maiestie should cause the townes and Cities demanteled which had beene taken and held since the beginning of the warre to bee restored if they did in any sort belong vnto the Apostolike sea 4 That the ordnance taken on either part in that warre should be restored 5 That his Holinesse and his Maiestie should forgiue all offences that had beene done them and remit all spiritiuall and temporall punishments graunting them a gerall pardon with restitution of their honors dignities faculties and iurisdictions wherof they had beene depriued in regard of that warre From the which were excepted Marc Antonio Colonna Ascanio de la Corgna and other rebels the Popes vassals who should remaine in the same censure and disgrace during the Popes pleasure 6 That Paliano should bee deliuered into the hands of Iohn Bernardino Carbone sonne to the Popes Cousin but faithfull to both parties deliuering the fort as it was at that time and that the said Carbone should sweare fealtie to the pope and king of Spaine and to obserue the articles concluded betwixt the Cardinall Caraffa and the duke of Alba hee hauing the gard of Paliano with eight hundred foot which should bee paied equally by the Pope and king Besides
as they durst not looke out During the fight with the Gallies the wind calmed and the English fleet went slowly ahead most of the Spanish ships neuer staied vntill they came to Portreal which is the furthest part of the Bay the ships mooued themselues with their broad sides towards the English that they might fight to their greater aduantage The English masters of ships were generally of opinion that they could not go neer without danger of running on ground the which did much crosse the forwardnesse of the chiefe Commanders of the sormost ships led by the Lord Thomas Howard and Sir Walter Rawleigh whose desire being to draw as neere the enemy as they might were notwithstanding inforced to come to anchour without the reach of Musket shot and to attend the floâ—d where they fought with perpetuall volleys of the Canon from sixe in the morning to eleuen of the clocke the ships that followed them neerest were commanded by Sir Francis Vere Lord Marshall Sir George Carew now Lord Carew Vice-admirall of Sir Walter Rawleighs Squadron and Generall of the artillerie by Sir Robert Dudley Viceadmirall of the Lord Admirals Squadron by Sir Robert Southwell Vice-admirall of the Lord Thomas Squadron by Sir Robert Crosse the Earle of Sussex being aboord him and by Sir George Gâ—fford The Earle of Essex and the Lord Admirall came vp an houre before the flood hauing beene all that morning soundly battered by the forts of Cadiz And for that the Arke drew too much water for the narrownesse of the Chanel where those ships did ride who also took vp the whole breadth of the riuer the Lord Admirall put himselfe into the Lord Thomas Howards ship When the flood beganne to swell Spanish ships runne aground at Cadiz the Lord Thomas and Sir Walter Rawleigh determined to lay the Armadoes aboord with the Queenes ships for the hulkes filled with Musketiers which were promised came not but as soone as Soto the Spanish Admirall perceiued that the said Leaders beganne to hoyse their top-sailes they presently cut their Cables by the halfe and draue a shoare sauing as many of themselues as they could carrie at once in their boates of the rest some were slaine in the furie and the rest taken to mercie The Admirall of the Spaniards called the Philip a goodlie and a powerfull ship tooke fire before she could be entred by an inch of a match fired and laied in the mouth of a barrell of powder in her gunner roome But the Lord Thomas Howard and sir Walter Rawlegh saued the Mathew and Andrew Viceadmirall and Rereadmirall of the Spanish fleet the other ships were set on fire by certain Negros who leapt into the riuer and saued themselues by swimming The IndiaÌ„ fleet of merchants being about 40 saile were gotten vp 4 English miles into the riuer for the redemption of which the K. officers in Cadiz offered the English 600 thousand pounds sterling The Earle of Essex was often prest to haue them first taken and then solde Spanish ships fired by themselues but hee beleeued that such as offered the composition had meant bonafide to pay the money from which hee could not bee dissuaded vntill he saw the ships all in a flame which the duke of Medina Sydonia commanded to bee done The number of the Spanish Fleet was fiftie seauen ships foureteene of the kings men of warre â—and three great Fly-boats which brought the Treasure from Portricco the rest were Merchants all faire ships full of good ordnance and richlyer laden than euer any Fleet was that went to the West Indies Here also I should remember that during the fight the gallies and Fort of Pontall plaied continually vpon the English ships The English hauing obtained this great victorie by Gods especiall fauor the earle resolued to follow it with all possible expedition and so immediately hee dispatcht the Sergeant Maior to get as many Gentlemen and old souldiers into boates English land at Cadiz as might well bee landed at once which being performed his Lordship and the Lord Marshall went to discouer the landing and finding it good he put betwixt two and three thousand men on land returning the boates to fetch my Lord Admirall with his seconds These being put in battell he commanded the Marshall to march directly with his regiment to the other side of the Iland which was halfe a mile from their landing his Lordship with the rest that were on shoare following him speedily Beeing come to the Southside the Earle diuided his troupes equally sending the one halfe with Sir Coniers Clifford sir Charles Blunt and sir Thomas Gerrard to breake downe a bridge called El Ponte del Suasso at a streit that keepes the passage from the maine marching himselfe with the other halfe towards the Towne the like directions hee gaue for the seconds to bee equally diuided and sent these two waies When hee came within halfe a mile of the Towne a cornet of horse with some shot made offer to skirmish but they were soone put to flight when they came within musket shot of the Towne there sallyed forth great troupes both horse and foot vnder fauor of their wals with their Cornets and Ensignes which the earle discouering from a little hill as they fell out of the towne hee gaue direction to the formost of the troups being some thirty pikes and as many shot to runne away as soone as the enemie offered to charge them the which they did giuing the enemy courage to come farther on than they first intended but the English charged them so fast as they had scarce time to recouer the Port and shut it The Horsemen which sallied out of the â—owne were called the Knights of shires they could not get into the Towne being so closely followed by the English foot whereupon they forsook their horses leapt ouer the wals at the west corner by which the English also entred The English in pursuing the Spaniards staied not vntill they came to the foot of their formost rampar and then the Earle diuided his troupes equally consisting of twelue hundred men keeping the one halfe with himselfe on the Southside of the Port and sending the Marshall with the rest to the Northside The Earle of Essex on this side with much â—doe found meanes for himselfe and some few others to get vp where he saw on the one side a Parapet of stone almost inaccessible for thâ—â— neither the bulwaâ—ke nor any part of the Courtine was finished There the English did first beate the enemie from the Parapet yet they lay open to another square bulwarke of stone which flanked them within a pikes length but they did so beset the bulwarke with shot as the enemie did them little harme Notwithstanding considering that they must quit the place for that their men lay vncouered the earle sought for an entrance which being found the leape downe being a pikes length Cadiz entred by the English hee commanded one Eâ—â—â—s which stood next him
of day some of the English troupes aduance hee made a stand and then retired to the body of their armie The Lord Deputy giuing the charge of the camp to Sir George Carew then L. President of Munster to attend the Spaniards within the towne hee drewe forth part of his forces beeing about foure hundred horse and a thousand and two hundred foot and hearing that the enemie retired disorderly Rebels and Spaniards defeated in Ireland hee aduanced towards them who still retired with feare In the end omitting euery particular circumstance touching the marshalling of the English armie to them that write that historie they ouertooke the rebells charged them and put them to rout The Spaniards being abandoned by the Irish were almost all slaine D. Alonso d' Ocampo their colonell with three Captaines sixe Alferez and fortie souldiers were taken prisoners There were found of Irish onely twelue hundred bodies dead vpon the place and about twelue hundred hurt whereof many died that night The rebels lost two thousand armes which were brought forth all their munition their drummes nine ensignes whereof sixe were Spanish the English had but one man slaine and not aboue tenne hurt Thus they got a miraculous victorie to the great honor of the Lord Deputie and of all that commanded vnder him After this glorious victorie the Lord Deputie posted that present day vnto the camp lest the Spaniard should haue made some sally in his absence but they had not attempted any thing the next day he commaunded the approaches vnto the towne should be aduanced nearer But after fiue or sixe daies worke D. Iohn d' Aquilar who commanded the forces within the towne offered to parle and sent a drumme with a letter sealed vp to the Lord Deputie by the which he demaunded that some men of qualitie and sufficiencie might be sent into the towne from his Lordship to conferre with him whom hee would acquaint with such conditions as hee then stood vpon whereunto the Lord Deputie condescended imploying sir William Godolphin in that busines the which was managed after this maner according to the originall D. Iohn told sir William D. Iohn d' Aquilars speech that hauing found the Lord Deputie whom hee termed Viceroy although a furious and powerfull yet an honourable enemie and the Irish not onely weake and barbarous but as he feared treacherous friends he was so farre in his affections reconciled to the one and distasted with the other as it did inuite him to make an ouerture of such a composition as might be safe and profitable for the state of England with least preiudice to the Crowne of Spaine by deliuering into the Viceroyes power the towne of Kinsale with all other places in Ireland held by the Spanish so as they might depart vpon honourable termes fit for such men of warre as are not inforced by necessitie to receiue conditions but willingly induced vpon iust respects to disingage themselues and to leaue a people by whom their king and master had bin so notoriously abused if not betrayed That if the Viceroy liked to entertaine further parley touching this point he would first be pleased to vnderstand them rightly and to make his Propositions such as might be sutable to men throughly resolued rather to bury themselues aliue and to indure a thousand deaths than to giue way to one article that should tast of basenesse or dishonor being so confident of their present strength and the royall succors of Spaine as they should make no doubt of yielding a good accompt of themselues and of their interest in this kingdome but that a just disdaine and splene conceiued against the nation dissuaded them from beeing farther ingaged for it than of necessitie they must Sir William Godolphin hauing charge from the Lord Deputie only to receiue D. Iohns propositions and demaunds hauing made this relation to his Lordship and the Councell he was sent backe by them with this answer following That although the Lord Deputie hauing lately defeated their succours Answer from the Lord Deputie to D. Iohn did so well vnderstand his owne strength and their weakenesse as it made him nothing doubt of forcing them within a short time whom hee knew to be prest with vnresistable difficulties how much soeuer they laboured to couer and conceale them yet knowing that her sacred Maiestie out of her gratious and mercifull disposition would think the glorie of her victorie blemished by a voluntary effusion and obstinate expence of bloud was content to entertaine this offer of agreement so as it might be concluded vnder such honourable Articles for her Highnesse as the aduantage she had against them gaue reason to demaund The which were the same that are set downe in the Articles of Agreement following signed by the Lord Deputie D. Iohn and others sauing that there was an Article more in them for the leauing of his treasure munition ordnaunce and the Queens naturall subiects to her disposition all which points he did peremptorily refuse Protesting that both he and all his would rather indure the last of miseries than be found guilty of so soule a treason against the honor of his prince and the reputation of his profession although hee should find himselfe vnable to subsist much more now when as hee might not onely hope to sustaine the burthen of the warre for a time but with patience and constancy in the end ouercome it That hee tooke it so ill to be misunderstood in hauing articles of that nature propounded vnto him as were they but once againe remembred in the capitulation the Viceroy should from thenceforth vse aduantage of his sword and not the benefit of his former offer adding that the Viceroy might rather thinke to haue made a good and profitable purchase for the realme of England if with the expence of two hundred thousand ducats hee had procured D. Iohn to quit his interest and sooting but in Baltemore alone speaking nothing of Kinsale Castel-hauen Beerhauen for said he suppose that all wee with the rest of our places here had perished yet would that Peninsula being strong of its owne nature bettered by our art and industrie furnished as it is with victuals munition and good store of ordnance preserue vnto the king of Spaine a safe and commodious Port for the arriuall of his fleet and bee able to maintaine it selfe against a Land armie of tenne thousand vntill Spaine being so deepely ingaged did in honour releeue them which would drawe on a more powerfull inuasion than the first being vndertaken vpon false groundes at the instance of a base and barbarous people who in discouering their weakenesse and want of power haue armed the king my master to relie vpon his owne strength being bound in honour to relieue his people which are ingaged and to cancel the memorie of our former misfortunes But this is spoken said he in case the Viceroy be able to force this town as I assure my selfe hee cannot hauing vpon mine honour
of such as had beene troubled with the like diseases Their manner of beats Vntill the time of the Romane emperours they had vsed boats made of beasts skins afterwards they began to make them of wood taking the bodies of great trees and making them hollow like vnto troughes In this simplicitie and rudenesse did the auntient Spaniards of the mountaines liue which were those of Gallicia Asturia and Cantabria and the inhabitans of the Pyrenees whose countrey was full of wood and water Pouertie assures the peoples libertie but otherwise verie barren by reason whereof they enjoyed their libertie long and were last of all subdued by the Romanes so as in the time of the emperour Tiberius Nero there was yet some contention The Iberians and Celtiberians were somewhat more ciuile for that they had more commerce with strangers and were neere unto the Mediterranean sea which was more frequented than the Ocean In the war they carried round targuets The discipline of the Celtiberians fortified with sinewes short swords darts and slings in their battails they did mingle some light horsemen with their footmen they did accustome their horses to hills and vallies and by that meanes kept them in breath and made them swift yea they did teach them to kneele when they made a certaine signe They attired themselues of blacke wooll and short Preparation for yron They prepared yron to forge their armes and harneis driuing it out into plates the which they buried in the ground for certaine dayes vntill the rust had eaten away that which was vnprofitable then they made their swords and other cutting weapons They did commonly carie two swords and did fight more willingly on foot than on horsebacke for when as they found themselues to haue any aduantage vpon the enemie they left their horses to joyne with their footmen pursuing them that fled with great agilitie the which was naturall to all Spaniards They were reasonably courteous to strangers but they did punish them that had done them any wrong verie cruelly They did liue of flesh and fruits and did drinke water with honie whereof their countrey did abound and sometimes they had wine which they bought from strangers comming from the neighbour coasts Their neighbours with whom they had the greatest amitie and commerce were the Vaccees and Areuaces at that time a part of Castillia the old they agreed well with them in all sorts of traffique Euerie yeare they made a diuision of their lands and assigned them by portions and lots to certaine particular persons who did till and sow for the rest whilest that others were imployed in the warres or about some other affaires then they diuided the fruits which they gathered And if any one were conuicted that he had embesiled any thing he was punished with death In time of peace they did banquet and daunce leaping and frisking with great agilitie and they went to the warre according to the measure of instruments singing rusticke and militarie songs Such in a manner were the Lusitanians with whom the Celtes were mingled and seated in their countrey leading their liues for the most part as theeues which they learned from them of Gallicia and Asturia Manners of the Spaniards in generall their neighbours Generally all the most barbarous Spaniards were nimble and actiue so as they could easily escape from their enemies or pursue them when they had the better neither were their spirits lesse actiue than their bodies great vndertakers of few words patient and hardie in trauell enduring hunger thirst and other discommodities Their women were nothing daintie The women halfe men but did exercise themselues like vnto the men and if they were deliuered of child they lay not long but fell soone to their worke they washt their children as soone as they were borne in the neerest brooke and then they wrapt them vp in their swathing clothes But after that the Romans were entred and somewhat setled in Spain these people were forced by little and little to learne another discipline and to frame themselues to a more ciuile kind of life being gouerned by more politike lawes they of Betica and the Turditanes exceeding the rest alwaies in mildnesse and humanitie The tractablenesse of the Spaniards of Andelousia for these were presently changed to the Romans manners and discipline forgetting their owne language to imbrace the other Many townes were also built and peopled in diuers parts of Spaine and the Romans and Latines mixt with the Originaries of the countrey who accustomed themselues so well to the Latine tongue The Spanish tongue a corrupted latine as it since continued in Spaine for the Castillian tongue at this day is nothing in a maner but a corrupted Latine And the Spaniards grew such as many among them did make their fame equall with the most esteemed among the Romans the two Senecas were Spaniards Great personages Spaniards with Silius Martial Lucan Pomponius Mela Portius Latro the Orator Quintillian Columella and the good emperors Traian and Theodosius were Spaniards The Romans by the experience which they had and the more to augment their owne glorie giue great titles of honor and commendation to this nation whom they found somewhat instructed in armes and some discipline by the Carthaginians They call it rich in souldiours and a seminary of the enemies armies which had fashioned that great captain Hannibal and in all they speak highly of Spaine not without reason for the great courage and resolution of them of Numantia was memorable a towne without walls without towers and without defences seated only vpon a little hill The magnanâ—mitie of the Nâ—mantinâ—s and couered on the one side with a riuer and defended by a few souldiours who notwithstanding withstood the force of mightie Roman armies for the space of 14 yeres not only made head against them but also repulst them ofteÌ„ to their great losse In the end being besieged by aboue 40000 men or as some say 60000 being prest by famine and forced to demaund a peace finding no grace with their enemies who had compast them in with forts and trenches being resolued vpon the last refuge which was death they made so furious a sallie vpon the Romanes as an infinit number of them were slaine vpon the place which was a deere purchase vnto the enemie This happened during the Celtiberiquâ— warre which continued twentie yeares This magnanimitie courage adresse and militarie disâ—cipline were thus begun and by little and little augmented in this nation by the Carthaginians and Romanes in making warre against them whom without doubt they might haue bin able to haue resisted Ignorance makes people subiect if they had knowne their owne force and wealth and if they had sooner learned good lawes and policie which maintaine people in amitie and concord This was the first prouince which the Romanes did assaile vpon the firme land and the last which they subdued The strength of Pompeyes armie
