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the_o victory_n if_o philopoemen_n have_v in_o this_o action_n use_v wheel_v of_o his_o battle_n which_o only_o be_v the_o other_o motion_n which_o will_v have_v serve_v his_o turn_n beside_o the_o troublesomenesse_n of_o the_o wind_a about_o he_o shall_v have_v be_v force_v to_o have_v use_v two_o wheeling_n and_o so_o fail_v of_o the_o celerity_n which_o be_v at_o that_o time_n requisite_a face_n be_v turn_v in_o a_o trice_n and_o he_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o ground_n he_o desire_v before_o he_o can_v have_v wheel_v once_o his_o battle_n 3_o two_o turn_n of_o the_o soldier_n face_n clisis_fw-la or_o turn_v face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n consist_v of_o one_o turn_v and_o move_v no_o further_o than_o the_o side_n if_o the_o motion_n be_v to_o the_o rear_n it_o have_v two_o turn_n and_o be_v call_v metabole_n which_o be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o change_n of_o every_o man_n face_n in_o particular_a from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n or_o contrariwise_o and_o as_o wheel_v of_o the_o whole_a body_n carry_v about_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o rear_n so_o do_v metabole_n turn_v the_o face_n of_o every_o particular_a soldier_n and_o make_v he_o look_v from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n the_o word_n proper_o signify_v a_o change_n which_o happen_v herein_o when_o the_o soldier_n be_v change_v from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n or_o contrariwise_o the_o use_n of_o metabole_n be_v principal_o to_o resist_v the_o enemy_n that_o give_v on_o upon_o the_o rear_n pyrrh_n so_o pyrrhus_n be_v enter_v the_o city_n argos_n with_o a_o few_o and_o overpress_v with_o multitude_n retire_v by_o little_a and_o little_a and_o defend_v himself_o often_o turn_v his_o and_o his_o soldier_n face_n against_o the_o enemy_n agesilao_n so_o the_o army_n of_o cyrus_n the_o elder_a retire_n from_o the_o wall_n of_o babylon_n often_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o wait_v their_o enemy_n who_o be_v report_v to_o be_v on_o foot_n and_o ready_a to_o come_v and_o charge_v they_o and_o if_o the_o enemy_n assault_v both_o the_o front_n and_o rear_v it_o have_v be_v the_o manner_n to_o continue_v half_o the_o soldier_n in_o each_o file_n with_o their_o face_n to_o the_o front_n and_o command_v the_o other_o half_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o rear_n against_o the_o enemy_n behind_o and_o this_o form_n be_v call_v phalanx_n amphistomos_n describe_v by_o aelian_a cap._n 38._o and_o sometime_o it_o be_v use_v to_o speed_v our_o march_n and_o prevent_v the_o enemy_n as_o be_v say_v before_o of_o clisis_fw-la d._n agesilaus_n make_v a_o incursion_n into_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o theban_n and_o find_v a_o trench_n and_o rampart_n cast_v up_o by_o the_o theban_n for_o
themselves_o of_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o target_n where_o diodore_n have_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o polienus_n have_v protinomenous_a ta_fw-la dorata_fw-la ortha_fw-mi hold_v before_o they_o their_o pike_n upright_o but_o both_o have_v pike_n upright_o and_o diodorus_n his_o continue_v have_v relation_n to_o the_o posture_n they_o be_v in_o which_o chabrias_n will_v not_o have_v they_o to_o alter_v polienus_n his_o hold_n before_o to_o that_o they_o be_v command_v to_o do_v in_o order_v of_o pike_n at_o this_o day_n i_o have_v show_v that_o the_o soldier_n hold_v they_o upright_o the_o but_o end_n set_v on_o the_o ground_n before_o and_o somewhat_o wide_a of_o their_o right_a foot_n 105._o aemilius_z probus_n recite_v this_o history_n pervert_v the_o stratagem_n he_o say_v that_o chabrias_n forbid_v the_o phalange_n to_o give_v back_o and_o teach_v his_o soldier_n to_o receive_v the_o enemy_n charge_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n the_o other_o set_v against_o the_o target_n and_o with_o the_o pike_n abase_v wherein_o he_o quite_o dissent_v from_o diodore_n and_o polien_n diodore_n say_v the_o command_n be_v to_o keep_v their_o array_n polienus_n not_o to_o run_v forward_o but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o probus_n not_o to_o give_v back_o probus_n say_v they_o shall_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n and_o rest_n against_o the_o target_n with_o the_o other_o diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o target_n sink_v to_o their_o knee_n polienus_n that_o they_o shall_v carry_v their_o target_n before_o at_o their_o knee_n probus_n that_o they_o shall_v abase_v and_o charge_v their_o pike_n diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v continue_v and_o order_v they_o upright_o polien_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o pike_n upright_o so_o that_o diodore_n and_o polien_n agree_v and_o expound_v one_o another_o aemilius_n probus_n bring_v in_o a_o new_a history_n dissent_v as_o i_o say_v from_o the_o other_o two_o especial_o in_o make_v that_o to_o be_v a_o form_n of_o fight_n prescribe_v by_o chabrias_n a_o simple_a form_n to_o receive_v the_o charge_n upon_o their_o knee_n which_o be_v a_o contempt_n to_o show_v how_o little_a especial_o in_o that_o strength_n of_o ground_n he_o regard_v agesilaus_n which_o contempt_n also_o make_v agesilaus_n retire_v not_o doubt_v but_o it_o proceed_v from_o a_o great_a assurance_n of_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o as_o i_o say_v i_o take_v these_o word_n ep_o '_o orthon_n apodounai_fw-mi not_o only_o to_o appertain_v to_o the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n but_o also_o and_o that_o much_o rather_o to_o the_o erection_n and_o order_v of_o pike_n of_o countermarche_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxviii_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n the_o other_o by_o rank_n each_o of_o these_o again_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o kind_n the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a which_o be_v also_o the_o persian_a and_o the_o cretan_a 1_o the_o macedonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o lieu_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n backward_o where_o before_o it_o be_v forward_o 2_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v likewise_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o steed_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 3_o the_o persian_a be_v the_o cretan_a and_o choraean_a this_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o the_o phalange_n every_o soldier_n take_v another_o place_n for_o that_o he_o have_v the_o file-leader_n the_o place_n of_o bringer-up_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n in_o order_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 4_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n be_v make_v when_o a_o man_n will_v transfer_v the_o wing_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o section_n and_o the_o section_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n to_o the_o end_n to_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n likewise_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n and_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n they_o that_o fear_v to_o countermarch_n the_o phalange_n in_o gross_a the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n do_v it_o by_o syntagmae_n i_o will_v now_o set_v down_o in_o what_o manner_n countermarch_v aught_o to_o be_v make_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n be_v say_v to_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n with_o the_o bringer-up_a go_v against_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o pass_v on_o to_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_n themselves_o in_o order_n one_o after_o a_o other_o according_a as_o the_o file-leader_n himself_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n therefore_o it_o make_v show_v to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o