place_n be_v able_a to_o effect_v any_o thing_n of_o moment_n but_o the_o roman_a army_n be_v apt_a for_o all_o these_o purpose_n for_o every_o soldier_n among_o they_o be_v once_o arm_v and_o ready_a to_o fight_v refuse_v no_o place_n time_n nor_o occasion_n keep_v always_o the_o same_o order_n whether_o he_o fight_v together_o with_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o army_n or_o particular_o by_o himself_o man_n to_o man_n and_o hence_o it_o happen_v that_o as_o the_o commodity_n of_o their_o disposition_n be_v advantageous_a so_o the_o end_n do_v answer_v the_o expectation_n these_o thing_n i_o think_v to_o speak_v of_o at_o large_a because_o many_o of_o the_o grecian_n be_v of_o a_o opinion_n that_o the_o macedonian_n be_v not_o to_o be_v overcome_v and_o again_o many_o wonder_v how_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n shall_v be_v put_v to_o the_o worst_a by_o the_o roman_a army_n consider_v the_o nature_n of_o their_o weapon_n thus_o far_o go_v polibyus_fw-la in_o compare_v the_o weapon_n and_o imbattail_v of_o the_o roman_n with_o the_o use_n of_o arm_n among_o the_o macedonian_n wherein_o we_o see_v the_o pike_n true_o and_o exact_o order_v according_a as_o the_o wise_a grecian_n can_v best_o proportion_v it_o with_o that_o form_n of_o battle_n which_o may_v give_v most_o advantage_n to_o the_o use_n thereof_o so_o that_o if_o our_o squadron_n of_o pike_n jump_v not_o with_o the_o perfect_a manner_n of_o a_o phalanx_n as_o we_o see_v they_o do_v not_o they_o fall_v so_o much_o short_a of_o that_o strength_n which_o the_o wisdom_n of_o the_o grecian_n and_o the_o experience_n of_o other_o nation_n impute_v unto_o it_o but_o suppose_v we_o can_v allow_v it_o that_o disposition_n in_o the_o course_n of_o our_o war_n which_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o weapon_n do_v require_v yet_o forasmuch_o as_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o polybius_n the_o say_a manner_n of_o imbattail_v be_v tie_v to_o such_o dangerous_a circumstance_n of_o one_o time_n one_o place_n and_o one_o kind_n of_o fight_n i_o hold_v it_o not_o so_o profitable_a a_o weapon_n as_o the_o practice_n of_o our_o time_n do_v seem_v to_o make_v it_o especial_o in_o woody_a country_n such_o as_o ireland_n be_v where_o the_o use_n be_v cut_v off_o by_o such_o inconvenience_n as_o be_v note_v to_o hinder_v the_o manage_n thereof_o and_o doubtless_o if_o our_o commander_n do_v but_o consider_v of_o the_o incongruity_n of_o the_o pike_n &_o ireland_n they_o will_v not_o proportion_v so_o great_a a_o number_n of_o they_o in_o every_o company_n as_o there_o be_v for_o common_o half_a the_o company_n be_v pike_n which_o be_v as_o much_o to_o say_v in_o the_o practice_n of_o our_o war_n that_o half_o the_o army_n have_v neither_o offensive_a nor_o defensive_a weapon_n but_o only_o against_o a_o troop_n of_o horse_n for_o they_o seldom_o or_o never_o come_v to_o the_o push_n of_o pike_n with_o the_o foot_n company_n where_o they_o may_v charge_v &_o offend_v the_o enemy_n &_o for_o defence_n if_o the_o enemy_n think_v it_o not_o safe_a to_o buckle_v with_o they_o at_o hand_n but_o make_v more_o advantage_n to_o play_v upon_o they_o a_o far_o off_o with_o short_a it_o afford_v small_a safety_n to_o shake_v a_o long_a pike_n at_o they_o and_o stand_v fair_a in_o the_o mean_a time_n to_o entertain_v a_o volleie_n of_o shot_n with_o the_o body_n of_o their_o battailion_n as_o i_o make_v no_o question_n but_o the_o pike_n in_o some_o service_n be_v profitable_a as_o behind_o a_o rampire_n or_o at_o a_o breach_n so_o i_o assure_v myself_o there_o be_v weapon_n if_o they_o be_v put_v to_o trial_n that_o will_v countervail_v the_o pike_n even_o in_o those_o service_n wherein_o it_o be_v think_v most_o profitable_a concern_v the_o target_n we_o see_v it_o take_v the_o hand_n in_o the_o judgement_n of_o polybius_n of_o all_o other_o weapon_n whatsoever_o aswell_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o diverse_a and_o sundry_a sort_n of_o imbattail_v as_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o place_n whersoever_o for_o their_o use_n be_v as_o effectual_a in_o small_a body_n and_o century_n as_o in_o gross_a troop_n and_o great_a company_n in_o thin_a and_o spacious_a imbattail_v as_o in_o thick_a throng_v testudines_fw-la neither_o can_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o place_n make_v they_o unseruiceable_a for_o whether_o it_o be_v plain_a or_o covert_a level_v or_o unequal_a narrow_a or_o large_a if_o there_o be_v any_o commodity_n to_o fight_v the_o target_n be_v as_o necessary_a to_o defend_v as_o the_o sword_n to_o offend_v beside_o the_o conveniency_n which_o deny_v the_o target_n in_o any_o necessity_n impose_v upon_o a_o army_n whether_o it_o be_v to_o march_v through_o place_n of_o all_o nature_n to_o make_v a_o fast_a march_n or_o a_o speedy_a retreat_n to_o encamp_v themselves_o to_o possess_v place_n of_o advantage_n to_o besiege_v and_o to_o be_v besiege_v as_o polybius_n say_v with_o many_o other_o occasion_n which_o necessary_o accompany_v a_o army_n the_o use_n of_o this_o weapon_n have_v be_v too_o much_o neglect_v in_o these_o latter_a age_n but_o may_v be_v happy_o renew_v again_o in_o our_o nation_n if_o the_o industry_n of_o such_o as_o have_v labour_v to_o present_v it_o unto_o these_o time_n in_o the_o best_a fashion_n shall_v find_v any_o favour_n in_o the_o opinion_n of_o our_o commander_n concern_v which_o target_n i_o must_v needs_o say_v this_o much_o that_o the_o light_a target_n will_v prove_v the_o target_n of_o service_n whensoever_o they_o shall_v happen_v to_o be_v put_v in_o execution_n for_o those_o which_o be_v make_v proof_n be_v so_o heavy_a and_o unwieldie_a although_o it_o be_v somewhat_o qualify_v with_o such_o help_n as_o be_v annex_v to_o the_o use_n thereof_o that_o they_o overcharge_v a_o man_n with_o a_o unsupportable_a burden_n and_o hinder_v his_o agility_n and_o execution_n in_o fight_n with_o a_o weight_n disproportionable_a to_o his_o strength_n for_o our_o offensive_a weapon_n as_o namely_o the_o hargebusier_n and_o musketeer_n be_v strong_a in_o the_o offensive_a part_n than_o any_o arm_n of_o defence_n which_o may_v be_v make_v manageable_a and_o fit_a for_o service_n neither_o do_v the_o roman_n regard_v the_o proof_n of_o their_o target_n further_o then_o be_v think_v fit_a for_o the_o ready_a use_n of_o they_o in_o time_n of_o battle_n as_o it_o appear_v in_o many_o place_n both_o in_o the_o civil_a war_n and_o in_o these_o commentary_n for_o a_o roman_a pile_n have_v often_o time_n dart_v through_o the_o target_n and_o the_o body_n of_o the_o man_n that_o bear_v it_o and_o fasten_v they_o both_o to_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v more_o than_o a_o musket_n can_v well_o do_v for_o the_o bullet_n common_o rest_v in_o the_o body_n and_o although_o it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o this_o be_v not_o common_a but_o rather_o y_o e_o effect_n of_o a_o extraordinary_a arm_n yet_o it_o serve_v to_o prove_v that_o their_o target_n be_v not_o proof_n to_o their_o offensive_a weapon_n when_o they_o be_v well_o deliver_v and_o with_o good_a direction_n for_o i_o make_v no_o doubt_n but_o in_o their_o battle_n there_o be_v oftentimes_o some_o hindrance_n which_o will_v not_o suffer_v so_o violent_a a_o effect_n as_o this_o which_o i_o speak_v of_o for_o in_o a_o volley_n of_o shot_n we_o must_v not_o think_v that_o all_o the_o bullet_n fly_v with_o the_o same_o force_n and_o fall_v with_o the_o like_a hurt_n but_o as_o armour_n of_o good_a proof_n will_v hardly_o hold_v out_o some_o of_o they_o so_o slender_a arm_n and_o of_o no_o proof_n will_v make_v good_a resistance_n against_o other_o and_o to_o conclude_v in_o a_o battle_n or_o encounter_n at_o hand_n a_o man_n shall_v meet_v with_o more_o occasion_n suit_v the_o nature_n and_o commodity_n of_o this_o light_a target_n than_o such_o as_o will_v advantage_v the_o heavy_a target_n of_o proof_n or_o countervail_v the_o surplus_n of_o weight_n which_o it_o eari_v with_o it_o some_o man_n will_v urge_v that_o there_o be_v use_v of_o this_o target_n of_o proof_n in_o some_o place_n and_o in_o some_o service_n which_o i_o deny_v not_o to_o those_o that_o desire_v to_o be_v secure_v from_o the_o extremity_n of_o peril_n but_o this_o fall_v out_o in_o some_o place_n and_o in_o some_o particular_a service_n and_o hinder_v not_o but_o that_o the_o universal_a benefit_n of_o this_o weapon_n consist_v in_o the_o multitude_n of_o light_a targeteer_n who_o be_v to_o manage_v the_o most_o important_a occasion_n of_o a_o war_n this_o much_o i_o be_o further_a to_o note_v concern_v the_o sword_n of_o the_o targeteer_n that_o according_a to_o the_o practice_n of_o the_o roman_n it_o must_v always_o hang_v on_o the_o right_a side_n for_o carry_v the_o target_n upon_o the_o left_a arm_n it_o can_v be_v that_o the_o sword_n shall_v hang_v on_o the_o
many_o strong_a and_o nimble_a footman_n who_o the_o horseman_n have_v select_v out_o of_o the_o whole_a host_n every_o man_n one_o for_o his_o safeguard_n these_o they_o have_v always_o at_o hand_n with_o they_o in_o battle_n and_o unto_o these_o they_o resort_v for_o succour_n if_o the_o horseman_n be_v overcharge_v these_o ever_o step_v into_o help_v they_o if_o any_o one_o be_v wound_v and_o unhorse_v they_o stand_v about_o he_o and_o succour_v he_o if_o the_o matter_n require_v either_o to_o adventure_v forward_o or_o to_o retire_v speedy_o back_o again_o their_o swiftness_n be_v such_o through_o continual_a exercise_n that_o hang_v on_o the_o horse_n main_a by_o the_o one_o hand_n they_o will_v run_v as_o fast_o as_o the_o horse_n the_o observation_n it_o may_v seem_v strange_a unto_o the_o soldier_n of_o our_o time_n that_o the_o footman_n shall_v be_v mingle_v pell_o mell_o among_o the_o horseman_n horseman_n without_o hurt_n and_o disadvantage_n to_o themselves_o so_o unlikely_a it_o be_v that_o they_o shall_v either_o succour_v the_o horseman_n in_o any_o danger_n or_o annoy_v the_o enemy_n and_o therefore_o some_o have_v imagine_v that_o these_o footman_n in_o the_o encounter_n cast_v themselves_o into_o one_o body_n and_o so_o charge_v the_o enemy_n assist_v the_o horseman_n but_o the_o circumstance_n of_o this_o place_n and_o of_o other_o which_o i_o will_v allege_v to_o this_o purpose_n plain_o evince_v that_o these_o footman_n be_v mingle_v indifferent_o among_o the_o horseman_n to_o assist_v every_o particular_a man_n as_o his_o fortune_n and_o occasion_n require_v and_o therefore_o the_o choice_n of_o these_o footman_n be_v permit_v to_o the_o horseman_n in_o who_o service_n they_o be_v to_o be_v employ_v that_o every_o man_n may_v take_v his_o friend_n in_o who_o he_o repose_v great_a confidence_n when_o they_o be_v overcharge_v these_o step_v in_o to_o help_v they_o if_o any_o man_n be_v wound_v or_o unhorse_v he_o have_v his_o footman_n ready_a to_o assist_v he_o and_o when_o they_o be_v to_o go_v upon_o any_o speedy_a service_n or_o sudden_o to_o retire_v upon_o advantage_n they_o stay_v themselves_o upon_o the_o main_a of_o the_o horse_n with_o one_o hand_n and_o so_o run_v as_o fast_o as_o the_o horseman_n can_v go_v which_o service_n they_o can_v not_o possible_o have_v perform_v without_o confusion_n and_o disorder_n if_o the_o footman_n have_v not_o several_o attend_v upon_o they_o according_a to_o the_o affection_n specify_v in_o their_o particular_a election_n the_o principal_a use_n of_o these_o footman_n of_o the_o german_n consist_v in_o the_o aid_n of_o their_o own_o horseman_n upon_o any_o necessity_n not_o so_o much_o regard_v their_o service_n upon_o the_o enemy_n as_o the_o assistance_n of_o their_o horseman_n but_o the_o roman_n have_v long_a before_o practise_v the_o same_o art_n to_o a_o more_o effectual_a purpose_n namely_o as_o a_o principal_a remedy_n not_o only_o to_o resist_v but_o to_o defeat_v far_o great_a troop_n of_o horse_n than_o the_o enemy_n be_v able_a to_o oppose_v against_o they_o whereof_o the_o most_o ancient_a memory_n which_o history_n mention_v be_v record_v by_o livy_n in_o the_o second_o punic_a war_n at_o the_o siege_n of_o capua_n under_o the_o regiment_n of_o quintus_n fuluius_n the_o consul_n where_o it_o be_v say_v that_o in_o all_o their_o conflict_n as_o the_o roman_a legion_n return_v with_o the_o better_a so_o their_o cavalry_n be_v always_o put_v to_o the_o worst_a &_o therefore_o they_o invent_v this_o mean_n to_o make_v that_o good_a by_o art_n which_o be_v want_v in_o force_n out_o of_o the_o whole_a army_n be_v take_v the_o choice_a young_a man_n both_o for_o strength_n &_o agility_n and_o to_o they_o be_v give_v little_a round_a buckler_n and_o seven_o dart_n apiece_o in_o steed_n of_o their_o other_o weapon_n these_o soldier_n practise_v to_o ride_v behind_o the_o horseman_n and_o speedy_o to_o light_v from_o the_o horse_n at_o a_o watchword_n give_v &_o so_o to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n on_o foot_n and_o when_o by_o exercise_n they_o be_v make_v so_o expert_a that_o the_o novelty_n of_o the_o invention_n no_o whit_n affright_v they_o the_o roman_a horseman_n go_v forth_o to_o encounter_v with_o the_o enemy_n every_o man_n carry_v his_o foot_n soldior_fw-la behind_o he_o who_o at_o the_o encounter_n sudden_o alightning_n charge_v upon_o the_o enemy_n with_o such_o a_o fury_n that_o they_o follow_v they_o in_o slaughter_n to_o the_o gate_n of_o capua_n and_o hence_o say_v livy_n grow_v the_o first_o institution_n of_o the_o velite_n which_o ever_o after_o that_o time_n be_v enrol_v with_o the_o legion_n the_o author_n of_o this_o strategem_fw-la be_v say_v to_o be_v one_o q._n navius_n a_o centurion_n &_o be_v honourable_o reward_v by_o fuluius_n the_o consul_n for_o the_o same_o sallust_n in_o the_o history_n of_o jugurth_n say_v that_o marius_n mingle_v the_o velite_n with_o the_o cavalry_n of_o the_o associate_n ut_fw-la quacunque_fw-la invaderent_fw-la equitatus_fw-la hostium_fw-la propulsarent_fw-la the_o like_a practice_n be_v use_v by_o caesar_n as_o appear_v in_o the_o third_o book_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n save_v that_o instead_o of_o the_o velite_n he_o mingle_v with_o his_o horseman_n 400._o of_o the_o lusty_a of_o his_o legionarie_a soldier_n to_o resist_v the_o cavalry_n of_o pompey_n while_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o army_n pass_v over_o the_o river_n genusum_n after_o the_o overthrow_n he_o have_v at_o dirrachium_n qui_fw-la tantum_fw-la profecere_fw-la say_v the_o text_n ut_fw-la equestri_fw-la praelio_fw-la commisso_fw-la pellerent_fw-la omnes_fw-la complures_fw-la interficerent_fw-la ipsique_fw-la incolumes_fw-la ad_fw-la agmen_fw-la se_fw-la reciperent_fw-la many_o other_o place_n may_v be_v recite_v but_o these_o be_v sufficient_a to_o prove_v that_o the_o great_a captain_n of_o ancient_a time_n strengthen_v their_o cavalry_n with_o footman_n disperse_v among_o they_o 6._o the_o roman_a horseman_n say_v polybius_n at_o the_o first_o carry_v but_o a_o weak_a limber_a pole_n or_o staff_n and_o a_o little_a round_a buckler_n excid_n but_o afterward_o they_o use_v the_o furniture_n of_o the_o grecian_n which_o josephus_n affirm_v to_o be_v a_o strong_a lance_n or_o staff_n and_o three_o or_o four_o dart_n in_o a_o quiver_n with_o a_o buckler_n and_o a_o long_a sword_n by_o their_o right_a side_n the_o use_n of_o their_o lance_n be_v most_o effectual_a when_o they_o charge_v in_o troop_n pouldron_n to_o pouldron_n and_o that_o manner_n of_o fight_n afford_v no_o mean_n to_o intermingle_v footman_n but_o when_o they_o use_v their_o dart_n every_o man_n get_v what_o advantage_n of_o ground_n he_o can_v as_o our_o carbins_n for_o the_o most_o part_n do_v and_o so_o the_o footman_n may_v have_v place_n among_o they_o or_o otherwise_o for_o so_o good_a a_o advantage_n they_o will_v easy_o make_v place_n for_o the_o footman_n to_o serve_v among_o they_o but_o howsoever_o it_o be_v it_o appear_v by_o this_o circumstance_n how_o little_a the_o roman_n fear_v troop_n of_o horse_n consider_v that_o the_o best_a mean_n to_o defeat_v their_o horse_n be_v by_o their_o foot_n company_n but_o to_o make_v it_o more_o plain_a of_o many_o example_n i_o will_v only_o allege_v two_o the_o one_o out_o of_o livy_n 3._o to_o prove_v that_o the_o roman_a horseman_n be_v not_o comparable_a for_o service_n to_o footman_n africano_n the_o other_o out_o of_o hirtius_n to_o show_v the_o same_o effect_n against_o stranger_n and_o numidian_a horseman_n in_o the_o consulship_n of_o l._n valerius_n and_o marcus_n horatius_n valerius_n have_v fortunatelie_o overthrow_v the_o equi_fw-la and_o the_o volsci_n horatius_n proceed_v with_o as_o great_a courage_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o sabine_n wherein_o it_o happen_v that_o in_o the_o day_n of_o battle_n the_o sabine_n reserve_v 2000_o of_o their_o man_n to_o give_v a_o fresh_a assault_n upon_o the_o left_a cornet_n of_o the_o roman_n as_o they_o be_v in_o conflict_n which_o take_v such_o effect_n that_o the_o legionarie_a footman_n of_o that_o cornet_n be_v force_v to_o retreit_v which_o the_o roman_a horseman_n be_v in_o number_n 600._o perceive_v and_o not_o be_v able_a with_o their_o horse_n to_o make_v head_n against_o the_o enemy_n they_o present_o forsake_v their_o horse_n and_o make_v haste_n to_o make_v good_a the_o place_n on_o foot_n wherein_o they_o carry_v themselves_o so_o valiant_o that_o in_o a_o moment_n of_o time_n they_o give_v the_o like_a advantage_n to_o their_o footman_n against_o the_o sabine_n and_o they_o betake_v themselves_o again_o to_o their_o horse_n to_o pursue_v the_o enemy_n in_o chase_n as_o they_o flee_v for_o the_o second_o point_n the_o numidian_n as_o caesar_n witness_v be_v the_o best_a horseman_n that_o ever_o he_o meet_v with_o and_o use_v the_o same_o art_n as_o the_o german_n do_v mingle_v among_o they_o light_a arm_a footman_n a_o