he tooke from the enemie but most of all by his onely authoritie and the reuerence of his name so long as he continued the warres in Italie which was 16 yeares 6 Whilest that the Consul P. Scipio attended him at the entrie of Italie Cn. Scipio sent into Spaine at the foot of the mountaines Cn. Scipio his brother sent by him into Spaine parted from the mouth of Rosne with a good number of gallies and other vessels well manned with souldiours and coasting along the Gaulish shore he came to Empurias without any encounter where hauing landed he gouerned himselfe so discreetly in all his enterprises and with so great humanitie towards the Spaniards as in a short time hee reduced to the deuotion of the Romanes those which had beene drawne away either by force or feare He wins the Spaniards by mildnesse assured himselfe of the old allies and got new not onely among the people which lay neere vnto the sea but also of those which dwelt farre into the countrey and euen of the mountainers although they were very rude and barbarous wherewith he encreased his armie and had willingly from them without any constraint victuals and all other necessaries Hanno appointed Gouernor of the countrey on this side Ebro for the Carthaginians went to field to make head against the Romans whilest that Asdrubal Gouernour generall of the Prouince made hast to joyne with him with a great armie Hanno defeated by Scipio But Scipio went speedily to charge Hanno and did easily defeat him where he slew 6000 of his souldiors tooke 2000 forced his campe and not onely spoyled the baggage of his armie but also that which Hannibal had appointed for Italie wherewith Scipios souldiors were made rich In the meane time Asdrubal arriues hauing had no certaine intelligence of the defeat of Hanno whereof being aduertised he marched towards the sea where he found many Romane souldiours and mariners stragling after some spoyle of whom he slew many giuing them a worthie reward of their negligence the which happened neere vnto Tarracone yet hee made no long abode there but presently repassed the riuer of Ebro Scipio hauing rested his armie foure dayes resolued to pursue him but he would first assure himselfe of Tarracone the which was not very well furnished The Spaniard inconstant Asdrubal seeing him retire aduanced againe and did sollicite the Ilergetes to rebell who notwithstanding had giuen hostages to the Romanes making them to spoyle some of their allies countrey whereupon Scipio went to field and Asdrubal retyred Scipio meaning to punish these Ilergetes besieged Athanasia their chiefe towne and forced them to redeeme themselues with mony and to giue new hostages then he went to the Ausetanians allied to the Carthaginians neere vnto the riuer of Ebro whom he besieged and defeated the Lacetanes who came to succour them whereof there remained 12000 vpon the place and the rest were dispersed returning disarmed to their houses This siege continued 30 daies in the heart of winter the snow being almost foure foot deepe wherewith their engines of batterie were in a manner couered the which did preserue them from the fire which was cast by the enemie In the end Amusite their captaine hauing abandoned them and being retyred to Asdrubal the towne yeelded to Scipio redeeming it selfe from spoyle for 20 talents amounting to 12000 French crownes from whence Scipio led his armie backe to Tarracone The second yeare of the second Punicke warre Asdrubal Generall of the Carthaginians resolued to charge the enemie wheresoeuer he should encounter him either by sea or land hauing armed out thirtie gallies which Hannibal had left him and tenne others which he had of all which he gaue the charge to Himilcon commaunding him to sayle along the coast in view of his land armie with the which he parted from Carthagene keeping still neere the shoare whereof Scipio being aduertised he resolued also to fight with Asdrubal if any opportunitie were offered Yet hauing intelligence that he had beene reenforced with some fresh troupes he resolued not to hazard a battaile by land but to set vpon them at sea Hauing to that end embarked the flower of his armie hee parted from Tarracone with fiue and thirtie ships of warre and came within foure or fiue leagues of the mouth of the riuer of Ebro there he was aduertised by two galliots of Marseilles that the enemies gallies were at anchor in the mouth of the riuer and their land armie camped neere vnto them wherefore Scipio desiring to surprize them commaunded his gallies to set forward making great speed towards them Spaine had then many watch-towers vpon the coast set vpon high hils for the safetie of passengers against pyrats The Roman army was discouered by them and an alarme giuen to the Carthaginians being sooner discouered by the army at land than by the gallies Asdrubal dispatching many horsemen gaue charge That euery one should retire presently to his gally and prepare to fight for the enemie had bin discouered Most of the souldiors and marriners were at land dispersed here and there in the tents and villages making good cheere with their companions fearing nothing lesse than the comming of the Romans that day who were hidden by the high clyffes which run into the sea for that they could neither heare the beating of their oares nor any noise of their fleet And as all was full of disorder and tumult among the Carthaginians Asdrubal put his armie in battaile neere vnto his fleet whilest the rest embarked who ran without order or discipline as if they had bin chased from the land and would haue saued themselues in the sea The confusion was so great that hindering one another the souldiors could not vse their armes nor the marriners launch out nor doe their duties so as they were forced to cut their cables and doing all things in hast they were defeated more by their owne disorder than by the Romanes who aduancing tooke two gallies at their first joyning and sunke foure The Carthaginians defeated at sea by Cn. Scipio the rest of the Carthaginian fleet being dispersed and not able to hold together they ran aground willingly so as the men saued themselues and fled to their army which stood in battaile who being spectators of this combat saw their gallies pursued and taken carying all away that were not run on ground or broken vpon the coast so as the Romans drew 25 out with them to sea This victorie did not only disarme the Carthaginians of their sea forces but also made them forsake all that coast Wherfore the Romans being landed at Onusta or Honosca became masters thereof without any resistance spoyling the countrey vnto the gates of new Carthage whereas they burnt the suburbes Returning from thence laden with spoyle to Longuntica which at this present is Guardamar they found-great store of a kind of broome wherwith they did vse to make cables for ships the which Asdrubal had caused to be
a great countrey hee found all things quiet and fauourable for his armie vpon the way he encountred Mandonius and Indibilis Mandonius and Indibilis reuolt vnto the Romans who came to meet him with their troupes Indibilis spake vnto Scipio for them all not rashly or foolishly after the manner of the Barbarians but with great grauitie modestie and pertinent reasons rather excusing than glorifying themselues that they were come vnto him leauing the Carthaginians partie letting him vnderstand That they did it not lightly In revolts the cause and not the name is to be regarded or vpon the first occasion for they knew well that the name of reuolt was execrable among old allies and alwaies suspect vnto new by the generall custome of all nations the which sayd he I doe not disallow so as the hatred which is borne vnto such men be grounded vpon the cause and not meerely vpon the name of reuolt Afterwards he made a discourse of that which they had done for the Carthaginians and of the pride couetousnesse ingratitude and wrongs which had beene done vnto them by their souldiors protesting that for these considerations they had long before resolued to addresse themselues vnto the Romanes with whom they thought that justice and respect had place although their persons were in the Carthaginians armies Moreouer he sayd That they had recourse vnto the gods by prayers who neuer suffer the violences and insolencies of men vnpunished and they entreated Scipio not to esteeme them lesse for their retreat vnto him nor to value them more but that he should hereafter vse them according to their merits and according to the zeale and affection hee should find in them Scipio answered That he would doe so It is no rebellion to leaue them which despise God and nature and that he did not esteeme them rebels which held not themselues tied to any alliances made with men which make no account of any diuine or humane lawes commaunding that their wiues and children should be presently deliuered vnto them which was a pleasing and acceptable gift vnto these Spaniards The next day Scipio hauing taken their oathes and contracted with them he sent them into their countries to make new leuies of men afterwards by the direction of these noblemen of Spaine the Romane armie went to meet with the enemie Asdrubal was come to lodge his campe neere vnto Becula Asdrubal comes towards the Romanes a towne or riuer for in this point the Authors are doubtfull it may be it was both beyond the riuer of Ebro and had set gards and sentinels on horsebacke vpon the approches the which were at the first charged by the fore-runners and by them of the Romane fore-ward who made so small resistance as they might easily judge how much the two parties did differ in courage These horsemen made a speedie retreat towards their campe being pursued by the Romanes who carried their colours euen vnto the enemies trenches and rampiers and hauing that day onely quickened their courages a little they planted their campe In the night Asdrubal remooued his armie vnto the side of a hill where there was a large plaine hauing a riuer behind him and on either side steepe craggie rockes This place commaunded another plaine the which had also a steepe descent round about it the which was hard to mount vnto Asdrubal seeing the Romane armie in battaile in this lower plaine he sent downe the Numidian horsemen Scipio encourageth his armie to fight the souldiors of Maiorca which were lightly armed and the Africanes Scipio went from ranke to ranke to encourage his men telling them That the enemie fled the fight and durst not come downe to battaile but sought places of strength as one that had no confidence in his vertue nor armes wherefore they should remember that the walls of Carthage which were much higher than those rampiers could not hinder their entrie and that there was no obstacle could repulse the vertue of the Romanes To what end shall those high clyffes where they are lodged serue but to make them haue the greater fals when you shall chase them and they flye to saue themselues but I will stop that passage and thus he encouraged his souldiours Hee then sent two companies the one to seize vpon the strait of the valley by the which the riuer did run and the other to keepe the way by the which they came from the town by the vallies and passages of those hils into the open field Then he led the most actiue and light souldiours which had the day before broken the enemies gards directly to them which were vpon the edge of the first plaine When they began to mount they found no other hinderance but the roughnesse of the way but when they came to approch within the reach of their darts they were presently entertained with a shower of arrowes darts and stones whereof the souldiors and horse-boyes had abundance in that place Although the place were hard to ascend and the Romanes much galled with their darts yet those which had beene accustomed to the assaults of townes He chargeth the enemie growing obstinat against all opposition in the end got vp then was the chance turned for as soone as the Romanes could get any sure footing and come to handie blowes with the enemie where they were not so expert as in running and leaping they were soone dislodged and chased with great slaughter vpon their owne battaile which stood in order vpon the hill Then Scipio hauing commaunded his victorious souldiors to pursue and to charge this battaillon in the middest couragiously he diuided the rest of his troupes betwixt himselfe and Lelius whom he commanded to compasse in that little hill on the right side and to seeke some easie way to get vp vnto it and he in the meane time went and charged the enemies vpon the flanke who were much amazed and troubled thinking to turne the head of their battaile against the Romanes whose cryes they heard on euery side when as suddainely Lelius came vpon them so as being prest on all sides they were soone disordered Asdrubal and the Carthaginian armie defeated by Scipio they themselues opening their rankes to giue passage to their companions which fled hauing no meanes to retyre in good order in a place which was so strait and of such disaduantage Here there was a great slaughter made and it preuailed little to flye for the gards which were set by Scipio vpon the passages stayed them yea the multitude was partly stayed by the Captaines and Commaunders to saue the baggage whilest the rest did fight besides their Elephants being terrified were as hurtfull to them as to the Romanes There died eight thousand of the Carthaginian armie Asdrubal stayed not to the end of the battaile but hauing sent some of the Elephants before with his siluer he retyred almost in the beginning of the fight following the riuer of Tayo vntill hee got vnto the mountaines
forbid the purueyors and Commissaries to make any prouision of corne but sent them backe to Rome saying That the warre could maintaine it selfe Departing from Empurias A sharpe beginning of the war he put the enemies countrey to sacke by fire and sword and filled all with terror At the same time M. Heluius meaning to retire out of base Spaine which he had gouerned being accompanied with 6000 men which the Pretor Appius Claudius had giuen him for conuoy he was encountred by the way with 20000 Celtiberians neere vnto the towne of Illiturge either that which Scipio had destroyed A notable victorie gotten by the Pretor Heluius being repaired or another of that name whom he did fight withall and vanquish and slew 12000 men then he tooke Illiturge where he put all the inhabitants aboue the age of 14 yeres to the sword and from thence he came vnto Catoes campe from whence hee afterwards passed to Rome into the which he made a solemne entrie with ouation for that hee had gouerned his prouince happily Hee brought 14732 pounds of siluer in masse 17000 Bigats which is a piece of coyne stampt with a chariot drawn with two horses and of the siluer of Osca 120438. Qu. Minutius Thermus triumphed first at Rome for his victories in Spain Presently after Heluius Q. Minutius Thermus returned to Rome who had the honour of a triumph which was the first that was graunted by reason of his victories in the wars of Spaine he brought also into the Treasurie 34800 pounds of siluer 78000 Bigats and 278000 of Osca In the meane time the Consul Cato was not farre encamped from Empurias whereas three embassadours came vnto him from Bilistages Lord of the Ilergetes among the which was one of his sons complaining That their castles were besieged by the other Spaniards whom they could not resist but with aid from the Romanes That if it pleased him to send them fiue thousand men it would be sufficient to force the enemie to retyre The Consull answered That he was moued with the danger wherein they were but he had not at that time such forces as he might with safetie send away so great a number especially being not farre from the enemie with whom he expected to fight euery day The embassadours hearing these words cast themselues at his feet and embracing his knees besought him not to abandon them in their great necessitie seeing the Romanes were the onely refuge they had in this world they let him vnderstand That if they would haue falsified their faith and conspired with others that were reuolted they might easily haue auoided that danger but they would not doe it although they had beene sollicited with threats and terrifyings hoping that the support of the Romanes should be their warrant but if that should faile them and that the Consull should refuse to aid and defend them they did protest before God and men That they should be forced to leaue the Romane partie least they should fall into the miseries and calamities of them of Sagunt That day Cato made them no other answer yet he did not leaue to meditate thereon all night to find some meanes to free the Ilergetes from this danger and not to diminish his forces for that would haue stayed him from fighting with the enemie as he desired or else in fighting he might be too weake and in danger In the end he considered that hypocrisie and dissembling in warre haue oftentimes auailed much and that those which attend succors Dissembling in warre doth often import being persuaded to haue them speedily haue often vpon this hope taken courage and grown so resolute as they haue preserued themselues Wherefore the next day he told the embassadours That he was content for their sakes to incommodate himselfe and that notwithstanding that he had great occasion to employ his souldiours yet he would send them succours Hereupon he commaunded they should take the third part of all the companies and that they should prepare victuals and ships to embarke them the third day Whereupon he sent away two of these embassadours to carrie newes to Bilistages and the Ilergetes retaining the third who was sonne to Bilistages making him good cheare and honouring him with presents The embassadours before their departure saw the troupes embarked and being very well satisfied went away making great bruit of these succours The Consull thinking that he had made shew ynough caused the souldiors to land againe and to returne to the campe And for that the season began to grow vnfit to make warre he caused Winter lodgings to be made for the armie within a myle of Empurias from whence he sent the souldiors on euery side to spoyle the enemies countrey Leauing a sufficient garrison in the campe he made them goe forth in the night that they might goe the farther without discouerie and more easily surprise the Spaniards In this manner he did exercise his new souldiours and surprised many of the enemies who durst no more goe out of their forts Cato hauing by this meanes sufficiently tried the hearts both of his owne men and of the Spaniards he called the Captaines Knights and Centeniers together Catos speech to the captaines and said vnto them That it was now time to set their hands to the worke which they had so much desired to shew their vertue by a battaile and not by raunging and spoyling as they had hitherto done and that they must no more busie themselues with the prey of the champian countrey but prepare themselues to enioy the riches of townes The estate of the affaires in Spaine said he is reduced to that point that whereas in the time of our predecessors when as there was neither captaine nor armie for the Romanes in this region they did capitulate That their power and command should extend vnto the riuer of Ebro and now when there is a Consull two Pretors and three Armies and that the Carthaginians haue beene wholly excluded for these tenne yeares wee haue not in a manner any thing on this side that riuer We must then recouer it by our armes and valour and reduce this nation which hath beene accustomed to begin warre with more rashnesse than to maintaine it vertuously vnto the yoake which they would shake of wherefore goe and refresh your selues and be readie to depart this night Cato seekes to make his souldiors hardie by constraint taking all places of retreat from them About midnight he dislodged that he might encampe at his pleasure before the enemie should haue any intelligence So as taking a long circuit he marched beyond the Spaniards armie and when as day began to breake he put his men in battaile and sent three companies of foot vnto the rampier of their campe The Spaniards being amazed to see their enemies behind them ran to armes then the Consull said vnto his souldiors There is now no more hope but in our valour the which I haue done of purpose for the enemie
