Aristotle's Rule That great Dominion be not committed to any one Then he gave order for building of Alexandria heard Psammonis the Philosopher who brought the haughty King to confess That God is the Father of all Men but acknowledgeth good Men for his Children From thence he led his Army towards Euphrates where Mazeus abandoned the defence of the Passage from whence he Marched towards Tygris so violent in its Current and deep that it had been easie to repell them who could not use Bows or Darts wading together Arm in Arm to withstand the Current Mazius having cowardly forsaken the Advantage of the Ford which no Valour of his Enemy could have easily won presents himself with some Companies of Horse setting Fire on the Provision of the Country but too late for Alexander's Horse-men saved much § 9. Darius's Forces by Curtius's Report were Two hundred Thousand Foot and Fifty thousand Horse Arrianus makes them Fourteen hundred thousand in all it is probable they were about four hundred thousand with which Multitude they thought to overpower their few Enemies in the Plains of Assyria but Skill and Practice do more toward Victory than rude Multitude Alexander's Army upon occasion of an Eclipse of the Moon are affrighted but are incouraged by Egyptian Astrologers For it had been contrary to all Rule to have an Army afraid to Fight Darius offered great Conditions of Peace in vain § 10. Alexander is advised by Parmenio to Assault Darius's Camp by Night that the sight of the Multitude might breed no Terrour which Counsel is a good ground of War as oft as few must fight with many but Alexander will have Day-Light to witness his Valour Then he gave his Army Rest and store of Food before the Battle according to the Rule of War which saith Men well refreshed will stand the better to it for Hunger sights more eagerly within than Steel without His Forces according to Arrianus were Forty thousand Foot and Seventy thousand Horse which I take to be his European followers besides Egyptians Syrians Arabians Scythians Of these Curtius saith three hundred only were slain and Forty thousand Persians others differ So that as in the former two so in this Battle what can we judge but the Persians upon the first Charge ran away else had every one but cast a Dâ—rt or a Stone the Macedonians could not have bought the Empire so cheap neither could they have past the River so easily if Sixty thousand had been Armed with Spades only § 11. Darius after the Rout of his Army recovered Arbela that Night with his Treasure intends a retreat into Media while the Macedonians as he supposed but was deceiv'd would attempt Babylon Susa c. Rich Cities Alexander pursueth and enters Arbela and possesseth the Treasure while Darius flyeth and then took his way to Babylon which Mazius and the Captain of the Castle rendred with the Treasure Here he rested thirty four days spent in such Voluptuous Pleasure as made the Macedonians forget the Hardness of their Military Discipline Here he erected Bands of One thousand called Chiliarchs bestowed on such as in the late War had best deserved This City and Territory he left in Charge with Three of his own Captains gracing Mazeus with the Title of Lieutenant Then he entred the Province Satrapenâ— and so to Susa on the River Euleus in Persia which Abulites gave up with Fifty thousand Talents of Silver Bullion and Twelve Elopha's which he committed to some Macedonians giving Abulites only the Title of Lieutenant as he did after to Teridates of Persepolis observing well That Traytors to their own Kings are never to be trusted alone in great matters wherein Falshood may redeem their lost Estate Vassals of Fortune love only their Kings Prosperity not Person § 12. Alexander advancing toward Persepolis was much worsted by Ariobarzanes at the Streights between the Mountains which divide Susiana and Persia But by a Lycian which lived there he found another way and came suddainly upon Ariobarzanes and forced him who not finding entrance into Persepolis returned with a second Charge upon the Macedonians and was slain Teridates another of Darius's trusty Grandees sends to Alexander to make haste to Persepolis before the People pillaged the Treasury which at that day was the Richest in the World This place Alexander committed to Nicarides a Creature of his own and left the Body of his Army there while he with a Thousand Horse and some choice Foot not able to stand still would in the Winter see the parts of Persia covered with Snow when his Foot-men were impatient of that extreme travail he left his Horse to bear a part with them But I rather commend him who seeks wisely to prevent Extremities than rash People which vaunt what they have indured with Common Souldiers Caesar's first care was for Victuals and he which will describe that Beast War must begin at his Belly said Coligni Alexander returns to Persepolis where he smother'd all his Reputation in Cups and Familiarity with Harlots of which Thais caus'd him to burn that sumptuous City Persepolis § 13. Darius in Media having about Forty thousand Souldiers which he design'd to encrease in Bactria hearing of Alexander's Approach resolves to Fight c. Nabarzanes and Bessus Governour of Bactria Conspire against him and draw away Thirty thousand of his Souldiers neither durst his Persian Cowards tho' offer'd the assistance of Four thousand Greeks led by Patronus defend him from Bessus who took and bound him and put him in a Cart covered with Hides and set forward to Bactria in hopes either by delivering him to Alexander to make their Peace or killing him to become King but failed in both God not induring so strange a Villany Alexander hasting after with Six thousand Horse and other selected Companies best Armed and for speed mounted also on Horse-back hearing by such as daily forsook Bessus what was done pursued as in Post so that Bessus finding Darius unwilling to take Horse and fly with him wounded him to death and the Beasts which drew him and left him alone Polystratus a Macedonian Priest Thirsty with pursuing while he stay'd at a Water discover'd the Cart and found Darius bathing in his own Blood at point of Death and took Commendations from his Mouth to Alexander to revenge him and refreshed him with Water c. § 14. Alexander hearing of Darius's Death persuaded the Macedonians to pursue Bessus and leaving some Forces in Parthia enters Hyrcania with some resistance of the Mardons He passed the River Zioberis which begins in Parthia runneth under the ledge of Mountains which part Parthia and Hyrcania and after three hundred Furlongs riseth again and falleth into the Caspian Sea In Zadracarta called Hyrcania by Ptolomy he rested Fifteen days where Patapherne and other great Commanders of Darius submitted to him and were restored especially he graced Artabasus for his Fidelity to his old Master c. he also to his dishonour accepted Nabarzanes the Traytor
and took an Hundred private Hostages The Rhodians presently erect Statues for Lysimachus and Cassander and make a God of Ptolomy § 3. Demetrius chaseth Cassander beyond the Straits of Thermopilae and recover'd all that Cassander held there the like he did in Peloponesus setting all Free and translateth Sicyon to anâ—ther place and called it Demetrius Then he was proclaimed General of all Greece and Athens decreed all his Commandments should be held Sacred and just with God and Men Cassander's Case now oblig'd him to seek Peace for Macedon but Antigonus will have absolute submission which made Cassander sollicit the Confederates Lysimachus Ptolomy and Seleucus who apprehending the common danger agree to joyn Forces against a common Enemy Lysimachus with part of Cassander's Forces begins and passeth the Hellespont makes hot War in Asia which Antigonus hasteth to oppose but cannot force Lysimachus home who stayed for Seleucus's coming and made him send for Demetrius c. § 4. Seleucus is come and joyned with Ptolomy's Forces and Lysimachus making Sixty four Thousand Foot Ten Thousand Five Hundred Horse Four Hundred Elephants and One Hundred aâ—med Carts Antigonus had Seventy Thousand Foot Ten Thousand Horse and Seventy Five Elephants they met at Ipsus near Ephesus where the only memorable Thing was that Demetrius encountred young Antiochus Son of Seleucus and so pursued him in flight that Seleucus interposeth his Elephants between Demetrius and Antigonus's Phalanx and with his Troops of Horse so forced it that many soon revolted and left him to death Thus Princes commonly succeed who are more fear'd by their Enemies than lov'd by Friends § 5. Demetrius finding all lost made a speedy retreat to Ephesus with Four Thousand Horse and Five Thousand Foot thinking long to be at Athens the Worshippers of his Godhead not knowing they had repealed his Deity 'till he met their Messengers not as Theories to Consult at their Oracle but as Officers to prohibit his entring their City which shameless Ingratitude more afflicted him than all the rest yet he spake them fair 'till he recovered his Ships out of their Haven In the mean time the Confederates are dividing his Father's Provinces of which Seleucus seised on Syria and part of Asia the less whereat the rest repined and consulted to oppose his Greatness in time whereof he was not ignorant knowing the Law of Sâ—â—te ought not to permit the over-growing of Neighbours Therefore to serve his turn of Demetrius against Lysimachus he Married his