the_o woman_n and_o such_o as_o be_v unmeete_a for_o the_o field_n they_o bestow_v in_o a_o place_n unaccessible_a for_o any_o army_n by_o reason_n of_o fen_n and_o bog_n and_o marsh_n upon_o this_o intelligence_n caesar_n send_v his_o discoverer_n and_o centurion_n before_o to_o choose_v out_o a_o fit_a place_n to_o encamp_v in_o now_o whereas_o many_o of_o the_o surrender_a belgae_n and_o other_o gall_n be_v continual_o in_o the_o roman_a army_n certain_a of_o these_o as_o it_o be_v afterward_o know_v by_o the_o captive_n observe_v the_o order_n which_o the_o roman_n use_v in_o march_v come_v by_o night_n to_o the_o neruij_fw-la and_o tell_v they_o that_o between_o every_o legion_n go_v a_o great_a sort_n of_o carriage_n and_o that_o it_o be_v no_o matter_n of_o difficulty_n assoon_o as_o the_o first_o legion_n be_v come_v into_o the_o camp_n and_o the_o other_o legion_n yet_o a_o great_a way_n off_o to_o set_v upon_o they_o upon_o a_o sudden_a before_o they_o be_v disburden_v of_o their_o carriage_n and_o so_o to_o overthrow_v they_o which_o legion_n be_v thus_o cut_v off_o and_o their_o stuff_n take_v the_o rest_n will_v have_v small_a courage_n to_o stand_v against_o they_o it_o much_o further_v this_o advice_n that_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o neruij_fw-la be_v not_o able_a to_o make_v any_o power_n of_o horse_n that_o they_o may_v the_o better_o resist_v the_o cavalry_n of_o their_o borderer_n whensoever_o they_o make_v any_o road_n into_o their_o march_n their_o manner_n be_v to_o cut_v young_a tree_n half_o asunder_o &_o bow_v the_o top_n down_o to_o the_o ground_n plash_v the_o bough_n in_o breadth_n and_o with_o thorn_n and_o brier_n plant_v between_o they_o they_o make_v they_o so_o thick_a that_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o see_v through_o they_o so_o hard_o it_o be_v to_o enter_v or_o pass_v through_o they_o so_o that_o when_o by_o this_o occasion_n the_o passage_n of_o the_o roman_a army_n must_v needs_o be_v hinder_v the_o neruij_fw-la think_v the_o foresay_a counsel_n not_o to_o be_v neglect_v caesar_n march_n where_o in_o every_o legion_n have_v his_o cariadge_n in_o front_n caesar_n march_n where_o the_o enemy_n be_v near_a at_o hand_n the_o place_n which_o the_o roman_n choose_v to_o encamp_v in_o be_v a_o hill_n of_o like_a level_a from_o the_o top_n to_o the_o bottom_n at_o the_o foot_n whereof_o run_v the_o river_n sabis_n and_o with_o the_o like_a level_n on_o the_o other_o side_n rose_z a_o other_o hill_n direct_o against_o this_o to_o the_o quantity_n of_o 200._o pace_n the_o bottom_n whereof_o be_v plain_a and_o open_a and_o the_o upper_a part_n so_o thick_a with_o wood_n that_o it_o can_v not_o easy_o be_v look_v into_o within_o these_o wood_n the_o neruian_o keep_v themselves_o close_o and_o in_o the_o open_a ground_n by_o the_o river_n side_n be_v only_o see_v a_o few_o troop_n of_o horse_n and_o the_o river_n in_o that_o place_n be_v about_o 3._o foot_n deep_a caesar_n send_v his_o horseman_n before_o follow_v after_o with_o all_o his_o power_n but_o the_o manner_n of_o his_o march_n differ_v from_o the_o report_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o the_o neruii_n for_o inasmuch_o as_o the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n caesar_n as_o his_o custom_n be_v lead_v 6._o legion_n always_o in_o areadines_n without_o burden_n or_o carriage_n of_o any_o thing_n but_o their_o arm_n after_o they_o he_o place_v the_o impediment_n of_o the_o whole_a army_n and_o the_o two_o legion_n which_o be_v last_o enrol_v be_v a_o rearward_n to_o the_o army_n and_o guard_v the_o stuff_n observation_n this_o treacherous_a practice_n of_o the_o surrender_a belgae_n have_v fortunatelie_o discover_v the_o manner_n of_o caesar_n march_n march_n as_o well_o in_o safe_a passage_n as_o in_o dangerous_a and_o suspect_a place_n which_o be_v a_o point_n of_o no_o small_a consequence_n in_o martial_a discipline_n be_v subject_a to_o so_o many_o inconvenience_n and_o capable_a of_o the_o great_a art_n that_o may_v be_v show_v in_o manage_v a_o war_n concern_v the_o discreet_a carriage_n of_o a_o march_n conveniency_n by_o this_o circumstance_n it_o may_v be_v gather_v that_o caesar_n principal_o respect_a safety_n and_o second_o conveniency_n if_o the_o place_n afford_v a_o secure_a passage_n and_o give_v no_o suspicion_n of_o hostility_n he_o be_v content_a in_o regard_n of_o conveniency_n to_o suffer_v every_o legion_n to_o have_v the_o oversight_n of_o their_o particular_a carriage_n and_o to_o insert_v they_o among_o the_o troop_n that_o every_o man_n may_v have_v at_o hand_n such_o necessary_n as_o be_v requisite_a either_o for_o their_o private_a use_n or_o public_a discipline_n but_o if_o he_o be_v in_o danger_n of_o any_o sudden_a attempt_n or_o stand_v in_o hazard_n to_o be_v impeach_v by_o a_o enemy_n he_o then_o omit_v convenient_a disposition_n in_o regard_n of_o particular_a use_n as_o disaduantageous_a to_o their_o safety_n &_o carry_v his_o legion_n in_o that_o readiness_n that_o if_o they_o chance_v to_o be_v engage_v by_o a_o enemy_n they_o may_v without_o any_o alteration_n of_o their_o march_n or_o encumbrance_n of_o their_o carriage_n receive_v the_o charge_n in_o that_o form_n of_o battle_n as_o be_v best_a approve_v by_o their_o military_a rule_n &_o the_o ancient_a practice_n of_o their_o fortunate_a progenitor_n the_o old_a roman_n observe_v likewise_o the_o same_o respect_n for_o in_o unsafe_a &_o suspect_a place_n quadratum_fw-la they_o carry_v their_o troop_n agmine_fw-la quadrato_fw-la which_o as_o livy_n seem_v to_o note_v be_v free_a from_o all_o carriage_n and_o impediment_n which_o may_v hinder_v they_o in_o any_o sudden_a alarm_n neither_o do_v that_o of_o gall._n hirtius_n any_o way_n contradict_v this_o interpretation_n where_o he_o say_v that_o caesar_n so_o dispose_v his_o troop_n against_o the_o bellovaci_fw-la that_o 3._o legion_n march_v in_o front_n &_o after_o they_o come_v all_o the_o carriage_n to_o which_o the_o 10._o legion_n serve_v as_o a_o rearward_n &_o so_o they_o march_v pene_fw-la agmine_fw-la quadrato_fw-la epistle_n seneca_n in_o like_a manner_n note_v the_o safety_n of_o agmen_fw-la quadratum_fw-la where_o he_o say_v that_o where_o a_o enemy_n be_v expect_v we_o ought_v to_o march_v agmine_fw-la quadrato_fw-la ready_a to_o fight_v the_o most_o material_a consequence_n of_o these_o place_n allege_v be_v that_o as_o oft_o as_o they_o suspect_v any_o onset_n or_o charge_n their_o order_n in_o a_o march_n little_a or_o nothing_o differ_v from_o their_o usual_a manner_n of_o imbattail_v and_o therefore_o it_o be_v call_v agmen_fw-la quadratum_fw-la or_o a_o square_a march_n inasmuch_o as_o it_o keep_v the_o same_o disposition_n of_o part_n as_o be_v observe_v in_o quadrata_fw-la acie_n for_o that_o triple_a form_n of_o imbattail_v which_o the_o roman_n general_o observe_v in_o their_o fight_n have_v respect_n to_o the_o distance_n between_o each_o battle_n contain_v almost_o a_o equal_a dimension_n of_o front_n and_o file_v and_o so_o it_o make_v aciem_fw-la quadratam_fw-la and_o when_o it_o march_v agmen_fw-la quadratum_fw-la polybius_n express_v the_o same_o in_o effect_n 6._o as_o often_o as_o the_o place_n require_v circumspection_n but_o alter_v it_o somewhat_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o carriage_n for_o he_o say_v that_o in_o time_n of_o danger_n especial_o where_o the_o country_n be_v plain_a and_o champion_n and_o give_v space_n &_o free_a scope_n to_o clear_v themselves_o upon_o any_o accident_n the_o roman_n march_v in_o a_o triple_a battle_n of_o equal_a distance_n one_o behind_o a_o other_o every_o battle_n have_v his_o several_a carriage_n in_o front_n and_o if_o they_o be_v by_o chance_n attack_v by_o a_o enemy_n they_o turn_v themselves_o according_a to_o the_o opportunity_n of_o the_o place_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o so_o place_v their_o carriage_n on_o the_o one_o side_n of_o their_o army_n they_o stand_v imbattail_v ready_a to_o receive_v the_o charge_n the_o contrary_a form_n of_o march_v where_o the_o place_n afford_v more_o security_n &_o give_v scope_n to_o conveniency_n agmenlongun_v they_o name_v agmen_fw-la longum_fw-la when_o almost_o every_o maniple_n or_o order_n have_v their_o several_a carriage_n attend_v upon_o they_o &_o strive_v to_o keep_v that_o way_n which_o they_o find_v most_o easy_a both_o for_o themselves_o &_o their_o impediment_n which_o order_n of_o a_o march_n as_o it_o be_v more_o commodius_fw-la than_o the_o former_a in_o regard_n of_o particularity_n so_o be_v it_o unsafe_a and_o dangerous_a where_o the_o enemy_n be_v expect_v and_o therefore_o caesar_n much_o blame_v sabinus_n and_o cotta_n for_o march_v when_o they_o be_v delude_v by_o ambiorix_n gallico_n longissimo_fw-la agmine_fw-la as_o though_o they_o have_v receive_v their_o advertisement_n from_o a_o friend_n and_o not_o from_o a_o enemy_n and_o albeit_o our_o modern_a war_n be_v far_o different_a in_o quality_n from_o they_o of_o
whereby_o it_o may_v be_v obtain_v have_v direct_v the_o course_n of_o their_o proceed_n they_o may_v with_o reason_n have_v draw_v back_o from_o such_o employment_n and_o value_v their_o safety_n above_o the_o issue_n of_o such_o a_o enterprise_n and_o hence_o arise_v that_o confident_a opinion_n which_o the_o soldier_n have_v of_o a_o good_a general_n which_o be_v a_o matter_n of_o great_a importance_n in_o the_o course_n of_o a_o war_n chap._n xiii_o the_o britain_n make_v head_n with_o their_o force_n and_o be_v beat_v by_o caesar_n his_o return_n into_o gallia_n after_o this_o caesar_n for_o many_o day_n together_o there_o follow_v such_o tempest_n and_o foul_a weather_n that_o both_o the_o roman_n be_v constrain_v to_o keep_v their_o camp_n and_o the_o britain_n be_v be_v keep_v from_o attempt_v any_o thing_n against_o they_o but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n they_o send_v messenger_n into_o all_o quarter_n publish_v the_o small_a number_n of_o the_o roman_a force_n and_o amplify_a the_o greatness_n of_o the_o booty_n and_o the_o easy_a mean_n offer_v unto_o they_o of_o perpetual_a liberty_n if_o they_o can_v take_v the_o roman_a camp_n short_o upon_o this_o have_v gather_v a_o great_a company_n both_o of_o horse_n and_o foot_n they_o come_v to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o roman_n be_v encamp_v caesar_n although_o he_o foresee_v the_o event_n by_o that_o which_o before_o have_v happen_v that_o if_o the_o enemy_n be_v beat_v back_o he_o will_v avoid_v the_o danger_n by_o flight_n yet_o have_v some_o 30_o horse_n which_o comius_n of_o arras_n have_v carry_v with_o he_o at_o his_o come_n into_o brittany_n he_o imbattail_v his_o legion_n before_o his_o camp_n and_o so_o give_v they_o battle_n the_o enemy_n not_o be_v able_a to_o bear_v the_o assault_n of_o the_o roman_a soldier_n turn_v their_o back_n and_o flee_v the_o roman_n follow_v they_o as_o far_o as_o they_o can_v by_o run_v on_o foot_n and_o after_o a_o great_a slaughter_n with_o the_o burn_a of_o their_o town_n far_o and_o near_o they_o return_v to_o their_o camp_n the_o same_o day_n the_o britain_n send_v messenger_n to_o caesar_n to_o entreat_v for_o peace_n who_o he_o command_v to_o double_v their_o number_n of_o hostage_n which_o he_o command_v to_o be_v carry_v into_o gallia_n and_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o aequinoctium_n be_v at_o hand_n he_o think_v it_o not_o safe_a to_o put_v himself_o to_o the_o winter_n sea_n with_o such_o weak_a ship_n and_o therefore_o have_v get_v a_o convenient_a time_n he_o hoist_a sail_n a_o little_a after_o midnight_n and_o bring_v all_o his_o ship_n safe_a unto_o the_o continent_n two_o of_o these_o ship_n of_o burden_n not_o be_v able_a to_o reach_v the_o same_o haven_n put_v in_o somewhat_o low_a into_o the_o land_n the_o soldier_n that_o be_v in_o they_o be_v about_o 300_o be_v set_v on_o shore_n and_o march_v towards_o their_o camp_n the_o morini_n with_o who_o caesar_n at_o his_o go_v into_o brittany_n have_v make_v peace_n in_o hope_n of_o a_o booty_n first_o with_o a_o few_o of_o their_o man_n stand_v about_o they_o command_v they_o upon_o pain_n of_o death_n to_o lay_v down_o their_o weapon_n and_o as_o the_o roman_n by_o cast_v themselves_o into_o a_o orb_n begin_v to_o make_v defence_n at_o the_o noise_n and_o clamour_n among_o they_o there_o be_v sudden_o gather_v together_o about_o 6000_o of_o the_o enemy_n which_o thing_n be_v know_v caesar_n send_v out_o all_o the_o horseman_n to_o relieve_v they_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o roman_n sustain_v the_o force_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o fight_v valiant_o the_o space_n of_o four_o hour_n and_o receive_v themselves_o some_o few_o wound_n they_o slay_v many_o of_o the_o enemy_n after_o the_o roman_a horseman_n come_v in_o sight_n the_o enemy_n cast_v away_o their_o weapon_n and_o flee_v and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o they_o fall_v by_o the_o horseman_n observation_n of_o all_o the_o figure_n which_o the_o tactici_fw-la have_v choose_v to_o make_v use_n of_o in_o military_a affair_n the_o circle_n have_v ever_o be_v take_v for_o the_o fit_a to_o be_v apply_v in_o the_o defensive_a part_n as_o enclose_v with_o a_o equal_a circuit_n on_o all_o part_n whatsoever_o be_v contain_v within_o the_o circumference_n of_o that_o area_n and_o therefore_o geometry_n term_v a_o circumference_n a_o simple_a line_n for_o as_o much_o as_o if_o you_o alter_v the_o site_n of_o the_o part_n and_o transport_v one_o arch_n into_o the_o place_n