themselues in battaile in the plaine which was betwixt the two armies and there attended the Romanes yet Fuluius stirred not but kept his men foure dayes together within his campe during the which the Spaniards shewed alwaies the same countenance then seeing that the Romans lay still and that there was no means to fight with them they kept themselues also quiet for a time onely the horsemen went forth keeping themselues readie if the enemie should make shew to assayle them The forragers on both sides went foorth behind their armies without any let This hauing continued some dayes the Romane Pretor thinking that he had made the enemie secure commaunded L. Acilius to march with six thousand Spanish foot of their allies and some of the horsemen of the left wing about the hill vpon the enemies backe and there he should attend vntill he heard the crie of the Legionaries and the rest of the armie and that then he should come and assayle the enemies campe Acilius parted in the night because he would not be discouered Fuluius at the breake of day caused C. Stribonius Colonel of the Latines to march towards the Celtiberians trenches accompanied with the extraordinarie horsemen of the left wing The enemie seeing him better accompanied than the day before sallied presently foorth with all his horse being followed by their footmen Stribonius seeing them come turned head as he had beene commaunded and retyred towards the Romanes campe The Celtiberians pursued them speedily both with horse and foot persuading themselues the day should not passe before they were masters of the Romanes campe being now within fiue hundred paces Then Fuluius seeing that hee had drawne them farre ynough from their fort he made way for his armie being readie in their trenches causing them to fally foorth by three seuerall ports at one instant commaunding them to make great shouts and cries not so much to giue courage to the souldiors as it was their custome as to aduertise them that were in ambush behind the hill attending a signe to assayle the enemies campe When as they heard the crie they ran vnto their rampiers according vnto their directions The Celtiberians had onely left fiue hundred men to gard it who made no great resistance being amazed both at their own small number and at the multitude of those that came suddainely to assayle them Acilius hauing woon their campe hee presently set fire on such places as lay open to the enemie The flame appearing did much daunt the Celtiberians and gaue courage vnto the Romans being assured thereby that their campe was taken Notwithstanding the Celtiberians seeing themselues destitute of a retreat fought like desperat men A memorable victorie of Qu. Fuluius Flaccus against the Celtiberians and did much annoy the Romanes but in the end being oppressed both with the first troupes and with fresh supplies and by Acilius who returned from the taking of the campe and by the garrison of Ebura who sallied forth in the heat of the battell they were vanquished and great numbers slaine vpon the place and afterwards wholly defeated the horsemen pursuing them that fled They write That in this battaile there died 23000 Spaniards and 4800 prisoners taken the Romanes tooke aboue 500 horse and 88 ensignes Doubtlesse the victorie was great yet not without bloud for there were slaine about 200 legionarie Romanes 830 Latines allies and 2400 strangers The number of the dead Which done the Pretor brought backe his victorious armie into his campe Acilius was sent vnto the campe which hee had taken and the next day they gathered vp the enemies spoyles and the souldiors being publickely assembled euery one was rewarded according to his merits then hauing left the wounded men at Ebura the Legions were led to Contrebia by the territorie of the Carpetanians This towne being besieged they sent to demaund succours of the Celtiberians Contrebia taken by the Romanes but the towne was yeelded before they came There had fallen such aboundance of raine at this season as Fuluius was forced to lodge his armie within the towne The Celtiberians who could not come by reason of the high waters and the badway knew nothing of the yeelding of this towne vntill they were charged by the Romanes which were within it for seeing no signes of a campe about it they imagined the enemie had beene gone so as they approached the towne without order fearing no danger from whence the Romanes sallied forth vpon them with great furie and put them to flight and although the field was spacious and the commoditie great to saue themselues yet there died twelue thousand men Another defeat of the Celtiberians by Fuluius fiue thousand were taken prisoners foure hundred horses of seruice and sixtie two ensignes gotten These Celtiberians being dispersed they aduertised their companions which came vnto them of their defeat whereupon they returned and all this preparation went to smoake In the further or West part of Spaine the Pretor Manlius did also fight happily against the Lusitanians After these exploits Q. Fuluius sent L. Minutius his Lieutenant to Rome with two Colonels T. Meuius and L. Terentius Massaliota to carrie newes That the Celtiberians had beene wholly vanquished in two great battailes and that the Senate should not need to make prouision of money or any other thing for the entertainment of their souldiors that yeare for that sayd they the warre was ended They demaunded also That the Pretor might haue leaue to bring backe the armie which he and others before him had so happily managed and employed the which they sayd was not onely reasonable but very necessarie for that euerie one demaunded leaue speaking openly That if it were not graunted them they would take it 13 At the first generall assembly A. Posth Albinus Luscus Ann. Româ— 573 and C. Calphurnius Piso being made Consuls they also created new Pretors to send into Spaine New Pretors sent into Spaine the hither part by Ebro fell to T. Sempronius Gracchus and L. Posthumius had the West part T. Sempronius was not much pleased with the request made on Fuluius behalfe to whom he should succeed whereupon he protested That if they sent him thither with an armie newly leuied hee would keepe himselfe within his garrisons and not expose vnexperienced souldiours against an enemie so long trained vp in warre Thereupon the Senate did decree That they should rayse a Legion of fiue thousand two hundred foot and three hundred Romane horse and besides it a thousand Romane foot and fiftie horse and the Latines their allies should be enjoyned to furnish seuen thousand foot and foure hundred horse and that with this armie Sempronius should goe into Spaine giuing leaue vnto Qu. Fuluius to bring backe the souldiors which had beene sent thither before that Sp. Posthumius and Qu. Martius were Consuls which was six yeares before and moreouer when the new leuie were come into the countrey it should be also lawfull for him to bring all
there did arise new tumults among the Celtiberians for the appeasing whereof Calphurnius Piso was sent and after him Sergius Galba Pretors but for that the Romanes were much troubled with the warres of Italie as well against the Cimbrians a nation comming from the borders of the Northerne Ocean as against the slaues which were in armes againe and forraged Sicile they sent certaine Commissioners to pacifie the troubles without armes if it might be These Cimbrians being vanquished a little before by the Consull Carbo had fallen vpon the Gaules and Spaine from whence they had beene repulsed and in the yeare 644 returned againe to inuade Italie where they defeated the armie of M. Syllanus Consull Anno 648. but the Lusitanians in the yeare 648 P. Rutilius Rufus and C. Manilius being Consuls defeated a Romane armie The Lusitanians reuolt and defeat the Romans the Authors speake not of his name that was the Generall nor of his that was sent to suppresse them in the yeare 652 who subdued them It may be it was D. Iunius Silanus And they stayed not long to minister matter of triumph to the Romane captaines hauing rebelled againe in the yeare 654 against whom L. Corn. Dolabella a Pretor was sent who vanquished them and triumphed The Consull T. Didius at the same time after that the Cimbrians had beene driuen out of Italie hauing had the gouernment of Spaine about Ebro Thermise taken and rased by T. Didius Consul slew in battaile 20000 Areuaces and Vacceans and tooke the towne of Thermise which was great and strong by situation commaunding the inhabitants for a punishment of their ordinarie rebellion to dwell in the plaine and not to inwall themselues after seuen moneths siege hee also tooke the towne of Colenda and sold the inhabitants Other people of the Celtiberians continuing in their theeuing were by him condemned to die by the aduice of tenne Commissioners which were then in Spaine for the people of Rome Hauing then gathered them together vnder colour that he would giue them land to manure he caused them to be enuironed by his souldiors and cut in pieces for which deeds he triumphed at his returne to Rome Qu. Sertorius In the armie of this T. Didius was at that time Q. Sertorius who had charge of 1000 men a man of judgement and valour whereof he made good proofe when as vnder this Consul Didius the Castalonians attempted with the help of them of Girize to cut his regiment in pieces which wintred in their town for that during the tumult he rallied them together which escaped the slaughter with the which he reuenged the death of his souldiors putting all the conspirators which he found armed to the sword hauing attired some of his men with their apparrell and armes he marcht speedily towards Girize where being let in by reason of this disguising he made a great slaughter of the inhabitants and sold the rest 10 The Lusitanians and people of the further Spaine in the yeare 656 drew against them the Consull P. Licinius Crassus Fuluius Flaccus defeats the Celtiberians who triumphed in like manner And in the yeare 659 Fuluius Flaccus being sent against the Celtiberians who had rebelled he slew 20000 in battell and restrained the rest by justice euen those which had burnt their owne Senators opposing themselues against the rebellion which they had intended rasing and demanteling some townes Spaine by means of these executions remained quiet vntill the ciuile dissentions betwixt Marius and Sylla which ministred occasion of new warre 11 Whilest this Marian sedition continued M. Crassus hauing seene his father and brother slaine by Cinna and Marius fled into Spaine where he had been in time past at the warres with his father A friend is tried in need and there had gotten some friends but finding that euerie one stood in feare of Marius he retired to a countrey house belonging to Vibius Paciacus where he hid himselfe in a caue causing some to sound Vibius mind who hearing that Crassus was escaped he caused him to be secretly fed there eight moneths by a slaue of his vnto the death of Cinna 12 After the ciuile warre betwixt Marius and Sylla the infection of this madnesse past into Spaine Sertorius warre in Spaine by the means of Q. Sertorius who hauing held the partie of Cinna and Marius after the defeats of Carbo Scipio and Norbanus by Sylla he retired into Spaine where he had been vnder the Consull Didius and there he fortified himselfe against the enterprises of the Dictator Sylla causing Iulius Salinator to keepe the passages of the Pyrenee mountaines with 6000 foot but it was not long before that Sylla sent C. Annius who not able to force the enemie in a place of such aduantage obtained the passage by the death of Salinator whom Calphurnius Lanarius that did maligne him slew in treason This made Sertorius retyre who had but three thousand men remaining in new Carthage from whence he passed into Affricke and from thence the barbarians chased him afterwards thinking to returne he was repulsed from landing in Spaine wherefore he seazed vpon one of the islands of Pytiuses in dispight of C. Annius garrison but he was chased from thence also so as being accompanied with some foists of Cicilian pirats he was forced to put out to sea for some daies In the end he passed the strait Settorius hauing endured manie crosses resolues to goe and liue at the fortunat islands at Canaries and put to land aboue the mouth of the riuer of Betis where hauing information by some mariners of the fortunat islands he began to resolue to liue there in rest whereupon these pirats disliking his designe abandoned him and put themselues in pay vnder a Moore named Ascalius who contended with an other for the kingdome of the Marusians whose partie Sertorius maintained Comming to fight Ascalius was defeated and after him one of Syllias captaines called Paccianus who came to succoâ—r him after which Ascalius was besieged in the towne of Tingis and taken By this good successe Sertorius augmented his armie with the remainders of the vanquished enemies souldiors which came to serue vnder him He did so win the harts of the Moores vsing this victorie modestly as they were afterwards al at his commandment but as he was in great care what course to take there came embassadors vnto him from the Lusitanians Sertorius called by the Lusitanians intreating him to be their Generall for that the Romans of Syllas partie made war against them and therefore they had need of a man of judgment experience which honor they did according to his merits offer vnto him vpon which summons he left Africke leading with him about 2500 souldiors which he called Romans yet they were for the most part Africans with the which hauing ioyned 4000 Lusitanians and 700 horses What forces were against Sertorius in Spaine he made head against foure great Romane captaines vnder whom
of Spaine touching the reigne of Amalaric and deeds of Theodoric king of Italie whom the Spaniards make his grandfather by the mothers side 19 Theude the ninth king of the Gothes in Spaine 20 Theodiscle the tenth king of the Gothes in Spaine 21 Agila the eleuenth king 22 Athanagilde the twelfth king 23 Luiba the thirteenth king 24 Leonigilde the foureteenth king and his deeds 25 End of the reigne of the Sueues in Gallicia 26 Ricared the fifteenth king abiuration of the Arrian heresie at the third Councell of Toledo reformation of the Gothicke lawes 27 Luiba the second of that name sixteenth king cruell his death 28 Vuiteric the seuentcenth king a tyrant 29 Gundamyr the eighteenth king 30 Sizebut the nineteenth king 31 Suintilla the twentieth king deposed for his vices 32 Sizenand the one and twentieth king the fourth Councell of Toledo 33 Cinthilla the two and twentieth king and the fift and sixt Councels of Toledo 34 Tulba the three and twentieth king 35 Cindasuinthe the foure and twentieth king vnder whom was the seuenth Councell of Toledo 36 Recesuinthe the fiue and twentieth king and the ninth and tenth Councels of Toledo 37 Bamba the six and twentieth king rebellion of Paule and others in Gothike Gaule and their punishment 38 The eleuenth Councell of Toledo vnder him and some decrees 39 Eringe the seuen and twentieth king and vnder him the twelfth thirteenth and foureteenth Councels of Toledo 40 Egica the eight and twentieth king vnder whom were the fifteenth sixteenth and seuenteenth Councels of Toledo 41 Vitiza the nine and twentieth king cruell and infamous the eighteenth Councell at Toledo 42 Roderic the thirtieth and last king of Gothes in Spaine his vices inuasion of Spaine by the Moores and Arabians and the end of the Gothes reigne 43 A Catalogue of the auncient Bishops of Spaine BEing to treat of the Gothes kingdome in Spaine it is fit to know from what region they are come and by what accidents they first seated themselues in Spaine Honorius sonne to Theodosius the Great then reigning in the West 1 The Gothes are issued from the Getes The Gothes come out of Asia intâ— Europe and their first beginning was in Asia they passed into Europe long before and did first seize vpon the higher countrey of Thrace and Mysia which is at this day Bulgaria Bosna Rascia Seruia and it may be a part of Hungarie and in the end they came to either banke of the riuer of Danube and then by degrees peopling all that lyes betwixt that riuer and the Northerne shore of the Baltike sea they did in the end hold all that continent which extends it selfe in manner of an island in the bosome thereof with all the neighbour islands They were famous for a long time in Dacia in those regions which wee now call Valachia Transyluania Gothes Geâ—es Gepides all one nation and Moldauia where they were called Getes and Gepides In the times of Alexander the Great there were certaine encounters betwixt the Grecians and the Gothes not farre from the island of Peuce aboue Constantinople at the mouths of Danube or Ister as they called it in that place Syrmius reigned ouer that nation at that time We read also That Lysimachus one of Alexanders successors was vanquished in battaile and taken by a king of the Gothes whom hee afterwards set freely at libertie and married his daughter After which in tract of time other nations being mingled with them those which did inhabite the great Peninsule which the auncients called Scandia and Scandinauia yet little knowne to them retained the name of Gothes and the language the which as some affirme was like vnto that of the Celtes others hold That it was the Teuton or Dutch tongue which languages being corrupted differ much at this day from those times when they were in their greatest puritie From these Northerne regions which containe at this day the realmes of Suethland and Denmarke often and vpon diuers occasions there came great troupes of people who tooke possession againe of the countries joyning to the Venedique or Baltike sea The Gothish tongue and of the islands thereof chasing away the inhabitants and aduauncing into the maine land they did repossesse Dacia and Mysia and ouerrun the higher Thrace vnder Filymer sonne to Gandaric who was the fift king after this returne In these countries they planted their bounds vpon the Danube and there reigned some ages they did encrease their fame with great victories and did giue their name to many nations whom they subjected They inuaded the Romane Empire in the time of Decius vnder the conduct of their king Giua and did vanquish the Romanes in a great battaile whereas Decius and his sonne were slaine after which by many victories they made themselues fearefull to the Romans so as the Emperous were often glad to haue them for friends and companions in arms and by the vertue and valor of their troups which they entertained did often execute great matters About the time of Valentinian and Valens Hermanaric reigned ouer the Gothes The Hunschase the Gothes out of their coÌ„quests who vanquished many nations who notwithstanding yeelded to the force of the Hunnes fathers to the Hungarians who came at that time out of Asia into Europe in great numbers through the fennes of Meotides Hermanaric being dead and Vithimir his successor slaine in battaile the Gothes estate was ouerthrowne and troden vnder foot by the Hunnes wherefore such as would not liue vnder the Conquerors subjection retyred themselues into diuers other countries Athanaric who had shewed himselfe an enemie to Valens in supporting Procopius his rebell would not trust him and therefore he tooke his course towards the North and did inhabite with his troupes in the forrests of Sarmatia But Fritigerne and Alauin being followed with a great number of Gothes came vnto the bankes of Danube vpon the confines of the Empire where desiring to be admitted to dwell with the other subjects Valens consented supposing that they should serue as a rampier against forraine nations that would inuade the empire on that side Then there arriued vpon the same marches Vitheric Distinction of the East and West Gothes sonne to Vithimir with his tutors Alathee and Safrax and also Farnabe conductors of other great troupes Then did the Romans begin to distinguish these people into Ostrogoths or East Goths and Visigoths or West Goths calling those which did remaine vnder the domination of the Hunnes Ostrogoths and those Visigots which had passed the Danube and dwelt in Hungarie Mysia and Thracia the which distinction was ancient among them according to their countries and abodes and was againe practised in Italie Gaule and Spaine when as this nation had erected kingdomes there whereof the princes were diuided into two families or factions that is the Hâ—mels or Amales and the Baltes 2 The name of Iesus Christ had beene many yeares preached among this nation Christian religion among the Gothes before
