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darius_n with_o 20000._o horse_n and_o well_o nigh_o as_o many_o foot_n have_v embattel_v themselves_o on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n to_o hinder_v his_o passage_n the_o river_n be_v full_a of_o depth_n and_o slallowe_n somewhat_o dangerous_a to_o enter_v and_o the_o bank_n on_o the_o further_a side_n high_a rough_a and_o steepy_a beside_o the_o enemy_n be_v ready_a with_o horse_n cast_v into_o a_o long_a or_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n and_o with_o second_o of_o foot_n to_o beat_v he_o back_o that_o shall_v offer_v to_o climb_v the_o bank_n alexander_n be_v resolve_v to_o pass_v over_o first_o order_v his_o troop_n in_o a_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n the_o right_a wing_n he_o command_v himself_o and_o give_v the_o command_n of_o the_o leave_v to_o parmenio_n then_o put_v the_o scout-horse_n with_o the_o paeonian_o into_o the_o river_n and_o after_o they_o a_o phalangarchy_n of_o foot_n lead_v by_o amyntas_n the_o son_n of_o arrabius_n and_o then_o ptolemy_n the_o son_n 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rehearse_n but_o i_o have_v be_v long_o in_o the_o example_n of_o epaminondas_n and_o therefore_o refer_v the_o reader_n to_o the_o quotation_n 716._o demetrius_n frame_v the_o like_a battle_n against_o ptolemy_n and_o seleucus_n albeit_o he_o be_v frustrate_v of_o his_o hope_n in_o the_o event_n by_o the_o foresight_n of_o ptolemy_n who_o oppose_v his_o choice_a troop_n against_o that_o wing_n of_o demetrius_n which_o be_v first_o to_o undertake_v the_o charge_n hitherto_o of_o these_o three_o form_n of_o phalanges_fw-la see_v the_o figure_n in_o which_o albeit_o the_o two_o first_o be_v portrait_v without_o interual_n yet_o you_o must_v in_o the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n understand_v the_o three_o interual_n usual_a in_o the_o macedonian_a fourfold_a phalange_n and_o in_o the_o hearse_n the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o body_n that_o lead_v and_o of_o the_o front_n of_o those_o that_o follow_v parembole_n protaxis_fw-la epitaxis_fw-la prostaxis_fw-la entaxis_fw-la and_o hypotaxis_fw-la chap._n xxxi_o 1_o parembole_n or_o insertion_n be_v when_o soldier_n be_v place_v in_o a_o body_n we_o take_v some_o of_o the_o hindmost_a and_o order_v they_o within_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o first_o draw_v they_o up_o in_o a_o equal_a front_n 2_o protaxis_fw-la or_o forefront_v be_v when_o we_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o arm_a and_o make_v they_o forestander_n as_o the_o fileleader_n be_v 3_o when_o we_o order_v the_o light_n arm_v behind_o it_o be_v call_v epitaxis_fw-la as_o it_o be_v a_o after-placing_a 4_o prostaxis_fw-la or_o adjoin_v be_v when_o to_o both_o flank_n of_o the_o battle_n or_o to_o one_o flank_n some_o of_o the_o hindmost_a be_v add_v the_o front_n of_o they_o which_o be_v add_v lie_v even_o with_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n this_o addition_n be_v call_v prostaxis_fw-la 5_o entaxis_fw-la or_o insition_n be_v when_o it_o seem_v good_a to_o set_v the_o light_n arm_v within_o the_o space_n of_o the_o phalange_n man_n to_o man_n 6_o hypotaxis_fw-la or_o double-winging_a be_v when_o a_o man_n bestow_v the_o light_n arm_v on_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a figure_n resemble_v a_o threefold_a gate_n or_o door_n cap._n 31._o hypotaxis_fw-la or_o double-winging_a entaxis_fw-la or_o insertion_n protaxis_fw-la or_o forefront_v note_n this_o chapter_n show_v the_o enlarge_n of_o a_o phalange_n or_o battle_n by_o diverse_a placing_n partly_o of_o the_o arm_a partly_o of_o the_o lightarmed_n it_o be_v not_o hard_a to_o be_v understand_v the_o rather_o because_o most_o of_o the_o alteration_n here_o mention_v be_v speak_v of_o heretofore_o either_o in_o aelian_a or_o in_o my_o note_n six_o form_n be_v here_o set_v