of_o another_o the_o figure_n notwithstanding_o will_v remain_v the_o same_o because_o of_o the_o equal_a bend_n of_o the_o line_n throughout_o the_o whole_a circumference_n which_o property_n as_o it_o prove_v a_o uniformity_n of_o strength_n in_o the_o whole_a circuit_n so_o that_o it_o can_v be_v say_v that_o this_o be_v the_o beginning_n or_o this_o be_v the_o end_n this_o be_v front_n or_o this_o be_v flank_n so_o do_v that_o which_o euclid_n do_v demonstrate_v in_o the_o 3_o of_o his_o element_n concern_v the_o small_a affinity_n between_o a_o right_a line_n and_o a_o circle_n which_o be_v draw_v to_o touch_v the_o circumference_n do_v touch_v it_o but_o in_o a_o point_n only_o show_v the_o greatness_n of_o this_o strength_n in_o regard_n of_o any_o other_o line_n by_o which_o it_o may_v be_v break_v which_o howsoever_o they_o seem_v as_o speculative_a quality_n conceive_v rather_o by_o intellectual_a discourse_n then_o manifest_v to_o sensible_a apprehension_n yet_o forasmuch_o as_o experience_n have_v prove_v the_o strength_n of_o this_o figure_n in_o a_o defensive_a part_n above_o any_o other_o manner_n of_o imbattail_v let_v we_o not_o neglect_v the_o knowledge_n of_o these_o natural_a property_n which_o discover_v the_o cause_n of_o this_o effect_n neither_o let_v we_o neglect_v this_o part_n of_o military_a knowledge_n be_v so_o strong_a a_o mean_n to_o maintain_v valour_n and_o the_o sinew_n of_o all_o our_o ability_n for_o order_v correspondent_a to_o circumstance_n be_v the_o whole_a strength_n and_o power_n of_o a_o army_n neither_o aught_o there_o any_o action_n in_o a_o well_o order_v discipline_n to_o be_v irregular_a or_o void_a of_o order_n and_o therefore_o the_o roman_n do_v neither_o eat_v nor_o sleep_n without_o the_o direction_n of_o the_o consul_n or_o chief_a commander_n otherwise_o their_o valour_n may_v rather_o have_v be_v term_v fury_n then_o virtue_n but_o when_o their_o courage_n be_v range_v with_o order_n and_o dispose_v according_a to_o the_o occurrence_n of_o the_o time_n it_o never_o fail_v as_o long_o as_o the_o say_a order_n continue_v perfect_a it_o appear_v therefore_o how_o important_a it_o be_v for_o a_o commander_n to_o look_v into_o the_o diversity_n of_o order_n for_o imbattail_v and_o to_o weigh_v the_o nature_n thereof_o that_o he_o may_v with_o knowledge_n apply_v they_o to_o the_o quality_n of_o any_o occasion_n the_o roman_n term_v this_o figure_n orbis_n which_o signify_v a_o round_a body_n both_o with_o a_o concave_n and_o a_o convex_n surface_n in_o resemblance_n whereof_o i_o understand_v this_o orb_n of_o man_n imbattail_v to_o be_v so_o name_v which_o may_v peradventure_o consist_v of_o five_o or_o more_o or_o few_o rank_n enclose_v one_o another_o after_o the_o nature_n of_o so_o many_o circle_n describe_v about_o one_o centre_n so_o that_o either_o the_o midst_n thereof_o remain_v void_a or_o otherwise_o contain_v such_o carriage_n and_o impediment_n as_o they_o have_v with_o they_o in_o their_o march_n this_o form_n of_o imbattail_v be_v never_o use_v but_o in_o great_a extremity_n for_o as_o it_o be_v the_o safe_a of_o all_o other_o so_o it_o give_v suspicion_n to_o the_o soldier_n of_o exceed_a danger_n which_o abate_v much_o of_o their_o heat_n in_o battle_n as_o will_v hereafter_o appear_v by_o the_o testimony_n of_o caesar_n himself_o in_o the_o five_o commentary_n upon_o the_o occasion_n which_o happen_v unto_o sabinus_n and_o cotta_n chap._n xiiii_o the_o next_o day_n caesar_n caesar_n send_v titus_n labienus_n a_o legate_n with_o those_o legion_n which_o he_o have_v bring_v out_o of_o brittany_n against_o the_o revolt_a morini_n who_o have_v no_o place_n of_o refuge_n because_o their_o bog_n &_o fen_n be_v dry_v up_o where_o they_o have_v shelter_v themselves_o the_o year_n before_o they_o all_o fall_v under_o the_o power_n of_o his_o mercy_n q._n titurîus_n and_o a._n cotta_n the_o legate_n who_o have_v lead_v the_o legion_n against_o the_o menapij_n after_o they_o have_v waste_v their_o field_n cut_v up_o their_o corn_n burn_v their_o house_n for_o the_o menapij_n be_v all_o hide_v in_o thick_a wood_n they_o return_v to_o caesar_n these_o thing_n be_v thus_o end_v caesar_n place_v the_o winter_v camp_n of_o all_o his_o legion_n among_o the_o belgae_n to_o which_o place_n two_o only_a of_o all_o the_o city_n in_o brittany_n send_v hostage_n
either_o desperate_a or_o slow_a of_o performance_n and_o what_o defect_n soever_o rise_v from_o the_o horse_n must_v be_v answer_v out_o of_o the_o honour_n of_o the_o rider_n and_o sure_o it_o seem_v reasonable_a that_o what_o thing_n soever_o draw_v we_o into_o the_o society_n of_o so_o great_a a_o hazard_n shall_v as_o much_o as_o be_v possible_a be_v contain_v in_o the_o compass_n of_o our_o own_o power_n the_o sword_n which_o we_o manage_v with_o our_o own_o hand_n afford_v great_a assurance_n than_o the_o harquebuse_n wherein_o there_o be_v many_o part_n belong_v to_o the_o action_n as_o the_o powder_n the_o stone_n the_o spring_n and_o such_o like_a whereof_o if_o the_o least_o fail_v of_o his_o part_n we_o likewise_o fail_v of_o our_o fortune_n but_o how_o probable_a soever_o this_o seem_v this_o be_v certain_a that_o in_o the_o course_n of_o the_o roman_a war_n the_o horse_n be_v ever_o defeat_v by_o the_o foot_n as_o be_v manifest_o prove_v in_o the_o first_o of_o these_o book_n chap._n vii_o caesar_n give_v the_o britain_n two_o several_a overthrow_n the_o next_o day_n the_o enemy_n make_v a_o stand_n upon_o the_o hill_n a_o far_o off_o from_o the_o camp_n caesar_n and_o show_v themselves_o not_o so_o often_o neither_o be_v they_o so_o busy_a with_o our_o horseman_n as_o they_o be_v the_o day_n before_o but_o about_o noon_n when_o caesar_n send_v out_o three_o legion_n and_o all_o his_o cavalry_n to_o get_v forage_n under_o the_o conduction_n of_o the_o caius_z trebonius_z a_o legate_n they_o make_v a_o sudden_a assault_n upon_o the_o forager_n and_o fall_v in_o close_a with_o the_o ensign_n and_o the_o legion_n the_o roman_n charge_v very_o fierce_o upon_o they_o and_o beat_v they_o back_o neither_o do_v they_o make_v a_o end_n of_o follow_v they_o until_o the_o horseman_n trust_v to_o the_o succour_n of_o the_o legion_n which_o be_v behind_o they_o put_v they_o all_o to_o flight_n with_o the_o slaughter_n of_o a_o great_a number_n of_o they_o neither_o do_v they_o give_v they_o respite_n either_o to_o make_v head_n to_o make_v a_o stand_n or_o to_o forsake_v their_o chariot_n after_o this_o overthrow_n all_o their_o auxiliarie_n force_v depart_v from_o they_o neither_o do_v they_o afterward_o contend_v with_o the_o roman_n with_o any_o great_a power_n caesar_n understand_v their_o determination_n carry_v his_o army_n to_o the_o river_n thames_n and_o so_o to_o the_o confine_n of_o cassivellaunus_n which_o river_n be_v passable_a by_o foot_n but_o in_o one_o place_n only_o and_o that_o very_a hardly_o at_o his_o come_n he_o find_v a_o great_a power_n of_o the_o enemy_n to_o be_v imbattail_v on_o the_o other_o side_n and_o the_o bank_n fortify_v with_o many_o sharp_a stake_n and_o many_o other_o also_o be_v plant_v covert_o under_o the_o water_n these_o thing_n be_v discover_v to_o the_o roman_n by_o the_o captive_n and_o fugitive_n caesar_n put_v his_o horse_n before_o cause_v the_o legion_n to_o follow_v sudden_o after_o who_o notwithstanding_o they_o have_v but_o their_o head_n clear_a above_o the_o water_n go_v with_o that_o violence_n that_o the_o enemy_n be_v not_o able_a to_o endure_v the_o charge_n but_o leave_v the_o bank_n and_o betake_v themselves_o to_o flight_n the_o observation_n this_o attempt_n of_o caesar_n seem_v so_o strange_a to_o brancatio_n that_o he_o run_v into_o as_o strange_a conclusion_n concern_v this_o matter_n as_o first_o that_o he_o that_o imitate_v caesar_n may_v doubt_v of_o his_o good_a fortune_n for_o his_o proceed_n in_o this_o point_n be_v not_o direct_v by_o any_o order_n of_o war_n and_o that_o a_o great_a commander_n have_v nothing_o common_a with_o other_o leader_n but_o especial_o he_o cry_v out_o at_o the_o baseness_n of_o the_o britain_n that_o will_v suffer_v themselves_o so_o cowardly_a to_o be_v beat_v but_o if_o we_o look_v into_o the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o action_n we_o shall_v find_v both_o art_n &_o good_a direction_n therein_o for_o be_v assure_v by_o the_o fugitive_n that_o the_o river_n be_v passable_a in_o that_o place_n &_o in_o that_o place_n only_o he_o know_v that_o he_o must_v either_o adventure_v over_o there_o or_o leave_n cassivellaunus_n for_o a_o other_o summer_n which_o be_v a_o very_a strong_a inducement_n to_o urge_v he_o to_o that_o enterprise_n the_o difficulty_n whereof_o be_v much_o relieve_v by_o good_a direction_n which_o consist_v of_o two_o point_n first_o by_o send_v over_o the_o horseman_n in_o the_o front_n of_o the_o legion_n who_o may_v better_o endure_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n than_o the_o footman_n can_v that_o be_v up_o to_o the_o neck_n in_o water_n and_o withal_o to_o shelter_v the_o footman_n from_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o enemy_n second_o he_o send_v they_o over_o with_o that_o speed_n that_o they_o be_v on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o water_n before_o the_o enemy_n can_v tell_v what_o they_o attempt_v for_o if_o he_o have_v linger_v in_o the_o service_n and_o give_v the_o enemy_n leave_v to_o find_v the_o advantage_n which_o he_o have_v by_o experience_n his_o man_n have_v never_o be_v able_a to_o have_v endure_v the_o hazard_n of_o so_o dangerous_a a_o service_n it_o be_v hard_o to_o conjecture_v at_o the_o place_n where_o this_o service_n be_v perform_v for_o since_o the_o build_n of_o london_n bridge_n many_o ford_n have_v be_v scour_v with_o the_o current_n and_o fall_v of_o the_o water_n which_o before_o that_o time_n carry_v not_o such_o a_o depth_n as_o now_o they_o do_v chap._n vii_o the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o british_a war_n caesar_n return_v into_o gallia_n cassivellaunus_n have_v no_o courage_n to_o contend_v any_o long_o dismiss_v his_o great_a force_n and_o retain_v only_o four_o thousand_o chariot_n observe_v their_o journey_n keep_v the_o wood_n country_n and_o drive_v man_n and_o cattle_n out_o of_o the_o field_n into_o the_o wood_n for_o fear_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o as_o their_o horseman_n stray_v out_o either_o for_o forage_v or_o booty_n he_o send_v his_o chariot_n out_o of_o the_o wood_n by_o unknown_a way_n and_o put_v their_o horseman_n to_o great_a peril_n in_o regard_n whereof_o the_o horseman_n dare_v never_o adventure_v further_o than_o the_o legion_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o more_o spoil_v do_v in_o the_o country_n then_o that_o which_o the_o legionarie_a soldier_n do_v of_o themselves_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o trinobantes_n be_v almost_o the_o great_a state_n of_o all_o those_o country_n from_o who_o mandubratius_n have_v flee_v to_o caesar_n into_o gallia_n for_o that_o his_o father_n imanuentius_n hold_v the_o kingdom_n be_v slay_v by_o cassivellaunus_n send_v ambassador_n to_o caesar_n to_o offer_v their_o submission_n and_o to_o entreat_v that_o mandubratius_n may_v be_v defend_v from_o the_o oppression_n of_o cassivellaunus_n and_o send_v unto_o they_o to_o take_v the_o kingdom_n caesar_n have_v receive_v from_o they_o forty_o pledge_n and_o corn_n for_o his_o army_n send_v mandubratius_n unto_o they_o the_o trinobantes_n be_v thus_o keep_v from_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o cenimagni_n seguntiaci_n anacalites_n bibrocassi_n yield_v themselves_o to_o caesar_n by_o these_o he_o understand_v that_o cassivellaunus_n his_o town_n be_v not_o far_o off_o fortify_v with_o wood_n and_o bog_n and_o well_o store_v with_o man_n and_o cattle_n the_o britain_n call_n a_o town_n a_o thick_a wood_n enclose_v about_o with_o a_o ditch_n and_o a_o rampire_n make_v for_o a_o place_n of_o retreat_n when_o they_o stand_v in_o fear_n of_o incursion_n from_o the_o borderer_n thither_o march_v caesar_n with_o his_o army_n and_o find_v it_o well_o fortify_v both_o by_o art_n and_o nature_n and_o as_o he_o assault_v it_o in_o two_o several_a place_n the_o enemy_n unable_a to_o keep_v it_o cast_v himself_o out_o of_o the_o town_n by_o a_o back_n way_n and_o so_o he_o take_v it_o where_o he_o find_v great_a store_n of_o cattle_n and_o slay_v many_o of_o the_o britain_n while_o these_o thing_n be_v a_o do_v cassivellaunus_n send_v messenger_n into_o kent_n wherein_o there_o be_v four_o several_a king_n cingetorix_n caruilius_n taximagulus_n and_o segonax_n they_o he_o command_v with_o all_o the_o power_n they_o can_v make_v to_o set_v upon_o the_o camp_n where_o the_o navy_n be_v keep_v these_o king_n come_v to_o the_o place_n be_v overthrow_v by_o a_o sally_n which_o the_o roman_n make_v out_o upon_o they_o many_o of_o they_o be_v slay_v and_o cingetorix_n take_v prisoner_n this_o battle_n concur_v with_o the_o former_a loss_n and_o especial_o move_v thereunto_o with_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o forename_a city_n cassivellaunus_n entreat_v peace_n of_o caesar_n by_o comius_n of_o arras_n caesar_n be_v determine_v to_o winter_n in_o the_o continent_n for_o fear_n of_o sudden_a commotion_n in_o gallia_n and_o that_o the_o summer_n be_v now_o
agreeable_a to_o nature_n first_o to_o defend_v that_o which_o be_v their_o own_o before_o they_o attempt_v other_o man_n possession_n when_o peace_n be_v establish_v in_o italy_n then_o let_v war_n be_v set_v on_o foot_n in_o africa_n and_o first_o let_v they_o be_v without_o fear_n themselves_o before_o they_o go_v about_o to_o terrify_v other_o for_o those_o force_n afford_v little_a hope_n of_o victory_n in_o another_o kingdom_n that_o be_v not_o able_a to_o free_v their_o own_o country_n from_o so_o dangerous_a a_o enemy_n alcibiades_z overthrow_v the_o athenian_a common_a weal_n with_o the_o like_a cowsel_n and_o concern_v hannibal_n let_v they_o be_v sure_a of_o this_o that_o they_o shall_v find_v he_o a_o sore_a enemy_n in_o his_o own_o country_n then_o in_o a_o other_o kingdom_n scipio_n on_o the_o other_o side_n carry_v on_o with_o the_o honour_n of_o so_o glorious_a a_o enterprise_n want_v neither_o reason_n nor_o example_n to_o impugn_v fabius_n his_o authority_n for_o he_o show_v that_o agathocles_n the_o syracusian_a king_n be_v a_o long_a time_n afflict_v with_o the_o punic_a war_n avert_v the_o carthaginean_a from_o sicily_n by_o transport_v his_o force_n into_o africa_n but_o how_o powerful_a it_o be_v to_o take_v away_o fear_v by_o retort_v danger_n upon_o the_o oppressor_n can_v there_o be_v a_o present_a example_n than_o hannibal_n there_o be_v great_a difference_n in_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o action_n between_o the_o spoil_n and_o waste_v of_o a_o stranger_n country_n and_o to_o see_v their_o own_o native_a country_n waste_v with_o sword_n and_o destruction_n plus_fw-la animi_fw-la est_fw-la inferenti_fw-la periculum_fw-la quam_fw-la propulsanti_fw-la for_o he_o that_o invade_v a_o other_o kingdom_n easy_o discover_v both_o the_o advantage_n which_o may_v be_v take_v against_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o strength_n whereupon_o he_o rest_v and_o among_o the_o variable_a event_n of_o war_n many_o unexpected_a occasion_n arise_v which_o present_a victory_n to_o he_o that_o be_v ready_a to_o take_v it_o and_o many_o strange_a chance_n so_o alter_v the_o course_n of_o thing_n that_o no_o foresight_n can_v discern_v what_o may_v happen_v with_o these_o and_o the_o like_a remonstrance_n this_o question_n of_o no_o less_o doubt_n than_o importance_n be_v handle_v by_o two_o famous_a and_o worthy_a