rewarding euerie one according to his degree Yet he was not receiued nor obeyed throughout all the townes of his jurisdiction but some maintained Hizens partie who was prisoner at Cordoua Mahumet Almohadi being come to Toledo Abdalla raigned there but not verie quietly in the beginning but the hatred the Toledanes did beare to the kings of Cordoua made his way the more easie Neither of these two tyrants raigned long for Albaharin the Alhabib who liued at Medina Celi hearing that Zuleima was much troubled to subdue the people of the jurisdiction of Cordoua which were rebelled against him he made a leuie of souldiers both Moores and Christians and came to Mahumet Almohadi at Toledo who had beene newly made king of that citie but the manner how is not specified in Histories There hauing raised a great armie they tooke their way to Cordoua to deliuer king Hizen who was prisoner Whereof Zuleima being aduertised he resolued to defend himselfe calling all his friends and vassals together whereof most of them excused themselues shewing that they were naturally bound vnto king Hizen for whose deliuerie they knew Mahumet had taken arms with Albaharin and some Christian captaines which were in their armie whereof two are called Bermondo and Argomento Notwithstanding this refusall Zuleima relying vpon the forces of Barbarie who assured him that they would neuer forsake him sallied out of Cordoua and came and affronted the enemie Battell betwixt the Moores nine leagues from the citie at a place called Hacantalbasar where his first charge was so furious as he put the formost of the enemies squadrons to rout and slue so many as hee thought all had beene defeated and Mahumet dead but the Christians which were in Mahumets armie rallied their disordered battell and charged Zuleimaes men with such violence as they made them quit the field with great slaughter of the Barbarian Africanes Zuleima saued himselfe with a small troupe in the fort of Cafra They write that in this battell there died thirtie thousand Moors and nine thousand Christians among which were D. Arnoul Bishop of Ausa Aetius Bishop of Barcelone and Otho of Girone who carried armes for the Moores quarels by the losse whereof Zuleima left the realme of Cordoua the second time Hizen a prisoner restored to realme of Cordoua where hee had raigned a yeare This was in the yeare 995. Hizen was restored to his royall Estate by the victors the people of Cordoua being affected to him and did mutine to haue him and Mahumet was the more inclined to him for that he was setled at Toledo The victor prepared to besiege Casra to expell Zuleima and to spoyle the treasure that was within it but foreseeing the danger he dislodged and carried away with him what he could The castle being abandoned was taken by them of Cordoua and that which remained spoyled and the souldiers which were found in it slaine The bootie which was taken in this castle was carried to the great Mosquee at Cordoua and there consecrated This doue Albaharin the Alhabib led the armie against some places in Andolousia which continued in their rebellion since the former diuisions he besieged Almerie which was defended by Afila a Moore of a great house and battered it twentie dayes the which in the end was forced and Afila with some of his children drowned The like happened to the townes of Iaen Baesa and Ariona the which were kept for king Hizen In this manner did the Moores make warre being diuided into two factions where of the one held the partie of Hizen and of the Moores in Spaine and the other of the Barbarians and Moores of Affrick of whom Zuleima was the chiefe in Spaine Mahumet Almohadi raigned at Toledo after Abdalla verie little Obeidalla sixt king of Toledo for the Historians make present mention of his sonne Obeydalla sixt king of Toledo against whom king Hizen seeing himselfe now setled in his kingdome sent his lieutenant with a great armie to reduce them of Toledo vnder his obedience who made a sallie vpon them of Cordoua where there was a cruell combate but the end was shamefull for the Toledanes who lost their king Obeidalla there and many of their men Yet were they not daunted neither did they abate any thing of their rebellious contumacie against Hizen and the Estate of Cordoua whom they did hate extreamely For presently after their defeat and the death of their king Obeidalla they chose another of the same linage of Aben Humeâ—a Hairam seuÌ„eth king of Toledo called Hairam the seuenth king in number who left the Scepter of Toledo to his descendants vntill it was conquered by the Christians This past about the yeare 1000 when as king Hizen thinking himselfe to be in more quiet and securitie then euer he found himselfe plunged in greater troubles then before for the Moores were so greedie of commaund as those which had any authoritie or power would make haed against whom soeuer that would commaund them The which was no wonder for that in the citie of Cordoua and the jurisdiction thereof there were infinit families descending from kings of the Moores issuing from the race of Aben Humeia which grew by reason of their pluralitie of wiues which their sect allowed which was the cause of seditions and reuolts for the desire of rule During these ciuile warres Cattelogue the Cattelans and Barcelonians had beene in peace and free from the Moores inuasions and had rather sought to annoy them or inuade them either alone or joyntly with the Castillans D. Raymond Borel the earle who had succeeded his father did burie in a manner at the entrie of his principalitie his cousin D. Oliban Cabrica earle of Cerdagne and Besalu at our Ladie of Ripon in the yeare 994 whose Estates were diuided among his children D. Bernard Brisefer and D. Geoffrey This new earle had fortified Barcelone and repaired all the spoyles which the Moores had made during the warre against D. Borel his father joyning the Monasterie of Montjuhy to the walls of Barcelone and called it S. Peter of the virgines to gratifie D. Borella his sister whom some call Engelrade Abbesse of that place There is no mention made of him in Histories but that he had one sonne called D. Berenger Borel in the yeare 995 who succeeded him after his death D. Garcia called the Trembling fift of that name and 12 King of Nauarre 23 IN the same yere of the decease of the earle D. Borel Nauarre which was 993 died according to the common opinion of writers D. Sancho the 3 sonne to D. Garcia Sanches king of Nauarre but it is most vncertaine for the computation of the liues and raignes of these first kings of Nauarre Leon and other Princes and Potentates of Spaine is so diuers and confused in their writings as no man can judge rightly of them D. Sancho gaue for the soules health of his sonne D. Ramir to the Monasterie of S. Emylian the towne of
sollicited by the brother of his deceased wife Donna Maria de Silua to wit the Bishop of Badajos who was desirous to bring againe the Earle of Cifuentes and his Vncle Don Iohn de Ribera into Toledo to giue his eldest daughter Donna Leonora in marriage to the Earle of Cifuentes seeking by that meanes to reconcile and make them friends which the Master of Saint Iames did likewise procure building some desseignes vppon the same citty but the king being aduertized thereof sent foorth-with the Licenciate Diego Henriques to aduertise the Earle of Fuensalida by no meanes to make that marriage and not to suffer the Earle of Cifuentes nor Don Iohn de Ribera to enter into Toledo because he was assured that as soone as they should set foot within the cittie they would driue him thence The Earle giuing more credit to the Bishoppe then to the King was very willing to agree vppon the marriage by reason whereof the Earle of Cifuentes and Don Iohn de Ribera People of Toledo mutinous were no sooner entred into the cittie but contrarie to their oath and promise which was not to attempt any innouation nor stirre vp any troubles they put themselues in armes and bandied themselues in such sort as there was nothing to bee seene but daily and continuall skirmishes fights murthers robberies and other miseries vsual in diuided Citties the common people of this towne beeing more mutinous and apt to enter into factions and leagues then any other Cittie of Spaine Wherefore the King the better to redresse these inconueniences beeing at Madrid sent the Bishoppe of Burgos together with the Licentiate Diego Henriques who for a time caused those insolencies to cease The King comming afterwards thither tooke away against all reason the gouernement of the cittie from the Earle of Fuensalida and put it against his will into the hands of Doctor Garcy Lopes of Madrid with charge of an assistant and with great authoritie onely to please and content the Master of Saint Iames. The dispossessed Earle went home to his owne house and the Earle of Cifuentes afterward had no desire to accomplish the marriage with Donna Leonora alleadging certaine lets and hinderances by reason of their neere consanguinitie and so soone after married else-where The Earle of Cifuentes and Don Iohn de Ribera tooke Doctor Garcy Lopes committed him to prison and made themselues masters of the Cittie gates and other strong places and beseeged the Castle the which they had taken with the absolute commaund ouer the whole Citie had not certaine Channons resisted them who fortifying themselues in the great Church held out till such time as the Marshals Fernand de Riuadeneyra and Peraâ—fan de Ribera were come to their ayde who caused the Earle and his people to with-draw themselues The Master of Saint Iames who was at that time in the territorie of Leon making his progresse vp and downe about the ordering of the affaires of that Prouince beeing aduertized of that which had befallen Garcy Lopes came in great hast to Toledo from whence hauing driuen the Earle of Cifuentes Don Iohn de Ribera Lope of Estuniga with Arias de Silua and other of their complices hee left the Cittie in quiet The King not long after came to the Monasterie of Sisla halfe a league distant from the Cittie but hee did in no sort touch any of the seditious because all the mischiefe had beene procured by the Master As hee thought to returne to Segobia hee found the Cittie in a mutinie and reuolted from the Corrigidor or Gouernour of the same by the meanes of certaine Gentlemen who were taken and sent with yrons vppon their legges to the Castle of Madrid where they remayned a long time after Now if temporall matters were so ill gouerned it is to bee supposed that spirituall affaires were farre worse for what good could happen to the people whose Pastors neglecting their ecclesiasticall functions had no other care but to heape vp worldly riches and honours making themselues heads of Factions and by their couetousnesse and ambition did themselues most of all trouble and disquiet all Kingdomes and Common-wealths Whilest these miseries troubled the Realme of Castille King Iohn of Arragon did stil endeauour to reduce the Rebels of Catralonia to his obedience Arragon and after that hee had ended the question betwixt himselfe and his sonne-in-law Gaston of Foix about the kingdome of Nauarre hee did send his sonne Don Alphonso of Arragon with the Earle of Prades who was returned to his seruice into the confines of Barcelona who encamped themselues alongst the riuer of Beson and made courses euen to the Cittie gates burning and spoyling houses gardens and other places of pleasure of that countrie Then they went to batter a strong castle seated vppon the riuer which the Barcelonois beeing desirous to succour Iames Galliot Gouernour of the cittie came into the field with a great number of horse-men and foure thousand foot bringing with him Don Denis of Portugall and Gratian of Aguirre who presenting themselues before the enemie with intent to fight The Barcelonois defeated were so rudely receyued as within awhile they were defeated with many of their people slayne hurt and taken prisoners in the number of whom were Iames Galliot and Denis of Portugall part of those which fled came backe to the cittie and the rest retired themselues into the woods and mountaines This losse did so daunt the courage of those of Barcelona as despayring of their affaires they all began to hearken vnto peace whereunto they were the rather incited by the Kings comming who ioyned himselfe soone after with the forces of his sonne Alphonso taking the towne of Valdonzellas hee made shew as if he would beseege the Cittie both by sea and land The citty of Barcelona yeeldeth to the mercie of the King the which beeing filled with great feare and yet neuerthelesse trusting to the Kings clemencie they sent Commissioners vnto him to craue his pardon and to offer him the keyes of the Cittie submitting themselues to his mercie These men beeing come into the kings presence did by the mouth of Lewis Setenti a Florentine confesse the Cittizens fault and did implore his mercie presenting him with the keyes the which the King holding in his hands re-deliuered forth-with to the Commissioners contrarie to the expectation of all his followers King Iohns clemency who thought that in regard hee had beene so many yeares troubled and disquieted with the obstinate and cruell warres of the Barcelonois hee would haue executed seuere vengeance vppon them but hee on the contrarie with a singular mildnesse did not onely pardon them and their Confederates for whatsoeuer they had committed against him but confirmed them in their goods liberties priuiledges exemptions and auncient rights The next day following the Cittizens had prepared a triumphant chariot for him that he might make his entrie with great pompe and magnificence the which he would not accept but was contented to enter
the king left the duke of Guimaranes within Toro and marched towards Zamora on the other side opposite to the Castle the riuer beeing betwixt them and hauing planted his campe round about the bridge hee did thereby hinder all men from comming foorth of the cittie on that side The placing of the campe seemed strange to king Fernand for the Portugals could no way from thence helpe those of the Castle nor yet hinder his armie much lesse could they come to battaile The King of Portugals vanity and it seemed that he did rather seeke vainly to be accounted bold and valiant by lodging so neere his enemie than to perform any worthie act as it appeared by that which hee did write to the French king the Pope and to diuers other Princes as also by that which hee published throughout all Spaine Queene Izabella sent the Duke of Villa-hermosa her brother-in-law and the Constable with two thousand horse to Fuente del Sabuco and to Alaheyos to keepe and cutte off the enemies campe from victualles and to distresse it In the meane time there wanted no mediatours for peace betwixt both the kings but it was in vaine and to no purpose The Portugall armie hauing for the space of fifteene dayes beene abroade in the fields in the dead time of cold winter the king Alphonso determined to returne to Toro And to to the end he might do it safely he sent Don Aluaro of Portugall sonne to the Duke of Bragança and the Licentiate Anthonie Nugnes of Cite Roderigo to the King of Castile to treate of a peace vppon certaine conditions which beeing refused them they had in charge to demaund a truce for a few dayes thereby to bring matters to a finall agreement This was but a pollicie to auoyd battaile and to be able to bring his armie in safetie backe to Toro There were sundrie opinions thereuppon and at the last they were answered that the truce which should be graunted should bee but short and if there were nothing concluded betwixt the two Kings King Alphonso of Portugal dislâ—dgeth froÌ„ before Zamora hee of Portugall might bee well assured not to bee suffered to depart thence with so great ease as hee imagined King Alphonso hauing vnderstood this answer beganne to dislodge secretly the same night the next day the scoutes seeing the place emptie aduertized the King that the enemie was dislodged who foorth-with commaunded the Captaines to leade the armie foorth into the field and to follow them the presse was so great at the passage of the bridge and at the going ouer the riuer of Duero by boate and other-waies as the soldiers could conueniently as a good part of the day was spent before the armie could passe the riuer and much time was afterward lost in ranging the battaile into wings and squadrons which was ordered after this manner They made a squadron of the kings Guard Battel betwixt the Spaniaâ—ds and Portugois and of the troupes of horse of Lemos and Salamanca of the Townes of Olmedo Valiodolit Medina del Campo with others which was commaunded by the great Master Don Henry Henriques On the right hand of this squadron were sixe battaillions the first was conducted by Don Aluaro of Mendoza who a little before that time was created Earle of Castro Xeris and Don Guttiere of Cardegnas and Rodrigo of Vlloa the second by the two Alphonso's of Fonseca the one Bishoppe of Auila and the other Lord of Coca and Alaexos the third by Pedro de Guzman the fourth by Bernard Franc the fifth by Don Pedro de Velasco and the sixt by Vasco de Biâ—ar brother to the Bishoppe of Salamanca On the left hand the Cardinal of Spaine ledde the first battalion the second the Duke of Alua the third the Earle of Alua de Lista the fourth Don Garcia Osorio who brought thither the troupes of the Marquis of Astorga his Nephew betwixt these two the foote-men were placed and in this manner the army marched on vnto the hilles which are betwixt Zamora and Toro and there it stayed It was thought that the Portugals making such hast would bee at Toro before the Spanish armie should passe these hilles and a Councell beeing called to determine what was best to be done the most part were of opinion to turne backe againe and to content themselues to haue gained the honour that the enemies had fled from them but the Cardinall of Spayne beeing a wise man and of an exceeding great spirit thinking that they did iudge amisse of the King of Portugals desseignes intreated the king to suffer him to goe to the toppe of those hilles with certaine troupes of horse for discouerie who hauing obtayned leaue and beeing gotten vp to a very high place hee espyed the armie of Portugall in order of battaile without any trouble or confusion at all Returning then to the king he told him that the enemies meant nothing lesse then to flie and that hee had seene them standing in good and martiall order wayting if any would follow to fight with them Whereuppon euery man beeing placed and ranked in his order and squadron the armie with great courage and resolution marched on The king of Portugall descrying the Spaniards marching towards them caused his people foorth-with to make a stand and with great magnanimitie to turne their faces towards them resoluing rather to dye fighting then to retirie with shame Hee was at the same time stronger in horse-men than king Ferdinand wherefore after hee had diuided his squadrons betwixt himselfe his sonne the Prince the Bishoppe of Ebora the Earles of Phâ—ro Villa-reall and other Captaines and encouraged the Knights and souldiers with a large and well-composed speech putting them in mind of the victorie which King Iohn the first wonne from the Spaniards at Aljubarotta he caused them to march forward to the fight The chiefe strength and flower of the Portugall Cauallerie lay in the squadron of Prince Iohn against whom King Fernand caused the sixth battaillion on his right hand to aduance themselues altogether albeit that D. Alphonso de Fonseca first of all and Don Aluaro de Mendoça Earle of Castro after him had requested the honour to bee the first that might charge them The Portugals which were in that squadron ioyned with those whom the Bishop of Ebora conducted made so braue a resistance as the Spaniards turned their backes so as at this first incounter the victory seemed to be on the King of Portugals side the Spaniards being sore hurt by the Artillery and by the Crosse-bowes of the Portugall-footemen These being retired the other squadrons gaue in vpon the residew of the Portugall army with better successe Notwithstanding that the valor of either side made the fight doubtfull for three houres space In the end the Portugalls not being able to hold out beganne to giue backe and were disordred and put to flight taking the high-way towards Toro as fast as they could gallop but being pursued there was a great slaughter
