i_o say_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o discourse_n that_o the_o profession_n of_o arm_n have_v be_v in_o all_o age_n not_o only_o the_o most_o glorious_a and_o honourable_a of_o profession_n but_o likewise_o that_o which_o have_v produce_v the_o great_a man_n these_o two_o book_n new_o publish_v be_v to_o be_v sell_v by_o robert_n harford_n at_o his_o shop_n at_o the_o angel_n in_o cornhill_n near_o the_o royal_a exchange_n the_o art_n of_o war_n and_o the_o way_n that_o be_v at_o present_a practise_v in_o france_n two_o part_n wherein_o the_o duty_n and_o function_n of_o all_o the_o officer_n of_o horse_n and_o foot_n artillery_n and_o provision_n from_o the_o general_n of_o the_o army_n to_o the_o private_a soldier_n be_v treat_v of_o with_o the_o method_n of_o conduct_a army_n encamp_v besiege_v and_o give_v of_o battle_n as_o also_o a_o account_n of_o all_o office_n and_o charge_n and_o the_o name_n of_o the_o town_n place_n citadel_n castle_n and_o fort_n where_o the_o most_o christian_n king_n keep_v garrison_n with_o the_o general_n and_o particular_a term_n of_o war._n write_a in_o french_a by_o lovis_fw-la de_fw-fr gaya_n a_o expert_a officer_n of_o the_o french_a army_n and_o dedicate_v to_o his_o most_o christian_n majesty_n translate_v for_o public_a satisfaction_n and_o advantage_n in_o 8_o â—_o the_o military_a duty_n of_o the_o officer_n of_o horse_n contain_v the_o exercise_n of_o the_o cavalry_n according_a to_o the_o present_a practice_n of_o the_o ime_n with_o the_o motion_n of_o horse_n and_o the_o function_n of_o every_o officer_n from_o the_o chief_a captain_n to_o the_o brigadeer_n write_a in_o french_a by_o a_o engineer_n in_o ordinary_a to_o his_o most_o christian_n majesty_n and_o translate_v for_o public_a satisfaction_n and_o advantage_n in_o 8_o â—_o a_o treatise_n of_o arm_n of_o engine_n artificial_a fire_n ensign_n and_o of_o all_o military_a instrument_n the_o first_o book_n of_o the_o arm_n of_o a_o soldier_n chap._n i._n of_o sharp_a weapon_n sect._n 1_o of_o the_o sword_n the_o sword_n whereof_o the_o invention_n come_v to_o we_o from_o tubal-cain_n the_o son_n of_o lamech_v and_o zilla_n be_v the_o first_o of_o all_o weapon_n without_o which_o a_o soldier_n shall_v never_o appear_v in_o public_a because_o it_o serve_v he_o for_o ornament_n as_o well_o as_o defence_n it_o be_v not_o necessary_a it_o shall_v be_v too_o long_o for_o it_o become_v thereby_o cumbersome_a in_o a_o battallion_n especial_o during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o motion_n nor_o must_v it_o be_v too_o short_a neither_o but_o of_o a_o indifferent_a length_n the_o blade_n must_v be_v good_a and_o about_o a_o inch_n broad_a the_o most_o common_a length_n of_o blade_n be_v two_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a and_o two_o inch_n and_o the_o handle_v three_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a all_o blade_n be_v keep_v in_o scabbard_n make_v of_o wood_n cover_v with_o cloth_n or_o leather_n have_v a_o chape_n at_o the_o end_n of_o iron_n steel_n copper_n or_o silver_n the_o sword_n be_v carry_v in_o a_o shoulder_n belt_n of_o buff_n or_o other_o leather_n and_o hang_v down_o from_o the_o right_a shoulder_n upon_o the_o left_a thigh_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o be_v heretofore_o in_o use_n according_a to_o the_o