run_v away_o or_o it_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n pass_v by_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n place_v themselves_o orderly_a one_o behind_o another_o but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n turn_v also_o their_o face_n and_o proceed_v forward_o together_o with_o their_o file-leader_n order_v themselves_o proportionable_o in_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n wherefore_o to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v behind_o it_o make_v a_o semblance_n of_o fall_v on_o again_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v his_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n transfer_v the_o whole_a file_n to_o another_o place_n equal_a to_o the_o first_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v stand_n as_o before_o behind_o he_o or_o else_o when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o he_o that_o stand_v next_o before_o he_o pass_v by_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n be_v place_v again_o next_o before_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v be_v place_v one_o before_o another_o in_o their_o former_a order_n till_o the_o file-leader_n be_v the_o first_o the_o choraean_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n precede_v the_o file_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v till_o the_o file-leader_n have_v the_o place_n of_o the_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o bringer-up_a the_o place_n of_o the_o file-leader_n and_o these_o be_v the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v countermarch_v make_v by_o rank_n in_o case_n a_o man_n will_v countermarch_n by_o rank_n for_o every_o rank_n countermarch_v either_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n or_o change_v the_o right_a hand_n place_n or_o else_o the_o left_a hand_n place_n of_o the_o battle_n one_o of_o which_o must_v needs_o fall_v out_o and_o never_o fail_v note_n the_o two_o former_a motion_n be_v perform_v one_o in_o close_a order_n the_o other_o in_o all_o order_n epistrophe_n when_o the_o battle_n be_v shut_v so_o close_o that_o as_o aelian_n say_v a_o man_n can_v turn_v his_o face_n neither_o the_o one_o way_n nor_o the_o other_o clisis_fw-la in_o open_a order_n order_n and_o close_a order_n the_o two_o â—_o follow_v motion_n countermarch_v and_o double_v one_o be_v do_v in_o open_a 84._o order_n the_o other_o for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o open_a order_n too_o and_o yet_o sometime_o in_o order_n and_o close_a order_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o due_a place_n this_o chapter_n handle_v countermarche_n the_o next_o doubling_n countermarch_v be_v a_o motion_n whereby_o every_o soldier_n march_v after_o other_o change_v his_o front_n for_o the_o rear_n or_o one_o flank_v for_o the_o other_o for_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n and_o the_o other_o by_o rank_n and_o each_o of_o these_o be_v again_o divide_v into_o three_o the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a or_o cretan_a a_o countermarch_v by_o file_n be_v when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o leader_n of_o the_o same_o file_n by_o rank_n when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o sideman_n of_o the_o same_o rank_n in_o the_o countermarch_v 1_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o purpose_n of_o the_o commander_n be_v to_o turn_v the_o front_n of_o his_o battle_n against_o the_o enemy_n that_o show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n and_o withal_o to_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n it_o be_v call_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v say_v aelian_n because_o
the_o enemy_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o also_o in_o flank_n of_o the_o phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la chap._n xxxviii_o the_o phalange_n phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la for_o it_o be_v so_o call_v because_o it_o have_v two_o front_n and_o that_o part_n of_o the_o battle_n that_o be_v set_v and_o advance_v against_o the_o enemy_n be_v call_v a_o front_n see_v then_o in_o this_o form_n the_o middlemost_a be_v order_v back_o to_o back_n and_o those_o in_o front_n and_o rear_v make_v head_n against_o the_o enemy_n the_o one_o be_v commander_n of_o the_o front_n the_o other_o of_o the_o rear_n therefore_o it_o be_v call_v amphistomus_fw-la it_o be_v of_o great_a use_n against_o a_o enemy_n strong_a in_o horse_n and_o able_a to_o give_v a_o hot_a and_o dangerous_a charge_n and_o principal_o practise_v against_o those_o barbarian_n that_o inhabit_v about_o the_o river_n ister_n who_o they_o also_o call_v upon_o amphippi_n because_o they_o change_v horse_n in_o fight_n the_o horse_n battle_n to_o encounter_v this_o form_n have_v a_o tetragonall_a shape_n be_v for_o the_o purpose_n divide_v into_o two_o broad-squares_a they_o be_v broad-squares_a that_o have_v the_o front_n twice_o as_o much_o as_o the_o depth_n and_o these_o square_n be_v oppose_v several_o against_o the_o division_n of_o the_o foot-battaile_n of_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n chap._n thirty-nine_o the_o phalange_n phalange_n antistomus_n be_v like_o the_o amphistomus_fw-la the_o form_n be_v a_o little_a alter_v so_o that_o it_o accustome_v the_o soldier_n to_o resist_v the_o several_a kind_n of_o incursion_n of_o horse_n all_o that_o have_v be_v speak_v concern_v the_o former_a phalange_n both_o for_o foot_n and_o horse_n agree_v with_o this_o figure_n also_o herein_o they_o differ_v that_o cap._n 37._o a_o four_o front_a phalange_n against_o all_o allempte_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o front_n of_o the_o rear_v the_o front_n of_o the_o right_a flank_n the_o front_n of_o the_o march_n the_o front_n of_o the_o left_a flank_n cap._n 38._o the_o phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la cap_n 39_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n front_n cap._n 40._o the_o horsmans_n wedge_n front_v a_o diphalange_n antistomus_n the_o amphistomus_fw-la receive_v the_o charge_n in_o front_n and_o rear_v the_o antistomus_n in_o flank_n but_o aswell_o in_o the_o one_o as_o the_o other_o they_o fight_v with_o long_a pike_n as_o do_v the_o alan_o and_o sauromatans_n and_o the_o one_o half_a of_o the_o soldier_n in_o the_o file_n turn_v their_o face_n forward_o the_o other_o half_o backward_o so_o that_o they_o stand_v back_o to_o back_o this_o form_n have_v two_o front_n the_o one_o before_o where_o the_o fileleader_n the_o other_o behind_o where_o the_o back-commander_n stand_v and_o be_v also_o divide_v into_o a_o diphalange_n it_o make_v the_o forefront_n with_o the_o one_o and_o the_o after-front_n with_o the_o other_o phalange_n of_o the_o diphalange_n antistomus_n chap._n xl._o a_o diphalange_n antistomus_n be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o fileleader_n place_v not_o in_o deduction_n outward_o but_o inward_o face_n to_o face_n one_o against-an_a other_o and_o the_o reare-commander_n without_o one_o half_a in_o a_o right_n the_o other_o in_o a_o left-hand_a deduction_n this_o form_n be_v use_v when_o the_o horse_n give_v on_o and_o charge_v wedge-wise_a for_o the_o *_o wedge_n shoot_v forth_o into_o a_o point_n and_o have_v the_o commander_n follow_v in_o flank_n and_o endeavour_v to_o dissever_v and_o break_v the_o front_n of_o the_o foot_n the_o leader_n of_o the_o foot_n foresee_v their_o purpose_n place_n themselves_o in_o the_o midst_n with_o intent_n either_o to_o repulse_v they_o or_o else_o to_o give_v they_o a_o thorough_a passage_n without_o loss_n for_o the_o wedge_n fly_v upon_o the_o foot_n in_o hope_n to_o charge_v the_o multitude_n in_o the_o midst_n and_o to_o disorder_v the_o whole_a battle_n and_o the_o foot_n commander_n conceive_v well_o the_o fury_n of_o that_o kind_n of_o form_n leave_v a_o little_a space_n betwixt_o either_o front_n and_o stand_v like_o wall_n on_o both_o side_n and_o joint_o turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o midst_n give_v they_o a_o fruitless_a and_o empty_a passage_n this_o form_n of_o horsebattaile_n be_v call_v a_o wedge_n by_o tactic_n which_o be_v invent_v by_o philip_n king_n of_o macedon_n who_o place_v his_o best_a man_n before_o that_o by_o they_o the_o weak_a sort_n may_v be_v hold_v in_o and_o enable_v to_o the_o charge_n as_o we_o see_v in_o a_o spear_n or_o in_o a_o sword_n the_o point_n whereof_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o sharpness_n quick_o pierce_v make_v way_n for_o and_o let_v in_o the_o middle_n blunt_a iron_n of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v peristomus_fw-la chap._n xli_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o diphalange_n *_o peristomus_fw-la proceed_v by_o deduction_n in_o a_o wing_n the_o oblique_a deduction_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n have_v the_o fileleader_n without_o the_o left_a hand_n oblique_a deduction_n the_o reare-commander_n within_o the_o figure_n show_v the_o intent_n of_o they_o that_o fight_v so_o order_v for_o the_o battle_n go_v to_o charge_n have_v be_v at_o first_o tetragonall_n divide_v itself_o into_o two_o oblique_a wing_n the_o right_n and_o the_o left_a of_o purpose_n to_o enclose_v the_o adverse_a square-battaile_n and_o they_o fear_v to_o be_v enclose_v transform_v themselves_o into_o two_o several_a marching-phalanges_a direct_v one_o against_o the_o right_n the_o other_o against_o the_o left_a wing_n therefore_o it_o be_v call_v peristomus_fw-la as_o have_v the_o front_n bend_v against_o the_o enemy_n both_o way_n of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v homoiostomos_n and_o of_o the_o plinthium_fw-la chap._n xlii_o a_o diphalange_n *_o homoiostomus_n be_v so_o name_v because_o a_o whole_a file_n that_o be_v 16_o man_n move_v by_o itself_o another_o file_n follow_v it_o and_o it_o be_v therefore_o call_v homoiostomus_n because_o they_o that_o follow_v follow_v in_o a_o like_a figure_n this_o kind_n be_v oppose_v against_o the_o plinthium_fw-la *_o plinthium_fw-la be_v a_o form_n of_o battle_n that_o have_v the_o side_n equal_a both_o in_o figure_n and_o number_n in_o figure_n because_o the_o distance_n be_v every_o where_o equal_a in_o number_n because_o there_o be_v as_o many_o man_n in_o length_n as_o in_o depth_n in_o this_o foure-sided-battaile_n be_v none_o in_o the_o flank_n but_o arm_v without_o archer_n or_o slinger_n to_o help_v when_o therefore_o two_o phalanges_fw-la march_n together_o one_o by_o another_o and_o both_o have_v their_o leader_n either_o in_o a_o right-hand_a or_o left-hand_a deduction_n it_o be_v call_v a_o diphalange_n homoiostomus_n of_o the_o diphalange_n heterostomus_fw-la chap._n xliii_o a_o diphalange_n *_o heterostomus_fw-la be_v that_o which_o proceed_v by_o deduction_n have_v the_o leader_n of_o the_o former_a phalange_n in_o a_o right-hand-deduction_n and_o of_o the_o follow_a phalange_n in_o a_o left-hand-deduction_n 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of_o the_o wheel_a to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o battle_n first_o stand_v close_o before_o it_o begin_v to_o wheel_n perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o two_o wheeling_n so_o that_o thereby_o the_o front_n come_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o rear_n 2_o ecperispasmos_n or_o treble_a wheel_a be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o three_o wheeling_n so_o as_o when_o it_o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n the_o front_n come_v about_o to_o the_o left_a flank_n when_o to_o the_o target_n it_o come_v about_o to_o the_o right_a flank_n note_n this_o chapter_n have_v a_o diverse_a kind_n of_o turn_v from_o the_o other_o mention_v in_o the_o last_o chapter_n which_o for_o distinction_n sake_n be_v call_v epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v the_o other_o turn_v no_o more_o than_o the_o soldier_n face_n every_o man_n yet_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n be_v have_v before_o this_o wheel_v the_o whole_a body_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o as_o there_o be_v in_o the_o turn_n of_o face_n a_o particular_a motion_n of_o every_o particular_a soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v clesis_n and_o a_o other_o turn_v about_o call_v metabole_n so_o be_v there_o in_o this_o a_o general_a wheel_a of_o the_o whole_a body_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v epistrophe_n and_o a_o other_o wheel_v about_o to_o the_o rear_v call_v perispasmos_n but_o let_v we_o hear_v the_o description_n 1_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v when_o the_o battle_n shortly_n epistrophe_n be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o first_o turn_v of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n in_o do_v whereof_o first_o the_o file_n must_v be_v close_v to_o the_o hand_n you_o mean_v to_o wheel_n than_o the_o rank_n then_o the_o corner_n file-leader_n on_o the_o same_o hand_n be_v to_o stand_v still_o than_o all_o the_o rest_n keep_v their_o file_n and_o 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happen_v a_o like_a to_o both_o they_o find_v a_o safe_a retreat_n within_o the_o battle_n of_o foot_n but_o when_o the_o army_n be_v come_v within_o 500_o pace_n one_o of_o a_o other_o scipio_n give_v a_o signal_n of_o retreat_n and_o open_v his_o battle_n receive_v all_o the_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n into_o the_o midst_n and_o divide_v they_o into_o two_o part_n placed_z they_o as_o seconds_z behind_o the_o wing_n now_o when_o time_n be_v come_v to_o begin_v the_o fight_n he_o command_v the_o spaniard_n who_o have_v the_o middle_a ward_n to_o march_v on_o leisurely_o and_o send_v a_o messenger_n from_o the_o right_a wing_n for_o he_o command_v there_o to_o syllanus_n and_o martius_n will_v they_o to_o stretch_v out_o the_o left_a wing_n as_o they_o see_v he_o stretch_v out_o the_o right_n and_o to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n with_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o horse_n before_o the_o middle_a ward_n may_v be_v able_a to_o come_v up_o and_o join_v the_o wing_n be_v thus_o stretch_v out_o 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the_o wing_n from_o the_o body_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o the_o conflict_n be_v unequal_a both_o in_o all_o other_o respect_n and_o especial_o because_o a_o rabble_n as_o it_o be_v of_o drudge_n and_o untrained_a spaniard_n be_v oppose_v against_o the_o roman_a and_o latin_a soldier_n the_o day_n be_v now_o far_o spend_v the_o army_n of_o asdrubal_n oppress_v with_o the_o morning_n tumult_n and_o compel_v to_o take_v the_o field_n before_o they_o have_v strengthen_v their_o body_n with_o meat_n begin_v to_o faint_v and_o fail_v in_o strength_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o scipio_n linger_v out_o the_o day_n &_o make_v the_o fight_n somewhat_o late_o for_o it_o be_v pass_v the_o seven_o hour_n before_o the_o wing_n of_o foot_n attach_v one_o a_o other_o and_o yet_o the_o fight_n come_v late_a to_o the_o middle_a ward_n so_o that_o the_o scorch_a heat_n of_o the_o south-sunne_n and_o the_o labour_n of_o stand_v arm_v and_o hunger_n and_o thirst_n first_o afflict_v their_o body_n 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principal_o in_o shift_v his_o best_a man_n the_o roman_n into_o the_o wing_n the_o spaniard_n his_o worst_a into_o the_o midst_n and_o in_o keep_v the_o spaniard_n aloof_o from_o join_v and_o in_o haste_v to_o try_v the_o day_n with_o the_o roman_n against_o the_o weak_a of_o the_o enemy_n hasdrubal_n way_n to_o meet_v with_o this_o stratagem_n have_v be_v to_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n half_a his_o carthaginian_n and_o african_n into_o one_o wing_n and_o half_a into_o the_o other_o and_o by_o that_o mean_v his_o spaniard_n shall_v have_v have_v the_o midst_n against_o the_o roman-spaniard_n and_o his_o old_a soldier_n carthaginian_n and_o