Daughter Stratonica but to save the life of his Son Antiochus who was passionately in love with her he gave her to him The like Alliance was between Ptolomy and Lysimachus Demetrius and Cassander Demetrius and Ptolomy yet not bound to each other but for the present as it hath been with Christian Kings whom neither Bed nor Book can make faithful in their Covenants Yet Demetrius had this advantage by Seleucus's Affinity that he got Cilicia from Plistarchus Brother to Cassander who yet was pacified by Phila their Sister Wife to Demetrius who also about that time married Ptolomy's Daughter yet Seleucus had rather have Demetrius further off having a mind to Cilicia as Ptolomy had to Cyprus and offered ready mony for it but in vain for Demetrius had already found there Twelve Thousand Talents of his Fathers § 6. Demetrius with Three Hundred good Ships entreth Attica besiegeth the City of Athens which Ptolomy sought to relieve but could not so by extream Famine it was yielded but was spared notwithstanding all their unthankfulness yet he put a Garrison in it to keep them honest by force Then he went to Peloponesus against Lacedemon but was hastily called away into Asia where Lysimachus had won many Towns from him and Ptolomy besieged Salamis in Cyprus where his Mother and Childrâ—n reâ—ained Yet hearing of Cassander's death and that his Sons Antipater and Alexander fought for the Kingdom and that Antipater had furiously slain their Mother Thessalonica for affecting his Brother he chose rather to go to assist Alexander who desired aid of him and Pyrrâ—us King of Epirus § 7. Pyrrhus Son of Aeacides an Infant at his Father's death was conveyed unto Glaucias King of Illyria who at Twelve Years old set him in his Kingdom out of which six years after he was forced and went to serve Demetrius who married his Sister and after the Overthrow at Ipsus became Hostage to Ptolomy upon his reconciliation with Demetrius In Aegypt he got the favour of Berenice Ptolomy's principal Wife and Married her Daughter and was restored to Epirus He being requested of Alexander to aid him against Antipater for reward took Ambracia by force Acarnania and much more leaving the united Brethren to divide the rest Demetrius also bâ—ing come after all was done is discontented and pretending Alexander had plotted his death slew him at a Feast and seized on his part of the Kingdom At which Antipater who had Married Lysimachus's Daughter was so inraged that his Father-in-Law to quiet him took away his troublesome life Thus the House which Cassander had raised with so much Treachery and Royal-Blood fell on his own Grave before the Earth was throughly setled Demetrius after this access of Dominion grew to such dissoluteness in Wine Women and Idleness that he would not endure the trouble of Petitions and doing justice so that the People grew weary of his idleness and the Souldiers of his vanity Having lost all he had in Asia and Cyprus but his Mother and Children which Ptolomy honourably sent him home he went against Thebes and won it twice then he went against Pyrrhus with two great Armies of which one led by Pentauchus was overthrown and he beaten by Pyrrhus upon Challenge hand to hand which loss offended not the Macedonians so much as the young Princes behaviour pleased them seeming to see a lively figure of Alexander in his best qualities This esteem of Pyrrhus was increased by the dislike which he had of Demetrius for his Insolency and Cruelty to his Souldiers of whom he said The more of them died the fewer he had to pay In the end he grew sensible of their general hatred which to prevent he intended a War in Asia with a Royal Army of almost One Hundred Thousand Foot and Twelve Thousand Horse and a Navy of Five Hundred Sail of which many exceeded all former greatness Seleucus and Ptolomy doubting the issue are earnest with Lysimachus and Pyrrhus to joyn against him who accordingly invade Macedon Lysimachus entring that part next him and when Demetrius went against him Pyrrhus broke in on his side and took Berrhaea which News put all the Camp in a consternation few forbearing seditious Speeches and many desiring to return home But he perceiving their design to go to Lysimachus their Countryman led them against Pyrrhus a Stranger thinking so to pacify them wherein he was deceived For though they were as hasty as he to meet with Pyrrhus yet was it not to fight with him but to
Cynea who replied He might do so if he could be content with his own Pyrrhus carrieth an Army of almost Thirty Thousand choice Souldiers to the Tarentines who were nothing forward in provision for War which while he was employ'd about Levinus the Roman Consul drew near wasting the Lucans so that Pyrrhus was forc'd with his own and some weak assistance of the Tarentines to try the Roman Valour But seeing them come on so bravely he offered to arbitrate a Peace between them and the Tarentines but was answered They neither chose him their Iudge nor feared him their Enemy Pyrrhus upon view of their Camp perceiving he had to deal with Men well-trained set a strong Corps du Guard upon the passage of the River which when he saw them force he thought it time to bring on his whole Forces before all the Army was come over and all little enough while Spear and Sword were used But when his Elephants came in the Roman Horse quickly turned head and the Foot at the sight and first impression of those strange Beasts fled with such consternation that they left their Camp to the Enemy Yet Pyrrhus by this trial finding the Romans could better endure many such Losses than he such Victories sent Cyneas to persuade an Agreement with the Romans which they refused as long as he was in Italy This Answer inflam'd Pyrrhus with desire to enter into League with that gallant City which refused to treat of Peace except he first left Italy They come therefore to a second Battel which he obtain'd by his Elephants but with such loss of the Flower of his Army that he desired any occasion to be gone with Honour § 4. Pyrrhus waiting an opportunity to leave Italy hath two occasions offered and first from Madecon where Ptolomy Ceraunus who had murthered Seleucus his Protector was slain by the Gauls who came out of the Country with those who took Rome and passing through many Countries and making long abode in Pannonia at length came to Macedon under one Belgius after whom came Brennus another Captain with One Hundred and Eighteen Thousand Foot and Fifteen Thousand Horse which Sosthenes with the Macedonians avoided by shutting up the Cities At the same time also the Cicilians sent to Pyrrhus for aid against the Carthaginians which occasion he took and with Thirty Thousand Foot and Two Thousand Five Hundred Horse entred Sicily expell'd the Carthaginians won Erex the strong City and in Syracusa began to play the Tyrant But being again called into Italy by the Tarentines against the Romans he was beaten by the Carthaginians Gallies and after that forced out of Italy to Epirus by M. Curius the Roman § 5. Antigonus Son of Demetrius Poliorcetes with an Army Navy and Treasure came into Macedon while Brennus with most of his Gauls was gone to plunder the Temple of Delpâ—os leaving Fifteen Thousand Foot and Three Thousand Horse These went to Antigonus requiring him to buy his Peace to whose Embassadors he shewed his Riches Navy Camp and Camels This being reported at their return inflamed the Gauls to hasten thither of whose coming Antigonus having intelligence left his Camp and put himself and all his Men into a Wood so the Gauls finding him gone hasted to the Sea-side supposing him fled Part of Antigonus's Army having recovered their Ships espying the Gauls presumptuous disorder taking their time suddenly went on shoar and set upon them with such Resolution that after the slaughter of many the rest yielded to Antigonus This Success bred in the Barbarians a great reputation of Antigonus but his own Men had no better opinion of him than of one who crept into Woods at sight of the Enemy This appeared shortly after when Pyrrhus being returned to Epirus with a small Army of Eight Thousand Foot and Five Hundred Horse came to make Devastations in Macedon in hope to force Antigonus to compound with him for his Peace At his entrance Two Thousand of Antigonus's Souldiers Revolted to him and many Cities yielded by which good beginning he took Courage to attempt Antigonus and his Army for the Kingdom Antigonus had no inclination to fight with him but to weary him with protracting time but Pyrrhus so forced a Streight in which he overtook him that he slew most of the Gauls Antigonus not taking any care to relieve them which the Captains of the Elephants fearing to be their own case yielded Then Pyrrhus went to the Phalanx which could not be Charged but in Front which was very dangerous but perceiving they had no desire to fight he drew near to them in Person persuading them to yield which they presently did so Antigonus with a few Horse fled to Thessalonica but is forced by Ptolomy Son of Pyrrhus who pursued him to fly to Peloponesus § 6. Pyrrhus having gotten the Kingdom of Macedon beaten Antigonus and the Gauls he thought himself without match in any of the Kingdoms of Alexander's Conquests He therefore raised an Army of Twenty Five Thousand Foot Two Thousand Horse and Twenty Four Elephants as against Antigonus in Peloponesus to free such Cities as he held there but indeed to