report_n of_o virgil._n humero_fw-la cum_fw-la apparuit_fw-la alto_fw-mi balteus_fw-la and_o of_o silvius_n in_o his_o ten_o book_n tergo_fw-la qua_fw-la balteus_fw-la imo_fw-la sinuatur_fw-la coxaque_fw-la sedet_fw-la munimen_fw-la utraque_fw-la nevertheless_o we_o find_v by_o the_o word_n of_o the_o royal_a prophet_n that_o the_o belt_n which_o we_o have_v since_o call_v waste-belt_n be_v more_o ancient_a than_o those_o we_o call_v shoulder-belt_n when_o he_o say_v gird_v your_o sword_n on_o your_o thigh_n etc._n etc._n when_o a_o man_n will_v stand_v right_a to_o his_o guard_n he_o ought_v to_o keep_v his_o body_n straight_o bend_v a_o little_a on_o the_o left_a thigh_n his_o leg_n not_o too_o far_o asunder_o his_o foot_n on_o a_o strait_a line_n one_o after_o another_o the_o handle_n of_o the_o sword_n off_o of_o the_o haunch_n the_o point_n just_o opposite_a to_o the_o shoulder_n the_o arm_n stretch_v half_a out_o and_o the_o left_a hand_n as_o high_a as_o the_o eye_n the_o enemy_n sword_n may_v be_v put_v by_o the_o line_n of_o the_o body_n by_o a_o little_a motion_n of_o the_o handle_v either_o inward_a or_o outward_a soldier_n in_o a_o battle_n or_o attack_v do_v not_o regular_o always_o observe_v this_o method_n and_o most_o part_n thrust_v on_o any_o way_n without_o trouble_v themselves_o much_o with_o the_o tierce_n guart_n or_o faint_a but_o make_v use_n of_o their_o sword_n to_o attack_v or_o to_o defend_v themselves_o according_a to_o the_o small_a talon_n that_o god_n almighty_n have_v give_v they_o the_o figure_n of_o a_o soldier_n on_o his_o guard_n sect._n 2._o of_o the_o shable_a and_o scimitar_n the_o shable_a be_v more_o in_o use_n among_o the_o horse_n than_o other_o body_n of_o man_n it_o be_v not_o altogether_o so_o long_o as_o the_o sword_n but_o to_o make_v amends_o for_o that_o the_o blade_n be_v twice_o so_o broad_a and_o edge_a on_o one_o side_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v more_o use_v for_o cut_v than_o thrust_v the_o usual_a length_n of_o shable_n be_v two_o foot_n and_o four_o inch_n take_v it_o from_o the_o guard_n and_o two_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a and_o three_o inch_n from_o the_o button_n of_o the_o pommel_n to_o the_o point_n the_o scimitar_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o falchion_n broad_a and_o more_o crooked_a than_o the_o shable_a use_v more_o by_o the_o turk_n persian_n and_o hungarian_n than_o other_o a_o soldier_n on_o his_o guard_n the_o espadon_n or_o two_o hand_a sword_n the_o shable_a the_o scimitar_n the_o bayonet_n the_o poniard_n sect._n 3_o of_o the_o bayonet_n and_o poniard_n or_o dagger_n the_o bayonet_n be_v much_o of_o the_o same_o length_n as_o the_o poniard_n it_o have_v neither_o guard_n nor_o handle_n but_o only_o a_o haft_v of_o wood_n eight_o or_o nine_o inch_n long_o the_o blade_n be_v sharp-pointed_n and_o two_o edge_a a_o foot_n in_o length_n and_o a_o large_a inch_n in_o breadth_n the_o bayonet_n be_v very_o useful_a to_o dragoon_n fufilier_n and_o soldier_n that_o be_v often_o command_v out_o on_o party_n because_o that_o when_o they_o have_v fire_v their_o discharge_v and_o want_v powder_n and_o shot_n they_o put_v the_o haft_v of_o it_o into_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o barrel_n of_o their_o piece_n and_o defend_v themselves_o therewith_o as_o well_o as_o