down_o two_o by_o change_v the_o place_n of_o some_o of_o the_o arm_a the_o other_o four_o by_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n the_o arm_a be_v alter_v by_o man_n parembole_n or_o adjoin_v prostaxis_fw-la the_o light_n arm_v by_o 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elephant_n place_v the_o light_n arm_v before_o to_o the_o intent_n to_o wound_v the_o elephant_n and_o turn_v they_o away_o from_o their_o phalange_n so_o alexander_n so_o darius_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o issos_n place_v darter_n and_o slinger_n before_o the_o front_n of_o their_o phalange_n they_o serve_v great_o to_o annoy_v the_o enemy_n be_v so_o place_v especial_o be_v not_o charge_v with_o horse_n or_o pike_n if_o they_o be_v charge_v with_o either_o they_o be_v to_o retire_v into_o the_o interual_n of_o their_o own_o battle_n of_o pike_n see_v onosander_n cite_v by_o i_o in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o 7_o chapter_n of_o this_o book_n 3._o epitaxis_fw-la order_v of_o the_o lightarmed_n behind_o be_v the_o usual_a manner_n of_o the_o macedonian_a embattel_v from_o whence_o they_o draw_v they_o at_o pleasure_n to_o any_o place_n of_o service_n see_v the_o 7_o chapter_n 4._o prostaxis_fw-la it_o be_v when_o arm_v be_v take_v from_o behind_o and_o lay_v to_o one_o or_o both_o flank_n of_o the_o battle_n front_v even_o with_o the_o front_n thereof_o which_o be_v a_o double_n of_o rank_n as_o be_v before_o show_v do_v when_o the_o hinder_v half_a file_n divide_v themselves_o march_v out_o and_o front_n with_o the_o fileleader_n or_o else_o march_v out_o entire_o without_o division_n entaxis_fw-la incision_n be_v always_o of_o the_o light_n arm_v into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o arm_a it_o be_v all_o one_o with_o pareutaxis_fw-la another_o greek_a word_n use_v in_o the_o same_o sense_n 6._o hypotaxis_fw-la place_v of_o the_o light_n arm_v on_o the_o wing_n be_v much_o use_v in_o ancient_a time_n as_o the_o manner_n be_v also_o at_o this_o day_n but_o aelian_n will_v have_v they_o so_o place_v that_o the_o eminency_n of_o they_o shall_v make_v a_o hollow_a front_n in_o the_o battle_n patritius_fw-la take_v hypotaxis_fw-la to_o be_v the_o place_n of_o the_o light_n arm_v in_o the_o rear_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o mistake_n both_o because_o the_o place_n of_o they_o in_o the_o rear_n be_v in_o this_o chapter_n call_v epitaxis_fw-la and_o also_o because_o there_o be_v four_o manner_n of_o order_v the_o lightarmed_n one_o in_o the_o front_n another_o in_o the_o rear_n the_o three_o within_o the_o body_n of_o the_o phalange_n man_n to_o man_n the_o four_o in_o the_o wing_n if_o this_o order_n shall_v be_v understand_v to_o be_v behind_o the_o phalange_n there_o will_v be_v two_o kind_n of_o place_v of_o the_o light_n arm_v in_o the_o rear_n and_o none_o of_o order_v they_o in_o the_o flank_n beside_o when_o aelian_n say_v they_o be_v place_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d under_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o battle_n he_o sufficient_o express_v himself_o the_o flank_n of_o the_o battle_n on_o both_o side_n be_v the_o uttermost_a part_n of_o the_o wing_n the_o use_n and_o advantage_n of_o these_o exercise_n of_o arm_n chap._n xxxiv_o these_o precept_n of_o turn_v about_o of_o face_n of_o wheel_v and_o double_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n and_o of_o 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caelembolos_fw-la reserve_v the_o three_o for_o all_o accident_n so_o this_o square_n divide_v itself_o into_o two_o phalanges_fw-la but_o have_v no_o third_n set_v the_o one_o against_o the_o right-hand_a battle_n of_o the_o peristomus_fw-la the_o other_o against_o the_o left_a for_o by_o this_o opposition_n they_o inhibit_v the_o enemy_n from_o attach_n their_o flank_n of_o this_o form_n i_o find_v not_o many_o precedent_n in_o the_o