captain_n who_o mind_n as_o it_o seem_v be_v entangle_v with_o such_o particular_a affection_n for_o the_o present_a as_o may_v rather_o draw_v they_o to_o wrest_v reason_n to_o their_o own_o humour_n then_o to_o determine_v in_o sincerity_n of_o judgement_n upon_o what_o specialty_n the_o truth_n be_v ground_v in_o the_o contrariety_n of_o their_o position_n but_o to_o leave_v other_o commodity_n or_o disadvantage_n which_o be_v annex_v unto_o either_o part_n i_o will_v only_o set_v down_o some_o reason_n to_o prove_v how_o valour_n and_o courage_n may_v either_o grow_v or_o be_v abate_v by_o the_o accident_n which_o rise_v in_o a_o war_n of_o that_o nature_n and_o first_o this_o can_v be_v deny_v the_o testimony_n of_o a_o unfallible_a truth_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o property_n of_o man_n nature_n that_o as_o advantage_n bring_v hope_n of_o victory_n and_o hope_n conceive_v such_o spirit_n as_o usual_o follow_v when_o the_o thing_n which_o be_v hope_v for_o be_v effect_v and_o thereby_o the_o courage_n become_v hardy_a and_o resolute_a in_o victory_n so_o on_o the_o other_o side_n disadvantage_n and_o danger_n breed_v fear_n and_o fear_v so_o check_v valour_n and_o control_v the_o spirit_n that_o virtue_n and_o honour_n give_v place_n to_o distrust_n and_o yield_v up_o their_o interest_n to_o such_o director_n as_o can_v afford_v nothing_o but_o diffidencie_n &_o irresolution_n neither_o can_v it_o be_v deny_v but_o he_o that_o set_v upon_o a_o enemy_n in_o a_o strange_a country_n and_o so_o prevent_v such_o attempt_n as_o may_v be_v make_v upon_o his_o own_o territory_n have_v that_o advantage_n which_o give_v life_n unto_o action_n and_o steel_v his_o enterprise_n with_o resolution_n for_o beside_o the_o commodity_n of_o leave_v when_o he_o list_v and_o proceed_v as_o far_o forth_o as_o he_o shall_v find_v his_o mean_n able_a to_o fortunate_a his_o attempt_n he_o know_v that_o the_o strife_n and_o controversy_n be_v not_o for_o his_o native_a country_n which_o he_o quiet_o enjoy_v and_o be_v reserve_v at_o all_o time_n to_o entertain_v he_o howsoever_o fortune_n shall_v favour_v his_o design_n but_o for_o a_o stranger_n kingdom_n which_o his_o ambition_n thirst_v after_o wherein_o for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o riches_n and_o wealth_n of_o that_o state_n be_v lay_v before_o they_o as_o the_o recompense_n of_o their_o labour_n beside_o the_o honour_n which_o be_v achieve_v thereby_o every_o man_n valour_n soar_v at_o a_o high_a pitch_n and_o their_o courage_n be_v increase_v without_o any_o trouble_n or_o disturbance_n of_o the_o other_o faculty_n of_o the_o mind_n but_o when_o a_o prince_n shall_v be_v assault_v in_o his_o own_o kingdom_n and_o in_o the_o sight_n of_o his_o subject_n have_v his_o land_n consume_v with_o ruin_n and_o destruction_n the_o danger_n will_v so_o disturb_v the_o power_n of_o the_o soul_n that_o through_o the_o turbulent_a disorder_n of_o the_o weak_a part_n the_o better_a faculty_n will_v lose_v their_o prerogative_n of_o advise_v how_o the_o enemy_n may_v be_v best_a resist_v when_o as_o every_o man_n shall_v apprehend_v the_o terror_n of_o the_o danger_n and_o few_o or_o none_o conceive_v the_o true_a mean_n to_o avoid_v it_o and_o albeit_o the_o presence_n of_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v dear_a to_o his_o soul_n as_o the_o piety_n and_o respect_n of_o age_a parent_n the_o tender_a affection_n towards_o wife_n and_o child_n be_v sufficient_a to_o raise_v valour_n to_o the_o high_a point_n of_o resolution_n yet_o the_o motive_n be_v of_o such_o weight_n as_o will_v rather_o make_v they_o diffident_a of_o their_o own_o worth_n as_o unsufficient_a to_o maintain_v so_o great_a a_o cause_n then_o hold_v they_o in_o that_o key_n which_o true_a honour_n affect_v for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o terror_n and_o fear_n of_o so_o great_a a_o danger_n will_v present_v a_o great_a measure_n of_o woe_n to_o their_o mind_n than_o the_o hope_n of_o victory_n can_v afford_v they_o joy_n hence_o therefore_o grow_v the_o difference_n between_o he_o that_o seek_v to_o maintain_v that_o estate_n which_o he_o have_v in_o possession_n by_o force_n of_o arm_n and_o a_o other_o that_o seek_v to_o increase_v his_o mean_n by_o valour_n for_o the_o former_a be_v present_v with_o the_o danger_n of_o lose_v all_o his_o estate_n which_o affright_v and_o trouble_v have_v no_o other_o reward_n propound_v unto_o he_o and_o the_o other_o look_v upon_o the_o advantage_n which_o he_o gain_v by_o overcome_v which_o much_o increase_v his_o valour_n without_o any_o loss_n or_o disadvantage_n if_o he_o chance_v to_o be_v put_v to_o the_o worst_a and_o therefore_o there_o be_v always_o great_a odds_n between_o he_o that_o have_v already_o lose_v his_o good_n and_o be_v by_o that_o mean_n become_v desperate_a have_v nothing_o further_a to_o loose_v and_o another_o that_o yet_o keep_v his_o substance_n but_o be_v in_o danger_n to_o loose_v it_o for_o fear_n will_v so_o dismay_v his_o mind_n that_o he_o will_v rather_o distrust_v his_o own_o ability_n then_o entertain_v a_o resolution_n of_o valour_n to_o prove_v this_o we_o need_v not_o seek_v other_o example_n than_o those_o imperial_a city_n in_o who_o cause_n this_o controversy_n be_v first_o move_v for_o when_o hannibal_n be_v come_v into_o italy_n and_o have_v defeat_v sempronius_n the_o consul_n at_o trebeas_n the_o roman_n be_v drive_v into_o such_o a_o ecstasy_n of_o terror_n that_o they_o believe_v very_o that_o the_o enemy_n be_v then_o come_v to_o assault_v the_o city_n neither_o have_v they_o any_o hope_n or_o aid_v in_o themselves_o to_o keep_v or_o defend_v the_o same_o on_o the_o other_o side_n scipio_n be_v no_o soon_o land_v in_o africa_n but_o there_o be_v such_o a_o tumult_n in_o carthage_n as_o though_o the_o city_n have_v be_v already_o take_v neither_o can_v the_o opinion_n of_o victory_n which_o hannibal_n by_o a_o conquer_a army_n in_o italy_n have_v confirm_v for_o sixteen_o year_n together_o prevail_v in_o the_o apprehension_n of_o so_o imminent_a a_o danger_n and_o then_o that_o which_o fabius_n borrow_v of_o nature_n to_o teach_v the_o roman_n that_o first_o man_n ought_v to_o defend_v their_o own_o before_o they_o seek_v other_o man_n possession_n be_v careful_o follow_v by_o the_o carthaginian_n for_o with_o all_o speed_n they_o send_v for_o hannibal_n out_o of_o italy_n to_o be_v their_o champion_n against_o young_a scipio_n if_o therefore_o other_o thing_n be_v correspondent_a as_o there_o be_v many_o other_o particularity_n concern_v the_o power_n and_o strength_n of_o either_o nation_n
be_v before_o with_o caesar_n to_o treat_v and_o conclude_v a_o peace_n send_v he_o word_n by_o messenger_n that_o if_o there_o come_v not_o present_a succour_n he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o hold_v out_o any_o long_o the_o same_o day_n about_o midnight_n use_v the_o same_o messenger_n for_o guide_n he_o send_v both_o numidian_a and_o cretian_a archer_n and_o slinger_n of_o the_o isle_n of_o baleares_n to_o relieve_v the_o town_n by_o mean_n whereof_o the_o townsman_n be_v put_v in_o good_a hope_n to_o make_v their_o party_n strong_a and_o the_o enemy_n make_v hopeless_a of_o win_v the_o town_n and_o therefore_o after_o a_o small_a stay_n have_v populate_v their_o field_n and_o burn_v their_o village_n and_o out-buildinge_n they_o march_v with_o all_o their_o power_n towards_o caesar_n camp_n and_o within_o less_o than_o two_o mile_n of_o his_o army_n they_o encamp_v their_o whole_a host_n which_o as_o be_v gather_v by_o the_o smoke_n and_o fire_n occupy_v more_o ground_n than_o eight_o mile_n in_o breadth_n the_o first_o observation_n in_o the_o description_n of_o their_o assault_n we_o be_v to_o observe_v two_o circumstance_n the_o first_o be_v surprise_n the_o manner_n they_o use_v in_o a_o sudden_a surprise_n the_o second_o be_v the_o form_n and_o quality_n of_o a_o testudo_fw-la although_o caesar_n seem_v to_o attribute_v this_o manner_n of_o assault_v a_o town_n as_o peculiar_a to_o the_o gall_n yet_o we_o may_v not_o think_v but_o that_o the_o roman_n use_v it_o as_o often_o as_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o surprise_v any_o city_n but_o because_o the_o gall_n know_v no_o other_o mean_n to_o take_v a_o town_n but_o this_o therefore_o he_o set_v it_o down_o as_o peculiar_a unto_o they_o the_o roman_n call_v this_o manner_n of_o assault_n corona_n and_o so_o we_o read_v oftentimes_o this_o phrase_n cingere_fw-la urbem_fw-la corona_fw-la for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o soldier_n enclose_v the_o town_n with_o a_o circle_n and_o so_o resemble_v a_o crown_n or_o garland_n ammianus_n speak_v of_o a_o triple_a crown_n of_o soldier_n which_o incompase_v a_o town_n and_o josephus_n tell_v of_o jotapatam_n which_o the_o roman_n besiege_v duplici_fw-la peditum_fw-la corona_fw-la and_o beside_o these_o there_o be_v a_o three_o circle_n of_o horseman_n utmost_a of_o all_o there_o be_v no_o further_a matter_n to_o be_v observe_v but_o this_o that_o in_o surprise_v a_o town_n they_o encircle_v it_o round_o about_o with_o thick_a continue_a rank_n of_o man_n and_o where_o they_o find_v the_o wall_n weak_a there_o they_o enter_v as_o they_o can_v the_o second_o observation_n the_o testudo_fw-la require_v a_o large_a discourse_n 44._o and_o be_v lively_o describe_v in_o livy_n after_o this_o manner_n in_o the_o amphitheatre_n where_o the_o people_n do_v often_o assemble_v to_o see_v strange_a sight_n and_o public_a show_n be_v bring_v in_o say_v he_o 60_o justie_a young_a man_n who_o after_o some_o motion_n and_o seemly_a march_n cast_v themselves_o into_o a_o square_a troop_n &_o roof_v their_o head_n close_o with_o their_o target_n the_o first_o rank_n which_o make_v the_o front_n of_o the_o testudo_fw-la stand_v upright_o on_o their_o foot_n the_o second_o rank_n bow_v itself_o somewhat_o low_a the_o three_o and_o four_o rank_n do_v more_o incline_v themselves_o and_o so_o consequent_o unto_o the_o last_o rank_n which_o kneel_v on_o the_o ground_n and_o so_o they_o make_v a_o body_n resemble_v half_o the_o side_n of_o a_o house_n which_o they_o call_v testudo_fw-la unto_o this_o squadron_n thus_o strong_o combine_v together_o come_v two_o soldier_n run_v some_o fifty_o foot_n off_o and_o threaten_v each_o other_o with_o their_o weapon_n run_v nimble_o up_o the_o side_n of_o the_o roof_n and_o sometime_o make_v as_o though_o they_o will_v defend_v it_o against_o a_o enemy_n that_o will_v have_v enter_v upon_o it_o sometime_o again_o incounter_v each_o other_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o it_o leap_v up_o and_o down_o as_o steady_o as_o if_o they_o have_v be_v upon_o firm_a ground_n and_o which_o be_v more_o strange_a the_o front_n of_o a_o testudo_fw-la be_v apply_v to_o the_o side_n of_o a_o wall_n there_o ascend_v many_o arm_a man_n upon_o the_o say_a testudo_fw-la and_o fight_v in_o a_o equal_a height_n with_o other_o soldier_n that_o stand_v upon_o the_o say_a wall_n to_o defend_v it_o the_o dissimilitude_n in_o the_o composition_n be_v this_o that_o the_o soldier_n that_o be_v in_o front_n and_o in_o the_o side_n of_o the_o square_n carry_v not_o their_o target_n over_o their_o head_n as_o the_o other_o do_v but_o cover_v their_o body_n with_o they_o and_o so_o no_o weapon_n either_o cast_v from_o the_o wall_n or_o otherwise_o throw_v against_o it_o can_v any_o way_n hurt_v they_o and_o whatsoever_o weight_n fall_v upon_o the_o testudo_fw-la it_o quick_o glide_v down_o by_o the_o declivitie_n of_o the_o roof_n without_o any_o hurt_n or_o annoyance_n at_o all_o thus_o far_o livy_n go_v neither_o do_v i_o know_v what_o to_o say_v further_o of_o it_o the_o chief_a use_n thereof_o be_v in_o a_o surprise_n or_o sudden_a attempt_n against_o a_o town_n before_o the_o town_n man_n be_v thorough_o prepare_v to_o defend_v the_o same_o this_o invention_n serve_v they_o to_o approach_v the_o wall_n with_o safety_n and_o so_o either_o to_o undermine_v it_o or_o to_o climb_v up_o and_o to_o that_o end_n they_o oftentimes_o erect_v one_o testudo_fw-la upon_o another_o tacitus_n say_v that_o the_o soldier_n climb_v upon_o the_o wall_n super_fw-la iteratam_fw-la testudinem_fw-la by_o one_o testudo_fw-la make_v upon_o a_o other_o and_o this_o be_v the_o ancient_a form_n and_o use_v of_o a_o testudo_fw-la in_o a_o sudden_a assault_n or_o surprise_v dio_fw-mi cassius_z in_o the_o act_n of_o anthony_n 49._o say_v that_o be_v gall_v with_o the_o parthian_a archer_n he_o command_v his_o whole_a army_n to_o put_v itself_o into_o a_o testudo_fw-la which_o be_v so_o strange_a a_o sight_n to_o the_o parthian_n that_o they_o think_v the_o roman_n have_v sink_v down_o for_o weariness_n and_o faintness_n and_o so_o forsake_v their_o horse_n draw_v their_o sword_n to_o have_v make_v execution_n and_o then_o the_o roman_n at_o a_o watch-worde_n give_v rise_v again_o with_o such_o a_o fury_n that_o they_o put_v they_o all_o to_o sword_n and_o flight_n dio_fw-mi describe_v the_o say_a testudo_fw-la after_o this_o manner_n they_o place_v say_v he_o their_o baggage_n their_o light_a arm_a man_n and_o their_o horseman_n in_o the_o midst_n and_o those_o heavy_a arm_a footman_n that_o carry_v long_a gutter-tiled_n target_n be_v in_o the_o utmost_a circle_n next_o unto_o the_o enemy_n the_o rest_n which_o bear_v large_a ouall_n target_n be_v throng_v together_o throughout_o the_o whole_a troop_n and_o so_o cover_v with_o their_o target_n both_o themselves_o and_o their_o fellow_n that_o there_o be_v nothing_o discern_v by_o the_o enemy_n but_o a_o roof_n of_o target_n which_o be_v so_o tile_v together_o that_o man_n may_v safe_o go_v upon_o they_o further_o we_o oftentimes_o read_v that_o the_o roman_n cast_v themselves_o into_o a_o testudo_fw-la to_o break_v through_o a_o enemy_n or_o to_o rout_n and_o disrank_v a_o troop_n and_o this_o use_v the_o roman_n have_v of_o a_o testudo_fw-la in_o field_n service_n and_o only_o by_o the_o benefit_n of_o their_o target_n it_o be_v call_v a_o testudo_fw-la in_o regard_n of_o the_o strength_n for_o that_o it_o cover_v and_o shelter_v as_o a_o shell_n cover_v a_o fish_n and_o let_v this_o suffice_v concern_v a_o testudo_fw-la the_o three_o observation_n three_o we_o may_v observe_v discovery_n how_o careful_o caesar_n provide_v for_o the_o safety_n of_o such_o succour_n as_o he_o send_v unto_o bibrax_n for_o he_o command_v the_o same_o messenger_n to_o direct_v they_o that_o come_v from_o the_o town_n as_o the_o best_a and_o sure_a guide_n in_o that_o journey_n lest_o peradventure_o through_o ignorance_n of_o the_o way_n they_o may_v fall_v into_o inconvenience_n or_o danger_n a_o matter_n of_o no_o small_a consequence_n in_o manage_v a_o war_n but_o deserve_v a_o extraordinary_a importunity_n to_o persuade_v the_o necessity_n of_o this_o diligence_n for_o a_o general_n that_o have_v perfect_o discover_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o country_n through_o which_o he_o be_v to_o march_v and_o know_v the_o true_a distance_n of_o place_n the_o quality_n of_o the_o way_n the_o compendiousness_n of_o turn_n the_o nature_n of_o the_o hill_n and_o the_o course_n of_o the_o river_n have_v all_o these_o particularity_n as_o main_a advantage_n to_o give_v mean_n of_o so_o many_o several_a attempt_n upon_o a_o enemy_n and_o in_o this_o point_n hannibal_n have_v a_o singular_a dexterity_n and_o excel_v all_o the_o commander_n of_o his_o time_n in_o make_v use_n of_o the_o way_n by_o which_o he_o be_v to_o pass_v but_o he_o that_o lead_v