with_o a_o partisan_n the_o poniard_n or_o dagger_n be_v a_o little_a sword_n in_o length_n but_o about_o twelve_o or_o thirteen_o inch_n which_o be_v carry_v at_o the_o girdle_n it_o be_v nor_o long_o ago_o since_o duelist_n fight_v with_o sword_n and_o dagger_n sect._n 4._o of_o the_o espadon_n or_o two-handed_n sword_n the_o espadon_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o a_o sword_n who_o two-edged_n blade_n be_v very_o long_a and_o broad_a and_o whereof_o the_o haft_v which_o i_o dare_v not_o call_v handle_n because_o it_o be_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a long_o be_v make_v cross-waye_n it_o can_v be_v use_v but_o with_o both_o hand_n in_o a_o breach_n or_o behind_o a_o palissadoe_n i_o never_o see_v so_o many_o espadon_n as_o among_o the_o hollander_n the_o rampart_n of_o all_o their_o town_n be_v furnish_v with_o they_o each_o distant_a from_o the_o other_o six_o pace_n with_o a_o like_a number_n of_o club_n or_o mace_n and_o indeed_o to_o consider_v such_o preparative_n one_o will_v have_v think_v their_o design_n have_v be_v furious_a and_o that_o they_o have_v have_v a_o great_a mind_n to_o defend_v themselves_o stout_o but_o there_o be_v great_a appearance_n that_o they_o only_o place_v these_o arm_n there_o to_o adorn_v their_o parapet_n sword_n of_o all_o fashion_n sword_n of_o all_o sort_n the_o explication_n of_o this_o figure_n a_o a_o stick-sword_n call_v by_o the_o ancient_n sica_n b_o a_o sword_n for_o a_o rancounter_n after_o the_o french_a mode_n c_o a_o swisser_n sword_n d_o a_o tuck_n or_o long_a sword_n with_o a_o narrow_a blade_n such_o as_o be_v in_o use_v not_o thirty_o year_n ago_o e_o a_o spanish_a sword_n f_o a_o braquemart_n falchion_n or_o short_a sword_n g_o a_o hunt_a cutlass_n with_o a_o handle_n of_o horn._n chap._n ii_o of_o fire-arm_n sect._n 1_o of_o the_o musket_n the_o usual_a arm_n of_o soldier_n be_v not_o only_o the_o sword_n shable_a dagger_n and_o bayonet_n but_o also_o the_o musket_n firelock_n mousqueton_n pistol_n and_o many_o other_o and_o the_o first_o thing_n they_o shall_v learn_v be_v to_o make_v the_o right_a use_n of_o such_o as_o their_o officer_n have_v give_v they_o the_o musket_n be_v a_o weapon_n for_o foot_n the_o barrel_n of_o which_o be_v three_o foot_n and_o eight_o inch_n long_o mount_v on_o
from_o they_o and_o give_v to_o the_o triarii_n instead_o of_o the_o pili_n which_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o carry_v and_o though_o their_o pike_n be_v not_o so_o long_o as_o those_o of_o the_o grecian_n or_o of_o soldier_n now_o adays_o yet_o they_o defend_v themselves_o therewith_o against_o the_o horse_n and_o fraize_v their_o cohorte_n or_o company_n with_o they_o as_o we_o at_o present_a fraize_n our_o battalion_n quibus_fw-la acies_fw-la velut_fw-la vallo_fw-la septa_fw-la inhorrebat_fw-la they_o carry_v likewise_o javelin_n six_o cubit_n long_o which_o be_v not_o arm_v with_o iron_n at_o the_o head_n but_o have_v only_o a_o point_n burn_v and_o harden_v in_o the_o fire_n as_o arrianus_n report_v mucro_n autem_fw-la illis_fw-la ferrrea_fw-la non_fw-la erat_fw-la sed_fw-la caput_fw-la igne_fw-la duratum_fw-la eundem_fw-la usum_fw-la dabat_fw-la these_o pike_n be_v call_v hastae_fw-la purae_fw-la and_o be_v use_v by_o the_o strong_a soldier_n the_o german_n carry_v pike_n which_o they_o call_v trameae_n