restore King Cleonymus to Lacedemon but made shew of all Friendship to them This dissimulation the Lacedemonians had used 'till none would trust them and yet now they were not hurt by Pyrrhus's use of it by reason of his deferring the assaults 'till they had fortified the Town which was never done before He assailed the Town three days together and had won it the second day but for a Fall his wounded Horse gave him and the third day relief came unto them so that despairing to carry it he was content to go to Argos whither one Faction of the City called him promising to render it as the other Faction called Antigonus but both sides repented it when they were come and desired their departure which Antigonus assured them by Hostages Pyrrhus promised but design'd it not for by Night his Complices opened him a Gate at which his Army entred 'till the Elephants came which stop'd up the Gates from whence grew the Alarum the Citizens arm and put the Souldiers in the dark to great confusion they being ignorant of the Streets yet Pyrrhus gain'd the Market-place Antigonus came to their rescue and Pyrrhus is slain by a Slate cast from an House by a Woman whose Son was fighting with him THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD BOOK V. Part I. From the setled Rule of Alexander's Successors 'till the Romans Conquer'd Asia and Macedon CHAP. I. Of the First Punick War § 1. CArthage had stood above Six Hundred Years when she contended with Rome for Sicily it surpass'd Rome in Antiquity One Hundred and Fifty Years as well as in Dominion which extended from the West part of Cyrene to Hercules's Streights Fifteen Hundred Miles wherein stood Three Hundred Cities It commanded Spain and all the Islands in the Mediterranean South-West from Sicily it had Flourished about Seven Hundred and Thirty Years when
called home take a Ransom of the Epirots for the Town and Prisoners and returned home Rome sent to Teuta requiring satisfaction for the Italian Merchants but she refused and answered Kings use not to forbid their Subjects to get by Sea what they can And when one of the Roman Ambassadors replied That their manner was to revenge such private injuries and would teach her to reform her Kingly manner without all regard of the common Law of Nations she slew him The Romans to revenge this injury who can take no satisfaction but with the Sword sent an Army by Sea and another by Land Touching the Law of Nations concerning Ambassadors it seems grounded on this that seeing without Mediation there would never be an end of War it was thought equal to all Nations by light of Nature that Ambassadors should pass safely between Enemies yet if any State lay hand upon their Enemies Embassador not sent to them but to solicite a third Nation against them or shall practise against the Person of the Prince to whom he is sent this Law will fail him Teuta sends out a great Fleet Commanded by Demetrius Pharos of which part took Corcyra an Island in the Adriatique the other Besieged Dyrracticum when the Queen called home Demetrius I know not why but so as he chose rather to yield Corcyra to the Roman Consul and the Illyrian Garrison and went with him to Appolonia not far off which Pintus calls Sissopolis where the other Consul with Land Forces met and went to Durazzo and rais'd the Siege From thence they enter Illyrium and put the Queen to flight to Rison and prosecute the War force her to seek for Peace to quit the better part of Illyrium which they commit to Demetrius and to pay Tribute for the rest to Rome § 8. Rome took the next Arms against the Gauls in Lumbardy a fierce unadvised People more then Men at the first onset but less than Women after by whom Italy had many Alarms but few Wars especially when Rome had to do with other great Enemies as Pyrrhus or Carthage when they might have said little to it The Romans three Years before Pyrrhus had set upon the Gauls at home upon a slaughter in the Senones a Tribe of Gauls made of Lucius Coecilus and his Army at Arretium in Hetruria and had expelled the Senones and placed a Colony of Romans This made all the Tribes of the Gauls with those which dwelt on both sides of the Alps to enter into League to prevent their own expulsion the Insubrians Inhabited the Dutchy of Milan c. who also hired the Gessates on Rodanus and made an Army of fifty Thousand Foot and twenty Thousand Horse all choice Men besides the Seno-Galli before expelled The Cenonians and Venetians adhere to Rome and which upon that occasion caused a view of all their own and Allies Forces to be taken set down by Polybius where may be seen the Power of Rome in those days Seven hundred Thousand Foot and seventy Thousand Horse But all Heads are not fit for Helmets The one Consul with his part of the Army which was four Legions and thirty thousand Foot of the Allies and two thousand Horse met them in Tuscany where by a plain stratagem of shew to flag the Gauls they slew six thousand but upon the coming of Lucius Emilius the other Consul they resolve upon Retreats This had been Advantagious before the Enemy had been in Sight but extreme dangerous in head of the Enemy and all in Fear as the French found at Naples and the Gauls now who being follow'd by one Consul and met by another is forced and lost forty thousand and their Courage and in a short time all they had in Italy Thus the Romans spent twenty Three Years Peace with Carthage CHAP. III. Of the Second Punick War § 1. HAnnibal about twenty six Years old chosen General of the Carthaginian Forces in Spain is envied by Hanno and his Party neither being able to Tax the Virtue of their Enemies nor recommend themselves by any Service to the Common-Wealth except in dissuading from War and cautious Advice not to provoke the Romans But the Senate and People who knew the Romans Oath was no Security to Carthage unless she would become their Subject did the more highly esteem him as Aâ—ilcar his Father who had saved them Knowing therefore the Peace continu'd but 'till Rome could find Advantage they wished the beginning of the War rather while their State was in good Condition than to stay 'till being fallen into distress the Enemy should begin it Hannibal well understood this as also the advantage in getting the start and therefore thought long 'till he was dealing with them before they should have notice of his purpose which could not be conceal'd if once he came to Action besides the hinderance by slow and timerous proceeding therein Before therefore he would provoke the Romans by attempting Saguntum he wisely ended the Conquest of all that lay between as the Olcades near Tagus and Vaccai in Old Castile where they took Salamanca and Arbuâ—ala But the Spring following all that had escaped joyning with the Toletans to the number of One Hundred Thousand able Men stayed Hannibal on the Banks of Tagus which runneth by Lysbourn supposing his accustom'd Courage would now neglect discretion as he seemed to do at other times But he that is as a Chrystal for every Eye to see through makes himself an Ass for every Man to ride or drive whereas wise and honest Men in that which is Just and Virtuous are like Coffers with double Bottoms which shew not all at once Before he was General he was of all Men the most venturous which doth not always become a General and therefore he now dissembles Fear and draweth back from the River as fearing to ford it by that means to draw his Enemies into it But when he saw them pushing disorderly into the swift Stream he turned his Camels to entertain their Landing and pressing in with his Horse above and beneath upon them made a great slaughter which amazed the Spaniards on that side the River of Iberus The Saguntines post their Ambassadors to Rome who prâ—ceed Roman like with deliberation sending Ambassadors to and fro while Hannibal prepareth and found out also a pretence like that which the Romans made use of with the Mamertines for the Turdetani injured by the Saguntines implored his help The Romans were as glad of the Quarrel but were not yet ready and therefore temporize 'till they could raise an Army to remove the Seat of War to Saguntum In the mean time Demetrius Pharius whom the Romans had made their Illyrian King rebelled against whom Aemilius was sent but before his Landing in Illyria Hannibal sat down before Saguntum where by a Sallie made by the Citizens he was dangerously wounded but before it was long he put them all to the Sword many shut themselves in their Houses and then â—ired them Rome