josephus_n compare_v it_o to_o a_o church_n in_o this_o praetorium_n be_v their_o tribunal_n or_o chair_n of_o the_o estate_n and_o the_o place_n of_o divination_n which_o they_o call_v augurale_fw-la with_o other_o appendix_n of_o majesty_n and_o authority_n between_o the_o tent_n of_o the_o first_o maniple_n in_o every_o legion_n and_o the_o praetorium_n there_o go_v a_o way_n of_o 100_o foot_n in_o breadth_n throughout_o the_o whole_a camp_n which_o be_v call_v principia_fw-la principia_fw-la in_o this_o place_n the_o tribune_n sit_v to_o hear_v matter_n of_o justice_n the_o soldier_n exercise_v themselves_o at_o their_o weapon_n and_o the_o leader_n and_o chief_a commander_n frequent_v it_o as_o a_o public_a place_n of_o meeting_n and_o it_o be_v hold_v for_o a_o reverend_a and_o sacred_a place_n and_o so_o keep_v with_o a_o correspondent_a decency_n on_o either_o side_n the_o emperor_n pavilion_n in_o a_o direct_a line_n to_o make_v even_o &_o straight_o the_o upper_a side_n of_o the_o principia_fw-la tribune_n the_o tribune_n have_v their_o tent_n pitch_v every_o tribune_n confront_v the_o head_n of_o the_o legion_n whereof_o he_o be_v tribune_n above_o they_o towards_o the_o head_n of_o the_o camp_n be_v the_o legate_n and_o treasurer_n the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o camp_n be_v strengthen_v with_o some_o select_a cohort_n and_o troop_n of_o horse_n according_a to_o the_o number_n of_o legion_n that_o be_v in_o the_o army_n polybius_n describe_v the_o manner_n of_o encamp_v which_o the_o roman_n use_v in_o his_o time_n when_o as_o they_o have_v common_o but_o two_o legion_n in_o their_o army_n with_o as_o many_o associate_n place_v the_o ablecti_fw-la and_o extraordinarij_fw-la which_o be_v select_a band_n and_o company_n in_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o camp_n and_o the_o associate_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o legion_n the_o ditch_n and_o the_o rampire_n that_o compass_v the_o whole_a camp_n about_o be_v 200_o foot_n distant_a from_o any_o tent_n rampire_n where_o of_o polybius_n give_v these_o reason_n first_o that_o the_o soldier_n march_v into_o the_o camp_n in_o battle_n array_n may_v there_o dissolve_v themselves_o into_o maniple_n century_n and_o decury_n without_o tumult_n or_o confusion_n for_o order_n be_v the_o thing_n which_o they_o principal_o respect_v as_o the_o life_n and_o strength_n of_o their_o martial_a body_n and_o again_o if_o occasion_n be_v offer_v to_o sally_v out_o upon_o a_o enemy_n they_o may_v very_o convenient_o in_o that_o spacious_a room_n put_v themselves_o into_o company_n and_o troop_n and_o if_o they_o be_v assault_v in_o the_o night_n the_o dart_n and_o fire_n work_n which_o the_o enemy_n shall_v cast_v into_o their_o camp_n will_v little_o endamage_v they_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o distance_n between_o the_o rampire_n and_o the_o tent_n their_o tent_n be_v all_o of_o skin_n and_o hide_n hold_v up_o with_o prop_n and_o fasten_v with_o rope_n there_o be_v 11_o soldier_n as_o vegetius_n say_v in_o every_o tent_n and_o that_o society_n be_v call_v contubernium_fw-la contubernium_fw-la of_o who_o the_o chief_a be_v name_v decanus_n or_o caput_fw-la contubernij_fw-la the_o ditch_n and_o the_o rampire_n be_v make_v by_o the_o legion_n rampire_n every_o maniple_n have_v his_o part_n measure_v out_o and_o every_o centurion_n overseeing_a his_o centurie_n the_o approbation_n of_o the_o whole_a work_n belong_v to_o the_o tribune_n their_o manner_n of_o entrench_v be_v this_o the_o soldier_n be_v gird_v with_o their_o sword_n and_o dagger_n dig_v the_o ditch_n about_o the_o camp_n which_o be_v always_o 8_o foot_n in_o breadth_n at_o the_o least_o and_o as_o much_o in_o depth_n cast_v the_o earth_n thereof_o inward_a but_o if_o the_o enemy_n be_v not_o far_o off_o the_o ditch_n be_v always_o 11._o or_o 15._o or_o 18._o foot_n in_o latitude_n &_o altitude_n according_a to_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o general_n but_o what_o scantling_n soveer_v be_v keep_v the_o ditch_n be_v make_v directis_fw-la lateribus_fw-la that_o be_v as_o broad_a in_o the_o bottom_n as_o at_o the_o top_n the_o rampire_n from_o the_o brim_n of_o the_o ditch_n be_v three_o foot_n in_o height_n and_o sometime_o four_o make_v after_o the_o manner_n of_o a_o wall_n with_o green_a turf_n cut_v all_o to_o one_o measure_n half_o a_o foot_n in_o thickness_n a_o foot_n in_o breadth_n and_o a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a in_o length_n but_o if_o the_o place_n wherein_o they_o be_v encamp_v will_v afford_v no_o such_o turf_n they_o then_o strengthen_v the_o loose_a earth_n which_o be_v cast_v out_o of_o the_o ditch_n with_o bough_n and_o faggot_n that_o it_o may_v be_v strong_a and_o well_o fasten_v the_o rampire_n they_o proper_o call_v agger_fw-la agger_fw-la the_o outside_n whereof_o which_o hang_v over_o the_o ditch_n they_o use_v to_o stick_v with_o thick_a and_o sharp_a stake_n fasten_v deep_a in_o the_o mound_n that_o they_o may_v be_v firm_a and_o these_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v fork_a stake_n which_o make_v the_o rampire_n very_o strong_a and_o not_o to_o be_v assault_v but_o with_o great_a difficulty_n varro_n say_v vallum_n that_o the_o front_n of_o the_o rampire_n thus_o stick_v with_o stake_n be_v call_v vallum_fw-la a_o varicando_fw-la for_o that_o no_o man_n can_v stride_v or_o get_v over_o it_o the_o camp_n have_v four_o gate_n porta_fw-la the_o first_o be_v call_v praetoria_fw-la porta_fw-la which_o be_v always_o behind_o the_o emperor_n tent_n and_o this_o gate_n do_v usual_o look_v either_o towards_o the_o east_n or_o to_o the_o enemy_n or_o that_o way_n that_o the_o army_n be_v to_o march_v the_o gate_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o camp_n opposite_a to_o this_o decumana_fw-la be_v call_v porta_n decumana_fw-la a_o decimis_fw-la cohortibus_fw-la for_o the_o ten_o or_o last_o cohort_n of_o every_o legion_n be_v lodge_v to_o confront_v this_o gate_n by_o this_o gate_n the_o soldier_n go_v out_o to_o fetch_v their_o wood_n their_o water_n and_o their_o forage_n and_o this_o way_n their_o offender_n be_v carry_v to_o execution_n dextra_fw-la the_o other_o two_o gate_n be_v call_v portae_n principales_fw-la forasmuch_o as_o they_o stand_v opposite_a to_o either_o end_n of_o that_o so_o much_o respect_v place_n which_o they_o call_v principia_fw-la only_o distinguish_v by_o these_o title_n laeva_fw-la principalis_fw-la and_o dextra_fw-la all_o these_o gate_n be_v shut_v with_o door_n and_o in_o stand_v camp_n fortify_v with_o turret_n upon_o which_o be_v plant_v engine_n of_o defence_n as_o balistae_fw-la catapultae_n tolenones_n and_o such_o like_a porta_n proetoria_n the_o roman_a camp_n the_o use_n and_o commodity_n of_o this_o encamp_a encamp_a i_o brief_o touch_v in_o my_o first_o book_n but_o if_o i_o be_v worthy_a any_o way_n to_o commend_v the_o excellency_n thereof_o to_o our_o modern_a soldier_n or_o able_a by_o persuasion_n to_o restablish_v the_o use_n of_o encamp_v in_o our_o war_n i_o will_v spare_v no_o pain_n to_o achieve_v so_o great_a a_o good_a and_o vaunt_v more_o in_o the_o conquest_n of_o negligence_n then_o if_o my_o sense_n have_v compass_v a_o new_a find_v out_o mean_n and_o yet_o reason_n will_v deem_v it_o a_o matter_n of_o small_a difficulty_n to_o gain_v a_o point_n of_o such_o worth_n in_o the_o opinion_n of_o our_o man_n especial_o when_o my_o discourse_n shall_v present_v security_n to_o our_o force_n and_o honour_n to_o our_o leader_n majesty_n to_o our_o army_n and_o terror_n to_o our_o enemies_n wonderment_n to_o stranger_n and_o victory_n to_o our_o nation_n but_o sloth_n have_v such_o interest_n in_o this_o age_n that_o it_o commend_v vain_a glory_n and_o foolhardiness_n contempt_n of_o virtue_n and_o derision_n of_o good_a discipline_n to_o repugn_v the_o design_n of_o honour_n and_o so_o far_o to_o overmaister_n reason_n that_o it_o suffer_v not_o former_a harm_n to_o bear_v witness_n against_o error_n nor_o correct_v the_o ill_a achievement_n of_o ill_a direction_n and_o therefore_o cease_v to_o urge_v this_o point_n any_o further_a i_o will_v leave_v it_o to_o the_o careful_a respect_n of_o the_o wise_a the_o second_o observation_n the_o fury_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o their_o sudden_a assault_n so_o disturb_v the_o ceremony_n which_o the_o roman_a discipline_n observe_v battle_n to_o make_v the_o soldier_n true_o apprehend_v the_o weight_n and_o importance_n of_o that_o action_n which_o may_v cast_v upon_o their_o state_n either_o sovereignty_n or_o bondage_n that_o they_o be_v all_o for_o the_o most_o part_n omit_v notwithstanding_o they_o be_v here_o note_v under_o these_o title_n the_o first_o be_v vexillum_fw-la proponendum_fw-la quod_fw-la erat_fw-la insigne_fw-la cum_fw-la ad_fw-la arma_fw-la concurri_fw-la oporteret_fw-la for_o when_o the_o general_n have_v determine_v to_o fight_v he_o cause_v a_o scarlet_a coat_n or_o red_a flag_n to_o be_v hang_v out_o upon_o the_o top_n of_o his_o tent_n that_o by_o it_o
the_o soldier_n may_v be_v warn_v to_o prepare_v themselves_o for_o the_o battle_n and_o this_o be_v the_o first_o warning_n they_o have_v which_o by_o a_o silent_a aspect_n present_v blood_n and_o execution_n to_o their_o eye_n as_o the_o only_o mean_v to_o work_v out_o their_o own_o safety_n and_o purchase_v eternal_a honour_n the_o second_o be_v signum_fw-la tuba_fw-la dandum_fw-la this_o warning_n be_v a_o noise_n of_o many_o trumpet_n which_o they_o term_v by_o the_o name_n of_o classicum_fw-la a_o calando_fw-la which_o signify_v call_v for_o after_o the_o eye_n be_v fill_v with_o species_n suitable_a to_o the_o matter_n intend_v they_o than_o haste_v to_o possess_v the_o ear_n and_o by_o the_o sense_n of_o hear_v to_o stir_v up_o warlike_a motion_n and_o fill_v they_o with_o resolute_a thought_n that_o no_o diffident_a or_o base_a conceit_n may_v take_v hold_n of_o their_o mind_n the_o three_o be_v milites_fw-la cohortandi_fw-la for_o it_o be_v think_v convenient_a to_o confirm_v this_o valour_n with_o motive_n of_o reason_n which_o be_v the_o strength_n and_o perfection_n of_o all_o such_o motion_n the_o use_n and_o benefit_n whereof_o i_o somewhat_o enlarge_v in_o the_o helvetian_a war_n and_o can_v afford_v much_o more_o labour_n to_o demonstrate_v the_o commodity_n of_o this_o part_n if_o my_o speech_n may_v carry_v credit_n in_o the_o opinion_n of_o our_o soldier_n or_o be_v think_v worthy_a regard_n to_o man_n so_o much_o addict_v to_o their_o own_o fashion_n the_o last_o be_v signum_fw-la dandum_fw-la which_o as_o some_o think_v be_v nothing_o but_o a_o word_n by_o which_o they_o may_v distinguish_v and_o know_v themselves_o from_o their_o enemy_n hirtius_n in_o the_o war_n of_o africa_n say_v that_o caesar_n give_v the_o word_n felicity_n brutus_n and_o cassius_n give_v liberty_n other_o have_v give_v virtus_n deus_fw-la nobiscum_fw-la triumphus_fw-la imperatoris_fw-la and_o such_o like_a word_n as_o may_v be_v ominous_a to_o a_o good_a success_n beside_o these_o particularity_n the_o manner_n of_o their_o delivery_n give_v a_o great_a grace_n to_o the_o matter_n and_o that_o be_v distinguish_v by_o time_n and_o cue_n whereof_o caesar_n now_o complain_v that_o all_o these_o be_v to_o be_v do_v at_o one_o instant_a of_o time_n for_o without_o all_o controversy_n there_o be_v no_o matter_n of_o such_o consequence_n in_o itself_o but_o may_v be_v much_o grace_v with_o ceremony_n and_o compliment_n which_o like_a officer_n or_o attendant_n add_v much_o respect_n and_o majesty_n to_o the_o action_n which_o otherwise_o be_v but_o bare_o present_v appear_v far_o mean_a and_o of_o less_o regard_n chap._n x._o the_o battle_n between_o caesar_n and_o the_o neruij_fw-la in_o these_o difficulty_n caesar_n two_o thing_n be_v a_o help_n to_o the_o roman_n the_o one_o be_v the_o knowledge_n and_o experience_n of_o the_o soldier_n for_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o practice_n in_o former_a battle_n they_o can_v as_o well_o prescribe_v unto_o themselves_o what_o be_v to_o be_v do_v as_o any_o other_o commander_n can_v teach_v they_o the_o other_o be_v that_o notwithstanding_o caesar_n have_v give_v commandment_n to_o every_o legate_n not_o to_o leave_v the_o work_n or_o forsake_v the_o legion_n until_o the_o fortification_n be_v perfect_v yet_o when_o they_o see_v extremity_n of_o danger_n they_o attend_v no_o countermand_n from_o caesar_n but_o order_v all_o thing_n as_o it_o seem_v best_a to_o their_o own_o discretion_n caesar_n have_v command_v such_o thing_n as_o he_o think_v necessary_a run_v hasty_o to_o encourage_v his_o soldier_n and_o by_o fortune_n come_v to_o the_o ten_o legion_n where_o he_o use_v no_o further_a speech_n then_o that_o they_o shall_v remember_v their_o ancient_a valour_n and_o valiant_o withstand_v the_o brunt_n of_o their_o enemy_n word_n and_o for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o enemy_n be_v no_o further_o off_o than_o a_o weapon_n may_v be_v cast_v to_o encounter_v they_o he_o give_v they_o the_o sign_n of_o battle_n and_o hasten_v from_o thence_o to_o another_o quarter_n he_o find_v they_o already_o close_v and_o at_o the_o encounter_n for_o the_o time_n be_v so_o short_a and_o the_o enemy_n so_o violent_a that_o they_o want_v leisure_n to_o put_v on_o their_o head-piece_n or_o to_o uncase_v their_o target_n and_o what_o part_n they_o light_v into_o from_o their_o work_n or_o what_o ensign_n they_o first_o meet_v withal_o there_o they_o stay_v lest_o in_o seek_v out_o their_o own_o company_n they_o shall_v loose_v that_o time_n as_o be_v to_o be_v spend_v in_o fight_v the_o army_n be_v imbattail_v rather_o according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o place_n the_o declivitie_n of_o the_o hill_n and_o the_o brevity_n of_o time_n then_o according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o art_n as_o the_o legion_n encounter_v the_o enemy_n in_o diverse_a place_n at_o once_o the_o perfect_a view_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v hinder_v by_o those_o thick_a hedge_n before_o speak_v of_o there_o can_v no_o succour_n be_v place_v any_o where_o neither_o can_v any_o man_n see_v what_o be_v needful_a to_o be_v do_v &_o therefore_o in_o so_o great_a uncertainty_n of_o thing_n there_o happen_v diverse_a casualty_n of_o fortune_n the_o soldier_n of_o the_o nine_o and_o ten_o legion_n as_o they_o stand_v in_o the_o left_a part_n of_o the_o army_n cast_v their_o pile_n with_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o hill_n do_v drive_v the_o attrebatij_n breathless_a with_o run_v &_o wound_v in_o the_o encounter_n down_o into_o the_o river_n &_o as_o they_o pass_v over_o the_o water_n slay_v many_o of_o they_o with_o their_o sword_n neither_o do_v they_o stick_v to_o follow_v after_o they_o over_o the_o river_n and_o adventure_v into_o a_o place_n of_o disadvantage_n where_o the_o battle_n be_v renew_v again_o by_o the_o enemy_n they_o put_v they_o to_o flight_v the_o second_o time_n in_o like_a manner_n two_o other_o legion_n the_o 11_o and_o the_o 8_o have_v put_v the_o veromandui_n from_o the_o upper_a ground_n fight_v with_o they_o upon_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n and_o so_o the_o front_n &_o the_o left_a part_n of_o the_o camp_n be_v well_o near_o leave_v naked_a for_o in_o the_o right_a cornet_n be_v the_o 12_o and_o the_o 7_o legion_n where_o as_o all_o the_o neruij_fw-la under_o the_o conduct_n of_o boduognatus_n be_v heap_v together_o and_o some_o of_o they_o begin_v to_o assault_v the_o legion_n on_o the_o open_a side_n and_o other_o some_o to_o possess_v themselves_o of_o the_o high_a part_n of_o the_o camp_n at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o roman_a horseman_n and_o the_o light_a arm_a footman_n that_o be_v intermingle_v among_o they_o and_o be_v at_o first_o all_o put_v to_o flight_n by_o the_o enemy_n as_o they_o be_v enter_v into_o the_o camp_n meet_v with_o their_o enemy_n in_o the_o face_n and_o so_o be_v drive_v to_o fly_v out_o another_o way_n in_o like_a manner_n the_o page_n and_o soldier_n boy_n that_o from_o the_o decumane_a port_n and_o top_n of_o the_o hill_n have_v see_v the_o ten_o legion_n follow_v their_o enemy_n in_o pursuit_n over_o the_o river_n and_o be_v go_v out_o to_o gather_v pillage_n when_o they_o look_v behind_o they_o and_o see_v the_o enemy_n in_o their_o camp_n betake_v they_o to_o their_o heel_n as_o fast_o as_o they_o can_v which_o accident_n so_o terrify_v the_o horseman_n of_o the_o treviri_n who_o for_o their_o prowess_n be_v repute_v singular_a among_o the_o gall_n and_o be_v send_v thither_o by_o their_o state_n to_o aid_v the_o roman_n first_o when_o they_o perceive_v the_o roman_a camp_n to_o be_v possess_v by_o a_o great_a multitude_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o legion_n to_o be_v overcharge_v and_o almost_o enclose_v about_o the_o horseman_n slinger_n and_o numidian_n to_o be_v disperse_v and_o flee_v that_o without_o any_o further_a expectation_n they_o take_v their_o way_n homeward_o and_o report_v to_o their_o state_n that_o the_o roman_n be_v utter_o overthrow_v caesar_n depart_v from_o the_o ten_o legion_n to_o the_o right_a cornet_n find_v his_o man_n exceed_o overcharge_v the_o ensign_n crowd_v together_o into_o one_o place_n and_o the_o soldier_n of_o the_o 12_o legion_n so_o thick_o throng_v on_o a_o heap_n that_o they_o hinder_v one_o another_o all_o the_o centurion_n of_o the_o four_o cohort_n be_v slay_v the_o ensign_n bearer_n kill_v and_o the_o ensign_n take_v and_o the_o centurion_n of_o the_o other_o cohort_n either_o slay_v or_o sore_o wound_v among_o who_o pub._n sextus_n baculus_fw-la the_o primipile_n of_o that_o legion_n a_o valiant_a man_n so_o grievous_o wound_v that_o he_o can_v scarce_o stand_v upon_o his_o foot_n the_o rest_n not_o very_o forward_o but_o many_o of_o the_o hindmost_a turn_v tail_n and_o forsake_v the_o field_n the_o enemy_n on_o the_o other_o side_n give_v no_o respite_n in_o front_n although_o he_o fight_v against_o the_o