with_o a_o very_a short_a and_o narrow_a head_n but_o so_o fine_a and_o commodious_a that_o they_o use_v to_o fight_v with_o they_o at_o distance_n and_o near_o at_o hand_n the_o armature_n of_o a_o roman_a soldier_n of_o the_o triary_n the_o armature_n of_o a_o slinger_n the_o lance._n the_o sling_n sect._n 3_o of_o the_o lance._n the_o lance_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o half-pike_n like_v to_o that_o of_o our_o standard_n which_o be_v invent_v in_o spain_n and_o only_o use_v among_o the_o horse_n it_o be_v not_o a_o hundred_o year_n ago_o since_o in_o france_n we_o have_v troop_n of_o lancer_n polybius_n say_v that_o these_o lance_n be_v useless_a because_o be_v too_o slender_a they_o break_v to_o piece_n by_o their_o own_o motion_n before_o they_o can_v do_v execution_n and_o leave_v no_o more_o in_o the_o hand_n but_o a_o short_a truncheon_n which_o can_v do_v no_o more_o service_n sect._n 4._o of_o the_o javelot_n or_o dart._n the_o ancient_n call_v every_o thing_n that_o may_v be_v throw_v javelot_n jaculum_fw-la a_o jaciendo_fw-la the_o dart_n or_o pilum_fw-la be_v the_o weapon_n which_o the_o roman_n give_v to_o their_o velite_n or_o skirmisher_n it_o be_v in_o length_n two_o cubit_n and_o a_o finger_n breadth_n in_o thickness_n the_o head_n of_o it_o be_v of_o iron_n a_o foot_n long_o but_o so_o thin_a and_o sharp-pointed_a that_o be_v once_o throw_v it_o bow_v and_o become_v crooked_a so_o that_o the_o enemy_n can_v not_o use_v it_o any_o more_o they_o have_v likewise_o other_o javelots_n or_o dart_n with_o three_o feather_n at_o the_o low_a end_n like_v to_o the_o arrow_n and_o dart_n which_o the_o polonian_n and_o many_o other_o still_o use_v especial_o the_o moor_n who_o call_v they_o zogayes_a aelicles_n be_v the_o ancient_a of_o dart_n a_o cubit_n and_o a_o half_a long_o with_o a_o double_a point_n which_o be_v tie_v to_o the_o wrist_n with_o a_o leather_n strap_n or_o cord_n to_o pull_v it_o back_o with_o when_o the_o blow_n be_v give_v aeganea_n be_v a_o very_a light_n javelot_n or_o dart._n ancyle_n be_v a_o dart_n which_o give_v the_o name_n of_o ancilista_n to_o those_o that_o use_v it_o ansatae_n be_v dart_n throw_v by_o handle_n dolones_n be_v javelots_n which_o have_v their_o name_n from_o the_o greek_a word_n dolos_fw-la which_o signify_v hurt_v geum_n be_v a_o javelot_n whole_o of_o iron_n manobarbulus_n be_v a_o javelot_n or_o dart_n like_v to_o the_o leaden_a pile_n and_o the_o soldier_n that_o use_v they_o be_v call_v manobarbuli_n materis_fw-la be_v a_o javelot_n not_o full_o so_o long_o as_o a_o lance._n the_o pile_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o half_a pike_n about_o five_o foot_n long_o the_o roman_a pile_n be_v but_o three_o foot_n long_o with_o a_o head_n barb_a like_o a_o serpent_n tongue_n which_o weigh_v nine_o ounce_n romphea_fw-la be_v the_o thracian_a javelot_n runa_fw-la be_v a_o javelot_n with_o a_o very_a large_a broad_a head_n spara_n be_v a_o very_a little_a dart_n call_v so_o aspargendo_fw-la tragula_fw-la be_v a_o javelot_n or_o screw_n with_o which_o they_o draw_v towards_o they_o the_o enemy_n buckler_n triphorum_fw-la be_v a_o shaft_n three_o cubit_n long_o which_o the_o french_a call_n materas_n in_o english_a a_o quarrel_n and_o be_v shoot_v out_o of_o a_o cross-bow_n the_o ancient_n have_v also_o other_o javelots_n or_o dart_n