Condition should run the Fortune of the Common-wealth which if once ruin'd in vain could any particulur Man hope to injoy the benefit of his proper substance Upon this Marcellus was sent against Hannibal and Livinus into Sicily where he finished what Marcellus left Hannibal by long hard Service and wanting Supplies from Carthage grew unable to keep the Field and sufficiently to Garrison his Towns this made him Demolish the places he could not Defend which aleniated many so that Salapia yielded to Marcellus and betrayed a Regiment of Hannibal's best Numidian Horse Hannibal in this strait hears of Masanissa with five Thousand Numidians sent to Spain and Asdrubal's coming to Italy which News made Hannibal then keep what he could and the Romans to recover â—hat they can Hannibal by great Marches came unlook'd for to Fulvius a Roman Praetor at Hardonia slew him Twelve Tribunes or Colonels and seven Thousand more others say thirteen Thousand burnt the Town and removed the Inhabitants Afterwards Marcellus who thought himself the only Roman fit to Incounter Hannibal met with him and lost six Ensigns and three Thousand Men but the next day Marcellus slew eight Thousand Carthaginians lost three Thousand and had so many wounded that he could follow Hannibal no further Quintus Fabius Maximus now Consul besieged Tarentum Garrisoned with Brutians whose Captain in Love with a Woman in the Town was drawn by a Brother of the Woman 's to betray it so all were put to the Sword even the Brutians contrary to his word that it might be thought he won the Town by Assault not by Treason But it saved not his Reputation Claudius Marcellus and C. Crispinus Consuls the next Year whom Hannibal entertained with many Skirmishes declined a set Battle till he might join with his Brother Asdrubal but watching all advantage he took them in his Ambuscade as they came to view a place with small Forces where they intended to Incamp Here Hannibal had placed in Covert some Companies of Numidians who incompassed them slew Marcellus wounded Crispine to Death and giving honourable Funerals to Marcellus sent his Ashes in a Silver Pot to young Marcellus Crispine considering that Hannibal had Marcellus's Ring with which he might deceive some Cities sent warning all about thereof even as a Letter in Marcellus's Name came to Salapia to prepare for his coming thither which Hannibal followed with Romen Fugitives which spake Latin to the Watch and bad them open to the Consul The Gate was opened and when six Hundred Men were entred the Port-Cullis were let down and Hannibal out-witted in his own Stratagem After Crispinus death Claudius Nero and M. Livius succeeded Consuls Of which two Livius had been many Years before condemned and expelled by the People for which indignity he refused the place till with much imporunity he was overcome Thus as Men in fair Weather break the Branches of the Palm Tree under which they shelter themselves in Storms so do the ungrateful with Men of Merit as Themistocles reprov'd the Athenians The two Consuls take their way Livius to meet Asdrubal Nero to follow Hannibal to hinder their Marches knowing the mischievous effects of a Conjunction of two Malevolent Planets It seemed that Livius was too weak to oppose Asdrubal and therefore Nero took six Hundred Foot and one Thousand Horse and in six Days long Marches came to him But Asdrubal perceiving the increase thought to decline a Battle by removing over the River Metaneus had not Nero followed and forced him to it in which Asdrubal was slain and fifty six Thousand with him saith Livy but Polybius numbers but ten Thousand After this Victory Nero hasted to his Camp with Asdrubal's Head which he threw before the Carthaginians and freed some Prisoners which might make Report of the Victory in Hannibal's Camp so to strike a terrour into it Here the Tide began to turn on the Romans side and so increased that no Bounds could contain it and Hannibal's hopes decayed daily From this thirteenth Year of the second Punick War unto the eighteenth in which it ended little is delivered worthy of Memory § 17. Publius Cornelius Scipio after Asdrubal's departure into Italy had to do with Hanno lately sent to succeed Asdrubal whom M. Syllanus shortly after took Prisoner Asdrubal Son of Gesco and Mago left by Asdrubal Son of Amilcar remained to make head who prepared seventy Thousand Foot four Thousand Horse and thirty two Elephants to keep the Field Scipio makes up his Legions with some Auxiliary Spaniards and seeks out the Enemy with forty five Thousand Foot and three Thousand Horse whom he fed well the day before and early next Morn provoked the empty Carthaginians to Battle as Hannibal had served his Father at Trebia Asdrubal wholly depended upon this Battle in which he was worsted whereupon Artanes with his Turdetans fell to the Romans and the other Spaniards being confirmed in the Report of the Carthaginians ill success at Metaurus in Italy never did them good service after Asdrubal perceiving this hasteth toward the Sea but is overtaken by Scipio and charged so furiously that he with seven Thousand took themselves to a strong piece of Ground from whence himself stole by Night to the Gades whither Mago and Masanissa followed and their Army dispersed So all the Towns except three submitted to Scipio who the Year after took them only Astapa was burnt with all the Riches therein by the Inhabitants who slew themselves except such as desperately broke out upon the Romans Camp and so were slain Asdrubal leaves Mago at Gades and Saileth to Syphax King of the Masaesili a People of the Numidians hoping to perswade him to be a Friend to Carthage but Scipio meeting him there drew him to the Roman side which he soon forsook Scipio returns to Spain and having taken Revenge of the three Cities which held out he celebrated Funeral Games at New Carthage for his Father and Unkle which was performed by Duels of Slaves as also such as had Quarrels for Title of Land which Friends could not compose Scipio being dangerously sick is reported Dead whereupon Mandonius and Indibilis two Spanish petty Kings rebel hoping to make themselves great and part of the Roman Army discontented with the little benefit they had got by the Roman Conquest fell to spoil drive away their Colonels choosing two base Leaders Scipio sent new Colonels which with fair words and promise of Pay brought them to Carthagenia where exemplary Justice is done upon the two Leaders and their Accomplices the rest having sworn Obedient receive Pay Mandonius and Indibilis pursued by Scipio submit and are pardoned but their former Power lessened Masanissa promiseth to serve the Romans and Mago by direction from Carthage leaveth Gades when he had Robbed it to go to Hannibal in Italy having Treasure sent to raise an Army So Gades presently yielded to the Romans and Scipio gives up the Province to a Successour and is chosen Consul § 18. Publius Cornelius Scipio
to whom Ptolomy Philip Carthage and Masanissa offer their assistance but only Philip is accepted and recompenced with Athamania Aminander the King being expelled All Thessaly willingly yielded and Antiochus is perplexed crying out he was betrayed and called upon the Aetolians who sent in some small Forces with which and his own he took the Passage of the Straits of Thermopylae out of which nevertheless he was beaten by the Consul Porcius Cato's indefatigable labour in finding out an unknown Passage up where the Aetolians had six Hundred to keep the Place whom he put to flight and following them was led to Antiochus's Camp upon sight of whom all ran away and Antiochus forsaketh Greece In few days all that Antiochus had got was recovered and Heraclia won from the Aetolians to their great Terrour they having sent Post to Antiochus for Aid before they had been subdued by the Romans who now left no Enemy behind against their Invading Asia Antiochus upon that consideration sent Nicanor with Money and promise of Forces but upon loss of Heraclia they sue humbly to the Consul who will scarcely hear them In the end offering to yield to the Romans upon discretion he required such Conditions as they thought slavish whereupon he offered to lay Chains upon them but was over persuaded So he went to besiege Naupactus while Quintius was settling Peloponesus from whence he came to the Consul when the earnest Suit of the Aetolians had procured Truce while they might send to Rome which they did to no purpose whereupon they Sue for Pardon The Consul suddenly attempeth Lamia and won it while they prepare against him at Naupactus and then goeth to Amphysia § 8. Cornelius Scipio is chosen Consul and upon Publius Scipio Africanus's offer to be his Lieutenant is appointed to Asia who having Thirteen Thousand Foot and an Hundred Horse came into Greece and took charge of that Army at Amphysia which presently was forsaken but the Castle held out and was thought impregnable which made Publius Scipio procure a Years Truce for them much desiring to be in Asia So that the Scipio's set forward and in Macedon find all desired assistance and Philip to accompany them to the Hellespont where they stay till the Navy to Transport them be ready At the Sea this Spring Polixenidas banished Rhodia but Antiocâ—us's faithful Admiral desiring to be revenged hearing the Rhodian Fleet lay at Samos sent the Admiral private Intelligence that if his Banishment might be repealed he would betray the Kings Fleet. After agreement between them the Rhodian grew secure so that Polixenidas coming suddenly upon him took or sunk all but five Seleucus Son of Antiochus besieged Pergamus which was defended by Attalus Brother of King Eumenes who was assisted by Diophanes bâ—ed up by Philopoemen with a Thousand Foot and an Hundred Horse He observing from the Walls how careless the Enemy was went out with his Achaeans and encamped near the Enemy who derided his boldness and seeing him so quiet became secure but were soon surprized and many slain So that after such another defeat Seleucus was forced to quit the Siege Antiochus shortly after lost Forty Gallies near Myonesus a Promontory in Asia being Overthrown by the Romans and Rhodians so that he had but Forty nine left Upon this he called Home the Garrison from Lysimachia and Mustred all his Forces intending only his own defence to which he desired a Supply of