hand_n he_o do_v advance_v it_o ready_a to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n by_o which_o mean_v it_o follow_v that_o some_o of_o the_o pike_n do_v not_o only_o extend_v themselves_o before_o the_o second_o three_o and_o four_o rank_n but_o some_o before_o the_o foremost_a if_o the_o phalanx_n have_v his_o proper_a and_o due_a thickness_n according_a to_o his_o natural_a disposition_n both_o on_o the_o side_n and_o behind_o as_o homer_n make_v mention_v when_o he_o say_v that_o one_o target_n do_v enclose_v and_o fortify_v another_o one_o head-piece_n be_v join_v to_o another_o that_o they_o may_v stand_v unite_v and_o close_a together_o these_o circumstance_n be_v right_o and_o true_o set_v down_o it_o must_v follow_v that_o the_o pike_n of_o every_o former_a rank_n in_o the_o phalanx_n do_v extend_v themselves_o two_o cubit_n before_o each_o other_o which_o proportion_n of_o difference_n they_o have_v between_o themselves_o by_o which_o may_v evident_o be_v see_v the_o assault_n and_o impression_n of_o the_o whole_a phalanx_n what_o it_o be_v and_o what_o force_n it_o have_v consist_v of_o 16_o rank_n in_o depth_n or_o thickness_n the_o excess_n of_o which_o number_n of_o rank_n above_o five_o for_o as_o much_o as_o they_o can_v commodious_o couch_v their_o pike_n without_o the_o disturbance_n of_o the_o former_a the_o point_n of_o they_o not_o be_v long_a enough_o to_o enlarge_v themselves_o beyond_o the_o foremost_a rank_n they_o grow_v utter_o unprofitable_a and_o can_v man_n by_o man_n make_v any_o impression_n or_o assault_v but_o serve_v only_o by_o lay_v their_o pike_n upon_o the_o shoulder_n of_o those_o which_o stand_v before_o they_o to_o sustain_v and_o hold_v up_o the_o sway_v and_o give_v back_o of_o the_o former_a rank_n which_o stand_v before_o they_o to_o this_o end_n that_o the_o front_n may_v stand_v firm_a and_o sure_a and_o with_o the_o thickness_n of_o their_o pike_n they_o do_v repel_v all_o those_o dart_n which_o pass_v over_o the_o head_n of_o those_o that_o stand_v before_o will_v annoy_v those_o rank_n which_o be_v more_o backward_o and_o far_o by_o move_v forward_o with_o the_o force_n of_o their_o body_n they_o do_v so_o press_v upon_o the_o former_a that_o they_o do_v make_v a_o most_o violent_a impression_n for_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o the_o foremost_a rank_n shall_v give_v back_o this_o therefore_o be_v the_o general_a and_o particular_a disposition_n of_o the_o phalanx_n we_o must_v now_o speak_v on_o the_o contrary_a part_n touch_v the_o property_n and_o difference_n as_o well_o of_o the_o arm_n as_o of_o the_o whole_a disposition_n of_o the_o roman_a battle_n for_o every_o roman_a soldier_n for_o himself_o and_o his_o weapon_n be_v allow_v three_o foot_n to_o stand_v in_o and_o in_o the_o encounter_n be_v move_v man_n by_o man_n every_o one_o cover_v himself_o with_o his_o target_n and_o mutual_o move_v whensoever_o there_o be_v occasion_n offer_v but_o those_o which_o use_v their_o sword_n do_v fight_n in_o a_o more_o thin_a and_o distinct_a order_n so_o that_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o they_o have_v three_o foot_n more_o allow_v they_o to_o stand_v in_o both_o from_o shoulder_n to_o shoulder_n and_o from_o back_n to_o belly_n that_o they_o may_v use_v their_o weapon_n with_o the_o better_a commodity_n and_o hence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o one_o roman_a soldier_n take_v up_o as_o much_o ground_n as_o two_o of_o those_o which_o be_v to_o encounter_v he_o of_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n so_o that_o one_o romain_n be_v as_o it_o be_v to_o oppose_v himself_o against_o ten_o pike_n which_o pike_n the_o say_v one_o soldior_fw-la can_n neither_o by_o any_o agility_n come_v to_o offend_v or_o else_o at_o handy_a blow_n otherwise_o annoy_v and_o those_o which_o be_v behind_o he_o be_v not_o only_o unable_a to_o repel_v their_o force_n but_o also_o with_o conveniency_n to_o use_v their_o own_o weapon_n whereby_o it_o may_v easy_o be_v gather_v that_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o any_o battle_n be_v assault_v by_o the_o front_n of_o a_o phalanx_n shall_v be_v able_a to_o sustain_v the_o violence_n thereof_o if_o it_o have_v his_o due_a and_o proper_a composition_n what_o then_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o roman_n do_v overcome_v and_o that_o those_o that_o do_v use_v the_o phalanx_n be_v void_a of_o the_o hope_n of_o victory_n even_o from_o hence_o that_o the_o roman_a army_n have_v infinite_a commodity_n both_o of_o place_n and_o of_o time_n to_o fight_v in_o but_o the_o the_o phalanx_n have_v only_o one_o time_n one_o place_n and_o one_o kind_n whereto_o it_o may_v profitable_o apply_v itself_o so_o that_o if_o it_o be_v of_o necessity_n that_o their_o enemy_n shall_v encounter_v they_o at_o that_o instant_n especial_o with_o their_o whole_a force_n it_o be_v questionless_a not_o only_o not_o without_o danger_n but_o in_o all_o probability_n likely_a that_o the_o phalanx_n shall_v ever_o carry_v away_o the_o better_a but_o if_o that_o may_v be_v avoid_v which_o be_v easy_o do_v shall_v not_o that_o disposition_n then_o be_v utterlie_o unprofitable_a and_o free_a from_o all_o terror_n and_o it_o be_v far_a evident_a that_o the_o phalanx_n must_v necessary_o have_v plain_a &_o champion_n place_n without_o any_o hindrance_n or_o impediment_n as_o ditch_n uneven_a place_n valley_n little_a hill_n and_o river_n for_o all_o these_o may_v hinder_v &_o disjoin_v it_o and_o it_o be_v almost_o impossible_a to_o have_v a_o plain_a of_o the_o capacity_n of_o 20._o stadia_fw-la much_o less_o more_o where_o there_o shall_v be_v find_v none_o of_o these_o impediment_n but_o suppose_v there_o be_v find_v such_o place_n as_o be_v proper_a for_o the_o phalanx_n if_o the_o enemy_n refuse_v to_o come_v unto_o they_o and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n spoil_n and_o sack_v the_o city_n and_o country_n round_o about_o what_o commodity_n or_o profit_n shall_v arise_v by_o a_o army_n so_o order_v for_o if_o it_o remain_v in_o such_o place_n as_o have_v be_v before_o speak_v of_o it_o can_v neither_o relieve_v their_o friend_n nor_o preserve_v themselves_o for_o the_o convoy_n which_o they_o expect_v from_o their_o friend_n be_v easy_o cut_v off_o by_o the_o enemy_n while_o they_o remain_v in_o those_o open_a place_n and_o if_o it_o happen_v at_o any_o time_n that_o they_o leave_v they_o upon_o any_o enterprise_n they_o be_v then_o expose_v to_o the_o enemy_n but_o suppose_v that_o the_o roman_a army_n shall_v find_v the_o phalanx_n in_o such_o place_n yet_o will_v it_o not_o adventure_v itself_o in_o gross_a at_o one_o instant_a but_o will_v by_o little_a &_o little_o retire_v itself_o as_o do_v plain_o appear_v by_o their_o usual_a practice_n for_o there_o must_v not_o be_v a_o conjecture_n of_o these_o thing_n by_o my_o word_n only_o but_o especial_o by_o that_o which_o they_o do_v for_o they_o do_v not_o so_o equal_o frame_v their_o battle_n that_o they_o do_v assault_v the_o enemy_n altogether_o make_v as_o it_o be_v but_o one_o front_n but_o part_n make_v a_o stand_n and_o part_n charge_v the_o enemy_n that_o if_o at_o any_o time_n the_o phalanx_n do_v press_v they_o that_o come_v to_o assault_v they_o and_o be_v repel_v the_o force_n of_o their_o order_n be_v dissolve_v for_o whether_o they_o pursue_v those_o that_o retire_v or_o fly_v from_o those_o that_o do_v assault_v they_o these_o do_v disjoin_v themselves_o from_o part_n of_o their_o army_n by_o which_o mean_v there_o be_v a_o gap_n open_v to_o their_o enemy_n staud_v and_o attend_v their_o opportunity_n so_o that_o now_o they_o need_v not_o any_o more_o to_o charge_v they_o in_o the_o front_n where_o the_o force_n of_o the_o phalanx_n consist_v but_o to_o assault_v where_o the_o breach_n be_v make_v both_o behind_o and_o upon_o the_o side_n but_o if_o at_o any_o time_n the_o roman_a army_n may_v keep_v his_o due_a propriety_n and_o disposition_n the_o phalanx_n by_o the_o disadvantage_n of_o the_o place_n be_v not_o able_a to_o do_v the_o like_a do_v it_o not_o then_o manifest_o demonstrate_v the_o difference_n to_o be_v great_a between_o the_o goodness_n of_o their_o disposition_n and_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o phalanx_n to_o this_o may_v be_v add_v the_o necessity_n impose_v upon_o a_o army_n which_o be_v to_o march_v through_o place_n of_o all_o nature_n to_o encamp_v themselves_o to_o possess_v place_n of_o advantage_n to_o besiege_v and_o to_o be_v besiege_v and_o also_o contrary_a to_o expectation_n sometime_o to_o come_v in_o view_n of_o the_o enemy_n for_o all_o these_o occasion_n necessary_o accompany_v a_o army_n and_o oftentimes_o be_v the_o especial_a cause_n of_o victory_n to_o which_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n be_v no_o way_n fit_a or_o convenient_a forasmuch_o as_o neither_o in_o their_o general_a order_n nor_o in_o their_o particular_a disposition_n without_o a_o convenient_a
he_o send_v also_o q._n titurius_n sabinus_n with_o three_o legion_n unto_o the_o lexovij_fw-la curiosolitae_n vnelli_n to_o disappoint_v any_o practice_n which_o rebellious_a mind_n may_v intend_v and_o make_v d._n brutus_n chief_a admiral_n of_o the_o navy_n he_o give_v he_o in_o charge_n to_o make_v towards_o vannes_n with_o what_o speed_n he_o can_v and_o he_o himself_o march_v thitherward_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o foot_n force_n the_o observation_n in_o the_o first_o book_n i_o observe_v the_o authority_n which_o the_o roman_a leader_n have_v to_o undertake_v a_o war_n without_o further_a acquaint_v the_o senate_n with_o the_o consequence_n thereof_o in_o this_o place_n let_v we_o observe_v the_o care_n and_o circumspection_n which_o the_o general_n have_v not_o to_o undertake_v a_o troublesome_a and_o dangerous_a war_n upon_o a_o humour_n or_o any_o other_o slender_a motion_n but_o diligent_o weigh_v the_o circumstance_n thereof_o and_o measure_v the_o peril_n and_o hazard_n of_o the_o war_n with_o the_o good_a and_o consequence_n of_o the_o effect_n inform_v their_o judgment_n of_o the_o importance_n of_o that_o action_n and_o so_o try_v whether_o the_o benefit_n will_v answer_v their_o labour_n and_o thus_o we_o find_v the_o reason_n particular_o deliver_v that_o move_v caesar_n first_o to_o undertake_v the_o helvetian_a war_n and_o then_o the_o cause_n which_o draw_v he_o on_o to_o the_o quarrel_n with_o ariovistus_fw-la then_o follow_v the_o necessity_n of_o that_o war_n with_o the_o belgae_n and_o now_o the_o motive_n which_o induce_v he_o to_o this_o with_o the_o maritimate_a city_n of_o bretaine_n and_o so_o consequent_o of_o his_o passage_n into_o germany_n or_o what_o other_o enterprise_n he_o attempt_v which_o he_o lay_v down_o as_o the_o ground_n and_o occasion_n of_o those_o war_n and_o can_v not_o be_v avoid_v but_o with_o the_o loss_n and_o dishonour_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n further_o let_v we_o observe_v the_o mean_n he_o use_v to_o prevent_v the_o inclination_n of_o the_o gall_n and_o to_o keep_v they_o in_o subjection_n and_o peaceable_a obedience_n by_o send_v his_o man_n into_o diverse_a quarter_n of_o that_o continent_n and_o so_o settle_v the_o waver_a disposition_n of_o the_o further_a skirt_n with_o the_o weight_n of_o his_o army_n and_o the_o presence_n of_o his_o legionarie_a soldier_n which_o he_o send_v ready_a to_o stifle_v all_o motion_n of_o rebellion_n in_o the_o beginning_n that_o they_o may_v not_o break_v out_o to_o the_o prejudice_n and_o diminution_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n and_o the_o good_a success_n of_o his_o proceed_n beside_o the_o advantage_n which_o he_o gain_v in_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o enemy_n who_o he_o so_o little_o fear_v concern_v the_o upshot_n of_o that_o quarrel_n that_o he_o have_v disperse_v the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o army_n upon_o other_o service_n the_o rest_n be_v sufficient_a to_o end_v that_o war_n chap._n vi_o the_o manner_n of_o their_o ship_n and_o their_o sea-fight_n the_o scite_fw-la caesar_n of_o almost_o all_o these_o city_n be_v such_o that_o be_v build_v in_o point_n and_o promontory_n they_o can_v not_o at_o full_a sea_n which_o happen_v always_o twice_o in_o 12_o hour_n be_v approach_v by_o foot_n force_n nor_o yet_o with_o ship_v neither_o for_o again_o in_o a_o ebb_n the_o vessalle_n be_v lay_v on_o the_o ground_n and_o so_o leave_v as_o a_o prey_n to_o the_o enemy_n and_o if_o the_o roman_n go_v about_o to_o shut_v out_o the_o sea_n with_o mount_n which_o they_o raise_v equal_a to_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o town_n and_o be_v at_o the_o point_n of_o enter_v &_o take_v it_o yet_o the_o townsman_n have_v such_o store_n of_o ship_v will_v easy_o convey_v both_o themselves_o and_o their_o carriage_n into_o the_o next_o town_n and_o there_o help_v themselves_o with_o the_o like_a advantage_n of_o place_n and_o thus_o they_o delude_v caesar_n the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o summer_n for_o the_o roman_a fleet_n by_o reason_n of_o continual_a wind_n and_o foul_a weather_n dare_v not_o adventure_v to_o put_v out_o of_o the_o river_n loier_n into_o so_o vast_a a_o sea_n wherein_o the_o haven_n and_o road_n be_v few_o and_o far_o distant_a one_o from_o another_o and_o the_o tide_n great_a the_o ship_n of_o the_o gall_n be_v thus_o build_v and_o rig_v the_o keel_n be_v somewhat_o flatter_v then_o the_o roman_a ship_v the_o better_a to_o bear_v the_o ebb_n and_o shalowe_n of_o that_o coast_n