which_o they_o various_o name_v according_a to_o their_o different_a figure_n as_o sibina_n gesa_n sigimnum_n vrbina_n vervina_n verutum_fw-la and_o venabulum_fw-la the_o latter_a be_v use_v by_o huntsman_n and_o gesa_n by_o the_o gaul_n sect._n 5._o of_o the_o sling_n the_o roman_n have_v in_o their_o army_n company_n of_o slinger_n who_o they_o call_v funditores_fw-la a_o funda_fw-la quod_fw-la ex_fw-la ea_fw-la fundantur_fw-la lapides_fw-la because_o the_o sling_n serve_v to_o cast_v stone_n and_o bullet_n of_o lead_n which_o at_o that_o time_n do_v the_o same_o execution_n as_o our_o muket_n do_v nowadays_o the_o sling_n be_v make_v of_o thread_n large_a in_o the_o middle_n than_o elsewhere_o its_o figure_n be_v oval_a and_o insensible_o diminish_v it_o will_v cast_v a_o stone_n or_o bullet_n six_o hundred_o pace_n the_o cross_a bow_n man_n of_o the_o ancient_n the_o quiver_n bow_n and_o arrow_n dart_n sect._n 6._o of_o bow_n and_o arrow_n the_o use_n of_o bow_n and_o arrow_n be_v not_o in_o all_o place_n abolish_v the_o turk_n retain_v they_o still_o in_o their_o army_n as_o well_o as_o the_o african_n american_n and_o most_o part_n of_o the_o people_n of_o asia_n but_o none_o be_v so_o skilful_a as_o the_o tartar_n in_o shoot_v with_o a_o bow_n backward_o and_o forward_o the_o wound_v make_v by_o arrow_n be_v more_o dangerous_a and_o hard_a to_o be_v cure_v than_o those_o that_o be_v make_v by_o musket_n bullet_n because_o their_o head_n be_v barb_a it_o be_v difficult_a to_o pull_v they_o out_o of_o the_o body_n without_o tear_v the_o part_n about_o the_o wound_n and_o danger_n of_o break_v the_o shaft_n the_o original_n of_o bow_n and_o arrow_n be_v uncertain_a some_o attribute_n the_o invention_n of_o they_o to_o the_o candiot_n other_o to_o the_o scythian_n and_o persian_n but_o there_o be_v no_o doubt_n but_o that_o the_o arabian_n have_v be_v always_o esteem_v the_o most_o skilful_a in_o the_o exercise_n of_o the_o bow_n and_o those_o who_o have_v use_v the_o great_a the_o goth_n carry_v hardly_o any_o other_o arm_n but_o bow_n and_o arrow_n yet_o the_o roman_n have_v no_o bowman_n in_o their_o army_n but_o such_o as_o come_v with_o the_o auxiliary_a force_n the_o quiver_n be_v a_o little_a magazine_n of_o arrow_n which_o the_o archer_n carry_v on_o the_o left_a shoulder_n sect._n 7._o of_o crossbow_n the_o armature_n of_o a_o bow_n man_n of_o the_o roman_a ally_n the_o armature_n of_o a_o roman_a centurion_n it_o will_v nevertheless_o seem_v according_a to_o appius_n that_o the_o catapulta_fw-la serve_v to_o shoot_v both_o dart_n and_o stone_n for_o he_o say_v catapultae_n turribus_fw-la impositae_fw-la &_o quae_fw-la spicula_fw-la milterent_fw-la &_o quae_fw-la saxa_fw-la the_o invention_n of_o crossbow_n come_v from_o the_o sicilian_n as_o diodorus_n report_v they_o make_v both_o great_a and_o little_a crossbow_n the_o great_a be_v draw_v on_o wheel_n as_o our_o canon_n be_v and_o throw_v dart_n three_o cubit_n long_o the_o little_a one_o be_v carry_v by_o foot_n soldier_n who_o be_v call_v cross-bow-man_n but_o their_o quarrel_n be_v not_o half_a so_o long_o as_o the_o dart_n of_o the_o other_o which_o be_v of_o such_o a_o greatness_n that_o they_o can_v throw_v stone_n six_o score_n pound_n weight_n there_o be_v a_o other_o kind_n of_o crossbow_n of_o a_o middle_a size_n that_o be_v carry_v on_o wagon_n and_o