african_n be_v oppose_v in_o the_o wing_n against_o the_o roman_n and_o latin_n and_o the_o advantage_n elude_v that_o scipio_n seek_v as_o the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n be_v of_o three_o kind_n so_o be_v the_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n namely_o the_o macedonian_a the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o the_o choraean_a the_o macedonian_a begin_v to_o move_v at_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o wing_n which_o be_v near_a to_o the_o enemy_n the_o enemy_n appear_v to_o either_o flank_n and_o therefore_o incur_v the_o same_o imputation_n that_o be_v lay_v upon_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n as_o seem_v to_o run_v away_o because_o it_o dismarch_v from_o the_o enemy_n yet_o be_v there_o use_v of_o it_o as_o well_o as_o of_o that_o by_o file_n for_o by_o this_o countermarch_n you_o may_v set_v the_o strong_a part_n of_o your_o army_n against_o the_o enemy_n and_o apply_v the_o weak_a to_o some_o river_n lake_n hill_n or_o such_o like_a so_o that_o the_o enemy_n can_v not_o come_v to_o encompass_v it_o it_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o contrary_a wing_n the_o lacedaemonian_a take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o that_o wing_n which_o be_v towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o bring_v the_o best_a man_n to_o be_v foremost_a against_o the_o enemy_n and_o therefore_o begin_v the_o move_n on_o the_o contrary_a side_n the_o use_n of_o it_o be_v when_o your_o force_n be_v such_o as_o be_v able_a to_o encounter_v the_o enemy_n and_o you_o desire_v to_o bring_v your_o best_a man_n to_o fight_v the_o choraean_a keep_v the_o same_o ground_n the_o battle_n have_v at_o first_o &_o bring_v one_o wing_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n of_o the_o other_o or_o else_o the_o section_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n as_o may_v have_v be_v do_v in_o the_o last_o example_n cite_v concern_v scipio_n and_o asdrubal_n the_o manner_n of_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o countermarch_n by_o file_n in_o countermarch_n by_o file_n the_o motion_n be_v in_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o either_o the_o front_n remove_v towards_o the_o rear_n or_o the_o rear_n towards_o the_o front_n and_o take_v one_o a_o other_o place_n in_o this_o the_o motion_n be_v in_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n flanke-wise_a the_o wing_n either_o march_v into_o the_o midst_n or_o else_o clean_a through_o to_o the_o other_o wing_n in_o do_v it_o the_o soldier_n that_o stand_v uttermost_a in_o the_o flank_n of_o the_o wing_n must_v move_v first_o to_o the_o contrary_a wing_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o every_o rank_n several_o follow_v they_o in_o order_n the_o figure_n will_v show_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o motion_n patritius_fw-la utter_o mistake_v the_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n and_o ground_v himself_o upon_o a_o wrong_a principle_n namely_o that_o in_o all_o countermarch_v the_o fileleader_n must_v march_v towards_o the_o rear_n and_o the_o bringers-up_a towards_o the_o front_n and_o therefore_o in_o change_v the_o wing_n into_o section_n he_o make_v the_o wing_n to_o fall_v of_o behind_o in_o the_o rear_n the_o fileleader_n wheel_v about_o and_o there_o to_o join_v themselves_o as_o near_o as_o the_o middle_a section_n will_v give_v leave_n and_o the_o section_n fall_v back_o likewise_o to_o join_v themselves_o to_o the_o flank_n of_o they_o that_o be_v the_o wing_n whereas_o the_o nature_n of_o this_o euolution_n be_v clear_o to_o leave_v the_o fileleader_n in_o front_n and_o bringers-up_a in_o rear_n as_o they_o be_v at_o first_o and_o albeit_o the_o fileleader_n than_o change_v their_o place_n yet_o change_v they_o their_o place_n with_o none_o but_o with_o file_n leader_n and_o the_o change_n be_v but_o a_o change_n of_o hand_n the_o right_a hand_n for_o the_o left_a or_o the_o left_a hand_n for_o the_o right_n for_o whereas_o the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o right_a wing_n have_v before_o the_o right_a hand_n now_o in_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n be_v transpose_v to_o the_o left_a wing_n they_o have_v the_o left_a hand_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o fileleader_n as_o likewise_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o other_o
bringers-up_a the_o word_n of_o command_n may_v be_v these_o for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n fileleader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o every_o file_n pass_v through_o in_o order_n one_o after_o another_o and_o place_n yourselves_o at_o your_o distance_n after_o your_o leader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o so_o stand_v for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n the_o first_o manner_n bringers-up_a turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o beginning_n at_o they_o that_o be_v next_o to_o the_o bringers-up_a countermarch_n and_o place_n yourselves_o in_o your_o distance_n before_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o one_o before_o a_o other_o till_o the_o fileleader_n be_v first_o the_o second_o manner_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o let_v every_o man_n file_n follow_v he_o and_o keep_v true_a distance_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_n by_o file_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o stand_v and_o let_v your_o file_n follow_v you_o keep_v their_o distance_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o right_a or_o left_a hand_n corner_n file_n turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o orderly_o behind_o your_o sideman_n keep_v your_o distance_n cap_n 29_o dobling_n of_o rank_n the_o front_n before_o dobling_n of_o rank_n dobling_n of_o rank_n in_o action_n the_o front_n after_o dobling_n of_o rank_n for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o first_o manner_n the_o corner_n file_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n turn_v your_o face_n and_o pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o before_o your_o sideman_n orderly_o keep_v your_o distance_n the_o second_o manner_n the_o right_a or_o left_a wing_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v not_o countermarch_n to_o the_o contrary_a wing_n and_o all_o in_o the_o rank_n follow_v every_o man_n his_o side-man_n keep_v your_o distance_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o uttermost_a corner_n file_v of_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v wing_n countermarch_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o left_a or_o right_a wing_n and_o stand_v and_o the_o rest_n follow_v ranke-wise_a keep_v their_o distance_n of_o double_v and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o chap._n xxix_o 1_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o double_v one_o of_o rank_n the_o other_o of_o depth_n or_o file_n and_o 2_o either_o of_o these_o double_a the_o number_n or_o the_o place_n 3_o the_o length_n be_v double_v in_o number_n when_o of_o a_o front_n of_o 124_o file_n we_o make_v a_o front_n keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o 248_o file_n by_o insert_v in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o file_n and_o file_n some_o of_o the_o follower_n that_o stand_v in_o the_o depth_n this_o be_v do_v to_o the_o end_n to_o thicken_v the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n if_o we_o lift_v to_o recall_v they_o to_o their_o first_o posture_n we_o be_v to_o command_v those_o that_o be_v insert_v to_o countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o 4_o there_o be_v that_o mislike_v these_o doubling_n especial_o the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n and_o will_v have_v a_o show_n of_o double_v make_v without_o indeed_o double_v the_o phalange_n already_o order_v by_o stretch_v out_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o