the_o foredecke_v be_v altogether_o erect_v and_o perpendicular_a the_o poop_n be_v make_v to_o bear_v the_o hugeness_n of_o the_o billow_n and_o the_o force_n of_o the_o tempest_n and_o in_o a_o word_n they_o be_v altogether_o build_v for_o strength_n for_o the_o rib_n and_o seat_n be_v make_v of_o beam_n of_o a_o foot_n square_a fasten_v with_o iron_n pin_n of_o a_o inch_n thick_a in_o steed_n of_o cable_n they_o use_v chain_n of_o iron_n and_o raw_a hide_n and_o skin_n for_o sail_n either_o for_o want_v of_o linen_n or_o ignorant_a of_o the_o use_n thereof_o or_o because_o sail_n of_o linen_n will_v hardly_o serve_v to_o carry_v ship_n of_o that_o burden_n the_o meeting_n and_o conflict_n of_o the_o roman_a navy_n with_o this_o kind_n of_o ship_n be_v such_o that_o they_o only_o excel_v they_o in_o celerity_n and_o speedy_a nimbleness_n with_o force_n of_o oar_n but_o in_o all_o other_o thing_n either_o concern_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o place_n or_o the_o danger_n of_o the_o foul_a weather_n be_v far_o inferior_a unto_o they_o for_o the_o strength_n of_o they_o be_v such_o that_o they_o can_v neither_o hurt_v they_o with_o their_o beake-head_n nor_o cast_v a_o weapon_n to_o any_o purpose_n into_o they_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o altitude_n and_o high_o build_v bulk_n and_o if_o any_o gust_n chance_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n to_o rise_v that_o force_v they_o to_o commit_v themselves_o to_o the_o mercy_n of_o the_o weather_n their_o ship_n will_v better_o bear_v the_o rage_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o with_o great_a safety_n shelter_v itself_o among_o flat_n and_o shallows_n without_o fear_n of_o rock_n or_o any_o such_o hazard_n of_o all_o which_o chance_v the_o roman_a navy_n stand_v continual_o in_o danger_n observation_n and_o here_o sea_n let_v it_o not_o seem_v impertinent_a to_o the_o argument_n which_o we_o handle_v consider_v the_o general_a use_n which_o we_o insulairs_n have_v of_o navigation_n brief_o to_o set_v down_o the_o most_o eminent_a cause_n of_o the_o flow_a and_o ebb_v of_o the_o sea_n as_o far_o forth_o as_o shall_v seem_v necessary_a to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o a_o soldier_n which_o albeit_o may_v fall_v short_a of_o the_o true_a reason_n of_o this_o great_a secret_a yet_o for_o as_o much_o as_o they_o stand_v for_o true_a principle_n of_o regularitie_n and_o well_o approve_a rule_n in_o our_o art_n of_o navigation_n let_v we_o take_v they_o for_o no_o less_o than_o they_o effect_v and_o give_v they_o that_o credit_n in_o our_o imagination_n which_o tract_n of_o time_n have_v gain_v to_o those_o forge_a circle_n in_o the_o heaven_n that_o albeit_o their_o chief_a essence_n consist_v in_o conceit_n and_o supposal_n yet_o for_o as_o much_o as_o they_o serve_v to_o direct_v our_o knowledge_n to_o a_o certainty_n in_o that_o variety_n and_o seem_a inconstancy_n of_o motion_n we_o esteem_v of_o they_o as_o they_o effect_v and_o not_o as_o they_o be_v consider_v then_o the_o globe_n of_o the_o world_n as_o it_o make_v a_o right_a sphere_n for_o in_o that_o position_n the_o naturaliste_n chief_o understand_v celestial_a influence_n to_o have_v operation_n in_o this_o liquid_a element_n of_o the_o water_n it_o be_v divide_v by_o the_o horizon_n and_o meridian_n into_o four_o quarter_n the_o first_o quarter_n be_v that_o between_o the_o east_n horizon_n and_o the_o noon_n meridian_n which_o they_o call_v a_o flow_a quarter_n the_o second_o from_o the_o noon_n meridian_n to_o the_o west_n horizon_n which_o they_o make_v a_o ebb_a quarter_n the_o three_o from_o the_o west_n horizon_n to_o the_o midnight_n meridian_n which_o they_o likewise_o call_v a_o flow_a quarter_n and_o again_o from_o the_o midnight_n meridian_n to_o the_o east_n horizon_n the_o second_o ebb_a quarter_n and_o so_o they_o make_v two_o flow_a quarter_n and_o two_o ebb_a quarter_n of_o the_o whole_a circuit_n of_o heaven_n the_o instrument_n of_o these_o sensible_a quality_n and_o contrary_a effect_n be_v the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n as_o they_o be_v carry_v through_o these_o distinct_a part_n of_o the_o heaven_n and_o although_o experience_n have_v note_v the_o moon_n to_o be_v of_o great_a power_n in_o warrie_a motion_n yet_o we_o may_v not_o omit_v to_o acknowledge_v the_o force_n which_o the_o sun_n yield_v in_o this_o miracle_n of_o nature_n first_o therefore_o we_o be_v to_o understand_v that_o when_o the_o
and_o they_o he_o appoint_v for_o the_o horseman_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n he_o commit_v to_o q._n titurius_n sabinus_n and_o l._n arunculeius_fw-la cotta_n command_v they_o to_o go_v to_o the_o confine_n of_o the_o menapij_n and_o appoint_v p._n sulp._n rufus_n a_o legate_n to_o keep_v the_o port_n with_o a_o sufficient_a garrizon_n chap._n x._o caesar_n sail_v into_o brittany_n and_o land_v his_o man_n these_o thing_n be_v thus_o dispatch_v have_v a_o good_a wind_n in_o the_o three_o watch_n caesar_n he_o put_v out_o to_o sea_n command_v his_o horseman_n to_o embark_v themselves_o at_o the_o further_a port_n which_o be_v but_o slow_o perform_v he_o himself_o arrive_v upon_o the_o coast_n about_o the_o four_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n where_o he_o find_v all_o the_o cliff_n possess_v with_o the_o force_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o nature_n of_o the_o place_n be_v such_o that_o the_o hill_n lie_v so_o steep_a over_o the_o sea_n that_o a_o weapon_n may_v easy_o be_v cast_v from_o the_o high_a ground_n upon_o the_o low_a shore_n and_o therefore_o he_o think_v it_o no_o fit_a land_n place_n notwithstanding_o he_o cast_v anchor_n until_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o navy_n be_v come_v up_o unto_o he_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n calling_n a_o council_n of_o the_o legate_n and_o tribune_n he_o declare_v unto_o they_o what_o advertisement_n he_o have_v receive_v by_o volusenus_n and_o tell_v they_o what_o he_o will_v have_v do_v and_o withal_o admonish_v they_o that_o the_o course_n of_o military_a affair_n and_o especial_o sea_n matter_n that_o have_v so_o sudden_a and_o a_o unconstant_a motion_n require_v all_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v at_o a_o beck_n and_o in_o due_a time_n the_o council_n be_v dismiss_v have_v both_o wind_n and_o tide_n with_o he_o he_o weigh_v anchor_n and_o sail_v eight_o mile_n from_o that_o place_n unto_o a_o plain_a and_o open_a shore_n the_o britain_n perceive_v the_o roman_n determination_n send_v their_o horse_n and_o chariot_n before_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o force_n follow_v after_o to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o roman_n intend_v to_o land_n caesar_n find_v it_o exceed_v difficult_a to_o land_v his_o man_n for_o these_o respect_n the_o ship_n be_v so_o great_a that_o they_o can_v not_o be_v bring_v near_o unto_o the_o shore_n the_o soldier_n in_o strange_a and_o unknown_a place_n have_v their_o hand_n lade_v with_o great_a and_o heavy_a weapon_n be_v at_o one_o instant_a to_o go_v out_o of_o the_o ship_n to_o withstand_v the_o force_n of_o the_o billow_n and_o to_o fight_v with_o the_o enemy_n whereas_o the_o britain_n either_o stand_v upon_o the_o shore_n or_o make_v short_a sally_n into_o the_o water_n do_v bold_o cast_v their_o weapon_n in_o know_v and_o frequent_v place_n and_o manage_v their_o horse_n as_o accustom_v to_o such_o service_n the_o roman_n be_v terrify_v with_o these_o thing_n and_o altogether_o unskilful_a of_o this_o kind_n of_o fight_n do_v use_v the_o same_o courage_n as_o they_o be_v wont_n to_o do_v in_o land_n service_n which_o when_o caesar_n perceive_v he_o cause_v the_o galley_n that_o be_v both_o strange_a to_o the_o britain_n and_o ready_a for_o use_v to_o be_v remove_v from_o the_o ship_n of_o burden_n and_o to_o be_v row_v up_o and_o down_o and_o lay_v against_o the_o open_a side_n of_o the_o enemy_n that_o from_o thence_o with_o slinge_n engine_n &_o arrow_n the_o enemy_n may_v be_v beat_v up_o from_o the_o water_n side_n which_o stand_v the_o roman_n in_o good_a steed_n for_o the_o britain_n be_v trouble_v with_o the_o strangeness_n of_o the_o galley_n the_o motion_n of_o their_o oar_n and_o the_o unusual_a kind_n of_o engine_n be_v somewhat_o dismay_v and_o begin_v to_o retire_v back_o and_o give_v way_n to_o the_o roman_n but_o the_o soldier_n still_o linger_a and_o especial_o for_o fear_v of_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o sea_n the_o eagle-bearer_n of_o the_o ten_o legion_n desire_v the_o god_n that_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o happy_o to_o the_o legion_n if_o you_o will_v say_v he_o forsake_v your_o eagle_n o_o you_o soldier_n and_o betray_v it_o to_o the_o enemy_n for_o my_o own_o part_n i_o will_v do_v my_o duty_n both_o to_o the_o common_a weal_n and_o to_o my_o imperator_n and_o have_v speak_v this_o with_o a_o loud_a voice_n he_o cast_v himself_o into_o the_o sea_n and_o carry_v the_o eagle_n toward_o the_o enemy_n the_o roman_n exhort_v one_o another_o not_o to_o suffer_v such_o a_o dishonour_n to_o be_v commit_v they_o all_o leap_v out_o of_o the_o ship_n which_o when_o other_o that_o be_v near_o at_o hand_n perceive_v they_o follow_v they_o with_o as_o great_a alacrity_n and_o press_v towards_o the_o enemy_n to_o encounter_v with_o they_o the_o fight_n on_o both_o part_n be_v very_o eager_a the_o roman_n not_o be_v able_a to_o keep_v any_o order_n of_o battle_n nor_o to_o get_v any_o firm_a foot_n nor_o to_o follow_v their_o ensign_n forasmuch_o as_o every_o man_n keep_v with_o those_o ensign_n which_o he_o first_o meet_v withal_o be_v wonderful_o trouble_v but_o the_o enemy_n acquaint_v with_o the_o flat_n and_o shallows_n as_o they_o behold_v they_o from_o the_o shore_n to_o come_v single_a out_o of_o their_o ship_n put_v spur_n to_o their_o horse_n will_v set_v upon_o they_o encumber_v and_o unprepared_a and_o many_o of_o they_o will_v overlie_v a_o few_o other_o will_v get_v the_o advantage_n of_o the_o open_a side_n and_o cast_v their_o weapon_n among_o the_o thick_a troop_n of_o they_o which_o when_o caesar_n perceive_v he_o cause_v the_o shipboate_n and_o small_a vessel_n to_o be_v man_v with_o soldier_n and_o where_o he_o see_v need_n of_o help_n he_o send_v they_o to_o rescue_v such_o as_o be_v overcharge_v as_o soon_o as_o the_o roman_n get_v foot_v on_o the_o firm_a land_n they_o make_v head_n together_o and_o charge_v the_o enemy_n and_o so_o put_v they_o to_o flight_n but_o they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o follow_v they_o nor_o take_v the_o island_n at_o that_o time_n for_o want_v of_o horseman_n which_o thing_n be_v only_o want_v to_o caesar_n fortune_n the_o first_o observation_n upon_o this_o circumstance_n of_o land_v i_o may_v just_o take_v occasion_n to_o handle_v that_o controversy_n which_o have_v be_v often_o debate_v by_o our_o english_a captain_n which_o be_v whether_o it_o be_v better_a in_o question_n of_o a_o invasion_n and_o in_o the_o absence_n of_o our_o ship_n to_o oppose_v a_o enemy_n at_o his_o land_n upon_o our_o coast_n or_o quiet_o to_o suffer_v he_o to_o set_v his_o man_n on_o shore_n and_o retire_v our_o force_n into_o some_o inland_n place_n and_o there_o attend_v to_o give_v he_o battle_n it_o seem_v that_o such_o as_o first_o set_v this_o question_n on_o foot_n and_o be_v of_o a_o opinion_n that_o we_o ought_v not_o by_o any_o mean_n to_o encounter_v a_o enemy_n at_o his_o land_n for_o so_o we_o may_v much_o endanger_v ourselves_o and_o our_o country_n do_v ground_n themselves_o upon_o the_o authority_n of_o mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr langey_a not_o observe_v the_o difference_n between_o a_o island_n and_o a_o continent_n for_o where_o he_o set_v down_o that_o position_n he_o plain_o aim_v at_o such_o prince_n as_o border_v one_o upon_o a_o other_o in_o the_o same_o continent_n but_o where_o their_o territory_n be_v disjoin_v by_o so_o great_a a_o bar_n as_o the_o ocean_n and_o have_v not_o such_o mean_n to_o surprise_n one_o a_o other_o it_o be_v mere_a folly_n to_o hold_v good_a that_o rule_n as_o shall_v better_o appear_v by_o the_o sequel_n of_o this_o discourse_n wherein_o i_o will_v first_o lay_v down_o the_o reason_n that_o may_v be_v urge_v to_o prove_v it_o unsafe_a to_o oppose_v a_o enemy_n at_o his_o land_n not_o as_o be_v urge_v by_o that_o party_n for_o i_o never_o hear_v any_o probable_a motive_n from_o they_o which_o may_v induce_v any_o such_o opinion_n but_o set_v down_o by_o such_o as_o have_v look_v into_o the_o controversy_n both_o with_o experience_n and_o good_a judgement_n and_o first_o it_o may_v be_v object_v that_o it_o be_v a_o hard_a matter_n to_o resist_v a_o enemy_n at_o his_o land_n as_o well_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o uncertainty_n of_o place_n as_o of_o time_n for_o be_v ignorant_a in_o what_o place_n he_o will_v attempt_v a_o land_n we_o must_v either_o defend_v all_o place_n of_o access_n or_o our_o intention_n will_v prove_v mere_a frivolous_a and_o to_o perform_v that_o it_o be_v requisite_a that_o our_o defensive_a force_n be_v sufficient_a according_a to_o the_o particular_a quality_n of_o every_o place_n subject_n to_o danger_n which_o consider_v the_o large_a extension_n of_o our_o maritimate_a part_n and_o the_o many_o land_a place_n on_o our_o coast_n will_v require_v a_o great_a number_n of_o man_n than_o this_o