greek_a history_n i_o will_v receit_n only_o 609._o one_o out_o of_o arrian_n concern_v alexander_n which_o if_o it_o hit_v not_o this_o form_n in_o every_o point_n yet_o it_o have_v full_o the_o effect_n of_o that_o which_o be_v intend_v by_o aelian_n alexander_n be_v to_o deliver_v battle_n to_o porus_n a_o king_n of_o part_n of_o india_n lie_v on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n hydaspes_n find_v his_o enemy_n army_n to_o be_v thus_o embattle_v he_o have_v place_v his_o elephant_n in_o the_o front_n 100_o foot_n distant_a one_o from_o 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last_o that_o the_o deduction_n be_v upon_o one_o and_o the_o self_n and_o not_o upon_o contrary_a side_n viz._n that_o the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o phalanges_fw-la be_v all_o of_o they_o either_o upon_o the_o right_a hand_n or_o upon_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o their_o phalanges_fw-la and_o therefore_o suidas_n define_v it_o to_o be_v a_o diphalange_n which_o have_v the_o leader_n of_o either_o phalange_n order_v in_o the_o same_o side_n of_o the_o march_n where_o he_o say_v that_o the_o leader_n be_v order_v on_o the_o same_o side_n in_o both_o phalanges_fw-la which_o word_n be_v likewise_o in_o aelian_a in_o the_o end_n of_o the_o chapter_n we_o must_v understand_v noâ—_n the_o leader_n of_o the_o march_n but_o the_o fileleader_n who_o be_v also_o call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o leader_n 〈◊〉_d for_o as_o aelian_n say_v elsewhere_o the_o march_n in_o a_o deduction_n proceed_v in_o wing_n not_o by_o file_n but_o by_o rank_n so_o that_o the_o fileleader_n be_v in_o the_o 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seven_o chapter_n will_v teach_v we_o nor_o will_v any_o man_n say_v that_o a_o file_n be_v a_o phalange_n nor_o that_o the_o follow_v of_o one_o file_n single_o after_o the_o other_o will_v make_v a_o diphalange_n the_o true_a cause_n be_v allege_v in_o the_o word_n follow_v it_o be_v therefore_o call_v homoiostomus_n because_o they_o that_o follow_v follow_v in_o the_o like_a figure_n which_o word_n albeit_o they_o be_v general_a yet_o be_v explain_v and_o particularise_v in_o the_o end_n of_o the_o chapter_n they_o show_v that_o it_o be_v call_v a_o diphalange_n homoiostomus_n when_o two_o phalanges_fw-la follow_v one_o another_o either_o in_o a_o right_n or_o a_o left_a hand_n deduction_n and_o by_o that_o part_n of_o the_o text_n the_o nature_n of_o the_o homoiostomus_n be_v sufficient_o express_v 3_o this_o be_v oppose_v against_o the_o both_o plinthium_fw-la how_o this_o form_n shall_v be_v oppose_v against_o the_o plinthium_fw-la i_o must_v confess_v i_o yet_o understand_v 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charge_v the_o rear_n but_o since_o upon_o better_a consideration_n i_o think_v there_o be_v a_o fault_n in_o the_o text_n and_o where_o it_o be_v write_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d it_o shall_v be_v correct_v and_o write_v as_o i_o take_v it_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d for_o that_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d signify_v the_o flank_n of_o the_o battle_n 10._o julius_n pollux_n testify_v in_o these_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o forepart_n of_o those_o that_o fight_n be_v call_v the_o front_n the_o rank_n and_o the_o face_n the_o outward_a part_n on_o each_o side_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o flank_n the_o wing_n the_o right_a and_o the_o left_a the_o midst_n the_o navel_n f._n the_o depth_n the_o parget_n or_o wall_n the_o like_a do_v 89._o leo_n in_o many_o place_n and_o as_o far_o as_o i_o can_v read_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o the_o plural_a number_n be_v general_o take_v for_o the_o flank_n albeit_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o the_o singular_a number_n i_o deny_v not_o to_o be_v use_v