be_v call_v orcubalistae_n and_o carobalistae_n other_o there_o be_v which_o serve_v to_o throw_v artificial_a fire_n and_o dart_n call_v phalaricae_n or_o firebrand_n because_o they_o be_v cover_v with_o sulphur_n pitch_n tar_n and_o tow_n dip_v in_o oil_n the_o scorpion_n be_v likewise_o a_o kind_n of_o hand-cross-bow_n invent_v by_o the_o grecian_n which_o they_o use_v in_o shoot_v of_o little_a shaft_n who_o head_n be_v extreme_o small_a and_o point_a chap._n v._n of_o defensive_a arms._n sect._n 1_o all_o weapon_n be_v both_o offensive_a and_o defensive_a because_o with_o the_o same_o one_o may_v both_o attack_v and_o defend_v but_o there_o be_v some_o arm_n which_o be_v mere_o defensive_a as_o for_o instance_n the_o head-piece_n term_v the_o cask_n or_o casket_n morion_n cuirass_n corcelet_n gorget_n vambrace_n tassets_n or_o thigh-piece_n knee-piece_n guard-rein_n or_o rein-piece_n gauntlet_n and_o round_a target_n or_o buckler_n which_o be_v use_v in_o time_n past_a and_o which_o be_v still_o in_o use_n in_o many_o remote_a country_n especial_o among_o the_o turk_n and_o moor_n the_o roman_n arm_a part_n of_o their_o cavalry_n
other_o and_o fill_v they_o with_o powder_n put_v thereto_o a_o fuse_n we_o may_v reckon_v among_o our_o engine_n of_o war_n the_o hearse_n sarrasin_n or_o cataract_n and_o the_o orgue_v which_o be_v great_a piece_n of_o hang_a wood_n and_o be_v let_v fall_v down_o through_o hole_n when_o there_o be_v any_o fear_n of_o a_o surprise_n or_o of_o the_o effort_n of_o a_o petard_n turn-pike_n which_o be_v beam_n stick_v full_a of_o sharp-pointed_a pile_n which_o roll_v upon_o a_o pivot_n to_o stop_v a_o passage_n the_o crowfoot_n or_o cast_v caltrop_n be_v iron_n prick_v make_v in_o such_o manner_n that_o what_o way_n soever_o they_o be_v turn_v they_o have_v always_o the_o point_n upward_o chap._n vi_o of_o the_o warlike_a engine_n of_o the_o roman_n sect._n 1_o of_o machine_n or_o engine_n in_o general_n we_o call_v all_o thing_n engine_n whereof_o the_o art_n and_o contrivance_n surpass_v the_o matter_n materiam_fw-la superabat_fw-la opus_fw-la say_v ovid._n from_o thence_o come_v the_o name_n of_o engineer_n the_o ancient_n call_v all_o thing_n that_o serve_v to_o attaque_fw-la or_o defend_v place_n warlike_a engine_n so_o do_v moses_n call_v they_o in_o the_o 20_o chapter_n of_o deuteronomy_n the_o last_o verse_n only_o those_o tree_n which_o thou_o know_v be_v not_o for_o meat_n those_o shall_v thou_o destroy_v and_o cut_v down_o and_o make_v fort_n against_o the_o city_n that_o make_v war_n with_o thou_o until_o thou_o subdue_v it_o all_o these_o ancient_a engine_n be_v only_o make_v of_o wood_n piece_v together_o and_o make_v fast_o with_o iron_n which_o be_v place_v upon_o the_o turret_n and_o corner_n of_o the_o wall_n to_o throw_v dart_n and_o stone_n of_o a_o extraordinary_a bigness_n other_o there_o be_v only_o for_o beat_v down_o of_o wall_n and_o other_o for_o mount_v a_o assault_n and_o for_o a_o scalado_n sect._n 2._o of_o the_o tortoise_n or_o testudo_fw-la the_o tortoise_n of_o the_o ancient_n gaul_n which_o the_o roman_n use_v and_o call_v testudo_fw-la be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o crowd_v together_o of_o many_o soldier_n who_o cover_v themselves_o on_o the_o head_n and_o sides_n with_o a_o great_a many_o buckler_n the_o former_a rank_n carry_v they_o