his Father in Law the King of Cappadocia But he hearing the Consul was Landed in Asia sent to intreat Peace offering to free what Towns he would name upon the Coast yea to part Asia with them and bear half their Charge All this the Consul thought too little he will have all the Charges and all the lesser Asia freed and him confined over Mount Taurus to which Publius Scipio adviseth the Kings Embassadour to persuade his Master when he privately solicited his mediation to the Consul His King esteeming these demands no less than if he had been Conquered would not listen to them having Seventy Thousand Foot and Twelve Thousand Horse Ninety two Elephants and many Armed Chariots after the Eastern manner with Sithes nor did he fear him For hearing Publius Scipio was sick he sent him his Son whom he had taken Prisoner and used honourably which comforted the Father who for requital wished him not to fight till he heard of his coming to the Camp The King hereupon removed to Magnesia on Sypylus and Fortified himself being followed by the Consul who offered him Battle which he would not accept till at last fearing to dishearten his Men when the Consul took the Field and set his Men in order he also did the like which made an admirable Show for numbers and variety through the different manner every Nation used It is shameful to relate and incredible to believe how little resistance this brave Show of Asiatiques made suffering themselves to be slain like so many Beasts to the Number of Fifty Thousand Foot and Four Thousand Horse besides Prisoners with only the loss of three Hundred Roman Foot Twenty four Horse and Twenty five of Eumenes's Men. Antiochus sends from Apamea whither he was fled an Embassadour with full Power to submit to what the Consul would require to which Publius Scipio obtained leave to Answer because it should be moderate He requireth Fifteen Thousand Talents to be paid at set times That Antiochus shall abandon all on this side Taurus pay Eumenes four Hundred Talents and a proportion of Corn put in Twenty Hostages and deliver Hannibal and Thoas the Aetolian unto the Romans Antiochus's Embassadour comes to Rome accompanied with King Eumenes and the Rhodians and the Peace is Confirmed with the division of the Conquests among the Roman Allies to their full satisfaction Cornelius Scipio returning hath a Triumph exceeding any Ten before and had the Sirname Asiatique for his Title as the Merits of his Victory tho' the Virtue requisite was short of that in Publius Scipio § 9. Marcus Fulvius and Curius Manlius the Consuls have Greece and Asia divided between them being more than one could look after at once having the Aetolians to reduce unto the acknowledgment of the Romans and their new Conquests in Asia to be regulated In the interim of the Aetolians Truce Aminander whose Kingdom of Athamania the Romans had permitted Philip to Possess found means to recover it as the Aetolians did the Amphilochians and Aperantians Fulvius being come into Greece besieged the noble City Ambracia which much imported the Aetolians not to lose and yet were not able to relieve it So that the Athenians and Rhodians interceed for Peace which the Consul finding the difficulty of winning the Town condescended to To Rome they go and agree to divers Articles which make them more obnoxious to Rome than any people of Greece Consul Manlius in Asia visited all that Antiochus had lost on this side Taurus and loaded himself with the Booty and at length came to
whose Ruin they desired The fear of Greece grew from the timerous demeanour of Perseus whom they secretly affected but saw his want of resolution would betray them all that declared for them if he could make his Peace which even then he sought when he was in the Field and his Enemy not in sight His Embassadours were scarce come Home when Licinius the Roman Consul was at Apollonia and yet Perseus is still in deliberation though at last the stoutest and wisest Counsel prevailed if it had been as well followed after he had brought his Forces together which were Thirty nine Thousand Foot and four Thousand Horse Being come into Thessaly which was the Enemies way some Towns yield and some he forc'd and so came to Sicurium Licinius is also come into Thessaly with only two Legions tyred in his passage through Athamania and resteth by the River Peneus Incamping there and intending not to Fight till his Auxiliaries were come that so he might strongly force through Tempe of whose Straits Perseus was Master to his great advantage and might have had more in taking the Straits of Aous Eumenes and Attalus his Brother are come to the Consul with four Thousand Foot and one Thousand Horse Yet the Consul keepeth in his Trenches and is content to be insulted day by day by Perseus till at last he was forced to send out Eumenes Attalus and his own Brother In this Skirmish Perseus slew two Hundred and took as many with little loss and might have distressed the Consuls Camp if his fear had not baffled his Incouragement by this Success For the Consul was glad to Decamp at Midnight to a stronger Place beyond the River Of all the advantages he had this weak spirited Man made no other use than to hope for Peace though Licinius peremptorily told him he should look for none without an absolute yielding both Person and Kingdom Not long after attempting to force the Consuls Camp he had the worst and thereupon leaving a weak Guard in Tempe he returned to Macedon Licinius the Consul and Lucretius the Admiral ended their Year with cruel Oppression of the Confederates as did this Successours Hostilius and Hortensis the Admiral who more intended quarrelling with Friends than warring with Enemies of the Oppressions by the two Admirals Complaint was made at Rome and Lucretius deeply fined and a Decree sent to Greece Ordering him to refuse all Impositions not warranted by the Senate § 7. Perseus in the two first Years of the War was grown stronger being inlarged on the Illyrian side and his Grecian Friends grown bolder and many of the Roman Friends keep out their Admiral by force for his Oppression and the Glory of the Enterprize against Macedon defac'd as their Army lessened greatly P. Martius a new Consul cometh to help all if he knew how yet he began hotly and indeed the right way to pass through the Straits not by Force against the Guard that kept them but by seeking untrodden Ways over such steep Mountains as if Nature had determined Armies should never pass them especially with Elephants Perseus could not be ignorant of the Romans coming towards him and might have distressed them if his Heart had served but he only Guarded the ordinary Passages into Tempe and when he saw the Romans entred he was so far from forcing them upon their extreme Weariness that he fled crying All was lost without a Fight So in haste he left Dium being the strong Passage into Macedon and sent Post to set Fire on his Arsenal at Thessalonica and cast his Treasure at Pella into the Sea and called the Captains which kept the Straits but after his Fear was past he put the two First to Death to cover his Fear as if they had acted without his Command Martius presently took Dium yet after one days March into Macedon want of Food forced him back to Thessaly so unable was he to hold out if he had kept the Straits So he forsook Dium and took the Way to Phila to meet his desired Provision and foolishly gave over the Enterprize either for want to Courage or Skill which so Incouraged Perseus that he Fortified Dium again and so frustrated all the Consuls proceeding that Summer who only took Heraclea five Miles off The like Success had the Admiral at Sea in Attempting Thessalonica Cassandria and Demetrias though assisted by Eumenes While the Consul lay at Heraclea he persuaded the Rhodian Embassadours to Mediate for a Peace which might argue his Fear though Polybius thinks it was to indanger the Rhodians Here also Polybius brought him word of Supplies Decreed for him out of Achaea which he refused and also dissuaded sending any to Appius Claudius as not needful though Claudius on the Frontier of Illyria was in danger and sent for it and for want of it was highly displeased with Polybius Eumenes at this time grew cold in Affection to Rome upon what occasion is douâ—tful though it was generally thought that â—pon disgust of some usage of Martius he went Home from whence Perseus sent to invite him by some hope of Gain and upon consideration of that the Fire was like to take his own House next after Perseus's House was burnt The like course Perseus took with Gentius King of Illyria and gained him and both send to the Rhodians desiring them to Mediate between Perseus and Rome which they promised thinking Martius also desired it But when their Embassadour moved for that Mediation they were so disdainfully taken up that in all Humility they were glad to submit Gentius having received Ten Talents and more being coming laid hands on the Roman Embassadours and committed them whereupon Perseus recalled his last Treasure seeing Gentius so far ingaged About that time came Clondiâ—us with Ten Thousand Horse and Ten Thousand Foot of Gauls or Bastarnes procured by Perseus but for want of Covenanted Pay presently returned toward Danubius § 8. Lucius Aemilius Paulus Consul the second time had Macedon for his Province but refused to propound any thing for that Service to the Senate till a view were taken of the State of the Army there and how it stood with the Macedonian so Supplies are made accordingly for him and the Admiral and L. Anicius to succeed Appius Claudius the Pretor Aemilius at his departing in his grave Oration Requested them which thought themselves wise enough to manage those Wars either to go with him for his assistance or govern their Tongues at Home and not Censure upon hear-say For he would frame his Actions to the advantage of the State not to the expectation of the Multitude He was Honourably attended out of the City and in five Days came to the Camp when Perseus lay in Dium and Fortified the Fords of Enipeus between which and Tempe for Ten Miles which is along the Sea-shore and Olympus is no fresh Water but Aemilius knew no Shore wants fresh Water after a little digging for want whereof Martius was glad to go to Heraclea Yet the