the_o horse_n on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o battle_n 5_o the_o use_n of_o double_v the_o length_n be_v when_o either_o we_o will_v over-wing_n the_o enemy_n or_o else_o ourselves_o fear_v to_o be_v over-winged_n the_o depth_n be_v double_v 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n into_o the_o first_o so_o that_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v place_v next_o behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o second_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o four_o man_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o three_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o six_o in_o the_o first_o file_n and_o so_o forth_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o whole_a second_o file_n be_v ingross_v into_o the_o first_o and_o likewise_o the_o four_o file_n into_o the_o three_o and_o all_o the_o even_a file_n into_o the_o odd_a doubâ—ing_v of_o the_o depth_n by_o countermarch_v be_v make_v either_o when_o the_o next_o side-file_n in_o several_a as_o in_o the_o former_a example_n the_o second_o and_o the_o four_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n to_o the_o rear_n and_o place_n themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a file_n or_o else_o the_o file_n remain_v in_o their_o first_o place_n and_o number_n half_a of_o they_o divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o other_o half_a countermarch_n likewise_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o convey_v themselves_o behind_o the_o other_o there_o order_n themselves_o and_o so_o double_a the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n if_o we_o will_v return_v they_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n we_o must_v recall_v those_o that_o be_v convey_v to_o stand_v behind_o to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o the_o countermarch_v note_n the_o former_a three_o motion_n alter_v not_o the_o form_n of_o the_o phalange_n for_o whether_o you_o turn_v face_n wheel_a or_o countermarch_v the_o phalange_n the_o depth_n and_o length_n remain_v one_o the_o motion_n to_o be_v express_v in_o this_o chapter_n induce_v a_o other_o shape_n to_o the_o phalange_n and_o make_v it_o seem_v a_o different_a body_n from_o that_o it_o be_v before_o be_v by_o double_v extend_v either_o in_o length_n or_o in_o depth_n for_o double_v the_o number_n of_o man_n or_o the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n in_o front_n make_v the_o length_n twice_o as_o much_o and_o double_v the_o same_o in_o flank_n make_v the_o depth_n double_a to_o that_o it_o be_v before_o for_o double_v be_v nothing_o else_o then_o make_v a_o military_a body_n twice_o as_o long_o or_o twice_o as_o deep_o as_o it_o be_v before_o 1_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o double_v the_o doubling_n be_v either_o of_o length_n or_o depth_n or_o which_o be_v all_o one_o as_o dipâ—asiasai_n suidas_n say_v of_o rank_n or_o file_n for_o rank_n stretch_v out_o in_o length_n file_n in_o depth_n and_o these_o again_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o other_o kind_n the_o body_n be_v 2_o double_v in_o number_n or_o place_n that_o which_o be_v here_o call_v number_n be_v call_v elsewhere_o person_n or_o dipâ—asiasai_n by_o suidas_n man_n it_o be_v call_v person_n in_o the_o insertion_n which_o be_v make_v to_o aelian_a i_o know_v not_o by_o who_o in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n of_o countermarche_n which_o because_o it_o lay_v thrust_v in_o betwixt_o the_o description_n of_o countermarche_n and_o nothing_o pertein_v to_o that_o argument_n i_o never_o make_v doubt_n be_v creep_v into_o the_o text_n and_o i_o be_o rather_o confirm_v in_o my_o opinion_n because_o i_o see_v it_o noteâ—_n with_o a_o asterisk_n in_o that_o aelian_a be_v of_o robortellus_n edition_n which_o the_o learned_a isaac_n casaubon_n have_v quote_v and_o purpose_v to_o set_v forth_o if_o untimely_a dâ—ath_n have_v not_o prevent_v he_o i_o will_v here_o set_v down_o the_o word_n because_o they_o differ_v not_o much_o from_o aelian_n and_o may_v give_v some_o light_n to_o the_o manner_n of_o double_v it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v so_o be_v the_o word_n â—hat_n a_o phalange_n be_v double_v in_o person_n or_o place_n when_o we_o therefore_o take_v half_a the_o soldier_n from_o the_o depth_n and_o make_v file_n of_o they_o place_v they_o even_o with_o the_o rest_n in_o length_n of_o the_o front_n so_o that_o of_o 124_o file_n we_o make_v 248_o this_o be_v double_v of_o person_n in_o like_a sort_n we_o double_v the_o place_n with_o 124_o file_n not_o increase_v the_o number_n but_o only_o command_v some_o to_o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n some_o to_o the_o target_n till_o the_o phalange_n be_v stretch_v out_o to_o a_o convenient_a length_n as_o from_o 5_o furlong_n to_o 10._o in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v the_o depth_n double_v for_o either_o one_o file_n be_v insert_v into_o a_o other_o man_n for_o man_n so_o that_o the_o second_o file-leader_n become_v the_o follower_n of_o the_o first_o and_o the_o second_o man_n in_o the_o second_o file_n the_o follower_n of_o the_o second_o in_o the_o first_o file_n and_o so_o the_o rest_n or_o else_o 16_o man_n be_v so_o extend_v that_o they_o hold_v as_o much_o ground_n in_o length_n as_o 32_o usuallydoe_n so_o far_o the_o insertion_n it_o follow_v in_o aelian_n 3_o the_o length_n be_v double_v in_o
the_o distance_n require_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o your_o hinder_a rank_n forward_o and_o order_v your_o pike_n restore_a to_o the_o first_o posture_n fileleader_n stand_v firm_a the_o other_o rank_n turn_v face_n about_o and_o open_v behind_o to_o the_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v the_o right-wing-corner-file_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n and_o proceed_v to_o your_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v your_o pike_n close_v to_o the_o left_a wing_n it_o differ_v not_o from_o the_o other_o but_o that_o the_o move_a be_v to_o the_o contrary_a hand_n close_v to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o right-wing_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o left_a to_o the_o pike_n each_o move_v up_o to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o stand_v at_o the_o distance_n name_v face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o the_o hinder_a rank_n forward_o and_o order_v your_o pike_n restore_a to_o the_o first_o posture_n the_o first_o rank_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n about_o and_o open_v the_o rank_n to_o the_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v the_o file_n next_o the_o middle_a section_n stand_v fast_o and_o the_o right_a wing_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o left_a to_o the_o pike_n and_o move_v on_o till_o the_o first_o distance_n recover_v face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v the_o pike_n we_o may_v not_o forget_v aelians_n general_a rule_n for_o turn_v of_o face_n out_o of_o closing_n that_o the_o pike_n be_v always_o advance_v for_o when_o you_o come_v up_o to_o the_o closeness_n require_v the_o pike_n upon_o the_o shoulder_n will_v hardly_o admit_v turn_v of_o the_o face_n the_o like_a fall_v out_o when_o you_o will_v open_v from_o the_o close_v the_o use_n and_o advantage_n of_o these_o exercise_n of_o arm_n chap._n xxxiv_o these_o precept_n of_o turn_v about_o of_o face_n of_o wheel_v and_o double_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n and_o of_o reduce_v it_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v of_o great_a use_n in_o sudden_a approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n whether_o he_o show_v himself_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o in_o front_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o our_o march_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o countermarche_n of_o which_o the_o macedonian_n be_v hold_v