remaining in the Citty fortifying himselfe in certaine places King Muley vnderstanding of Don Fredericks comming sent to offer him battaile but hee would not accept thereof saying that the Moores feigned to haue quarrels among themselues by that meanes to entrappe him and his soldiours and to enclose them wherefore keeping his forces in good order without stirring hee placed the Moores horsemen ledde by Aben-comix in the Front to sustaine the enemies skirmishes which were furious and bloudy King Muley Boabdelin el Zagal perceiuing that the Christians kept themselues in order and that by no meanes they would come to battaile hee did re-enter the Citty and began to assaile the Albaycin which was couragiously defended in regarde that Don Frederick stayed more then an houre after in order of battaile before the Citty but afterward hee returned into his Fort leauing the Moores to murther one another and because hee knew that vpon Mahomet the littles victory King Ferdinands and Queene Isabels content and profit did depend hee sent him certaine Harquebuziers vnder the conduct of Ferdinand Aluares Gouernour of Colmera by whose valour the Albaycin held out and the assaults and combates continued fifty dayes after King Boabdelins people beeing vexed within by King Mahomet and abroad by the Christians of the next garrisons Whilest these troubles continued in Granado betwixt the two factions Castile King Ferdinand hauing assembled and reuiewed the troopes which from all parts were arriued at Cordoua hee went to field with an Armie of twenty thousand horse as well men at Armes as Genets and of fifty thousand foote the chiefe Commanders were the Maisters of Saint Iames and Alcantara the Duke of Nagera the Marquis of Cales and Villena the Earles of Benauent Vregna Cabra Oropesa Feria Cifuentes Osorno Medellin and Ribadeo Don Alphonso d' Aguilar the Treasurer of Calatraua with the Captaines generall of the Frontiers of Andaluzia and Murcia Those which sent their forces thether were the Cordinall of Spaine Archbishop of Toledo the Archbishop of Siuill the Bishops of Burgos and Cuenca the Dukes of Medina Sidonia Alua Playsance Medina Celi and Albuquerque the maister of Calatraua the Marquis of Astorga and Agullâ—r the Earles of Castro Cragna Saint Steeuens Miranda Nieua Priego Fuensailda Alua de Lista Montagu the Constable the great Commanders of Calatraua and Leon with other Lords and Knights of Castile There came likewise from Arragon diuers great Lords among whom was Don Phillip of Nauarre bastard sonne to the late Prince Charles of Viana whom King Ferdinand his Vncle had newly made maister of the order of Montesa in the Realme of Valentia hauing obtained it of the Pope and deposed Philip Boyll from the same dignity who had beene elected maister thereof conuentually Don Lewis Borgia Duke of Gandia was likewise there with many others of Arragon 1487. Valentia Sicill and Sardinia With these great forces they vndertooke to goe and beseege Malaga Velez Malaga besieged but first of all it was thought fit to remooue all letts and impediments that Velez Malaga might do vnto them the which place was beseeged in Aprill 1487. And the king being desirous to lodge certaine companies of footmen vpon a rising hill which did greatly import the saftie of the armie the Moores making a furious salley foorth of the cittie did beate them from thence and the King was the same time armed with a Cuirasse his sword in his hand exposing himselfe that day to the enemies arrowes and shot which fell round about him as thicke as haile beeing in great danger of his person neuerthelesse his people by his presence were encouraged and forced the Moores to turne their backes and to shut themselues into the towne Albeit that this valour of the kings be prayse-worthie and highly to bee extolled as a singular example yet notwithstanding it may be reproued in regard of the conicquence of a mischiefe which might haue happened therefore they besought him no more to hazard his person in such dangerous attempts The next day they assayled the suburbes where the Moores had barricadoed themselues who defended it for the space of sixe whole houres with such obstinacie as the Christians could not get one foote of ground from them vntill that the Duke of Nagera and the Earle of Benauent came with fresh succours who caused the enemies to leaue the place but to the cost of diuers for Nugno d' Aquila and Don Martin of Acugna were flayne there Don Carlo of Gueuara Garcy Lazo de la Vega Fernando de Vega Iohn de Merlo with diuers other men of note were hurt The Artillerie was not yet come to the campe therefore King Fernand caused diuers forts to be made against the citie wherein he lodged diuers companies of souldiers and being well acquainted with the Mores pollicies he placed in all the wayes that led to the campe in the mountaines and vallies which might any way be an hinderance to the armie diuers watches and sentinels with places for them to retire vnto which were well furnished and defended by valiant souldiers vppon which occasions sundrie profitable things were ordained necessarie for martiall discipline the Moores neuer ceasing from comming downe from the Mountaines and making many enterprises vppon the armie which they kept in continuall alarme King Muley Boabdallin on the other side beeing importuned by the Affricane Captaines and old Moores of Granado to succor Velez Malaga he went to field with great numbers of horse and foote and passing thorough sharpe and narrow places hee sent part of his forces from Bentomnix against the Master of Alcantara who conducted the artillerie but hauing intelligence that king Fernand had sent the great Commaunder of Leon for his conuoy he called backe the Moores and with all his forces he beganne the very same night to come downe from the hilles and presented himselfe in order of battell in the view of the Christian armie making shew as if they would succour the beseeged or else dye in fight this sudden and vnlookt-for arriuall of the enemies made diuers at their wits end and did in a manner terrifie them wherefore it behooued king Fernand to vse his best skill and discretion so to order matters as he might not receiue a disgrace but Don Diego Hurtado of Mendoza brother to the Cardinall of Spaine a braue and resolute knight beeing in the fore-ward with the Cardinals forces did put them out of feare for he gallantly opposed himselfe against the front of the Mores battalions Shamefull retreate of the Moores and made them to stand still They perceiuing the Christians valour and boldnesse did dislodge by breake of day like runawayes in such amazement as many of them flung away their weapons and armor to be the lighter to run This notwithstanding the king would not be ouer confident but caused euery man to stand still in his order the whole day long and the night following vntill he had certaine notice that the Moores flight was not fained but
pope Iulio the 2. against the French would seeke some reuenge against him he began to study by what means he might diuert him from Italy and if occasion were offred to expell him quite wherefore he drew the Suisses vnto him hee did sollicite the king of England to make war against the French and did what hee could to cause D. Ferdinand to declare himselfe their enemy but the Popes practises were then of small effect for England stirred not king Ferdinand seeing that the French king made no shew that hee meant to annoy the pope hee persisted in some sort in the league of Cambray saying that hee would according to the treatie made with the emperour assist him in the warre of Lombardie whither he sent foure hundred horse and two thousand Spanish foote vnder the command of the duke of Termini The pope fearing that the Venetians ruine would also cause that of the state of Rome and of the other potentates of Italy he sought to haue some pretext to quarrell with the French king hoping that if hee declared himselfe his enemie with any colour he should sway the league of Cambray much wherefore he tooke an occasion for that king Lewis fauored Alphonso of Este duke of Ferrara against whom hee had a quarrell punishing him with his spirituall and temporall armes and to gratifie king Ferdinand and to draw him to his deuotion hee confirmed vnto him the possession of the realme of Naples with the said conditions that the king of Arragon his predecessors had formerly held it the which hee had before refused and moreouer hee drew a promise from the king to aide him with three hundred men at armes if need were for the defence of the territories of the church King Ferdinand foreseeing and fearing the miseries that might ensue if the French king and the pope should grow to an open quarrell he did all good offices to reconcile them but hee could not for the pope was obstinately bent to oppresse the duke of Feâ—erra and the king held it dishonourable for him to abandon his allie whereupon king Lewis moued with a iust indignation began to treat a new league against pope Iulio with the emperour and other princes and potentates of Christendome persuading Maximilian as emperor to pursue the vniting of the lands held in Italie by the pope as belonging rightly vnto the empire and that the Germans and French ioyntly should demaund a generall Councell Councell propounded to reforme the pope for the reformation of the pope and clergie and to giue some forme thereunto for his part hee called an assembly of the prelates of France in manner of a Nationall Councell in the citie of Orleans to the end they should withdraw themselues from the popes obedience by a decree The prelates hauing transferred the assembly from Orleans to Towers they drew some articles to be presented vnto the pope in the name of the French church and in case hee did refuse them then to protest that they did not acknowledge him for their superiour appointing in that respect an other assembly within sixe moneths after Cardinall of S. Croix a Spaniard against the pope of the clergie of France To this enterprise the king had drawne some cardinalls namely D. Bernardin of Caruajal bishop of Siguensa cardinall of Saint Croix a Spaniard who had beene apostolike legat in the emperours court hoping to make king Ferdinand to yeeld vnto it for the respect hee bare vnto the emperour The pope besides the interest of the Venetians and of all Italy which did moue him being in heart an irreconcileable enemie to the French and to all them beyond the mountaines he desired nothing but troubles as appeared by his courses In the mean time king Ferdinand by reason of an army of Turkes which had beene discouered neere vnto Otranto was forced to call home his souldiers which he had sent into Lombardie in fauour of the league of Cambray which made the emperour and French king suspect that hee would ioyne with the pope whereupon they sent vnto him to know his intent whereunto king Ferdinand made a plaine answer without any ambiguitie that although by reason of the fee of Naples hee had furnished the pope with some horsemen yet hee meant not for all that to leaue the league of Cambray but would entertaine it more then before and therefore hee promised to send his souldiers backe into Lombardie but as for the other league which they treated of hee could not yeeld vnto it and much lesse that which concerned a generall councell Excuses made by king Ferdinand for not yeelding to a Councell for that sayd this catholike king it were a scandalous thing and would trouble all Christendome being most apparent that this councell was not propounded but to offend the pope whom both he and all Christian Princes did acknowledge to be Christs vicar in the church of God and that peace and vnion should bee the end of all holy councels wherefore hee excused himselfe from entring into any other league then that of Cambray exhorting them for the tranquilitie of the state of Christendome torne and dismembred with warre to hearken to some good agreement with the Pope Excuses made by king Ferdinand for not yeelding to a councell notwithstanding which answere the French king and the Emperour made a new League for the executing of the league of Cambray against the Venetians leauing libertie for the Pope to enter within fiue monethes and for the kings of Spaine and Hungarie within foure and if the Pope should refuse to enter into their league then they would call a generall Councell for the effecting whereof the Emperour should assemble the Prelates in Germany as the French king had done them in France Thus great miseries did threaten Italie through the obstinacy of Pope Iulio 20 Whilst that the Christian Princes of Europe treated of these things in the yeare one thousand fiue hundred and tenne 1510 the coast of Africke was much annoyed by the army of Spaine of the which the earle Pedro Nauarro was gouernour Bugia taken by Pedro Nauarro who tooke the citie of Bugia which had beene a great Vniuersity for the Moores the which strooke so great a terrour throughout all Africke as the towne of Algier and many places vpon that coast became tributaries to the crowne of Castille Algier tributary to Castille agreeing with Pedro Nauarro what annual rent they should paie and sending embassadors into Spaine who brought with them 50 Christian slaues and they landed at Valencia at such time as king Ferdinand hauing left the Infant D. Ferdinand his grand-childe with Cardinal Ximenes whom they called the Cardinall of Spain and the councel at Vailledolit he came into Arragon and called the estates of the realmes to Monson The earle Pedro Nauarro continuing his conquests hee woone Tripoli in Barbarie and soone after Tripoli in Barbari taken about the middest of August D. Garcia Aluares of Toledo
write vnto the king complaining of the cardinals sowre disposition whereby Spaine was opprest and filled full of troubles The cardinall in like maner did not faile to aduertise the king of what had past at Villefratre and of the rashnesse disobedience and contempt of these noblemen omitting nothing of the rigor of justice in this action wherfore there was apparence of some great tumult for these noblemeÌ„ made many assemblies and the bishop of Zamora was already come to Vailledolit who was afterwards strangled in the castle of Aquila and the earle of Alba de Lista with troupes of men in fauour of the earle of Vregna who notwithstanding were forced to depart the towne by the aduice of them of the Chauncerie for that they did solicite the people to sedition They did also surprise a packet of the constables directed to the earle of Vregna to whom he promised to rayse all the countrey of Burgos and that of the mountaines whereby it appeared that the demonstrations he made to pacifie things and to bee a neuter in this businesse were but fained On the other side the duke of Alba a secret enemie to the cardinall by reason of the commission which he in his opinion had purchased to depriue his sonne of the priorie of Saint Iohn he offered all his power and meanes to the duke of Albuquerque against the cardinall In the meane time the Alcayde proceeded against them that were within Villefratre who to omit nothing that might make their cause odious had made an image attired like a cardinall the which they caused to be dragd vp and downe the towne in derision of cardinall Ximenes but in the end these vaine young lords finding that their forces might not equall the Viceroyes power they dislodged by night and left the place Then Sarmiento proceeding in the processe pronounced sentence Sentence against the town of Villefratre and the execution thereof by the which the towne of Villefratre was condemned to be burnt to ashes and the ground of it to be sowne with salt and neuer more to be built for that the ministers of royall justice had beene outraged there and the decrees of the court of Vailledolit contemned the earle of Vregna Rodrigo his sonne and their other confederats and adherents conuicted of high treason and condemned to Guttiere of Quixade in his charges dammage and interest This sentence was presently put in execution the towne was reduced to powder first with the canon and then with fire seuen of the inhabitants which had outraged the vsher when they did beat him and cried out That they knew no other lord but the earle of Vregna were publikely whipt a seruant of the Admirals being accused to haue leuied men secretly in fauour of the rebels was also condemned by Sarmiento to be whipt This sentence was executed vpon a festiuall day against custome and al example Which rigorous acts did much afflict all the great noblemen of Spaine among the which the duke of Escalona who was then at Madrid kept his chamber six dayes for griefe and would not speake to any man and then being visited by D. Francis Ruis Complainâ—s against cardinall Ximenes bishop of Auila he complained much of the cardinals rough and inexorable seueritie a man without friendship or humanitie to haue so vilely intreated the earle of Vregna his kinsman whereby he would tread vnder his feet the dignitie of great and famous houses of Spaine and shew himselfe an enemie to nobilitie The constable with the duke of the Infantazgo and other noblemen gaue the cardinall to vnderstand That seeing he had proceeded so furiously against Villefratre to the great contempt and prejudice of the earle of Vregna he should doe well to satisfie himselfe and not pursue the house of Giron any farther But the Admirall Henriques who had neuer shewed himselfe an open enemie to the cardinall being come to Madrid spake vnto him with great mildnesse and modestie shewing him the wrong he did vnto himselfe as well as to the whole realme holding the ranke of Archbishop of Toledo and primat so to blemish the honor of the great houses of Spaine so well deseruing of their kings not onely in these publike executions but by accusations and reports written vnto the king whereof they were well aduertised Admonition of the Admirall of Castille to cardinall Ximenes and other bad offices Wherefore he admonished him That if he loued the quiet of the realme and desired to doe the king seruice he should moderate his austere behauiour and intreat men and their affaires with more equitie and lesse choler Whereunto the cardinall Answer of cardinall Ximenes to the Admirall of Castille with a setled spirit answered That he intreated him to thinke that he was neuer any of those which sought to win the fauour of kings or to maintaine their reputation in the world by crueltie or doing injurie to any other but he had endeuoured to acquit himselfe duly of that great charge which had bin committed vnto him to gouerne the realm And if they would inquire of that which he had written and of the offices which he had done with the king they should find he had not bin so inciuile as they thought as euery one did publish according to his passions As for the processe of Giron matters were proceeded so far Proceedings of the cardinall allowed by the king as the king himselfe did set downe an order Thus matters remained in suspence vntil the king had signified his pleasure who did approue al the cardinal justice had done referring the rest to his judgemeÌ„t the which the duke of Escalona with the other friends kinsmen and allies of the earle of Vregna seeing they knew not what to resolue but to pacifie the cardinall seeking by all meanes to haue his fauour by which meanes they obtained that the earle representing himselfe in justice suomitting himselfe thereunto all offences were pardoned D. Francis Ruis bishop of Auila presiding in counsell and pronouncing the sentence The discontentment which D. Frederie of Toledo Causes of the duke of Albaes discontentment duke of Alba had against the cardinall grew for the priorie of S. Iohn of Ierusalem of the knights of Rhodes the which D. Diego his third son held then had enioyed it six yeres This dignitie is esteemed among the greatest of Spaine whereof the prior Valenzuela had beene depriued in the life of king Ferdinand for his ill deseruings and D. Aluaro of Estuniga canonically aduanced who had resigned it vnto his newphew D. Anthonie of Estuniga with the consent of king Philip and confirmation of Pope Leo but king Ferdinand after the death of Philip returning to the gouernment of Castille desirous to gratifie the duke of Alba from whom he had drawne many good seruices he tooke this priorie from D. Anthonie and did inuest the aboue named D. Diego of Toledo against the auncient order and against the lawes and customes of
moors and Arabians and 7000 Turkes Forces of Barberousse in Tunes whereof two thousand serued on horsebacke and Guazzo affirms that he had twelue peeces of ordinance in front others write that by the report of some Christian slaues who had seene him take view of his men two daies before he had 20000 horse and aboue 100000 foot moors and Arabians besides his Turks vpon whome hee did chiefly relie The two armies being in sight one of another and it being generally beleeued by the Christians that they should fight their captains sought to incourage them with good words notwithstanding that they were all verie ready and willing the prince of Saleme made a speech vnto the Italians Alarcon to the Spaniards and Eberstin to the Germanes and to all the nations the emperor himselfe who going among them all promised them a certain victorie and filled them all with an assured hope importunate desire to charge the enemie who stretching themselues out in length thought to terrifie disorder and put the Christians to flight Barberousse had staied within three miles of Tunes who began as soone as euer the imperiall armie approched to discharge his artillerie but without any great effect On the other side D. Fernand Gonzaga who serued that day without any charge but being among the formost charged the enemies and slue a Captaine of the Moores with his lance Battell betwixt the Christians Barberousse in Afrike making such a slaughter of the enemies as hee was that day noted aboue the rest Hee was nobly followed by others and the Spanish Harquebuziers did so gall the Barbarians with their shot as hauing scarce begun to fight they basely fled neither did Barberousse shew any courage that day who had no intent to hazard his life and state vpon a battell but to flie speedily into the Citie There was no great slaughter of the enemy in this action for that they fled presently besides the Christians horsemen could not pursue them being but weake Barberousse flies into Tunes and much lesse might the foot men do it being tyred with their march in the sand and with the extreme heat wherefore the emperour lodged his army that night vpon the place whereas Barberousse had stood in battel fortifying it with the carts of his baggage yet standing alwaies ready in armes being so neere his enemy Barberousse being returned into Tunes full of disdaine for this disgrace being a proud man he consulted what was to be done seeming verie confident to be able to defend the citie and then he entred againe into a resolution to murther the Christian slaues and he was againe dissuaded by his own people God disappointing so wicked a councel to make the Christiās victorie more easie for this pretended crueltie of Barberousse being bruted abroad it did moue two renegados to compassion Giaffer Aga and Meni the first was borne in Cataro and was called Vinsenzo the second a Spaniard Christian slaues seaze vpon the Castle of Tunes whose name was Francisco who was much fauored by Barberousse They opening the prison doores to these wretches who some write were sixe thousand some ten thousand and they hauing broken their chaines wherewith they were bound got staues and such other weapons became masters of the Castle driuing away those few Turkes that were left there in gard and with all they seazed vpon the treasure victuals armes which Barberousse had left there who being aduertised thereof posted presently thither seeking first by good words and then by threats to be let in but it was in vaine they chasing