for_o the_o rear_n sometime_o as_o in_o 〈◊〉_d xenophon_n who_o describe_v a_o fight_n betwixt_o the_o corcyreians_n and_o lacedaemonian_n have_v thus_o mnasippus_n the_o lacedaemonian_a general_n embattail_v his_o army_n put_v the_o enemy_n that_o be_v near_o the_o gate_n to_o flight_n and_o follow_v the_o chaâ—â—_n they_o be_v come_v near_o the_o wall_n turn_v again_o and_o throw_v and_o cast_v dart_n from_o the_o mountain_n other_o run_v out_o of_o the_o other_o gate_n in_o good_a number_n fall_v upon_o the_o 〈◊〉_d rear_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n who_o be_v order_v but_o 〈◊〉_d 8_o deep_a and_o think_v the_o 〈◊〉_d rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n to_o be_v but_o weak_a endeavour_v to_o retire_v and_o fall_v off_o the_o enemy_n no_o soon_o see_v they_o give_v ground_n but_o present_o fall_v on_o more_o eager_o imagine_v they_o flee_v neither_o do_v they_o turn_v their_o face_n any_o more_o and_o they_o who_o stand_v next_o unto_o they_o soughe_n with_o all_o speed_n to_o save_v themselves_o by_o flight_n mnasippus_n can_v give_v no_o aid_n to_o his_o distress_a soldier_n by_o reason_n he_o be_v hardly_o lay_v to_o by_o the_o corcireans_n that_o come_v to_o hand_n with_o he_o and_o his_o number_n by_o little_a and_o little_o decrease_v at_o last_o the_o enemy_n in_o great_a number_n press_v they_o sore_o that_o stand_v about_o mnasippus_n who_o be_v now_o reduce_v to_o a_o very_a few_o and_o the_o arm_a foot_n of_o the_o city_n see_v what_o be_v do_v abroad_o issue_v out_o and_o after_o they_o have_v slay_v mnasippus_n they_o follow_v the_o chase_n all_o of_o they_o together_o thus_o 693._o xenophon_n and_o thus_o you_o may_v see_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o the_o singular_a number_n take_v for_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n howsover_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o the_o plural_a signify_v the_o flank_n the_o antistomus_n phalange_n therefore_o differ_v from_o the_o amphistomus_fw-la in_o this_o only_a because_o the_o last_o maintain_v fight_v in_o front_n and_o rear_v the_o first_o in_o both_o flank_n and_o aelian_a in_o this_o chapter_n describe_v the_o battle_n which_o maintain_v the_o fight_n 7._o in_o the_o flank_n it_o seem_v that_o the_o inscription_n ought_v to_o be_v of_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n and_o that_o the_o text_n ought_v to_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o not_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d it_o may_v after_o a_o sort_n appear_v by_o aelian_n himself_o in_o the_o next_o chapter_n where_o make_v a_o difference_n betwixt_o these_o two_o battle_n he_o say_v plain_o that_o the_o antistomus_n fight_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d read_v then_o in_o the_o text_n those_o in_o the_o flank_n make_v head_n against_o the_o enemy_n in_o stead_n of_o these_o word_n those_o in_o front_n and_o rear_v and_o all_o the_o rest_n will_v agree_v to_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n 3._o it_o be_v of_o great_a use_n the_o use_n of_o this_o battle_n be_v principal_o against_o horse_n as_o aelian_n give_v to_o understand_v because_o they_o be_v quick_a and_o speedy_a and_o can_v sudden_o turn_v divide_v themselves_o and_o charge_v where_o they_o list_v and_o the_o flank_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v the_o weak_a part_n for_o your_o best_a man_n be_v place_v in_o the_o front_n and_o rear_v it_o be_v needful_a to_o find_v out_o some_o mean_n to_o defend_v they_o which_o be_v to_o instruct_v your_o soldier_n how_o to_o receive_v the_o charge_n by_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o flank_n in_o front_v you_o be_v always_o ready_a because_o face_n and_o weapon_n be_v bend_v that_o way_n effect_v the_o like_a in_o the_o flank_n and_o you_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o resist_v any_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n