remembers many Fâ—unders of the City but Livie will have it the Work of Romulus c. Of his Begetting Birth and Education Plutarch saith it is probable that Amulius came armed to Rhea which occasioned the Tale of Marce as the Nursing the Children by some Harlot occasioned the Tale of a Woolf for Harlots of old were called Wolves Halicarnassus tells us of the like Reports they have of Cyrus's Nursing by a Bitch and Semiramis by Birds So of his End they say he was taken away in a storm of Thunder c. Which was probably the fury of the Senators remembred also by Livie But as many Authors speak of great Lightning and Thunder that day so it may be he was slain by it as was Anastasius the Emperor and Emperor Carus Halicarnassus saith they caus'd it to be remembred nearest to Truth which say his Citizens slew him c. Plutarch reports of his Conquests of a few Miles about him not worth the speaking of if the following Greatness of Rome had not caus'd it to be remembred He Reign'd 37 Years first alone then with Tatius and after his death single 'till he was slain Numa a Man unknown to Romulus succeeded more Priest-like c. well resembling Rome's latter days which falling from Emperors Command into subjection of a Prelate swelling by degres from a Sheep-Hook to a Sword wherewith Victorious to excessive Magnificence it fell to Luxury and being unfortunate in defensive War is driven again to betake himself to the Crosier-Staff CHAP. XXI Of Hezechiah and his Contemporaries § 1. HEzechiah at 25 Years old succeeded about the end of Achaz 14 Years in the 3 d of Hosea King of Israel and Reigned 29 Years His first Work testified his Pious Zeal in opening the Temple shut up by his ungracious Father and reformed Religion c. Comp. 2 Chron. 29 and 30. with 2 Kings 18. It is uncertain whether he did this in his Father's time or in his sole Government as I rather think He invited also the Ten Tribes to the Passover which the Generality scorned In the fourth Year of Hezekiah the Israelites which scorned to Celebrate their Deliverance out of Egypt fell into a new Servitude wherein they continued to this day For Salmanasser Son of Tyglath hearing that Hosea King of Israel practised with Soe King of Egypt against him came and after Three Years Siege won Samaria and carried the Ten Tribes into Assyria and Media and placed others in the Land These later Assyrian and Persian Kings following are the first we find mentioned both in Profane and Sacred Books and therefore must serve to joyn the times of the old World with that following seeing none but Prophets have written otherwise than Fabulous of former Times True it is that Cyrus and some Persian Kings bear the same Name in Scripture and Profane Stories but of others the diversity of Names have bred question of the Persons as whether Salmanasser in Scripture be Nabonasser in Ptolomy and Nebuchadnezzar be Nabopolassar both which points Bucholcerus out of good Mathematick Observations hath well proved for by them it appears that from Nâ—bonasser to Chrisâ— were Seven Hundred Forty six years which agrees also to Salmanassar which is proved for that the space between Merdocenpadus and Nabonassar is found the same between Merodach who was Mardocenpadus and Salmanassar That as from the destruction of Samaria to that of Ierusalem are 133 years so in Ptolomy the same time is found between Nabonassar and Nabopolassar the Eighth year differing in Ptolomy being before the winning of Samaria spent in his Reign § 2. Hezekiah having denyed the Tribute to Senacherib which had been Covenanted with Tiglath his Grandfather acknowledged his Fault and laboured to purchase his Peace by Three Thousand Talents of Silver and Thirty of Gold by Senacherib's intending to set down the Conditions with his Sword sent from Lachish where he lay and invested Ierusalem c. where Vengeance from Heaven destroyed so many Thousands for their Master's Blasphemy who also drunk a Cup of the Wrath of God from his own Sons § 3. Hezechiah his Sickness Prayer Recovery and Sign thereof 2 Kings 20. His Lamentation saith Ierom was for want of a Son of whom the Messias might spring His entertaining the Babylonian Embassadors and vain-glory therein reproved Yet according to Humane Reason he thought fit to entertain them familiarly coming to Congratulate his Recovery with Presents being one which had weakened the Assyrian his greatest Enemy by seizing upon the Kingdom of Babylon of which he had been Lieutenant under Senacherib whose Son weak in Understanding and molested by his Elder Brethren gave him opportunity to Usurp Babylon as Belochus had dealt with Sardanapalus Thus Belochus Forty Eight years Tiglath Pilesar Twenty Seven Salmanassar Ten Senacherib Seven Esarhaddon Ten the Three last being Contemporaries with Hezechiah § 4. Hezechiah's Contemporaries in Media after Arabaces and Sosarmus according to Eusebius are Medidus Forty years Cordiceas Fifteen Years Then followed Deioces Fifty four Phraortes Twenty four Cyaxares Thirty two Astyages Thirty Eight and Cyaxares Two according to Xenophon Metasthenes in Anneus and Diodorus out of Ctesias differ much from Eusebius whom Mercator would fain reconcile but in vain In Athens Four of the Four Ten year Governours In Lidea Candaulus slain by Gyges who succeeded CHAP. XXII Egyptian Kings from Moses to Hezekiah § 1. THE Egyptians at this time contending with the Assyrians about Sovereignty giveth the occasion to consider the state of the Country which had flourished so long Of Cham Osiris and Orus and the rest with their Dynasties 'till Israel came out of Egypt we have heard and are to proceed from thence not regarding the idle Catalogue of Names of Kings set out by Herodotus and Dyodorus from the Mouths of the Egyptian Priests who for the most part were but Vice-Roys or Stewards like Ioseph and such as were the Soldans in later Ages For First we may not believe that the number of Generations we speak of were above Eighty from Abraham to the Persian Empire whereas we know there were but Forty two Generations to our Saviour Christ especially considering many of them were of about Forty years continuance we must therefore proportion the number to that of other Countries according to the time and esteem the rest but Regents who yet Ruled as Kings of which sort there might be many as may be well conceived in Reading W. Arch-Bishop of Tyre who sheweth that there was the Caleph Elhadech supream over Egypt under whom the Soldans ruled as Kings making War and Peace yea supplanting one another without the Calephs privity as fell out under Elhadech under whom San. was Soldan and yet chased away by Dagon and upon his death recovered again without the great Caleph's Hand who in the mean time only attended his state and delights in his Pallace which manner of Ruling by Vice-Roys the Author judgeth to have been from the Ancient Kings of Egypt § 2. It were
General Councel of Greece To this Enterprize he needed no drawing on but forthwith entred Phocis won Plataea and subdued all the Region Athens by persuasion of Demosthenes drawing the Thebans to joyn rejected Philip's reasonable Conditions of Peace and put their Freedom to the chance of one Battle at Cheronia wherein they were overthrown yet Philip attempted not their City as he put a Garison in Thebes c. Shortly after at Corinth he is chosen and stiled first Commander of all Greece by the general States whereupon he raised an Army of great strength against Persia Commanded by Attalus and Parmenio who transported it into Asia while he intended the Marriage of Cleopatra his Daughter to Alexander King of Epirus At this Marriage-Feast he was slain by one Pausanias of his Guard for not doing him right upon Attalus who had made him drunk and then procured his Carnal abusing c. Olympias encouraged the Murther of her Husband § 9. Alexander's Greatness was so well founded by his Father that the finishing it with ease was more glorious to him than the beginning was to Philip for besides his subduing that Famous Nation of Greece he left him many Choice Commanders as worthy of Crowns as himself CHAP. II. Of Alexander the Great § 1. ALexander succeeded Philip his Father after Twenty Five Years Reign being a Prince no less Valiant by Nature than by Education enriched with all sorts of good Learning He entred upon his Reign Four Hundred and Seventeen Years after Rome's Building being Twenty Years Old which young Years encouraged his Neighbouring Nations to consult about recovery of Liberty which he prevented with much Expedition For after Revenge of his Father's death and freeing