him away with reproches and the hazard of his life if he had staied All this hapned the day after the Battell the emperour preparing to drawe neere the towne when as those slaues sought to make signes vnto him to approach but the distance would not suffer them to be seene and yet the emperour finding that there was some alteration he sent two companies of horse to discouer it In the meane time Barberousse finding himselfe in bad termes and fearing the inconstancie of the Moores hee resolued to leaue the citie by the gate next the mountaine and went towards Bona being followed by seuen thousand Turkes whome hee had preserued to serue him at need The Christian army marching towards Tunes they were met vpon the way by the Embassadors of the citie who offered to yeeld vnto the emperour and to receiue what conditions he should impose so as he would secure them from sacke wherein some write that Muley Hascen intreated the emperor so as at the emperours first entrance into Tunes the souldiers carried themselues mildly But soone after as some affirme at the instigation of Muley Hascen who desired to be reuenged of the inhabitants which did not seeme to fauour him during the siege Retreat of Barberousse from Tunes the Spaniards fell to the spoile vsing all kinde of excesse and acts of hostilitie as if they had beene in a towne taken by force and assault The Germanes also slue many Moores and fell to their feeding being sorrie they found no wine in their sellers for those people drunke not any The sacke continued foure and twentie houres some write three daies together with great slaughter and then it ceased the emperour commanding euerie man vpon greeuous paines to retire vnto his quarter They say that this sacke was not much lesse than that of Rome and that euerie souldier was rich The Marquesse of Guast guided by a slaue found thirty thousand ducats buried in a caue of the castle wherewith acquainting the emperour he gaue him them The emperour lodged within the Castle which was reasonably well built and newly accommodated by Barberousse There were great numbers of slaues found whereof there were eightie and one Frenchmen all which were set at libertie Tunes taken by the emperour apparelled and sent home vpon the retreat of the army There was found in it much ancient armor guilt grauen which some thoght were the spoiles of the French armie which Saint Lewis had sometime led into that countrie where hee dyed and many of his armie of the bloudy-flix The emperour hauing remained some daies within the citie and conferred diuers times with king Muley Hascen touching his future gouernment and agreed vpon conditions according to the which these two princes and their subiects should liue traffike and conuerse together hee returned to the campe making the more hast to depart to the end that such as were fled into the mountaines might retum without feare to their houses The armie was lodged close about a village called Lude two miles from Goulette where there past a little brooke of fresh water whereof the countrie was much destitute which was the greatest discommoditie they had in all this warre from thence they went to the first lodging they had made before the taking of that sort neere vnto a Tower which they called of waters which was the common watering place of the countrie Thither came
went by Metz to Spire and from thence to Ratisbone Castille where hee had appointed an imperiall diet as well to prouide for the warre against the Turke as to bring the Protestants vnder the obedience of the Pope and Church of Rome which was a faire publique pretext but hee had other designes for the aduancement of his owne house which hee did hope to attaine vnto vnder colour of religion as it appeared and vsing at that time this shadow of religion hee thought to stay the French king from making war being much offended for that Cesar Fregose and Anthony Rinson his embassadours were murthered vpon the riuer Po Voyage of the emperor to Alger going to Venice by vndertaking the conquest of Alger for the which hauing assembled what forces hee thought sufficient out of Germanie Italie and Spaine hauing seene Pope Paul at Luques reiecting obstinately the wise councell of Andrew Doria and other great Captaines aduising him to deferre the enterprise vntill the Spring following by reason of the season of Autume which would be come before hee should land his men and the bad disposition of that yeare but he imbarqued in the port of Luna and came in view of Alger with aboue two hundred and fiftie vesselles of the which there were threescore fiue gallies which caried two and twenty thousand foot entertained with some three thousand voluntaries and twelue hundred horse besides the traine of noblemen and captains which did accompany him whereof the chiefe were D. Fernand Gonzague Viceroy of Sicile D. Fernand of Toledo duke of Alua Andrew Doria prince of Melfi Assan Aga gouernour of Algier Virginio Vrsino earle of Anguilara Augustine Spinola and Camillo Colonna Barberousse had left Assan Aga a renegado of Sardinia gouernour in Alger being accompanied besides the Moores inhabitants by many Turkes of the which there were 800 horsemen for the defence of the towne without it there were great numbers of horse and foot Alarabes and Africans entertained or otherwise drawne thither with the hope of spoile Disposition of the Alarabes of Afrike For this vagabond nation doe like vnto rauens or vultures who by a certaine instinct follow armies being assured to finde whereon to feede So this people when they heare of any tumult in the country they stay not till they be inuited but flie thither in great troups as people which haue no other care nor imploiment but to theue by whom the emperours army was much annoyed in the landing which was on the East side towards Cape Metafuso Imperiall armie landed at Alger within 7 miles of Alger They diuided the army into three batallions on the left hand were the Spaniards with Aluaro de Sande marshal of the field and with D. Fernand Gonzague viceroy of Sicile and the duke of Camerino In the battel where the emperors person was the Germans marcht and on the right hand towards the sea were the Italians with their colonels the earle of Santa Fiora and other noblemen aduenturers That day they marched only 2 miles and staied neere vnto a fountaine that night hauing still sight of the Moores and Arabians on horse backe but they durst not approch to charge the Christians but at night thinking they had beene at rest they came downe from a neere mountaine on the south side with great cries charged the Christians by whom they were easily repulsed with losse The Emperour at his first landing had sent to trie Assan Aga the gouernour if hee would yeeld vp the place to his Majestie for reward and not subiect himselfe to the danger of a mighty and victorious enemy But the Aga answered with a smiling countenaunce that hee was to defend that place against the Christians as it had beene done twice to their great losse and some write that hee grew thus confident not that hee found himselfe so well furnished for his defence but through the words of an old Inchauntresse who hauing foretold the vnfortunate attempts of D. Diego de Vera and D. Hugo de Moncada had also affirmed that the Emperour of Christendome should suffer great losse there The next day they marched three miles and camped within two miles of Alger in a place strong by nature being flanked by two torrents which fall from the mountaines the Spanish foot whereof the Duke of Alua generall of the horse was the chiefe took their lodging vpon a little hill from which the army might haue been much annoyed The sea being also growne somewhat calme after a great storme the gallies came within canon shot of Alger and the shippes drawing neere they did with great toile vnship their horses there being a great skirmish betwixt the Spaniards and Moores vpon the hill But in the meane time they gaue order to land their victualls artillerie and munition Towards night the sea began to swel againe there fell such abundance of raine all night with a cold northern wind which is dangerous vpon that coast as both the campe at land and the army at sea did suffer much and the enemies imbracing this occasion thinking they could not be much annoyed with the Christians shot meant to assaile them at the breake of day And so the Arabians which were abroad and the Turkes and Moores within the city being ioyned made a great attempt on the Spaniards and Italians quarters towards the mountaine and the sea shoare the Germans being something more backward but the Spaniards repulst the enimy valiantly although they could not vse their harquebuses did win much more commendation than the Italians who keeping a gard vpon a bridge which was vpon one of those torrents suffered them to winne that passage so as the enemies horsemen came euen vnto their quarter Italians asâ—ailed by the Turkâ—s at Alger Camillo Colonna was that day in gard who with great valour withstood the Barbarians force and putting them to flight chased them beyond the bridge thinking it sufficient But it was the opinion of D. Ferdinand of Gonzaga to pursue the enemy that they of the towne not being able to vse their artillerie by reason of the raine the Christians in their pursuite might happely enter pell mell with the Turkes and so sending Spinolaes regiment after them they pursued them vnto the port of Algier the which they finding shut the Turkes went about the wall and being wel acquainted with those places escaped from the Italians who retiring incouraged the enemie to sally forth and to pursue them with great numbers they being new souldiers tired with the raine and myre not knowing the country and wearied first with pursuing the enemy they fainted and disbanded so as the Barbarians made a great slaughter of them for Assan Aga sallying forth with his horsemen and fresh foot they were easily put to rout but some knights of Rhodes colonell Spinola count Iohn Francisco de Bagna with some few captaines and old souldiers making a stand at a bridge withstood the enemies force And yet worse would
haue happened considering their great aduauntage of armes vsing arrowes and stones whenas the Christians could not vse their harquebuses vnlesse the emperour who that day and alwayes performed the duety of a captaine a sergeant and a souldier had not come to succour them with some companies of Germans whereof the first being put to flight he with an inuincible mind giuing courage to the rest both with words and action in the end he repulsed the enemy and retired his men out of that dayes daunger hauing lost aboue 300 men and 200 hurt but few men of accoÌ„pt D. Carlo of Lanoye sonne to the prince of Sulmona was wounded But the fortune of the armie at sea was more miserable which tost with the waues and windes had continued from midnight vntill no one the next day Shipwracke of the imperiall army in Algier in a hard and insupportable conflict against the furious violence of those enemies The ships which had no other shelter but to commit themselues to the mercy of the raging windes sought to vnburthen tâ—emselues casting their ordonance or any thing else of weight into the sea cutting downe their masts yet many perished being either swallowed vp in the sea or beating one against an other were driuen on shoare to be a prey the Barbarians With the like misfortune but with more art and force the gallâ—es did striue Doria and the other captains of iudgement laboring to preserue them with many anchors with the industrie of their oares they also casting their artillery ouer boord but they still finding theÌ„selues in exceeding great danger some hoping to saue their liues at land cut their cables and ranne on ground which was a most miserable spectacle for the gallies breaking whilest that the men tired with the toile being vp to the chin in water sought to saue themselues held it for a happinesse to be accepted for slaues the Arabians and Moores which stood ready to make the vnfortunate condition of those Christians more miserable shewed themselues to be greedy of their blood and death killing them most barbarously without any mercy Among which Iannettin Doria Admirall ranne on ground neere vnto the Emperours campe so as it might well be relieued by his maiestie who presently sent some companies of Italians to suppresse the furie of the Arabians and saued that valiant yong man with the greatest part of his companie There perished foureteene gallies some write fifteene after this manner whereof eleuen did belong to prince Doria and the rest to Anthony Doria to Naples and Spaine of greater vesselles some say seuentie and some a hundred and fifty of shippes carauells and pinaces At night it grew somewhat calme so as in the morning the gallies drew neere vnto the shoare where they lay first but towards euening the wind grew high againe so as prince Doria did persuade them to retire to cape Matafuso holding that place to be lesse daungerous for that there were few rockes the which the emperour perceiuing and seeing that there were no victualls in the campe the souldiers hauing beene the day before without any meate he resolued to rise and march that day six miles with his whole armie The which he had put in good order for that the enemy was still behind him on his flankes yet they durst not charge them the sick hurt men being put in the middest of the squadrons vsing al care to saue them yet many were slaine by those Barbarians being so weake as they could not be carried For wanting all kind of victuall they had relieued themselues those two daies with the roots of dates which they call palmette horse-flesh some being slaine to that end They came that day vnto a riuer which the Moores call Agaraz the which was so risen with the raine as it was not possible to wade through where by reason thereof and to see if they could get any victualls Hunger in the Emperors army they staied that night and gathering together the masts and yardes of broken ships in that riuer they made a bridge to passe the Germanes and Italians the next day the Spaniards hauing found out a foard somewhat higher The Turkes and Moores of Alger did not pursue the armie any further and the Arabians did little annoy them so as within two daies they came vnto their galleys Heere the emperour did somewhat refresh his army drawing some victualls out of the ships and then hee gaue order for their shipping which was on the last day of October The inuincible and vndaunted courage of the emperour was admirable who was a great consolation to those afflicted troupes but in the shipping of the armie there was great pietie noted in him thinking it impossible that ships shaken with the rage of the Sea Constancy and pietie of the emperor Charles should carrie so much people hee commaunded that all the horses whatsoeuer should bee cast into the Sea were they of neuer so great price not regarding the intreaties of their owners desiring rather to saue the basest soldier being a man and a Christian that those noble instruments of warre D. Fernand of Gonzaga staied two daies to imbarke who coasting along Barbarie towards the East had a shorter passage into Sicile The Sea grew rough again and they staied not long to haue more particuler directions the emperour hauing giuen order where his troupes should land There is a memorable accident reported of two ships full of Spaniards which in the tempest were driuen on shoare neere vnto Algier the Souldiers within them seeking to preserue their liues by being slaues Spaniards preserue their liues generously against the Arabians but the cruell Arabians thirsting after mans bloud refusing to accept them they made a braue and generous resolution so as keeping close together they marcht fighting euen to the verie gate of Alger where they gaue Assan Aga to vnderstand that they were come to yeeld themselues his slaues hoping that hee being borne a Christian wold not suffer them to be torn in peeces by the rage of the Arabians whose liues might be a greater benefit so they were preserued by that renegado with more shew of humanity The gallies which were with the emperors person running the same fortune recouered the port of Bugia and there they refresh themselues a little and then the seas being somewhat calmed they sailed towards Spaine where the emperour landed at Carthagene Emperour Charles his returne into Spaine from the rout of Algier from whence hee sent to Occagna to visit his daughters hauing first met with the Prince D. Philippe who went speedily to doe his duety and to reioyce at his returne who with an inuincible courage speaking little of his losse shewed how we should beare the crosses of humane accidents Prince Doria who yeelded not to any in greatnesse of minde and constancy being arriued in Italie where the miserable successe of this enterprise was already knowne he did comfort such as came to condole
the houses where falling to spoyle they found some little resistance made by the women who were there remaining who both there and at the wals did vse armes and assist their husbands and brethren in so great danger Whereof Mascaregna being aduertised he with a discreet secrecie for that he would not amaze them that defended the breach taking some souldiers with him from places least in danger went and charged the enemie whereof some he slue the rest cast themselues from those rocks into the sea but few escaped They fought obstinatly at S. Thomas bulwarke where there were about 1000 of the assailants slaine and they were so wearied as they were forced to retire but soone after hauing brought fresh souldiers they gaue a more â—urious assault than before A second assault and were as valiantly repulst by the Christians and it is reported for a wonder that in this cruell incounter there were onely seuen Portugals slaine but many were hurt Two dayes after they gaue another assault whereas they lost aboue three hundred souldiers in which Fernando de Castro and Lewis de Sosa did win much honor The like did Francis of Almeida who hauing the gard of S. Thomas about noone time when as other men vse to take their rest A third assault the enemies ran furiously to the assault the which he with twentie fiue souldiers maintained valiantly vntill that some others came to second them where the fight was cruel for some houres with great losse to the Barbarians where they lost 800 men But the defendants began to be out of hope of victorie their numbers being diminished by death and weakened for that many were hurt and the assaylants on the other side were much fortified there being come vnto the campe a supplie of foureteene thousand souldiers vnder a certaine lord of Cambaia called Moiatecan besides within the â—ort they had great want of victuals and many hurt and sicke for want of good feeding Afterwards the Barbarians began to make mines with great secrecie making shew of other approaches but on Saint Laurence day hauing brought one to perfection vnder S. Iohns bulwarke they made offer of an assault to draw many thither to defend it but when they thought it time they retired without the compasse of the mine and then gaue fire to it Bulwarke of S. Iohn blowne vp with a mine which blue all that building into the ayre in which accident there dyed aboue sixtie valiant souldiers and men of account among which were D. Fernando de Castro the Viceroyes sonne a young man of great worth Iohn of Almeida Lewis Mello Diego Sotomaior Aluaro Ferriera Roderigo Sosa Lorenzo Faria Iohn Brandano George of Almeida Tristan Sosa Francis Lupio and Garcia Ferrâ—â—ia It is written That Mascaregna doubting of some fraud when he saw the Barbarians retire aduertised Fernando de Castro That he should leaue that place but he was not obeyed The Infidels would not loose the opportunitie of this ruine but suddenly aduanced to enter into the place where they found foure souldiers onely to make resistance for that of twentie which were remaining aliue the rest were so amazed at this accident as they could not doe any seruice In the meane time those foure more by the assistance of God than any humane force staied the enemies furie vntill the comming of Mascaregna with some choyce souldiers who repulst the enemie being fauoured by the approaching night And in the meane time others labouring behind they had raised vp a wall of stone without morter sixteene spans thicke the which they did afterwards rampar with earth and thus they repaired the ruines of that bastion They continued their mines in other places especially vnder Saint Thomas where the Portugals countermines auailing them nothing they ruined a great part of it The like they did to others and were aduanced into the place and had gotten footing into Saint Iames church from whence the Portugals could not expell them so as they drew a wall through the middest and it remained a lodging for them both some dayes The Viceroy being aduertised of the progresse of this siege foreseeing their need sent another sonne of his called D. Aluaro with foureteene vessels who parting from Goa on Saint Iames day Succours sent from Goa to Diu. which was in those countries the verie height of the Spring he arriued notwithstanding the foule weather at Baziin and for that he knew it would be impossible by reason of stormes to come all together to Diu he gaue order they should all get thither as they could so as all of them arriued soone or late as they could worke it out at sea D. Aluaro de Castro and Franâ—is deâ— Meneses arriued the eighth of August with the greatest part hauing not brought aboue 400 souldiers who had much coâ—â—age but not so much militarie judgement as the state of their affaires required They pretended that standing alwaies vpon their defence they had lost much and therefore they should sally forth couragiously vpon the enemy and hinder his proceedings The good reasons of Mascaregna Importunitie of some Portugals did somewhat restraine their forwardnesse when as hearing that the enemy sought to draw two great peeces of ordnaÌ„ce out of one of the ruined Bastions they held it an insupportable affront forcing Mascaregna to giue theÌ„ leaue to sallie forth who to auoide a greater mischiefe by a sedition yeelded to this necessarie remedie to whome he spake after this manner That it was fit souldiers should bee gouerned by their Captaine and not gouerne him that they should attend their ensigne and not take it by violence as it did behoue a commander and his Councellors to know how to mannage warre But you hauing now in a manner laid violent hands vpon me and presented your selues before me with seditious words and lookes the Maiestie of command is ouer-ruled by an vnreasonable desire by an indiscreet hope Goe on and God make it successefull vnto you let them know your valour and the force of your armes I will be content to follow you who by right shold lead you although it be in an vnseasonable time yet will I be partaker of your toile and daunger Remember that in going into the enemies trenches in fighting you continue as valiant and resolute as you haue shewed your selues before the fight After which speech when occasion time serued he diuided his little army into three small squadrons leauing some few to gard the fort The first he gaue to Aluaro de Castro the second to Francis de Meneses and himselfe remained with the third to succour where need should require which action was performed with as little discretion as it was begunne For they were no sooner in the enemies trenches but they began to doubt of the euent and although they did terrifie those that were then in gard killing some and putting the rest to flight yet when as they saw â—he great squadron began to march from the bodie