for_o foot_n the_o danger_n be_v not_o so_o great_a because_o your_o man_n shall_v be_v able_a to_o face_v every_o way_n as_o ready_o as_o the_o enemy_n give_v they_o only_o exercise_v and_o acqaint_v they_o with_o that_o manner_n of_o fight_n 4._o and_o principal_o practise_v against_o the_o barbarian_n that_o it_o be_v much_o use_v among_o the_o grecian_n i_o find_v not_o in_o there_o history_n yet_o be_v there_o no_o doubt_n but_o the_o use_n may_v be_v great_a in_o it_o as_o well_o as_o in_o the_o amphistomus_fw-la but_o i_o take_v the_o reason_n why_o it_o be_v seldom_o put_v in_o practice_n to_o be_v because_o the_o flank_n of_o pike_n in_o the_o grecian_a battle_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n guard_v with_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n the_o front_n and_o rear_v have_v no_o such_o defence_n be_v common_o attach_v by_o the_o enemy_n seek_v all_o advantage_n to_o distress_v they_o and_o in_o case_n the_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n be_v absent_a the_o flank_n be_v the_o fair_a mark_n of_o the_o enemy_n which_o can_v by_o no_o other_o mean_n be_v secure_v but_o by_o face_v that_o way_n where_o he_o give_v on_o which_o may_v be_v evident_o see_v by_o the_o fight_n cyrus_n the_o elder_a have_v against_o croesus_n which_o example_n you_o shall_v see_v set_v out_o in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o 46._o chap._n page_n 79._o 5._o those_o be_v broad_a square_n that_o which_o i_o here_o translate_v a_o broad_a square_n be_v in_o the_o greek_a heteromeke_n of_o which_o form_n i_o have_v speak_v in_o note_n upon_o the_o 30._o chapter_n cap._n 39_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n front_n word_n of_o direction_n for_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n for_o that_o form_n be_v describe_v in_o this_o chapter_n 1._o half_n rank_n face_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n 2._o charge_v your_o pike_n to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n 1._o advance_v your_o pike_n 2._o face_n as_o you_o be_v 1_o of_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_fw-la chap._n thirty-nine_o 1_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n be_v like_a to_o the_o amphistomus_fw-la the_o form_n be_v a_o little_a alter_v so_o that_o it_o accustome_v the_o soldier_n to_o resist_v the_o several_a kind_n of_o incursion_n of_o horse_n all_o that_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o 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be_v of_o the_o antistomus_n as_o i_o have_v before_o show_v this_o of_o the_o amphistomus_fw-la that_o it_o shall_v be_v of_o the_o amphistomus_fw-la the_o very_a word_n follow_v in_o this_o chapter_n will_v prove_v which_o be_v these_o the_o one_o half_a say_v he_o of_o the_o arm_a soldier_n in_o the_o file_n have_v their_o face_n bend_v forward_o the_o other_o half_o backward_o so_o that_o they_o stand_v back_o to_o back_o and_o the_o battle_n have_v two_o frontes_fw-la one_o before_o where_o the_o fileleader_n the_o other_o behind_o where_o the_o bringer_n up_o stand_v he_o describe_v the_o two_o front_n by_o the_o fileleader_n and_o bringer_n up_o who_o proper_a place_n be_v the_o front_n and_o rear_v &_o not_o the_o flank_n and_o further_o
need_v few_o word_n of_o direction_n in_o this_o only_o if_o the_o two_o ordinary_a battle_n stand_v in_o equal_a front_n let_v the_o one_o wheel_n to_o the_o right_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o so_o march_v the_o one_o before_o the_o other_o after_o of_o the_o horse_n rombe_n and_o of_o the_o foot-halfe-moone_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n xliiii_o 1_o the_o battle_n frame_v in_o a_o form_n of_o a_o rombe_n be_v first_o invent_v by_o ileon_n the_o thessalian_a and_o be_v call_v i_o will_v after_o his_o name_n and_o to_o this_o form_n he_o exercise_v and_o accustom_v his_o thessalian_n it_o be_v