side_n of_o the_o rhine_n have_v promise_v to_o send_v they_o succour_v yea_o their_o madness_n be_v so_o great_a that_o they_o themselves_o be_v not_o able_a to_o hold_v back_o the_o suessone_n from_o that_o attempt_n be_v their_o brethren_n and_o kinsman_n in_o blood_n and_o use_v the_o same_o law_n and_o custom_n as_o they_o do_v have_v both_o one_o magistrate_n and_o one_o form_n of_o government_n but_o they_o will_v needs_o support_v the_o same_o quarrel_n which_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o belgae_n have_v undertake_v the_o observation_n i_o may_v here_o take_v occasion_n to_o speak_v somewhat_o of_o a_o particular_a revoult_v in_o a_o general_a cause_n and_o how_o a_o confederate_a state_n may_v in_o regard_n of_o their_o own_o safety_n forsake_v a_o common_a quarrel_n or_o whatsoever_o the_o universal_a society_n have_v enact_v prejudicial_a to_o their_o common_a weal_n but_o that_o i_o only_o intend_v to_o discover_v warlike_a practice_n leave_v these_o question_n of_o law_n and_o policy_n to_o man_n of_o great_a judgement_n and_o better_a experience_n only_o i_o observe_v in_o the_o behalf_n of_o the_o roman_a government_n that_o such_o city_n as_o yield_v to_o the_o empire_n and_o become_v tributary_n to_o their_o treasury_n howsoever_o they_o be_v otherwise_o combine_v by_o confederacy_n seldom_o or_o never_o repent_v they_o of_o their_o fact_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o noble_a patronage_n which_o they_o find_v in_o that_o state_n and_o of_o the_o due_a respect_n observe_v towards_o they_o chap._n ii_o the_o power_n of_o the_o belgae_n and_o their_o preparation_n for_o this_o war_n caesar_n inquire_v of_o the_o ambassador_n which_o come_v from_o rheimes_n what_o the_o state_n be_v that_o have_v take_v arm_n caesar_n and_o what_o they_o be_v able_a to_o do_v in_o matter_n of_o war_n find_v the_o belgae_n to_o be_v descend_v from_o the_o german_n who_o pass_v over_o the_o rhine_n time_n out_o of_o mind_n drive_v away_o the_o gall_n and_o seat_v themselves_o in_o their_o possession_n and_o that_o these_o only_a of_o all_o the_o gall_n keep_v the_o cimbri_n and_o teutoni_n from_o enter_v into_o their_o country_n and_o in_o that_o regard_n they_o challenge_v to_o themselves_o great_a authority_n &_o vaunt_v much_o in_o their_o feat_n of_o arm_n concern_v their_o number_n they_o have_v these_o advertisement_n the_o beawois_n bellovaci_fw-la exceed_v all_o the_o belgae_n in_o prowess_n authority_n and_o number_n of_o man_n and_o promise_v 60000._o man_n and_o in_o that_o regard_n they_o demand_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o whole_a war_n the_o soissons_fw-fr suessone_n inhabit_v a_o large_a and_o fertile_a country_n and_o have_v 12._o wall_v town_n promise_v to_o set_v out_o 50000._o the_o turnai_n neruij_fw-la as_o many_o the_o arras_n attrebatij_fw-la 15000._o the_o amiens_n ambiani_n 10000_o the_o velocassij_fw-la and_o vermandois_n veromandui_n as_o many_o the_o terwene_v morini_n 25000._o the_o menapij_fw-la 7000._o the_o caletani_n 10000_o the_o catuaci_fw-la 19000._o the_o al._n eburones_n condrusones_n and_o other_o 40000._o caesar_n encourage_v the_o man_n of_o rheimes_n to_o persist_v their_o faithfulness_n to_o the_o roman_a empire_n propound_v unto_o they_o great_a offer_n and_o liberal_a promise_n of_o recompense_n and_o command_v all_o their_o senate_n to_o come_v before_o he_o and_o bring_v with_o they_o their_o noble_a man_n son_n to_o be_v give_v up_o for_o hostage_n which_o they_o diligent_o perform_v by_o a_o day_n appoint_v and_o have_v receive_v two_o especial_a advertisement_n from_o the_o man_n of_o rheimes_n the_o one_o concern_v the_o multitude_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o other_o touch_v the_o singular_a opinion_n which_o be_v general_o hold_v of_o their_o manhood_n he_o provide_v for_o the_o first_o by_o persuade_v divitiacus_n the_o heduan_n that_o it_o much_o import_v the_o whole_a course_n of_o those_o business_n to_o keep_v asunder_o the_o power_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o to_o withhold_v their_o force_n from_o make_v a_o head_n that_o so_o he_o may_v avoid_v the_o dange_a of_o incounter_v so_o great_a a_o power_n at_o one_o instant_a which_o may_v easy_o be_v bring_v to_o pass_v if_o the_o hedui_n will_v enter_v with_o a_o strong_a power_n into_o the_o march_n of_o the_o bellovaci_fw-la and_o sack_v their_o territory_n with_o sword_n and_o confusion_n which_o divitiacus_n promise_v to_o perform_v and_o to_o that_o purpose_n he_o speedy_o return_v into_o his_o country_n upon_o the_o second_o advertisement_n which_o present_v unto_o he_o the_o great_a valour_n and_o manhood_n of_o his_o enemy_n he_o resolve_v not_o to_o be_v too_o hasty_a in_o give_v they_o battle_n but_o first_o to_o prove_v by_o skirmish_v with_o his_o horseman_n what_o his_o enemy_n by_o their_o prowess_n can_v do_v and_o what_o his_o own_o man_n dare_v do_v the_o observation_n this_o rule_n of_o make_v trial_n of_o the_o worth_n of_o a_o enemy_n have_v always_o be_v observe_v by_o prudent_a and_o grave_a commander_n as_o the_o sure_a principle_n whereon_o the_o true_a judgement_n of_o the_o event_n may_v be_v ground_v for_o if_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o old_a philosopher_n which_o teach_v that_o the_o word_n non_fw-fr putabam_fw-la be_v never_o hear_v out_o of_o a_o wise_a man_n mouth_n have_v any_o place_n in_o the_o course_n of_o humane_a action_n it_o ought_v especial_o to_o be_v regard_v in_o manage_v these_o main_a point_n whereon_o the_o state_n of_o kingdom_n and_o empire_n depend_v for_o unless_o we_o be_v persuade_v that_o blind_a chance_n direct_v the_o course_n of_o this_o world_n with_o a_o uncertain_a confusion_n and_o that_o no_o foresight_n can_v sway_n the_o balance_n of_o our_o hap_n into_o either_o part_n of_o our_o fortune_n i_o see_v no_o reason_n why_o we_o shall_v not_o by_o all_o mean_v indevor_n to_o ground_n our_o knowledge_n upon_o true_a cause_n and_o level_v our_o proceed_n to_o that_o certainty_n which_o rise_v from_o the_o thing_n themselves_o and_o this_o be_v the_o rather_o to_o be_v urge_v inasmuch_o as_o our_o leader_n be_v oftentimes_o deceive_v when_o they_o look_v no_o further_o then_o to_o match_v a_o enemy_n with_o equality_n of_o number_n refer_v their_o valour_n to_o be_v try_v in_o the_o battle_n not_o consider_v that_o the_o eye_n of_o itself_o can_v discern_v the_o difference_n between_o two_o champion_n of_o like_a presence_n and_o outward_a carriage_n unless_o it_o see_v their_o strength_n compare_v together_o and_o weigh_v as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o scale_n of_o trial_n which_o caesar_n omit_v not_o diligent_o to_o observe_v before_o he_o will_v adventure_v the_o hazard_n of_o battle_n for_o beside_o his_o own_o satisfaction_n it_o give_v great_a encouragement_n to_o his_o man_n when_o they_o see_v themselves_o able_a to_o countermatch_n a_o enemy_n and_o know_v their_o task_n to_o be_v subject_a to_o their_o strength_n neither_o do_v he_o observe_v it_o only_o at_o this_o instant_n but_o throughout_o the_o whole_a course_n of_o his_o action_n for_o we_o find_v that_o he_o never_o encounter_v any_o enemy_n but_o with_o sufficient_a power_n either_o in_o number_n or_o in_o valour_n to_o make_v head_n against_o they_o which_o equality_n of_o strength_n be_v first_o lay_v as_o a_o sure_a foundation_n he_o use_v his_o own_o industry_n and_o skill_n and_o the_o discipline_n wherein_o his_o man_n be_v train_v as_o advantage_n to_o oversway_v his_o adversary_n and_o so_o draw_v victory_n maugre_o fortune_n unto_o himself_o and_o seldom_o fail_v in_o any_o of_o his_o battle_n chap._n iii_o caesar_n pass_v his_o army_n over_o the_o river_n disne_n axona_n leave_v titurius_n sabinus_n encamp_v on_o the_o other_o side_n with_o six_o cohort_n assoon_o as_o caesar_n understand_v caesar_n as_o well_o by_o his_o discourer_n as_o from_o the_o man_n of_o rheimes_n that_o all_o the_o power_n of_o the_o belgae_n be_v assemble_v together_o into_o one_o place_n and_o be_v now_o make_v towards_o he_o no_o great_a destance_n off_o he_o make_v all_o the_o haste_n he_o can_v to_o pass_v his_o army_n over_o the_o river_n axona_n which_o divide_v the_o man_n of_o rheimes_n from_o the_o other_o belgae_n whereby_o he_o bring_v to_o pass_v that_o no_o enemy_n can_v come_v on_o the_o back_n of_o he_o to_o work_v any_o disadvantage_n and_o that_o corn_n may_v be_v bring_v unto_o he_o from_o rheimes_n and_o other_o city_n without_o danger_n and_o further_o that_o he_o may_v command_v the_o passage_n back_o again_o as_o occasion_n shall_v serve_v to_o his_o best_a advantage_n he_o fortify_v a_o bridge_n which_o he_o find_v on_o the_o river_n with_o a_o strong_a garrison_n of_o man_n and_o cause_v titurius_n sabinus_n a_o legate_n to_o encamp_v himself_o on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n with_o six_o cohorte_n command_v he_o to_o fortify_v his_o camp_n with_o a_o rampire_n of_o 12_o foot_n in_o altitude_n and_o a_o trench_n of_o 18_o foot_n in_o breadth_n
observation_n if_o it_o be_v demand_v why_o caesar_n do_v pass_v his_o army_n over_o the_o river_n leave_v it_o on_o his_o back_n and_o do_v not_o rather_o attend_v the_o enemy_n on_o the_o other_o side_n and_o so_o take_v the_o advantage_n of_o hinder_v he_o if_o he_o shall_v attempt_v to_o pass_v over_o i_o will_v set_v down_o the_o reason_n in_o the_o sequel_n of_o this_o war_n as_o the_o occurrence_n shall_v fall_v out_o to_o make_v they_o more_o evident_a in_o the_o mean_a time_n let_v we_o enter_v into_o the_o particularity_n of_o these_o six_o cohorte_n that_o we_o may_v the_o better_a judge_n of_o such_o troop_n which_o be_v employ_v in_o the_o service_n of_o this_o war_n but_o that_o we_o may_v the_o better_a conjecture_n what_o number_n of_o soldier_n these_o six_o cohorte_n do_v contain_v it_o seem_v expedient_a a_o little_a to_o discourse_v of_o the_o company_n and_o regiment_n which_o the_o roman_n use_v in_o their_o army_n and_o first_o we_o be_v to_o understand_v romuli_n that_o the_o great_a and_o chief_a regiment_n in_o a_o roman_a army_n be_v term_v by_o the_o name_n of_o legio_n as_o varro_n say_v quod_fw-la leguntur_fw-la milites_fw-la in_o delectu_fw-la or_o as_o plutarch_n speak_v quod_fw-la lecti_fw-la ex_fw-la omnibus_fw-la essent_fw-la militares_fw-la so_o that_o it_o take_v the_o name_n legio_n of_o the_o choice_n and_o select_v of_o the_o soldier_n romulus_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o first_o author_n &_o founder_v of_o these_o legion_n make_v every_o legion_n to_o contain_v 3000_o soldier_n but_o short_o after_o they_o be_v augment_v as_o festus_n record_v unto_o 4000_o and_o afterward_o again_o from_o 4000_o to_o 4200._o and_o that_o number_n be_v the_o common_a rate_n of_o a_o legion_n until_o hannibal_n come_v into_o italy_n 22._o and_o then_o it_o be_v augment_v to_o 5000_o but_o that_o proportion_n continue_v only_o for_o that_o time_n and_o again_o when_o scipio_n go_v into_o africa_n the_o legion_n be_v increase_v to_o 6200_o footman_n and_o 300_o horse_n and_o short_o after_o the_o macedonian_a war_n the_o legion_n that_o continue_v in_o macedon_n to_o keep_v the_o province_n from_o rebellion_n consist_v of_o 6000_o footman_n and_o 300_o horse_n out_o of_o caesar_n it_o can_v be_v gather_v that_o a_o legion_n in_o his_o time_n do_v exceed_v the_o number_n of_o 5000_o man_n but_o oftentimes_o it_o be_v short_a of_o that_o number_n for_o he_o himself_o say_v that_o in_o this_o war_n in_o gallia_n his_o soldier_n be_v so_o waste_v that_o he_o have_v scarce_o 7000_o man_n in_o two_o legion_n and_o if_o we_o examine_v that_o place_n out_o of_o the_o 3_o of_o the_o civil_a war_n where_o he_o say_v that_o in_o pompey_n his_o army_n be_v 110_o cohort_n which_o amount_v to_o the_o number_n of_o 55000_o man_n and_o be_v manifest_a as_o well_o by_o these_o number_n of_o cohorte_n as_o by_o the_o testimony_n of_o diverse_a author_n that_o pompey_n his_o army_n consist_v of_o 11_o legion_n if_o we_o divide_v 55000_o into_o 11_o part_n we_o shall_v find_v a_o legion_n to_o consist_v of_o 5000_o man_n which_o number_n or_o thereabouts_o be_v general_o know_v to_o be_v the_o usual_a rate_n of_o a_o legion_n the_o roman_n always_o express_v the_o strength_n of_o their_o army_n by_o the_o number_n of_o legion_n that_o be_v therein_o as_o in_o this_o war_n it_o be_v say_v that_o caesar_n have_v eight_o legion_n which_o by_o this_o account_n may_v arise_v to_o 40000_o man_n beside_o associate_n and_o such_o as_o necessary_o attend_v the_o army_n further_o we_o be_v to_o understand_v that_o every_o legion_n have_v his_o peculiar_a name_n by_o which_o it_o be_v know_v and_o distinguish_v from_o the_o rest_n and_o that_o it_o take_v either_o from_o their_o order_n of_o muster_n or_o inrolment_n as_o that_o legion_n which_o be_v first_o enrol_v be_v call_v the_o first_o legion_n and_o that_o which_o be_v second_o in_o choice_n the_o second_o legion_n and_o so_o consequent_o of_o the_o rest_n and_o so_o we_o read_v in_o this_o history_n the_o seven_o the_o eight_o the_o nine_o the_o ten_o the_o eleven_o and_o twelve_o legion_n or_o otherwise_o from_o the_o place_n of_o their_o warfare_n and_o so_o we_o read_v of_o legiones_fw-la germanicae_fw-la panonicae_fw-la britannicae_n and_o such_o other_o and_o sometime_o of_o their_o general_n as_o augusta_n claudia_n vitellianae_fw-la legiones_fw-la and_o so_o forth_o or_o to_o conclude_v from_o some_o accident_n or_o quality_n hist_o as_o rapax_fw-la victrix_n fulminifera_n and_o such_o like_a and_o this_o much_o of_o the_o name_n and_o number_n of_o a_o legion_n which_o i_o must_v necessary_o distinguish_v into_o diverse_a kind_n of_o soldier_n according_a to_o the_o first_o institution_n of_o the_o old_a roman_n and_o the_o continual_a observation_n thereof_o unto_o the_o decay_n of_o the_o empire_n before_o i_o come_v to_o the_o description_n of_o these_o small_a part_n whereof_o a_o legion_n be_v compound_v first_o therefore_o we_o be_v to_o understand_v that_o after_o the_o consul_n have_v make_v a_o genenerall_a choice_n and_o swear_v the_o soldier_n velite_n the_o tribune_n choose_v out_o the_o young_a and_o poor_a of_o all_o the_o rest_n and_o call_v they_o by_o the_o name_n of_o velite_n their_o place_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o other_o soldier_n be_v both_o base_a &_o dishonourable_a not_o only_o because_o they_o fight_v a_o far_o off_o and_o be_v light_o arm_v but_o also_o in_o regard_n they_o be_v common_o expose_v to_o the_o enemy_n as_o our_o forlese_a hope_n be_v have_v choose_v out_o a_o competent_a number_n for_o this_o kind_n they_o proceed_v to_o the_o choice_n of_o they_o which_o they_o call_v hastati_fw-la hastati_fw-la a_o degree_n above_o the_o velite_n both_o in_o age_n and_o wealth_n and_o term_v they_o by_o the_o name_n of_o hastati_fw-la forasmuch_o as_o at_o their_o first_o institution_n they_o fight_v with_o a_o kind_n of_o javelin_n which_o the_o roman_n call_v hasta_n but_o before_o polybius_n his_o time_n they_o use_v pile_n notwithstanding_o their_o ancient_a name_n continue_v unto_o the_o latter_a time_n of_o the_o empire_n principes_fw-la the_o three_o choice_n which_o they_o make_v be_v of_o the_o strong_a and_o lusty_a body_a man_n who_o for_o the_o prime_n of_o their_o age_n be_v call_v principes_fw-la the_o rest_n that_o remain_v be_v name_v triarij_fw-la as_o varro_n say_v quod_fw-la tertio_fw-la ordine_fw-la extremis_fw-la subsidio_fw-la deponuntur_fw-la these_o be_v always_o the_o elder_a and_o best_a experience_a man_n and_o be_v place_v in_o the_o three_o division_n of_o the_o battle_n as_o the_o last_o help_n and_o refuge_n in_o all_o extremity_n 6._o polybius_n say_v that_o in_o his_o time_n the_o velite_n hastati_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la do_v consist_v of_o 1200_o man_n a_o piece_n and_o the_o triarij_fw-la never_o exceed_v the_o number_n of_o 600._o although_o the_o general_a number_n of_o a_o legion_n be_v augment_v rom._n whereof_o lypsius_n allege_v these_o reason_n first_o because_o these_o triarij_fw-la consist_v of_o the_o best_a of_o the_o soldier_n and_o so_o may_v countervail_v a_o great_a number_n in_o good_a worth_n and_o valour_n second_o it_o seldom_o come_v to_o buckle_v with_o the_o enemy_n but_o when_o the_o controversy_n grow_v very_o doubtful_a last_o we_o may_v well_o conjecture_v that_o the_o voluntary_n and_o extraordinary_a follower_n range_v themselves_o among_o these_o triaries_n and_o so_o make_v the_o three_o battle_n equal_a to_o either_o of_o the_o former_a but_o howsoever_o they_o never_o exceed_v the_o number_n of_o 600._o and_o by_o this_o it_o appear_v that_o in_o polybius_n his_o time_n the_o common_a rate_n of_o a_o legion_n be_v 4200._o in_o this_o division_n of_o their_o man_n consist_v the_o ground_n of_o that_o well_o order_a discipline_n for_o in_o that_o they_o distinguish_v they_o according_a to_o their_o year_n and_o ability_n they_o reduce_v their_o whole_a strength_n into_o several_a class_n &_o so_o dispose_v of_o these_o different_a part_n division_n that_o in_o the_o general_a composition_n of_o their_o whole_a body_n every_o part_n may_v be_v fit_v with_o place_n and_o office_n according_a as_o his_o worth_n be_v answerable_a to_o the_o same_o &_o so_o they_o make_v not_o only_o a_o number_n in_o gross_a but_o a_o number_n distinct_a by_o part_n and_o property_n that_o from_o every_o accident_n which_o meet_v with_o any_o part_n of_o the_o army_n the_o judgement_n may_v determine_v how_o much_o or_o how_o little_a it_o import_v the_o whole_a body_n beside_o the_o great_a use_n which_o they_o make_v of_o this_o distinction_n in_o their_o degree_n of_o honour_n and_o preferment_n a_o matter_n of_o no_o small_a consequence_n in_o the_o excellency_n of_o their_o government_n the_o soldier_n manipuli_fw-la at_o their_o enrolment_n be_v thus_o divide_v according_a to_o their_o year_n and_o ability_n they_o then_o