slaine by them but verie cruelly intreated Some dayes before there arriued seuen Companies of Spaniards sent in three ships by the Viceroy of Naples to fill vp his number of two thousand according to the kings commaundement There came in like manner a galleon with many refreshings from Sicile and great store of munition They were haunted still with that infectious sicknesse in Malta 1560 whereof many dyed giuing in the beginning apparent signes of the vnfortunate successe of this armie Queene of Spaine conducted into Spaine Thus the secret judgements of God doe often make mens counsels and resolutions vaine the which in regard of the cause are held good but are not approued by his diuiue prouidence it may be to confound the wisedome of men but without doubt for our offences In the yere 1560 Isabella or Elizabeth queene of Spaine was conducted into Spaine to the king D. Philip her husband being accompanied by Anthonie of Bourbon king of Nauarre with other lords and ladies she was receiued at Ronceuaux by the cardinal D. Francis of Mendosa bishop of Burgos D. Inigo Lopez of Mendosa duke of the Infantazgo and many others who conducted her to Guadalajara where the mariage was celebrated At that time D. Gabriel de la Cueua was Viceroy of Nauarre in the place of D. Bertrand his father deceased who gaue the new queene a stately reception passing by Pampelone The same yere the prince D. Charles sonne to king Philip was sworne and acknowledged to be true successor in the realmes of Castille Nauarre Arragon c. after the accustomed maner of Spaine But to the returne to the warre of Barbarie The Catholike kings nauie stayed many dayes at Malta by reason of the contrarie windes so as in the beginning of the yeare the Generall although he were persuaded by the great Master to stay vntill the weather were better setled commaunded the armie to imbarke and about the middest of Februarie he came to the island of Gerbe where hauing discouered two ships of Alexandria laden with marchandise lying within the chanell they tooke and spoyled them but they vsed no diligence to take two vessels that went with oares which lay more within the which afterwards were no small hurt vnto them Dragut was there with seuen hundred Turkes and Moores on horsebacke and three thousand foot being then in quarell with the Xec or lord of the island who also had good numbers of Arabians and Moores and expecting aid from the Christians was continually in armes against his enemies Drâ—gut held that part of the island which was towards the chanell hauing kept those two vessels readie to send vnto Constantinople Christianr army at Gerbe or to flie away if necessitie forced him hauing no hope to escape on the other side whereas the Xec lay with his forces especially if all the Christians armie were landed whereof a part went to land to fetch fresh water being led by Aluaro de Sandy where skirmishing nine houres together during their watering they receiued no great losse and slue many enemies In the retreat Aluaro was shot in the flanke yet could they not possibly take any one prisoner to be informed of the state of things which was afterwards thought to haue stayed the victorie and to haue ruined their enterprise when as by the taking of the two galliots Dragut could not possibly haue escaped after which the taking of Tripoli had beene easie neither should hee haue had meanes to send to Constantinople to aduertise them of the state of things in Barbarie and to procure an armie It was knowne afterwards that there was great store of money and jewels Occasion of a victorie lost by the Christians which Dragut sent by Vluccialy the pyrat vnto the Bassa of the port to procure succours from the great Turke so as if they had taken and burnt them they had obtained a happie victorie the which was not done partly through the negligence of them that commaunded and partly by the great diligence of the enemie who would not haue the Christians know what past in the island for that there was not any creature liuing found in the two ships all being fled to land In the morning before day the Christians parted with their armie neither could they put any to land in a fregate to discouer the state of the island the Moores were so carefull to defend the shore Two dayes after there came eight gallies to Gerbe the which had stayed at Malta for some prouision where landing vnaduisedly to water they were charged by the Turkes Christians slain by the Turkes in watering who slue an hundred and fiftie good souldiers and tooke some prisoners among which was captaine Pedro Vermudez and of the chiefe of them that were slaine were foure Spaniards Adrian Garzia Alphonso de Guzman Pedro Vianega del Rio and Francisco Mercato which disorder did much trouble the Generall being now at Secco di Palo with the whole armie and they were all much discontented to heare afterwards that a fregate of the knights of Malta passing neere vnto Gerbe had beene told by two Renegadoes that Dragut was there and that Vluccialy was gone with two galliots to Constantinople And which was worse the armie was forced to stay some dayes at Secco di Palo by reason of contrarie windes being an hundred and fiftie miles from Tripoli where drinking fresh water digged in those sands but of a pestiferous qualitie it brought a pestilent infirmitie into the armie whereof many dyed In the end a Southeast wind arising it did hinder their course to Tripoli and staying there infinit numbers dyed through the corruption of the ayre and water this pestilent disease increasing daily hauing wasted a great part of their munition and broken the Admirals ship by the mariners negligence hauing also lost two smaller ships laden with victuals at Chercheny they had not many men in the armie for this enterprise expecting footmen from Naples and Sicile and the Galeon of Cicala two galliots and some ships which had beene kept backe by contrarie windes Wherefore they resolued to returne and to land at Gerbe where they arriued the two and twentieth day of March and on the seuen and twentieth Aluaro de Sandy Marshall generall of the campe landed with their men Christians army land at Gerbe and some field peeces to lodge in good order neere vnto certaine wells of fresh water two miles from the castle towards the West At their landing Aluaros nephew died of a pestilent feuer carrying his name a young man of great hope he was much lamented by him and the whole armie Hauing at night made three squadrons of all his men they lodged neere Sandy not thinking it fit to goe vnto the wells for that hee found by many coniectures that the Moores had receiued them as enemies wherefore it would bee dangerous if lodging late they should bee charged by the enemy At night the Xec sent two men with a fayned Embassage intreating the
hee was bound was stayed and sent backe into Flanders with instructions to the duke of Alba to entertaine the practises of the malecontents of England but this froward and disdainfull man Duke of Medina Celâ— sent to succeede the Duke of Alba in the lowe Contries being incensed for that they had refused him the gouernment of the Netherlands for D. Frederic his sonne and that the duke of Medina Celi was sent to succeed him he contemned and ouer-threw all that practise where without doubt he might haue done much harme Newes being come to Flesingue that the duke of Medina Cell 1572 was arriued neere vnto Ostend with forty vessels they sent forth twelue Ships of warre who tooke diuers of them Duke of Medina refuseth the gouernment of Flanders and the duke was forced with twelue more to fly to land in a cocke boat Hee thought at his comming thither that all troubles had beene pacified but seeing that there was more confusion than euer and greater ruines than hee could repaire he excused himselfe for not accepting the gouernment and demanded leaue to returne the which was some dishonour to the duke of Alba. This yeare the king of Spaine being iealous of the French king least hee should aid his subiects of the Netherlands was verie irresolute in giuing aid vnto the league Difficulties in pursuing the victorie against the Turke his Ministers in Italie propounding new enterprises in Afrike as well for the hope which the king of Tunis gaue them as to free the coast of Spaine from that neast of Pyrats The which did much distast the Pope hee beeing verie desirous to see some better fruits of their victorie and that the league might continue inuiolably with the like conditions that it was made Whereupon the kings Ministers were forced to discouer vnto his Holinesse the feare they had of the French least they should countenance his subiects in the Low Countries but the Pope being assured of the contrarie by the French king hee grew discontented against the Spaniards as if they had inuented it to reape all the benefit they could of that warre transporting it into Afrike notwithstanding the iealousie increased and although they made prouision of all sides to send forth a mighty armie yet they proceeded coldly and found many delaies Pope Pius being newly dead although the Pope did shew himselfe very desirous to maintaine the league and did solicit it earnestly yet it required much time and the Spaniards being discontented that they could not draw the armie against some places in Afrike from whence they receiued great annoyance were slowe in execution this yere Yet after many delaies D. Iohn general of the league could not auoid it but granted two twenty gallies to the confederats and sixe thousand foot to be distributed among their gallies himselfe remaining at Messina with the rest of the armie to succour where his Majesties occasions should require if the French should shew themselues enemies There parted then from Messina Marc Antonio Colonna with the gallies of the Church and the knight Gil d' Andrada Fâ—scarin Generall for the Venetiens whome D. Iohn had made Commaunder of the king of Spaines two and twenty gallies and being ioyned at Corfu with Iames Foscarin who was newly made general for the State of Venice Veniero being dismist in fauor of D. Iohn they thoght to haue some certain intelligence of the enemies fleet being come forth vnder the coÌ„mand of Vluccialy who was much made of esteemed by Selim for those poore spoiles which he got of the knights of Malta being a signe that hee had fought and vanquished although his companions in the battel had bin defeated and forced to flie who like a politik couragious Captaine did so solicit new prouisions of an armie shewing that the losse was not so great as the amazed multitude did esteeme it as hee put his Lord in better hope Number of the Turkes Armie Hauing drawne all his forces together he had a fleet of two hundred gallies galleots and foists with fiue galleasses with the which they sailed towards Maluagia The general Colonna who in the absence of D. Iohn held the first place Foscarin hearing where the enemy was after consultation they went to fight with him hauing 140 gallies 23 ships six galleasses and thirty smaller barkes descouering them as they parted from Dragoniere but for that the wind was contrarie they could make no vse of their galleasses which kept them from fighting But Vluccialys fleet being more in number than in force he thought it sufficient to keep the enemie that yeare from attempting any matter of importance and not to hazard a battell and therefore still in his retreat he made a shew as if he wold fight with which art he fled from them with reputation At that time D. Iohn had a resolute answere from the Catholike king that he might ioine with the army of the league with all his forces and attempt some thing against the Turke what they should thinke most fit whereof hee had aduertised the Generals at Corfu at such time as they had resolued to goe and affront the enemie so as they thought it not fit to stay and attend him as hee desired But Vluccialy beeing retyred and the Generalls being come to Capsali vnder Cerigo there they had letters from D. Iohn who called them backe to Zante and then to Corfu whether after many difficulties they brought the armie but D. Iohn would not willingly free the generals especially Colonna for that they had not attended him whereupon their resolutions against the enemie fell out crosly but Foscarin and others laboured by all meanes to pacifie that disdaine and they made a new resolution to goe against the enemies fleet which they vnderstood lay in the port of Nauarino and some vnder Modone The Christians had sayled as farre as Striuali when as D. Iohn de Cardone being sent to discouer the enemie gaue them that aduice which made them resolue to hasten their voyage that night so as they might bee vpon the enemie before day the which was better deuised than executed for they arriued so late as being first discouered by the Turkes they might retire with all their fleet vnder the fort of Modone and defend themselues long from the Christians armie who sought by diuers meanes but alwaies in vaine to draw them out of the fort to fight They resolued for that they would not remaine there in vaine to beseege the Castle of Nauarino a place of fame hauing giuen the charge thereof to the prince of Parma but with weake prouisions where hee preuailed nothing they beeing soone relieued by land with many horse and foot by the garrisons thereabouts Hauing staied in those seas some daies being in October and fearing an Autumne storme and the kings Gallies beginning to want biscuit they were constrained to depart the which did much discontent the Ministers of the State of Venice for that they had
in Spaine of a great army preparing in England to send into Portugall Prouision for defence of Portugal for the restoring of Don Antonio wherevpon the King made prouision for the defence thereof sending the Earle of Fuentes for Generall into Portugall with good troupes hee augmented the number of their horse giuing the charge to D. Alphonso Vargas he made D. Francis de Padiglia Camp-master General Andreas d' Alua Pouruoier and Iohn Maldonado Auditor The prouisions for this enterprise beeing made Voiage of Portugal they went from Plimouth in Aprill Sir Iohn Norris and Sir Francis Drake being Generalls they had with them sixe of the Queenes twenty ships of warre and as some write a hundred and forty for transportation hauing when they tooke shipping a eleuen thousand souldiers and two thousand fiue hundred marriners within sixe daies after their departure from England being the twentith day of Aprill the army landed in a bay within a mile off the Groine without impeach from whence they marched presently towards the towne approching within halfe a mile they were incountred by the enemy who beeing charged retired to their gates and then the Generall lodged the army in the villages and houses thereabouts Generall Norris hauing viewed the towne before daie resolued for to attempt it by scaladoe and to land some Artillerie to beate the shippes and gallies which did play vpon their troupes Groine the base towne surprized the which was effectually performed so as the Gallies were forced presently to abandon the roade and goe to Farrol and then they prepared with all speed to surprize the base towne the which was done the next day after they entring it in three seuerall places where after good resistance in one place they were forced to abandon it they all retyring into the high towne the which they might easily doe for that the English knew not their passages The rest that were not put to the sword in the fury fled to the rockes in the Island where they did hide themselues in caues whereas many were daily found out D. Iohn de Luna a man of great command hauing hidden himselfe in a house came forth the next morning and yeelded himselfe Iohn de Vera a Commissary of the victuals was also taken that night who confessed that at the entry of the English into the towne there were fiue hundred Spainards in seuen companies as it seemed returned weake from the voyage of England all vnder D. Iohn de Luna the captaines names were D. Diego Baçan base sonne to the Marquis of Santa Cruz. D. Antonio de Herera D. Pedro Manriques brother to the Earle of Paredes D. Ieronimo Mouray of the Order of Saint Iohn hee was in the fort D. Gomes de Caruajal captaine Mouçon and Caucasa de Socas And that the day that the English landed there came from Retenzas the companies of D. Iohn de Mosale and of D. Pedro Ponce de Leon. He confessed moreouer that there was order giuen for the baking of 300000. of biscuit that there was two thousand pipes of wine in the towne and a hundred and fifty in the ships That there was lately come 300000. ducats from the Marquis of Seralba That there was a thousand Iarres of oyle with great store of beanes pease wheat and fish That there were three thousand kintals of beefe and not twenty daies before there entred three barkes laden with mach and harguebuses There were some others taken and there were slaine by the common souldiers about fiue hundred At their first entry into the towne the souldiers finding three sellars full of wine distempred themselues so as many beeing drunke were hurt from the high towne and this disorder was the cause of a great mortality which fell in the English army There was aboundance of victuals and prouision for shipping and warre which the Commissary confest to be for a new voyage into England After the taking of the base towne there came some two thousand men out of the country downe to the very gates as resolutly as if they would haue entred but the English that were in gard making head against them they fled away disordredly hauing lost some eighteene of their men The Generall attempted the high towne both by mine and battery and going to the assault the loose rubish vnder their feete failed them so as they could not stand They had diuers men hurt in their retreat and they lost some twenty or thirty vnder the ruines of a tower which fell The day after that the English had offred an assault Succors come to releeue the Groyne the General vnderstood by a prisoner that the Earle of Andrada had gathered an army together of eight thousand men at Puente de Burgos six miles from the towne which was but the beginning of an army there being a greater leauy ready to come vnder the conduct of the Earle of Altemira either to releeue the Groyne or to incampe neere vnto the place where the English should imbarke and to hinder there shipping for to that end the Marquis of Seralba had written vnto them both the first night of their landing as the Commissary had confest or else to stop their passage into the country whether they went daily by troupes and burnt spoiled and tooke great booties The Generall resolued the next day to goe and visit these forces leading nine Regiments with him In the foreward were the regiments of Sir Edward Norrys Master of the Ordinance Sir Roger Williams and Collonel Sydneys In the battaile that of the Generall of Collonel Lane and Collonel Medkerke And in the reereward Sir Henry Norrys Collonel Huntleys and Collonel Brets Regiments leauing the other fiue Regiments with Generall Drake for the garde of the Ordinance Vpon the sixth day of May in the morning they discouered the enemy within halfe a mile off their campe against whom the shot of the foreward skirmished and forced them to retire vnto their bridge which was of stone built vpon Arches ouer a creeke that came from the sea At the foote whereof on the other side the enemy lay verie strongly intrenched who beeing with his shot at the further end of the bridge Sir Edward Norris who ledde the foreward and marched in the head of the pikes past the bridge without any stay at all beeing accompanied by Colonell Sydney Captaine Hinder Captain Fulford and others The way was euen but they must passe thorough a storme of small shot for the bridge was flanked on both sides with their shot at the farther end there was a barricado but they that had it in gard seeing the proud approch of the English Sir Edward Norris nurt forsooke it where Sir Edward Norris entred and charging the first he encountred with his pike ouer-thrusting himselfe hee fell and was sore hurt on the head at the sword but was honorably rescued by the Generall his brother Colonell Sidney and some other Gentlemen Captaine Hinder hauing his cask shot off had fiue wounds in the