to_o be_v the_o inventor_n of_o the_o macedonian_a the_o lacedaemonian_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o for_o this_o cause_n either_o to_o have_v name_n according_o the_o history_n witness_v that_o philip_n who_o much_o enlarge_v the_o macedonian_a kingdom_n and_o overcome_v the_o grecian_n in_o battle_n at_o cheronea_n and_o make_v himself_o general_n of_o greece_n and_o likewise_o his_o son_n alexander_n that_o in_o short_a time_n conquer_v all_o asia_n make_v small_a account_n of_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n unless_o necessity_n force_v it_o and_o that_o they_o both_o by_o the_o use_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a become_v victorious_a over_o their_o enemy_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n the_o enemy_n fall_v upon_o the_o rear_n be_v cause_n of_o great_a confusion_n in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o hindermost_a dismarch_v towards_o the_o front_n and_o make_v a_o show_n of_o run_v away_o it_o more_o encourage_v and_o embolden_v the_o enemy_n to_o follow_v for_o fear_v and_o pursuit_n of_o the_o enemy_n ordinary_o deny_v that_o kind_n of_o countermarch_n but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v of_o contrary_a effect_n for_o when_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n the_o leader_n with_o their_o follower_n brave_o advance_v and_o oppose_v themselves_o it_o strike_v no_o small_a fear_n and_o terror_n into_o their_o mind_n cap._n 30_o the_o fileleader_n a_o deduction_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n a_o right_a induction_n the_o front_n a_o deduction_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n cap._n 36._o the_o coelembolos_fw-la or_o hollow_a front_a wedge_n the_o front_n the_o right_a induction_n cap._n 36._o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o left_a wing_n the_o right_a wing_n the_o front_n the_o phalange_n set_v against_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o phalange_n set_v against_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o coelmebolos_fw-la the_o forbear_n phalange_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o direction_n that_o be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o army_n and_o their_o soverall_a kind_n chap._n xxxv_o we_o be_v to_o acquaint_v our_o force_n both_o foot_n and_o horse_n partly_o with_o the_o voice_n and_o partly_o with_o visible_a sign_n that_o whatsoever_o be_v fit_v be_v execute_v and_o do_v as_o occasion_n shall_v require_v some_o thing_n also_o be_v to_o be_v denounce_v by_o the_o trumpet_n for_o so_o all_o direction_n will_v be_v full_o accomplish_v and_o sort_n to_o a_o desire_a effect_n the_o sign_n therefore_o which_o be_v deliver_v by_o voice_n be_v most_o evident_a and_o clear_a if_o they_o have_v no_o impediment_n but_o the_o most_o certain_a and_o least_o tumultuous_a be_v such_o as_o be_v present_v to_o the_o eye_n if_o they_o be_v not_o obscure_v the_o voice_n sometime_o can_v hardly_o be_v hear_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o clash_n of_o armour_n or_o trample_v and_o neigh_v of_o horse_n or_o tumult_n of_o carriage_n or_o noise_n and_o confuse_a sound_n of_o the_o multitude_n the_o visible_a sign_n also_o become_v many_o way_n incertain_a by_o thickness_n of_o air_n and_o dust_n or_o rain_n or_o snow_n or_o sunshine_n or_o else_o through_o ground_n that_o be_v uneven_a or_o full_a of_o tree_n or_o of_o turn_n and_o sometime_o it_o will_v not_o be_v easy_a to_o find_v out_o sign_n for_o all_o use_n occasion_n eftsoon_o present_v new_a matter_n to_o the_o which_o a_o man_n be_v not_o accustom_v yet_o can_v it_o not_o fall_v out_o that_o either_o by_o voice_n or_o by_o signal_n we_o shall_v not_o give_v certain_a and_o sure_a direction_n of_o march_v and_o of_o diverse_a kind_n of_o battle_n fit_a for_o a_o march_n and_o first_o of_o the_o right-induction_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la and_o the_o triphalange_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n xxxvi_o be_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o march_v i_o will_v first_o give_v to_o understand_v that_o some_o kind_n of_o march_n be_v a_o right-induction_n other_o some_o a_o deduction_n on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o that_o in_o a_o single_a or_o double_a or_o treble_a or_o quadruple-sided-battaile_n in_o a_o single_a when_o one_o enemy_n be_v fear_v in_o a_o double_a when_o two_o in_o a_o treble_a when_o three_o in_o a_o quadruple_a when_o the_o enemy_n purpose_v to_o give_v on_o on_o all_o side_n therefore_o the_o march_n be_v undertake_v sometime_o in_o a_o single_a phalange_n sometime_o in_o a_o twofold_a phalange_n or_o else_o in_o a_o threefold_a phalange_n or_o in_o a_o fourfold_a phalange_n a_o right-induction_n be_v when_o one_o body_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n follow_v another_o as_o if_o a_o xenagy_a lead_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v xenage-wise_a or_o a_o tetrarchy_n lead_v and_o the_o rest_n follow_v according_a to_o that_o form_n it_o be_v so_o call_v when_o the_o march_n stretch_v itself_o out_o into_o a_o wing_n have_v the_o depth_n much_o exceed_v the_o length_n against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o wedge_n coelembolos_fw-la which_o be_v frame_v when_o the_o antistomos_n phalange_n diphalange_n disjoin_v the_o leading-wing_n close_v the_o rear_n in_o manner_n of_o the_o letter_n v_o as_o the_o figure_n after_o place_v do_v teach_v in_o which_o the_o front_n be_v dissever_v &_o the_o rear_v join_v and_o knit_v together_o for_o the_o right-induction_n point_v at_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o enemy_n battle_n the_o coelembolos_fw-la quick_o open_v before_o serve_v both_o to_o frustrate_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o front_n and_o to_o clasp_v in_o and_o circumvent_v the_o flank_n of_o the_o right-induction_n furthermore_o a_o phalange_n triphalange_n be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la one_o phalange_n fight_v against_o one_o wing_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o second_o against_o the_o other_o and_o the_o middle_n and_o three_o forbear_v and_o expect_v a_o time_n fit_a to_o charge_v of_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n chap._n xxxvii_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n be_v when_o the_o phalange_n proceed_v in_o a_o wing_n not_o by_o file_n but_o by_o rank_n have_v the_o commander_n or_o fileleader_n either_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n which_o be_v call_v a_o right-hand-deduction_n or_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o be_v call_v a_o left-hand_a deduction_n for_o the_o phalange_n march_v in_o a_o double_a treble_a or_o quadruple-side_n accornd_v to_o the_o place_n and_o part_n it_o be_v suspect_v the_o enemy_n will_v give_v on_o and_o both_o the_o paragogy_n begin_v the_o fight_n in_o flank_n do_v make_v the_o length_n double_a to_o the_o depth_n this_o form_n of_o fight_n be_v devise_v to_o teach_v a_o soldier_n to_o receive_v heedful_o the_o charge_n of_o