of_o good_a use_n because_o it_o have_v a_o leader_n on_o every_o corner_n in_o the_o front_n the_o captain_n in_o the_o rear_n the_o livetennant_n and_o on_o either_o side_n the_o flank-commander_n 2_o the_o foot_n battle_n fit_a to_o encounter_n this_o be_v the_o 3_o menoide_v or_o crescent_a have_v both_o the_o wing_n stretch_v out_o and_o within_o they_o the_o leader_n and_o be_v embow_v in_o the_o midst_n to_o environ_v and_o wrap_v in_o the_o horseman_n in_o their_o give_v on_o where_o upon_o the_o horseman_n ply_v the_o foot_n a_o far_o off_o with_o fly_a weapon_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o tarantine_n seek_v thereby_o to_o dissolve_v and_o disorder_v their_o circle_a frame_n of_o march_n tarentum_n be_v a_o city_n in_o italy_n the_o hoseman_n whereof_o be_v call_v acrobolist_n because_o in_o charge_v they_o first_o cast_v little_a darter_n dart_n and_o after_o come_v to_o hand_n with_o the_o enemy_n note_n 1_o the_o battle_n in_o form_n of_o a_o rhombe_n of_o the_o rhombe_n be_v sufficient_o speak_v in_o chap._n 6._o before_o and_o in_o the_o note_n upon_o the_o same_o chapter_n the_o manner_n of_o frame_v of_o it_o and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o be_v there_o set_v down_o the_o thessalian_n cap_n 44_o the_o half_a moon_n or_o menoide_n of_o foot_n the_o rhombe_n of_o horse_n the_o front_n use_v not_o all_o those_o kind_n but_o only_o that_o which_o file_v but_o rank_n not_o as_o aelian_n testify_v in_o the_o 46_o chapter_n which_o kind_n be_v there_o also_o describe_v it_o 46._o be_v account_v a_o form_n of_o great_a violence_n &_o in_o that_o form_n the_o thessalian_n get_v all_o there_o reputation_n be_v esteem_v the_o the_o best_a horseman_n of_o greece_n 2_o the_o foot_n battle_n fit_a to_o encounter_n this_o the_o advantage_n that_o horseman_n have_v against_o foot_n be_v great_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o footman_n have_v seek_v to_o help_v themselves_o by_o diverse_a kind_n of_o embattail_v to_o the_o end_n to_o supply_v by_o art_n that_o which_o they_o want_v by_o force_n and_o strength_n of_o which_o manner_n of_o embattailing_n many_o be_v set_v down_o in_o aelian_n if_o more_o than_o one_o troop_n charge_n at_o once_o you_o have_v the_o phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la antistomus_n and_o the_o plinthium_fw-la to_o resist_v if_o but_o one_o troop_n the_o diphalange_n antistomus_n all_o which_o kind_n be_v before_o describe_v by_o aelian_n in_o this_o chapter_n be_v another_o kind_n describe_v namely_o the_o half_a moon_n and_o there_o follow_v in_o other_o chapter_n the_o plagiophalange_n the_o epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_fw-la and_o the_o wedge_n of_o all_o which_o we_o be_v to_o discourse_v in_o order_n as_o they_o be_v remember_v by_o our_o author_n 3_o be_v the_o menoeid_n or_o cressant_n against_o the_o rhombe_n of_o horse_n aelian_n oppose_v the_o menoeides_n of_o foot_n a_o name_n of_o battle_n borrow_v from_o the_o shape_n of_o the_o moon_n for_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v the_o moon_n and_o the_o word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d which_o be_v join_v to_o make_v up_o the_o composition_n signify_v a_o full_a shape_n or_o form_n so_o the_o word_n import_v a_o shape_n or_o form_n of_o the_o moon_n and_o yet_o this_o battle_n be_v not_o like_o all_o shape_n of_o the_o moon_n but_o like_a to_o the_o new_a moon_n when_o she_o have_v two_o horn_n and_o have_v the_o shape_n of_o half_a a_o circle_n as_o it_o be_v in_o which_o sense_n isis_n the_o egyptian_a goddess_n which_o indeed_o be_v the_o moon_n say_v â—_o diodorus_n siculus_n be_v picture_v with_o two_o horn_n from_o the_o show_n which_o she_o make_v be_v menoeide_n that_o be_v the_o new_a moon_n so_o be_v a_o wall_n sometime_o call_v because_o of_o the_o hollow_a form_n as_o when_o the_o rhodian_n have_v their_o wall_n shrewd_o shake_v by_o the_o