head and face at the sword This â—â—empt full of difficulty Spaniards defeated at Pâ—â—ente de Burgos beeing seconded by the Generall their brauest men which defended that plaace being ouerthrown their whole armie fell presently to rour and the English had 〈◊〉 chase three miles foure sundrie waies The Generals Standard with the Kings armes was taken what number of the enemy was slaine was not certain but only by coniecture how many two thousand men for of so many consisted the foreward in such a poursute might kill And to increase the number hauing giuen ouer the execution and returning to their stands they found many hidden in the vineyards and hedges whom they slue And Colonell Medkerke beeing sent with his Regiment three miles farther to a cloyster which he burnt and spoyled he found two hundred men there which he put to the sword The English lost onely one Captaine Cooper and a priuate souldier The execution beeing past the Generall sent three parts of the armie three seurall waies to spoyle and burnt so as the countrie round about was on fire They found good store of victuals and munition in the campe with some plate rich apparell and other booties which they had left behind them Thus the English armie returned to the Groine bringing small comfort to the Spaniards that were within it and the next day the shipt their Ordinance and then they set fire vppon euery house in the base towne and on the Cloister so as they left not any one standing And on the eight of May the English imbarked their armie without losse of one man which had they not beaten the Spaniards at Puente de Burgos they could not possibly haue done they hauing as it seemed an intent to charge the English when they should imbarke the Commissarie confessing that the first night of their landing the Marquis of Seralba did write vnto the Earle of Altemira the Earle of Andrada and to Terneis de Sentisso to bring all the forces they could rayse wherewith they might either beseege the English in the base towne if they tooke it or lye betwixt them and their imbarking place and so fight with them vppon an aduantage they hauing aboue 25000. souldiers vnder their commands The English armie leauing the Groine English leaue the Groine on the thirteenth of May there came vnto the Fleete the Earle of Essex his brother Master VValter Deuereux Sir Roger Williams Colonell generall of the foote Sir Philip Butler and Sir Edward Wingfield The Earle hauing put himselfe into that action contrarie to the opinion of the world and with the hazard of his fortune yet much to his honour After which the armie went and landed at Penecha in Portugall within shot of the castle The enemie beeing fiue companies of Spaniards vnder the commaund of the Earle of Fuentes sallyed out of the towne and came to the water side as the English landed But the Earle of Essex with his brother and Sir Roger Williams hauing landed men enough to make two troupes they left one to go by the waters side leading the other ouer the sand-hilles which the enemie discouering they retired further into the land that they might haue the better meanes to passe away yet they did it in such sort as beeing charged they came to the push of the pike where they slue an English Captaine These Spaniards beeing fledde the English entred the towne which was neither fortified nor defended by any man The Generall summoned the Castle that night which was held by a Portuguese called Antonio d' Aurid who promised to yeeld it so as he might bee assured that Don Antonio was landed and so he did Thither came some Friars and poore men to their new king promising within two dayes good supplies of horse and foote Hauing stayd at Penecha one day the Generals resolued that the armie should march by land to Lisbone vnder the conduct of Generall Norris and that Generall Drake should meete him in the riuer with the Fleete that there should bee a companie left to guard the Castle and fiue in the shippes After which conclusion hee marched with fourteene Regiments towards Lisbone commandement beeing giuen from the Generall that no man should spoyle the countrie nor take any thing from a Portuguese the which was very streightly obserued so as the souldiers grew to some want of victualles in their march but vppon complaint made vnto the King it was better supplyed In sixe dayes march the armie came to Lisbone without any incounter of the enemie who was betwixt them and the cittie but they dislodged as they approched Beeing come to the suburbes of Lisbone English armie comes to Lisbone Sir Roger Williams and Captaine Anthony Wingfield with some thirtie shotte scowred the streetes neere vnto the Towne where they found not any but old folkes and beggers crying Viua el Rey Don Antonio and their houses shut vp the inhabitants hauing carried much of their wealth into the town and fired some houses by the water side full of Corne and other prouision for that the English should not make vse of it The whole armie beeing quartred in the suburbes the souldiers beeing tyred with their sixe dayes march and desirous of rest that night the enemie beeing aduertised thereof sallyed foorth about one of the clocke and came vppon the English by three seuerall streetes but especially vppon Collonell Brets quarter who beeing as most of the Companies at his rest made all the hast hee could to draw his men into armes in which charge hee was slaine with some other Captaines of his Regiment but there was such resistance made in all quarters as they were suddenly put to a foule retreate and chased euen to the Cittie gates where they loft many of their best Commaunders In this salley the Spaniards lost treble the number of the English and some of good qualitie During their march Generall Drake came with the Fleete to Cascais where hee entred without any resistance the Inhabitants beeing fledde with their goods to the mountaines Cascais entred by the English but the Generall sent a Portuguese vnto them to offer them all fauour if they would acknowledge their king and supply the wants of his armie which offer they willingly embraced sending two chiefe men to signifie their loyaltie to Don Antonio and their loue to the English Whereuppon the Generall landed his Companies but the castle was held still by 65. Spaniards The day after the Spaniards salley Generall Norris called a Councell to aduise whether it were fit to attend there for the horse and foote which the King of Portugall had promised and to send some conuenient troupes to Cascais to fetch their Ordinance and munition which was with their shippes The opinions of the Commaunders were diuers some fedde with a vaine hope of Don Antonio thought it best to stay there and to send some three thousand men for the Ordinance Others despayring of all succours from Portugall perswaded to march away and
the shippe but Sir Richard would by no meanes turne head to the enemie protesting that he would rather dye then dishonour himselfe his Countrie and her Maiesties ship But he could not force through them as he thought but was boarded of either side by their huge Galleons The fight beganne at three of the clocke in the after noone and continued very furious all that euening The Spanish shippes were full of souldiers in the English there were not any but Marriners and some few voluntarie Gentlemen with their seruants They made many assaults thinking to force her with their multitudes but they were stil repulst The fight continuing all the day and some howers in the night many of her men were slain and hurt and one of the great Galleons with the Admirall of the Hulks sunke and a great slaughter made in diuers other Spanish shippes The Spanish shippes which attempted to board the Reuenge as they were beaten off others came in their places there beeing neuer lesse then two mightie Galleons by her side so as shee had beene assailed by fifteene seuerall Armados yet at the breake of day they were more willing to hearken to a composition then to make any new attempt At the breake of day the Reuenge saw none but enemies nor any hope of reliefe their poulder was spent to the last barrell their Pikes were broken forty of their best men slaine and most of the rest hurt In the beginning of the fight they had but a hundred sound men and nintie sixe lay sicke vpon the ballast And on the other side the Spanish ships were still supplied with soldiers from the other squadrons and with all kinde of armes and munition The Reuenge hauing her masts beaten ouer board her takcle cut a sunder and in a manner made euen with the water there being nothing left aboue head to make defence Sir Richard Greenefield finding himselfe vnable to make any more resistance hauing endured the assaults of so many seuerall ships and as it was thought eight hundred shot of great Ordinance and that he and his ship must needs be taken by the enemies being in a ring round about her he commanded the maister Gunner beeing a resolute man to sincke her to the end the Spaniards might reape no glory of that victory seeing they could not take her in fifteene houres with fifty three ships and about ten thousand men perswading the company to yeeld themselues to the mercy of God and to none else And as they had like valiant men repulsed so many enemies so they should not now blemish their honours by prolonging their liues for a few houres The Gunner was willing with diuerse others but the Captaine and Maister diswaded him pretending that the Spaniards would willingly entertaine a composition and that there were diuerse valiant men whose wounds were not mortal which might hereafter do their Prince and country good seruice assuring him withall that the Spaniards could neuer recouer the shippe hauing sixe foote water in hold three shot vnder water and so weakly stopt as shee must needes sinke with the first working of the sea But Sir Richard could not bee remooued from his resolution Wherefore the Maister of the Reuenge was conuayed aboard the Generall Don Alphonso Bassan who finding no man willing to enter her fearing they should be all blowne vp yeelded their liues should bee saued the company sent into England and the better sort to pay reasonable ransoms and to be free from the Galleys and imprisonment Wherevnto hee yeelded the more willingly as well to auoyde a greater mischiefe as to recouer Sir Richard Greenfield whom hee seemed to honor and admire for his great valour This answer beeing returned The Reuenge yeeled to the Spaniards by composition most of them left Sir Richard Greenfield and the Gunner who beeing desperate would haue killed himselfe Don Alphonso Baçan sent vnto Sir Richard to remooue out of his shippe beeing vnsauory like a slaughter house with bloud and dead bodies Sir Richard answered that hee might doe with his body what hee list for he regarded it not The Generall vsed him with all humanitie and tryed all meanes for his recouery much commending his valour and lamenting the danger wherein hee was beeing a rare thing to see one shippe make head against so many huge and great Armado's There were slaine and drowned in this fight neere a thousand Spaniards and two speciall Commanders â—osse of Spaniards at the fight Don Lewis of Saint Iohn and Don George de Prunaria of Malaga The Admirall of the Hulkes and the Assention of Seuile were sunke by the Reuenge one recouered Saint Michaels and did sinke there and a fourth ranne a ground to saue her men It is said that Sir Richard dyed the second or third day aboard the Generall and was much lamented The rest of the Queenes shippes did not ingage themselues so farre in the fight the reasons were They were but sixe shippes in all whereof two were small the Reuenge was past recouery the Iland of Flores was on the one side and fifty three Spanish shippes on the other full of Soldiars halfe the English were sick and not seruiceable the shippes fowle and wanting ballast hauing beene sixe moneths at sea so as if they had all entred the fight they had all beene lost Notwithstanding the Lord Thomas would haue entred among their Squadrons but the rest would not yeeld to it and the Maister of his shippe offered to leape into the sea rather then to conduct her Maiesties shippes to bee a prey to the enemy where there was no hope eyther of defence or victory A shippe of the Queenes wherein Maister Thomas Vauasor now Knight Marshall commanded continued two houres in fight as neere the Reuenge as shee could but beeing in danger to bee compassed in by the Spanish squadrons hee cleered himselfe with great difficulty Some dayes after the fight the English prisoners beeing disperced in the Spanish ships there arose a great storme so as the whole fleete Indians and others were disperced they beeing newly come vnto them The Reuenge cast away with many Spanish ships of the which there were foureteene saile and the Reuenge with two hundred Spaniards in her cast away vpon the Iland of Saint Michael There were fifteene or sixteene ships of warre more cast away vpon the other Ilands and of a hundred saile and odde expected that yeare in Spaine from the Indies there were aboue three score and ten lost in seuerall stormes the Spaniards confest that there were ten thousand men cast away in that tempest This yeare happened that miserable and lamentable condition of the Arragonois Arragonois spoiled of their ancient priuiledges by the King especially of them of Saragoça the chiefe citty of the realme From whom the King of Spaine whether by lawfull or vnlawfull meanes I will not iudge tooke or rather pulled away violently their liberties and ancient priuiledges after this manner The King had giuen vnto Don Iohn
in the whole garrison which were diuided in Mersalcabir the castle Alchaizer and the towne yet the Earle of Alcauderte the Gouernor sent them continually forth to annoy the enemy But the Moores resoluing in the end to batter it and come to an assault on the fifteenth day of August they beganne to batter the castle in two places where they themselues receiued the greatest losse for besides many others all their gunners were slaine so vnskilfully they had planted their batterie so as at night they withdrew it Turkes and Moores flie from Oran knowing that all their endeauors were vaine The next day the Turkes began to retire towards the sea with dishonor making all possible speed to get into their gallies which lay at Sorzet and the Moores on horse-backe sauing themselues by flight The reason why they receiued no more losse by the Spaniards in their retreat was for that they heard thereof laie when as most of them had recouered their gallies or were fled away on horse-backe There was some slaughter made of the Moores that were footmâ—en but the greatest part of them were pardoned for that being of the country the Spaniards would incense them as little as might bee notwithstanding that they were treacherous and of no faith The Earle tooke some of their baggage which the enemies had left behind them for hast with one peece of Ordnance and if they had had three or foure hundred launces to follow then sodainely few of the Turkes had escaped for that they were all in a confusion and most of them without armes This sodaine retreat of the Turkes at the enterprise of Oran eased the Catholike Kings army of much toyle hauing beene many daies doubtfull whether they should goe and releeue this towne or carry the Spaniards into the Realme of Naples to the Duke of Alua. After all the broiles in Italy 1557 betwixt the Pope and the King of Spaine and the taking and retaking of many townes in the end both parties seemed to incline vnto a peace The Pope being a man of a small discours and ignorant of his owne affaires fearing to bee abandoned by his foraine forces which hee could not entertaine but with great charges which his meanes would hardly supply suffring himselfe to bee gouerned by men which deceiued him Pope yeelds to treat of a peace and applied all to their owne priuate profits with supreme authority men of no faith and which had many practises hee therefore yeelded to their persuasions which did mediat a peace betwixt him and the King of Spaine amongst which were the Duke of Florence and the Venetians desirous to diuert this warre which could bring nothing but spoiles and ruines The Duke of Guise lying neere to Rome had newes of the battaile of Saint Quentin lost by the French wherefore hee persuaded the Pope to take some course for himselfe for that hee should bee forced to returne with his army or the greatest part thereof into France to succour that Realme which he saw in apparent danger King Philip did in like manner write vnto the Venetians King of Spaine disirous of peace with the Pope shewing how weake the Popes hopes were growne yet he offred all honourable conditions of peace to his Holinesse referring the composition to the Iudgement of their common-weale if the Pope and Viceroy should disagree Hee did also send commaundement to the Duke of Alba that hee should procure a peace with all conditions and so as his friends and seruants might not bee opprest hee should accept any accord from the Pope with whom hee meant not to bee any more in disgrace and that hee desired no greater fruites of the victory which hee had newly gotten than to be at peace with his Holinesse The Duke was then ready to inuest Paliano but the Cardinall of Santafiora continuing to negotiate this peace had often sent Alexander Placidi his Secretary vnto the Viceroy to let him vnderstand that the Pope at the intreaty of many Cardinalls had yeelded to a peace and sent him these conditions That the Pope was well pleased to receiue Philip king of Spaine and the Duke of Alba into fauour pardoning all the iniuries they had done vnto the Church so as the Duke with all his troupes did within tenne daies depart out of the territories of the Church leauing the townes and forts taken in that warre free vnto the Pope and that hee in like manner would cause the Duke of Guise to depart for France within tenne daies The Duke of Alba although he knew the king his Masters mind and were himselfe desirous of peace yet would he make vse of the occasion Duke of Aluas answer touching a peace and haue it with all aduantages And therefore hee answered the Cardinall that those propositions were to be propounded to men that were vanquished and not to victors But if the Pope would haue peace with the king of Spaine he should accuse his owne iniustice for spoyling the Colonnes and his error hauing imprisoned so many of his Maiesties vassalls and seruants making warre against him and calling in the French to preiudice his states for the which hee should craue pardon a proposition which shewed rather the pride of that Nation that the mind of the Prince to whom it was no small blemish The Caraffi seeing the present danger doubting the vast designes of the Spaniards in this great prosperity according to the which they doe commonly guide their passions either insolent or deiected they persuaded the Pope to retire into Fraunce or to some other place of safetie leauing garrisons of Frenchmen in all the forts belonging to the Church to kindle such a fire in Italie as neither the Spaniards nor their partisans should euer bee able to quench But the Pope who naturally did not loue strangers and had receiued small seruice from the French reiected it as a desperate Councell yet being resolued rather to imbrace any partie than yeelding to the Viceroys propositions to do a thing contrarie to his mind and dignity At such time as they treated of this accord the Viceroy the more to terrifie the Pope began to aduance with his armie towards Rome with an intent to giue an assault to the Citie and then retyre yet it was giuen out that hee had a meaning to take it but his designe was made frustrate by the vigilancie of the Caraffi The duke hauing relation from Palazzo and Moschera two of his Captaines whom he had sent in the night to view the citie that giuing a sudden assault towards Port Maior with the helpe of some peeces of artillerie it might bee easily forced hee remoued with the armie Duke of Alua goes to assaile Rome and staied at Colonna where the sixe and twentieth day of August at night hee caused his armie to march in this order The light Horsemen were in the foreward hee made a great Squadron of all the Spanish foot which serued for the battell and the Dutch had