of_o the_o horse_n in_o general_n chap._n 20_o the_o diligence_n to_o be_v use_v in_o choice_n and_o exercise_n of_o the_o best_a form_n of_o battle_n chap._n 21_o of_o chariotts_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o the_o commander_n chap._n 22._o of_o the_o elephant_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o their_o ruler_n chap_n 23._o the_o name_n of_o the_o military_a motion_n express_v in_o this_o book_n chap._n 24._o of_o turn_v and_o double_a turn_n of_o the_o soldier_n face_n as_o they_o stand_v embattle_v chap._n 25._o of_o wheel_v double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o a_o battle_n and_o of_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n 26._o of_o file_v rank_v and_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n 27._o of_o counter_a march_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v chap._n 28._o of_o double_v and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o chap._n 29._o of_o the_o broadfronted_a phalange_n the_o deep_a phalange_n or_o hearse_n and_o the_o uneven_a front_a phalange_n chap._n 30._o of_o parembole_n protaxis_fw-la epitaxis_fw-la prostaxis_fw-la entaxis_fw-la &_o hypotaxis_fw-la chap._n 31._o the_o manner_n how_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o wheel_a double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o a_o battle_n be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n 32._o of_o close_v of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n &_o to_o the_o midst_n chap._n 33._o the_o use_n and_o advantage_n of_o these_o exercise_n of_o arm_n chap._n 34._o of_o sign_n of_o direction_n that_o be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o army_n and_o their_o several_a kind_n chap._n 35._o of_o march_v of_o diverse_a kind_n of_o battle_n fit_a for_o a_o march_n of_o the_o right_a induction_n of_o the_o coelembole_n and_o of_o the_o triphalange_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o the_o coelembole_n chap._n 36._o of_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n chap._n 37._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v amphistomus_fw-la chap._n 38._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v antistomus_n chap._n 39_o of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v antistomus_n chap._n 40._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v peristomus_fw-la chap._n 41._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v himoiostomus_n and_o of_o the_o plinthium_fw-la chap._n 42._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v heterostomus_fw-la chap._n 43._o again_o of_o the_o horsebattaile_n call_v the_o rhombe_n and_o the_o foot_n halfmoon_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 44._o of_o the_o horse_n battle_n heteromeres_n and_o the_o broad_a front_a foot_n battle_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n 45._o of_o another_o kind_n of_o rhombe_n for_o horseman_n and_o of_o the_o epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 46._o of_o the_o foot_n battle_n call_v cyrte_n which_o be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la chap._n 47._o of_o the_o horse_n battle_n which_o be_v square_a in_o ground_n and_o the_o wedge_n of_o foot_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n 48._o of_o the_o foot_n battle_n call_v plaesium_n and_o the_o sawefronted_a foot_n battle_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 49._o of_o overfront_v the_o enemy_n battle_n and_o overw_v it_o and_o of_o attenuation_n chap._n 50._o of_o the_o lead_n of_o the_o carriage_n of_o the_o army_n chap._n 51._o of_o the_o word_n of_o command_n &_o of_o certain_a rule_n to_o be_v observe_v therein_o chap._n 52_o of_o silence_n to_o be_v use_v by_o soldier_n chap._n 53._o the_o manner_n of_o pronounce_v the_o word_n of_o command_v chap._n 54._o the_o author_n that_o have_v write_v tactic_n of_o this_o book_n and_o of_o the_o profitt_a of_o the_o arte._n chap._n i._n homer_n the_o poet_n seem_v to_o be_v the_o first_o at_o least_o we_o read_v of_o that_o have_v the_o skill_n of_o imbattail_v a_o army_n and_o that_o admire_a man_n endue_v with_o that_o knowledge_n as_o appear_v by_o mnestheus_n of_o who_o he_o write_v he_o like_o no_o live_a wight_n be_v find_v nor_o any_o age_n do_v yield_v to_o martial_a troop_n of_o horse_n or_o band_n of_o foot_n in_o bloody_a field_n concern_v homer_n discipline_n military_a the_o work_n of_o stratocles_n &_o of_o 1_o frontine_n a_o man_n of_o consular_a dignity_n in_o our_o time_n be_v to_o be_v read_v 2_o aeneas_n perfect_v the_o theory_n thereof_o at_o large_a publish_v many_o volume_n of_o warfare_n which_o be_v abridge_v by_o 3_o cyneas_n the_o thessalian_a likewise_o 4_o pyrrhus_n the_o epirot_n write_v tactic_n and_o his_o son_n 5_o alexander_n and_o clearchus_n and_o pausanias_n and_o 6_o euangelus_n &_o 7_o polybius_n the_o megapolitan_a a_o man_n of_o great_a learning_n scipio_n companion_n &_o eupolemus_n and_o 8_o iphicrates_n 9_o possidonius_fw-la also_o the_o stoic_a set_v forth_o the_o art_n of_o war_n &_o many_o other_o some_o in_o introduction_n as_o brion_n some_o in_o large_a tactick_a volume_n all_o which_o i_o have_v see_v and_o read_v and_o yet_o think_v it_o not_o much_o to_o purpose_n to_o mention_v perticulerlie_o be_v not_o ignorant_a that_o it_o have_v be_v the_o manner_n of_o those_o writer_n for_o the_o most_o part_n to_o apply_v their_o stile_n not_o to_o the_o ignorant_a but_o to_o such_o as_o be_v already_o acquaint_v with_o the_o matter_n they_o entreat_v of_o as_o for_o the_o impediment_n which_o present_v themselves_o to_o i_o when_o first_o i_o give_v my_o mind_n to_o the_o study_n of_o this_o art_n as_o namely_o neither_o to_o happen_v upon_o sufficient_a instructour_n nor_o yet_o to_o find_v light_n or_o perspicuity_n enough_o in_o the_o precept_n deliver_v i_o will_v endeavour_v as_o much_o as_o i_o can_v to_o remove_v out_o of_o other_o man_n way_n and_o as_o often_o as_o word_n shall_v fail_v to_o express_v my_o meaning_n i_o will_v for_o plainness_n sake_n use_v the_o direction_n of_o figure_n and_o pourtraict_n adjoin_v thereby_o the_o view_n of_o the_o eye_n as_o a_o aid_n and_o assistance_n to_o the_o understanding_n &_o withal_o retain_v the_o term_n of_o ancient_a author_n to_o the_o end_n that_o whosoever_o shall_v follow_v this_o book_n for_o a_o introduction_n be_v therein_o exercise_v both_o to_o the_o same_o word_n &_o also_o to_o the_o usage_n of_o thing_n express_v in_o they_o may_v grow_v as_o it_o be_v acquaint_v and_o imagine_v himself_o no_o strange_a when_o he_o come_v to_o read_v their_o work_n by_o which_o way_n by_o i_o prescribe_v i_o make_v no_o doubt_n they_o will_v easy_o be_v understand_v now_o that_o this_o art_n of_o all_o other_o be_v of_o most_o use_n may_v appear_v by_o plato_n in_o his_o book_n of_o law_n where_o he_o say_v that_o the_o cretan_a law_n giver_n so_o contrive_v his_o law_n as_o if_o man_n be_v always_o praepare_v to_o fight_v for_o all_o city_n have_v by_o nature_n unproclaim_v war_n one_o against_o another_o which_o be_v so_o what_o discipline_n be_v more_o to_o be_v esteem_v or_o more_o avaylable_a to_o man_n life_n than_o this_o of_o war_n note_n it_o seem_v by_o this_o chapter_n that_o the_o author_n that_o have_v of_o ancient_a time_n write_v tactic_n have_v be_v many_o and_o those_o not_o of_o such_o kind_n of_o man_n as_o have_v give_v themselves_o to_o study_v and_o contemplation_n alone_o but_o of_o such_o as_o beside_o their_o knowledge_n in_o good_a letter_n have_v be_v actor_n in_o war_n themselves_o &_o which_o be_v more_o principal_a actor_n some_o of_o they_o general_n other_o the_o next_o degree_n to_o general_n howbeit_o there_o be_v none_o here_o mention_v by_o aelian_n who_o work_n be_v extant_a where_o by_o may_v be_v esteem_v the_o inestimable_a loss_n these_o late_a age_n have_v suffer_v in_o be_v deprive_v of_o such_o excellent_a monument_n i_o hope_v i_o may_v so_o term_v they_o without_o offence_n though_o i_o have_v not_o see_v they_o for_o what_o but_o excellent_a can_v proceed_v from_o man_n of_o such_o excellency_n in_o their_o profession_n such_o as_o the_o most_o part_n of_o those_o be_v yet_o for_o some_o of_o they_o i_o can_v say_v nothing_o as_o find_v little_a remembrance_n of_o they_o in_o ancient_a writer_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v eupolemus_n stratocles_n hermias_n clear_a chus_fw-la pausanias_n albeit_o such_o name_n may_v often_o be_v find_v the_o rest_n be_v special_o mention_v and_o much_o commend_v of_o who_o i_o will_v set_v down_o what_o i_o find_v 1_o frontine_n a_o man_n of_o consular_a dignity_n i_o have_v before_o note_v some_o what_o of_o frontine_n we_o have_v of_o he_o as_o it_o be_v think_v other_o work_n beside_o his_o stratagem_n but_o this_o book_n of_o tactic_n whereof_o aelian_n speak_v we_o have_v not_o i_o will_v only_o add_v the_o relation_n of_o â—_o vegetius_n towch_v frontine_n who_o write_v thus_o cato_n the_o elder_a albeit_o he_o have_v be_v both_o invincible_a in_o arm_n and_o often_o general_n of_o great_a army_n believe_v yet_o he_o shall_v more_o profit_v his_o country_n if_o he_o lay_v down_o in_o write_v the_o