high_o than_o the_o follow_n in_o manner_n of_o the_o tile_n of_o a_o house_n that_o so_o whatever_o may_v be_v throw_v upon_o they_o from_o the_o wall_n may_v not_o stick_v but_o more_o easy_o slide_v to_o the_o ground_n homer_n speak_v of_o these_o tortoise_n in_o this_o manner_n scutum_fw-la scuto_fw-la haeret_fw-la galeae_fw-la galea_fw-la atque_fw-la vir_fw-la viro_fw-la they_o make_v use_v of_o that_o invention_n for_o scale_v of_o wall_n by_o mount_v one_o upon_o another_o as_o titus_n liviusdescribe_v it_o testudine_fw-la parti_fw-la muri_fw-la ad_fw-la mota_fw-la cum_fw-la armati_fw-la spuerstantes_fw-la subissent_fw-la propugnatoribus_fw-la muri_fw-la fastigio_fw-la altitudinis_fw-la aequabantur_fw-la tacitus_n call_v that_o engine_n a_o reiterated_a tortoise_n super_fw-la iteratum_fw-la testudinem_fw-la scandentes_fw-la they_o not_o only_o make_v use_n of_o these_o tortoise_n in_o attacking_z of_o place_n but_o also_o in_o battle_n break_v through_o the_o legion_n of_o the_o enemy_n all_o these_o tortoise_n be_v not_o in_o this_o manner_n compose_v of_o man_n and_o buckler_n they_o have_v beside_o certain_a shed_v of_o wood_n twenty_o five_o foot_n square_a and_o cover_v with_o a_o shelve_v roof_n which_o they_o call_v tortoise_n whereof_o some_o serve_v to_o cover_v the_o lodging_n other_o to_o shelter_v the_o workman_n against_o stone_n and_o arrow_n from_o the_o town_n and_o other_o to_o hang_v the_o battering-ram_n and_o cover_v those_o who_o be_v to_o swing_n it_o these_o be_v call_v testudines_fw-la arictariae_fw-la sect._n 3_o of_o ladder_n the_o roman_n have_v ladder_n of_o all_o fashion_n which_o be_v always_o two_o foot_n high_o than_o the_o wall_n they_o intend_v to_o scale_v some_o fold_a and_o can_v with_o little_a inconvenience_n be_v carry_v any_o whither_o these_o be_v call_v scalae_fw-la compactiles_fw-la other_o be_v call_v reticulatae_fw-la aut_fw-la stupeae_fw-la because_o they_o be_v make_v with_o cord_n provide_v at_o the_o end_n with_o strong_a hook_n to_o fasten_v they_o with_o to_o the_o wall_n they_o have_v other_o that_o open_v and_o shut_v in_o manner_n of_o zizack_n and_o other_o at_o the_o end_n of_o which_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o a_o little_a watch-house_n whereinto_o they_o put_v some_o body_n to_o spy_v what_o be_v do_v on_o the_o rampart_n they_o have_v beside_o another_o kind_n of_o ladder_n which_o they_o term_v roll_v ladder_n at_o the_o end_n of_o which_o be_v bridge_n and_o other_o which_o they_o call_v sambucae_n which_o be_v carry_v in_o boat_n to_o scale_v wall_n that_o be_v encompass_v with_o water_n sect._n 4._o of_o bulwark_n when_o the_o roman_n intend_v to_o attaque_fw-la a_o place_n they_o cause_v bulwark_n to_o be_v raise_v round_o the_o wall_n which_o be_v in_o height_n twenty_o four_o foot_n and_o in_o breadth_n three_o hundred_o upon_o which_o they_o build_v tower_n of_o wood_n arm_v with_o iron_n on_o all_o side_n which_o command_v the_o rampart_n and_o from_o which_o the_o besieger_n throw_v upon_o the_o people_n of_o the_o town_n stone_n dart_n artificial_a fire_n that_o they_o may_v thereby_o facilitate_v the_o approach_n of_o the_o batter_a ram_n and_o other_o engine_n for_o take_v of_o place_n sect._n 5._o of_o tower_n the_o tower_n which_o be_v use_v by_o the_o roman_n in_o the_o attacking_z of_o place_n go_v on_o wheel_n be_v