engine_n of_o battery_n of_o demetrius_n rear_v a_o inward_a wall_n in_o shape_n of_o a_o crescent_n which_o with_o the_o compass_n comprehend_v all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o outward_a wall_n which_o be_v batter_v the_o same_o c._n diodorus_n call_v it_o menoeides_n the_o like_a be_v do_v by_o the_o halicarnassean_o against_o alexander_n the_o great_a and_o arrian_n give_v it_o the_o name_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d a_o brick_n half_a moon_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o invention_n of_o this_o form_n be_v lay_v out_o by_o 65._o onosander_n &_o 184._o leo._n oftentimes_o say_v onosader_n those_o that_o have_v great_a number_n of_o man_n in_o the_o field_n be_v wont_a to_o figure_v they_o into_o a_o crescent_n suppose_v that_o in_o charge_v the_o enemy_n will_v be_v ready_a to_o join_v man_n to_o man_n that_o be_v to_o enter_v into_o the_o semicircle_n and_o fight_n with_o they_o that_o stand_v embow_v in_o do_v whereof_o they_o will_v be_v hem_v and_o wrape_v in_o in_o the_o half_a circle_n the_o wing_n of_o the_o half_a circle_n be_v to_o be_v draw_v together_o round_o about_o they_o and_o the_o whole_a bring_v into_o the_o form_n of_o a_o circle_n and_o leo_n likewise_o the_o figure_n bear_v there_o semblance_n of_o half_a a_o circle_n seem_v to_o be_v safe_a &_o firm_a for_o it_o enclose_v the_o enemy_n that_o come_v against_o it_o in_o the_o hollowness_n of_o the_o circle_n by_o draw_v out_o the_o wing_n into_o a_o circle_n on_o both_o side_n and_o give_v more_o courage_n to_o fight_v against_o they_o the_o cause_n then_o to_o take_v up_o this_o figure_n in_o fight_n be_v three_o one_o the_o advantage_n of_o multitude_n of_o force_n in_o the_o field_n whereby_o the_o general_n be_v enable_v to_o encompass_v another_o the_o ignorance_n of_o the_o enemy_n that_o venture_v within_o the_o compass_n of_o the_o half_a moon_n the_o three_o the_o efficasie_a of_o the_o figure_n which_o serve_v to_o entrap_v the_o enemy_n that_o be_v not_o heedful_a and_o wary_a in_o join_v battle_n it_o have_v be_v use_v both_o against_o horse_n and_o foot_n and_o sometime_o in_o sea_n by_o one_o navy_n against_o another_o aelian_n esteem_v it_o good_a against_o horse_n no_o doubt_n when_o horse_n charge_n and_o be_v resist_v both_o in_o front_n and_o ply_v also_o with_o fly_a weapon_n in_o flank_n they_o find_v a_o great_a â—n_n opposition_n and_o disadvantage_n then_o when_o they_o be_v receive_v in_o front_n alone_o in_o square_a battle_n of_o foot_n the_o front_n lie_v even_o the_o horse_n in_o charge_v abide_v only_o the_o danger_n before_o whereas_o in_o the_o hollow_a front_a battle_n of_o foot_n such_o as_o be_v this_o form_n and_o the_o epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_fw-la they_o be_v endanger_v also_o in_o flank_n yea_o in_o both_o flank_n &_o can_v enter_v the_o hollowness_n of_o the_o front_n without_o loss_n of_o many_o of_o their_o horse_n the_o depth_n of_o the_o hollowness_n be_v as_o strong_a in_o have_v the_o fileleader_n in_o front_n and_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o file_n the_o same_o as_o a_o square_a battle_n to_o resist_v and_o the_o wing_n ply_v and_o infest_v they_o with_o all_o sort_n of_o fly_a weapon_n against_o foot_n it_o have_v be_v use_v oftentimes_o and_o it_o be_v the_o only_a form_n that_o the_o turk_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o multitude_n use_v both_o with_o horse_n and_o foot_n against_o christian_n at_o this_o day_n the_o crescent_n may_v be_v frame_v not_o only_o before_o fight_n be_v begin_v but_o also_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o fight_n before_o the_o fight_n you_o have_v a_o example_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n against_o epaminondas_n which_o i_o have_v cite_v at_o large_a in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o 30_o chap._n 41._o leo_n also_o setteh_a down_o