his own Nation from all Exactions and Bodily Slavery and winning with Clemency such as feared his Disposition to Cruelty and using Austerity to such as contemned his Youth He made a Journey into Peloponesus and so well exercised his Spirits among them that by the Councel of the State of Greece he was Elected General against the Persians which Enterprize possessed all his Thoughts But the Persian Gold having guilt Demosthenes's Tongue he persuaded the Athenians with the Thebans and Lacedemonians to stand for their Ancient Liberty and gave it out that Alexander was slain Indeed Policy as it is now a-days defined by Falsâ—hood and Knavery holding that devised Rumours and Lyes tho' they serve the turn but for a day or two are greatly available but in all my Observations I have found the Success as ridiculous as the Invention for Men finding themselves abused by such Baits at other times neglect true Reports which much concerneth them to believe Alexander much grieved to have his Thoughts diverted and time lost from his Persian Enterprize made such expedition that he brought the first News himself of his preparation to Athens which as upon a sudden fainting presently submitted and easily pardoned by persuasion of Alexander's desire to see Persia as Wise Men are not easily drawn from great Purposes nor by occasion easily put off Then he subdued the Nations bordering North of Macedon but yet could not get out of Europe 'till he had demolish'd Thebes which attempted his Garison in the Citadel and obstinately refused to yield up the Authors of their Rebellion § 2. Alexander having without cause given put to death his Mother-in-Laws Kinsmen advanced by his Father and some of his own whom he suspected took also with him into Asia such Tributary Princes as he doubted by unjust Cruelty to secure all things yet the End fell out contrary to the Policy which Ambition commended to him all his Planting was soon rooted up whom he most trusted were the most Traiterous and his Mother Friends and Children fell by as merciless a Sword as his own and Confusion left his dead Body in the Grave He passed into Asia with Thirty Two Thousand Foot and Five Thousand Horse all Old Souldiers which he landed near Troy where at the River of Granick he was forced to climb up the deep Bank guarded against him with many Thousand Persians of whom he slew Twenty Thousand Foot and Two Thousand Five Hundred Horse But this slaughter must be taken rather on the Back than the Breast for had they stood to it Alexander must needs have lost above Twenty Thousand Foot and Two Thousand Five Hundred Horse especially if the Persian Horsemen had fought fiercely and the Grecians in Darius's Pay fought it out to the last Man as Plutarch Reports § 3. Alexander's Souldiers were greatly encouraged by winning this Passage and all the Country so terrified that all the lesser Asia yielded without a Blow For in all Invasions where the Invaded are beaten upon great advantage of place they will easily be persuaded that such an Enemy upon equal terms can hardly be resisted the Assailant therefore in such Cases of defending Places is to be opposed with the ablest Forces yet fewest Places of great circuit are so fenced wherein one Entrance or other is not to be forced by an able Enemy as the Alps wherein Francis the French King found entrance to Milan though the Switzers guarded them Xerxes forced the entrance at Thermopylae Cyrus the younger and Alexander found the Gates of Taurus open into Cilicia Iulius Agricola found Fords into Anglesey which made the amazed Britains submit c. It was therefore well done of Alexander to pass the River in the Face of their Enemies without seeking an easier Passage beating off the Enemy in their strength leaving no hope of Succour to their Followers in so unable Protectors After this Sardis Ephesus Trallis and Magnesia yielded them selves and so enjoyed their own Laws but he demolish'd Halicarnassus for its obstinate resistance Then he entred Caria and restored Ada the Queen expelled by Darius's Lieutenant and Lycia Pamphylia Pisidia and all the Sea-Coasts of lesser Asia and then entred Celenas on Meander and so through Phrygia toward the Euxine-Sea and so to Gordium where he cut thâ— Gordian-Knot asunder He also expelled the Persians out of the Isles of Lesbos Scio and Coas which he committed to two of his Captains to clear the Sea-Coast on his back and then remov'd to Ancira on the River Sangarius as is Gordium and so to Paphlagonia Here he heard of the death of Menon Darius's Lieutenant which much heartened him being the only Captain he respected of all his Enemies For so much hath the Spirit of some one Man excelled as it hath undertaken and effected the alteration of the greatest States as the erection of Monarchs Conquest of Kingdoms guiding handfuls of Men against Multitudes of equal bodily strength contriving Victories beyond all hope and Discourse of Reason converting the fearful Passions of his own Followers into Magnanimity and the Valour of his Enemies into Cowardize Such Spirits have been stirred up in sundry Ages to erect and cast down and to bring all Things Persons and States to the same certain ends which that Infinite Spirit of the
Brutians wan Pretilia by force and Cosentia Croton was left them and Locri yeilded but Rhegium held out Rome at this time was brought so low that when the Messengers from Petilium upon their Knees sought succour the Senate willed them to provide for their own safety At the same time their Praetor Posthumus Atomus with Twenty Five Thousand was cut in pieces by the Gauls in a Wood through which they must pass whose Trees before their coming were so cunningly sawed that a little force would throw them down So that after they were in the Gauls about the Wood beginning one Tree cast down another and overwhelmed the Romans About the same time Philip King of Macedon entred into League with Hannibal of mutual and Personal assisting the one in Conquest of Italy for the Carthaginian the other of Greece for Philip But predisposing of Kingdoms is justly controuled by the Divine Providence The Romans understanding this League sent M. Valerius the Praetor to employ Philip more in Greece than would give him leave to visit Italy which he so well effected by stirring up the Aetolians old Enemies to Macedon that he was chosen Consul at Rome and Sulpitius sent in his stead Philip being thus incumbred in Greece and seeing Carthage was careless of supplying him with a Fleet which he wanted after he had forced the Aetolians to submit he hearkned to the Romans who desired his Friendship which he esteemed much to his Honour § 13. The Carthaginians undertaking so many Enterprises at once and following them by halves was â—n errour but their neglect of supplying Hannibal when he had as great an opportunity as a Conquerour could desire argued his Enemies at home durst not trust him with the Power which might injure themselves Hannibal therefore is forced by necessity to feed his Italian Friends with Hopes trifling about Nola Naples and Cuma about which latter Gracchus a Consul over-reached the Magistrates of Câ—pua who had Conspired to take the Senators of Cumae at a Sacrifice but was himself surprised by Gracchus who slew above Two Thousand and immediately after One Thousand Four Hundred more of Hannibal's Men at this Siege of Cumae Hannibal noâ— able to make good all his Garrison Towns and continue strong in Field was forc'd to pass from place to place waiting occasions till his supply came In the mean time Hanno in a Journey against Beneventum with Seventeen Thousand Foot and Twelve Hundred Horse is met by the Consul Gracchus with an Army consisting of Slaves who upon promise of Manumission fought so valiantly that they forced Hanno to flie but with Two Thousand Thus Rome began to repair her breach made at Cannae yet her Treasury was empty For all the Fruits her Ground could yield were hardly able to feed their own Armies No not Sicily and Sardinia Now Asdrubal is expected out of Spain Macedon is feared which mortal dangers could not be avoided but with expence of Treasure Hereupon the People are Assemâ—led and Quintus Fabius the Praetor opened to them the publick Wants and how to supply them which the People undertook Then followed the two Censors who Censured all disorders in the City or about the Wars past and thus by Pruning the Branches the decayed Root recovered § 14. Fabius Maximus one of the Consuls having Besieged Casseline in Campania after Marcellus the other Consul was come who finding it so obstinately defended would have left it as no great Eâ—terprise if Marcellus had not replied that Things undertaken by a great Commander ought to be prosecuted So the Siege being continued he forced them within to seek Peace But as the Besieged were going forth according to Covenant Marcellus takes a Gate entreth and puts to the Sword or taketh all but Fifty which ran to Fabius for Protection This needed a Roman Equivocation to justifie it Many other small Towns of the Samnites and some of the Lucans and Apulians were recovered and Twenty Five Thousand of the Enemies put to the Sword The new Consul next was Quintus Fabius Son to Maximus Gracchus who was Consul the other Year Thus the Father became Lieutenant to his Son Fabius entred Arpi by Scalade in a stormy Night yet was so resisted by a Carthaginian Garrison that they left the Town by Composition Divers