very_o high_a and_o on_o all_o side_n cover_v with_o plate_n of_o iron_n which_o render_v they_o more_o weighty_a more_o difficult_a to_o be_v overthrow_v and_o less_o obnoxious_a to_o the_o danger_n of_o fire_n these_o tower_n be_v invent_v by_o one_o diades_n a_o soldier_n under_o alexander_n the_o great_a they_o have_v also_o other_o tower_n which_o carry_v bridge_n and_o batter_a ram_n caesar_n cause_v to_o be_v build_v before_o marseillis_n tower_n of_o mason_n work_v five_o foot_n thick_a and_o near_o the_o tower_n of_o the_o enemy_n from_o whence_o he_o may_v incommode_v they_o he_o cause_v movable_a roof_n to_o be_v make_v for_o they_o from_o which_o hang_v skreens_fw-mi make_v of_o cable_n or_o other_o ship-rope_n behind_o which_o the_o workman_n may_v under_o covert_a labour_n in_o the_o raise_n of_o the_o tower_n sect._n 6._o of_o the_o batter_a ram._n the_o original_n of_o batter_a ram_n which_o paulus_n diaconus_fw-la call_v exterminatorium_fw-la justrumentum_fw-la be_v very_o ancient_a some_o attribute_n the_o invention_n of_o they_o to_o the_o greek_n and_o other_o to_o the_o carthaginian_n however_o it_o be_v they_o perform_v in_o those_o day_n what_o our_o canon_n and_o mine_n do_v at_o present_a see_v the_o only_a use_n they_o be_v put_v to_o be_v to_o beat_v down_o the_o wall_n of_o town_n which_o they_o intend_v to_o take_v the_o batter_a ram_n be_v make_v of_o a_o large_a tree_n like_v to_o the_o mast_n of_o a_o ship_n which_o be_v in_o length_n six_o and_o twenty_o cubit_n and_o five_o hand_n breadth_n in_o diameter_n and_o within_o six_o cubit_n of_o the_o head_n be_v guard_v with_o iron_n ring_n the_o head_n be_v of_o a_o knotty_a wood_n cover_v with_o iron_n and_o represent_v the_o head_n of_o a_o ram_n with_o horn_n and_o therefore_o the_o name_n of_o batter_a ram_n be_v give_v to_o that_o engine_n the_o batter_a ram_n hang_v betwixt_o great_a beam_n of_o wood_n by_o massive_a iron_n chain_n and_o require_v a_o hundred_o man_n to_o swing_n and_o push_v it_o violent_o against_o the_o wall_n repulsus_fw-la magna_fw-la virorum_fw-la manu_fw-la say_v flavius_n the_o shape_n of_o it_o may_v be_v see_v in_o the_o figure_n sect._n 7._o of_o counter-engine_n to_o hinder_v assault_n and_o storm_n the_o besiege_a make_v use_v of_o huge_a stone_n wheel_n wagon_n with_o four_o wheel_n fill_v with_o weighty_a matter_n column_n cylinder_n millstone_n tun_n and_o artificial_a fire_n which_o they_o throw_v upon_o the_o besieger_n and_o their_o engine_n with_o purpose_n to_o break_v they_o or_o to_o reduce_v they_o to_o ash_n they_o hinder_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o batter_a ram_n by_o oppose_v to_o they_o pack_n of_o wool_n or_o by_o catch_v hold_n of_o they_o with_o snare_n or_o iron_n engine_n make_v in_o form_n of_o pincers_n which_o they_o call_v woolve_n mean_v that_o such_o woolve_n can_v catch_v the_o ram_n because_o with_o these_o engine_n they_o draw_v the_o batter_a ram_n up_o or_o break_v they_o in_o the_o middle_n the_o end_n of_o the_o three_o book_n the_o four_o book_n of_o ensign_n trumpet_n and_o other_z instrument_n of_o war_n it_o may_v perhaps_o seem_v strange_a that_o i_o have_v comprehend_v in_o one_o and_o thâ—_n same_o book_n and_o under_o one_o sole_a title_n ensing_n trumpet_n and_o other_o instrument_n of_o war_n consider_v the_o small_a analogy_n they_o have_v to_o