the_o manner_n of_o cast_v a_o navy_n into_o a_o crescent_a before_o fight_v during_o the_o fight_n aratus_n the_o elder_a frame_v a_o crescent_n against_o the_o lacedaemonian_n pausanias_n recite_v it_o in_o this_o manner_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o 471._o the_o lacedaemonian_n against_o the_o mantinean_o the_o mantinean_o say_v he_o have_v the_o right_a wing_n all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o arcadian_n the_o left_a the_o midst_n be_v ussign_v to_o aratus_n and_o to_o the_o sicyonian_o and_o achaean_n agis_n king_n of_o lacedaemon_n and_o the_o lacedaemonian_n strethe_v out_o their_o battle_n to_o invade_v
to_o charge_v he_o in_o front_n and_o on_o both_o flank_n at_o one_o time_n but_o the_o convexe_n half_a moon_n avoid_v that_o danger_n meet_v the_o enemy_n with_o the_o bear_n out_o of_o the_o half_a circle_n and_o give_v the_o two_o wing_n of_o the_o epicampios_fw-la enough_o to_o do_v be_v not_o to_o be_v annoy_v with_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o hollowness_n which_o remain_v a_o pretty_a distance_n more_o backward_o than_o the_o point_n of_o the_o wing_n so_o that_o this_o form_n be_v fit_a to_o be_v oppose_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la and_o lose_v no_o advantage_n of_o embattail_v and_o it_o avoid_v the_o peril_n of_o the_o hollow_a front_n by_o not_o enter_v and_o yet_o maintain_v the_o fight_n against_o the_o two_o wing_n that_o be_v thruâ—_n out_o to_o encompass_v be_v of_o sufficient_a strength_n to_o encounter_v the_o epicampios_fw-la either_o of_o they_o not_o dissolve_v their_o form_n or_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o epicampios_fw-la retire_v as_o aelian_n prescribe_v when_o they_o be_v overpress_v or_o else_o the_o body_n of_o the_o hollowness_n advance_v to_o make_v a_o equal_a front_n with_o the_o wing_n and_o so_o unite_v their_o force_n howbeit_o i_o have_v not_o read_v in_o the_o greek_a history_n example_n of_o this_o form_n set_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la or_o use_v otherwise_o in_o fight_n only_o i_o find_v in_o polybius_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o can_n that_o hannibal_n practise_v it_o against_o the_o roman_n not_o trust_v to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o form_n but_o rather_o with_o the_o show_n thereof_o cover_v a_o further_a drift_n to_o beguile_v and_o bring_v they_o into_o his_o snare_n his_o word_n be_v in_o effect_n these_o hannibal_n say_v he_o embattle_v his_o army_n thus_o he_o place_v on_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o spanish_a and_o celtish_a horse_n right_o over_o against_o the_o roman_a horse_n next_o to_o they_o of_o foot_n half_o the_o lybian_a heavy_a arm_v then_o the_o spaniard_n and_o celts_n 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first_o be_v order_v in_o a_o small_a depth_n themselves_o transfer_v the_o thickness_n of_o their_o battle_n from_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o midst_n where_o the_o fight_n be_v for_o the_o midst_n and_o the_o wing_n fight_v not_o at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o midst_n begin_v the_o fight_n first_o because_o the_o celts_n range_v in_o a_o half_a moon_n bear_v much_o more_o forward_o the_o the_o wing_n have_v not_o the_o hollowness_n but_o the_o prominent_a swell_n of_o the_o half-moone_n lie_v out_o towards_o the_o enemy_n so_o the_o roman_n follow_v &_o run_v together_o to_o the_o midst_n where_o the_o enemy_n give_v ground_n enter_v so_o far_o into_o the_o enemy_n battle_n that_o they_o have_v the_o heavy-armed_n lybian_o on_o either_o of_o their_o flank_n of_o who_o those_o of_o the_o right_a wing_n face_v to_o the_o target_n charge_v they_o on_o the_o right_n those_o of_o the_o left_a wing_n face_v to_o the_o pike_n give_v upon_o their_o left_a side_n occasion_n itself_o show_v 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