other places returned to the Roman obedience But Tarentum in the mean time was betrayed to Hannibal who entred the Town but the Citadel was held by the Romans The next Year the City of Rome Armed Twenty Three Legions of which many were Boys under Seventeen Years Old and Fulvius Flaccus with Appius Claudius Consuls Besiege Capua who send to Hannibal to relieve them which Charge was committed to Hanno who made good Provision which the Peasants should have carried to Capua but by their negligence Fulvius took it with Two Thousand Waggons in Hanno's Camp in his absence where were Six Thousand slain and Seven Thousand taken In the mean time the Metapontines and Thurines yielded to Hannibal And Gracchus late Consul was slain being appointed to keep Beneventum for securing the Consuls at the Siege of Capua But Hannibal dislodged them followed Claudius and upon his return fell upon Penula with almost Sixteen Thousand Men of which scarce Two Thousand escaped and Fulvius a Praetor with Eight Thousand in Appulia was so surprized by Mago that he carried away but Two Thousand The Consuls renew the Siege of Capua which sendeth to Hannibal then at Brundusium and have a comfortable Answer but came not till Want began to pinch them But being come he took one of their Forts and fell upon the Camp the Citizens also issue out and Claudius hath his Deaths wound yet can he not raise the Siege Then inraged with himself he resolves to Attempt Rome hoping so to raise it which the Senate understanding refer it to the Generals whether to stay or come home and they agree that Fulvius with Fifteen Thousand Foot and One Thousand Horse should go to Rome Hannibal hasteth with Ten Days Provision and Fulvius is not long after him but when his Provision was spent he made as much haste away having only frighted the timerous multitude Fulvius also returns to Capua where Belstar and Hanno are closely Besieged and can by no means draw on Hannibal whose Spirits were spent more by Domestick Treachery than Roman Force Capua in desperate Case having twice rejected mercy after Twenty Seven chief Senators had purposely Poison'd themselves at a Supper open the Gates to the Romans who tooke severe revenge on all but Two poor Women who were found not guilty the rest were either slain fold or banished Other Capuan People that submitted sped not better Capua was new Peopled but never incorporated but Governed by a Magistrate sent yearly from Rome § 15. Sardinia during the Wars in Italy was drawn to a Rebellion by the Carthaginians who encourage Harsicoras and Hostius his Son Popular in the Island promising them aid against Mutius the Praetor The Romans hearing thereof
Athenians make a sorrowful rehearsal of the outrages done them by Philip the Romans plead their former League with Aetolia and threaten those that join with Philip Which sheweth their meaning however they pretend to assist their Friends Which in the Conclusion is referred to Dorymachus their Praetor § 11. Philip and the Consul met in the Borders of Maeedon toward Illyria and had divers Skirmishes in which the Romans by an Ambush had a great loss at first but by Philip's stay to pick up straglers he was overtaken by the Roman Legions which forc'd him to flye and he hardly escaped his Horse being slain and he forced to accept his Subjects Horse who was after slain The King recovers his Camp in the Night taking his way Home But was overtaken and put to a loss before he could recover Macedon which was Invaded by the Borderers The Aetolians hearing of Philip's ill success Invade Thâ—ssâ—ly and cruelly Plunder'd a few Towns but Philip finding them dispersed slew many of them § 12. Rome thinking her self safe at Home by keeping War abroad found more trouble than they expected by the Gauls Governed by one Amilcar a Carthaginian who took their Colony of Placentia a good strong Town which neither Hannibal nor Asdrubal could force Upon this they sent to Carthage but the Carthaginians disclaim Amilcar and Banish him and sent Corn to Rome and to the Army in Macedon King Masanissa would also have lent them Two Thousand Numidian Horse but they were content with half the Number The Gauls at the Siege of Cremona are Overthrown L. Iunius and Amilcar slain and the Work against the Gauls made easie for them which follow § 13. Rome was not wont to trifle but to bid the Enemy Battel or force them to it as soon as they could but now they learn of Greece to War by Negotiations Their Treasure was yet empty and they in Debt to the Citizens yet weary of making slow Proceedings by Confederates they increase the Macedonian Army at least eight Thousand Foot and eight Hundred Horse which they committed to Quintus Flaminius the new Consul This augmentation was requisite for that Attalus desired to be spared being Invaded at Home by Antiochus which they condescended to promise to and Mediate Peace between them both being Loving Friends But all this shew of Friendship with Antiochus was but till they had made safe way through Macedon as after appeared Quintus being come finds Philip and Villius the old Consul Encamped one against the other in the Straits of Epirus by the River Apsus where he stayed long seeking passage over the Mountain Guarded by Philip. During this delay the King and Consul Treat of Peace but in vain for that the Consul required the freeing all Greece and Namely Thessaly which had been Subject to Macedon ever since Philip Father of Alexander Ater this the Consul was guided by an Herdsman sent by a Prince of the Epirots which loved the Romans so that Philip with the loss of two Thousand Men is forced Home through Thessaly which he wasted as he went as did the Aetolians and the Consul made a gleaning and took some Cities and for want of Provision returned by Phocis an Allie of Macedon In the mean time the Consuls Brother Admiral of the Navy with Attalus and the Rhodians wan two Cities of Eubaea and besiege Cenchrea the Haven and Arsenal of Corinth This quickened the Achaeans desire to forsake Philip having had so many motives by his injuries done them and their having so brave a Leader of Philopoemen In the end they hold an Assembly at Sicyon whither their Embassadours on both sides come with their Adherents where at last they decree to forsake Philip and join with their Enemies After this Philip's Lieutenant lying in Corinth was drawn by the multitude in Argos to assist them so they cast out the Achaean Guard and accepted Philip for Patron who thereupon had some hopes of a good end upon a Treaty The Consul also considering his Office would Expire before he could end the War is willing to enter into it that he might have the Honour of the Peace After two or three meetings demands and offers being made Philip refers himself to the Senate of Rome which the Consul liked and Embassadours from all parts meet but upon Philip's Embassadours denial to have warrant to yield Corinth Dolchis and Demetria all was dasht Philip to be revenged of the Achaeans made League with the Tyrant Nabis of Lacedemon and to oblige him he gave Argos into his hands which so lately had given it self to him from the Achaeans The Tyrant the next day Pillaged all the rich Men and to please the Multitude he made equal division of the Land as Tyrants use to do and presently made a League with Quintius who continued General against Philip. § 14. T. Quintius being continued General of the Macedonian War with twenty six Thousand seeketh out Philip who had a proportionable Number and found him in Thessaly near the City Pherae where though Philip designed not that day to put all to the Fortune of Battel yet being drawn on by the good Success of a Skirmish and the advantage of the Hill Cynoscephalae or Dogs-heads he chose his Ground But by reason the Mountain was full of Knobs like Dogs heads he could Marshal but one part of the Army leaving the rest to follow in order as they could By this roughness they could keep no order fit to make any Impression or good resistance and so were broken by Quintius's right Wing sent to them up the Hill Of which Wing a Tribune and twenty Ensigns or about two Thousand Men turning down the Hill on the left hand fell on Philip's Phalanx or square Battel with Pikes in the Rear and put all to flight when Philip thought the day his own So he lost eight Thousand slain and five Thousand Prisoners § 15. Quintius made haste to Larissa a City in Italy which opened to him so all the Warlike Archarnamians left Philip and gave themselves to the Romans The Poereans also rise against Dinocrates the Kings Lieutenant and recover'd the Province Philip considering his present necessity thought it Wisdom to yield to it and first sent and then went to Quintius to Treat about a Peace for which a day was appointed for all the Associates in which as the insolent Aetolians too much insulted over Philip and sought his utter Subversion so Quintius as generously opposed them Philip yielded to all that Quintius required and four Months Truce is agreed to by all but the Insolent Aetolians and the determination referred to the Senate of Rome The new Consuls oppose the Peace as fraudulent which made the Senate wave it but the Tribunes refer it to the People by whose Sovereign Authority it was concluded The Conditions were to remove all Garrisons out of Greece by a set day yield up Captives Renegados Ships of War except five lesser and one great one and pay a Thousand Talents and for