it_o may_v be_v that_o the_o old_a translation_n have_v a_o eye_n upon_o the_o usage_n of_o ancient_a time_n wherein_o the_o matter_n of_o arm_n be_v principal_o of_o brass_n homer_n report_v that_o the_o armour_n of_o 6_o diomedes_n be_v of_o brass_n &_o pausanias_n that_o all_o the_o 16â—_n hero_n that_o be_v the_o ancient_a worthy_n about_o the_o time_n of_o the_o siege_n of_o troy_n have_v their_o armour_n of_o brass_n a_o alcaeus_n the_o poet_n in_o describe_v his_o armoury_n say_v the_o rest_n of_o his_o arm_n be_v of_o brass_n as_o his_o headpiece_n his_o greve_n his_o target_n only_o his_o cuirass_n be_v of_o linen_n 〈◊〉_d pausanias_n report_v all_o so_o that_o the_o sword_n of_o memnon_n be_v of_o brass_n &_o the_o head_n of_o the_o spear_n of_o achilles_n &_o pisander_n axe_n &_o the_o head_n of_o meriones_n his_o shaft_n c_o servius_n tullius_n in_o sess_v the_o city_n of_o rome_n appoint_v the_o chief_a &_o rich_a citizen_n to_o arm_v themselves_o with_o head-piece_n 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strike_v through_o with_o a_o sword_n this_o wool_n so_o wrought_v he_o call_v coactam_fw-la which_o in_o caesar_n as_o i_o take_v it_o be_v call_v subcoactum_n caesar_n word_n sound_v thus_o 3_o pompey_n although_o he_o have_v no_o purpose_n to_o hinder_v caesar_n work_n with_o his_o whole_a army_n nor_o yet_o to_o hazard_v battle_n send_v notwithstanding_o archer_n and_o slinger_n of_o who_o he_o have_v great_a store_n to_o convenient_a place_n and_o by_o they_o many_o of_o our_o soldier_n be_v wound_v &_o a_o general_a fear_n of_o arrow_n fall_v upon_o they_o and_o well_o nigh_o our_o whole_a camp_n make_v themselves_o coat_n and_o case_n of_o either_o felt_n subcoactis_n or_o quilt_n or_o leather_n thereby_o to_o avoid_v the_o danger_n of_o fly_v weapon_n but_o we_o will_v leave_v patricius_n to_o his_o fancy_n and_o add_v a_o example_n out_o of_o xenophon_n of_o arm_n use_v by_o the_o chalybes_n a_o nation_n inhabit_v the_o chaldaean_a mounteine_v bow_n the_o chalybes_n say_v he_o be_v the_o most_o valiant_a nation_n that_o the_o grecian_n pass_v through_o &_o such_o as_o dare_v come_v to_o hand_n with_o they_o they_o use_v linen_n cuirass_n reach_v down_o to_o their_o belly_n and_o in_o steed_n of_o wing_n they_o have_v rope_n thick_o wind_v and_o fasten_v together_o the_o strength_n of_o rope_n thick_o wind_v together_o must_v no_o quaestion_n be_v great_a caesar_n confirm_v it_o amongst_o other_o defence_n which_o his_o soldier_n devise_v for_o assurance_n of_o a_o turret_n against_o the_o engine_n of_o the_o marsilian_o he_o say_v â—_o they_o make_v four_o story_n of_o cable_n fit_v the_o length_n of_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o turret_n and_o four_o foot_n broad_a and_o fasten_v they_o hang_v downward_o to_o the_o beam_n stick_v out_o of_o the_o turret_n on_o those_o tâ—ee_v part_n which_o lie_v towards_o the_o enemy_n which_o kind_n of_o cover_v alone_o they_o â—ad_v in_o other_o place_n make_v trial_n can_v be_v force_v or_o strike_v through_o by_o no_o 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far_o plutarch_n the_o soldier_n care_v therefore_o aught_o to_o be_v first_o for_o sureness_n then_o for_o fitness_n last_o sore_a comeliness_n and_o ornament_n in_o arm_n if_o the_o two_o first_o fail_v the_o last_o avail_v little_a and_o will_v prove_v rather_o a_o burden_n than_o a_o defence_n and_o thus_o much_o of_o arm_n in_o general_a now_o follow_v the_o particular_n of_o arm_n as_o they_o be_v in_o aelian_n 1_o preparation_n absolute_o necessary_a for_o war_n the_o preparation_n whereof_o aelian_n speak_v be_v so_o necessary_a that_o without_o they_o no_o war_n can_v be_v make_v or_o continue_a for_o purpose_v to_o fight_v by_o water_n you_o must_v have_v ship_n by_o land_n you_o must_v have_v foot_n and_o horse_n for_o which_o if_o you_o provide_v no_o arm_n you_o put_v they_o into_o the_o field_n not_o to_o fight_v but_o to_o be_v slaughter_v the_o manner_n of_o fight_n in_o the_o field_n be_v not_o of_o one_o sort_n some_o time_n celerity_n be_v needful_a to_o attempt_v or_o prevent_v the_o enemy_n sometime_o a_o slow_a and_o sure_a proceed_n lest_o with_o to_o much_o haste_n we_o be_v overtake_v ourselves_o therefore_o the_o divers_a arm_n of_o soldier_n aught_o to_o be_v such_o that_o they_o may_v serve_v for_o all_o occasion_n and_o use_n and_o that_o we_o may_v employ_v always_o to_o service_n such_o as_o by_o reasâ—_n of_o their_o armour_n shall_v most_o fit_v our_o purpose_n wherefore_o 19â—_n iphicrates_n fit_o resembleâ—_n a_o army_n to_o a_o man_n body_n call_v the_o heavy-armed_n the_o body_n the_o lightarmed_n the_o hand_n the_o horse_n the_o foot_n and_o the_o general_n the_o head_n and_o as_o if_o any_o of_o the_o rest_n be_v want_v the_o army_n shall_v be_v lame_a and_o halt_v so_o if_o there_o want_v a_o general_n it_o be_v unprofitable_a and_o of_o no_o use_n the_o heavy_a arm_a be_v the_o body_n which_o give_v life_n and_o food_n as_o it_o be_v to_o the_o rest_n and_o to_o which_o the_o rest_n be_v distress_v retire_v the_o 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encamp_v and_o see_v the_o straits_n of_o cilicia_n possess_v with_o a_o strong_a guard_n he_o leave_v parmenio_n with_o the_o heavy-armed_n to_o stay_v behind_o himself_o about_o the_o first_o watch_n take_v with_o he_o the_o hypaspistes_n archier_n and_o agrian_o march_v on_o towards_o the_o straits_n in_o the_o night_n the_o arm_a be_v leave_v with_o parmenion_n himself_o take_v with_o he_o the_o hypaspist_n targeteer_n archer_n and_o agrian_o e._n these_o agrian_o be_v darter_n on_o foot_n the_o like_a be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o divers_a other_o place_n of_o arrian_n pyrrâ—o_n pyrrhus_n also_o that_o follow_v the_o macedonian_a manner_n in_o arm_v his_o soldier_n have_v the_o same_o division_n of_o arm_n 3â—â—_n and_o philip_n king_n of_o macedony_n son_n of_o demetrius_n d._n and_o antiochus_n that_o war_v against_o the_o roman_n 2_o the_o arm_a bear_v the_o heavy_a furniture_n this_o heavy_a furniture_n appear_v not_o by_o description_n of_o the_o arm_n which_o aelian_n give_v 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lay_v upon_o the_o altar_n say_v he_o a_o brazen_a cuirass_n the_o form_n whereof_o agree_v not_o with_o the_o use_n of_o our_o time_n but_o of_o old_a it_o be_v common_a it_o have_v two_o plate_n of_o brass_n one_o fit_n for_o the_o breast_n and_o the_o belly_n the_o other_o to_o cover_v the_o back_n that_o before_o be_v call_v gyalon_n the_o hollow_a part_n that_o behind_o prosegon_n because_o it_o be_v add_v to_o the_o other_o they_o be_v fasten_v together_o with_o button_n behind_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o sufficient_a defence_n for_o a_o man_n body_n without_o a_o target_n therefore_o homer_n make_v phorcys_n the_o phrygian_a to_o fight_v without_o a_o target_n because_o he_o wear_v such_o a_o cuirass_n but_o yet_o that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o manner_n of_o gyaâ—othorax_n the_o macedonian_a arm_v to_o bear_v pike_n &_o target_n alone_o may_v be_v plain_a many_o way_n first_o 10_o polyen_n give_v they_o head-piece_n &_o greve_n and_o target_n and_o pike_n then_o doubt_v i_o not_o but_o they_o be_v as_o well_o arm_v as_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o grecian_n within_o who_o panoplia_fw-la cuirass_n be_v comprehend_v as_o 14_o s._n paul_n testify_v reckon_n as_o parcel_n of_o the_o panoplia_fw-la a_o cuirass_n a_o target_n &_o a_o head-piece_n now_o that_o the_o macedonian_n have_v also_o their_o panoplia_fw-la full_a or_o complete_a arm_a be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o 615_o diod._n siculus_n where_o also_o choragus_n the_o macedonian_a who_o q_n curtius_n call_v horata_n be_v say_v in_o the_o fight_n betwixt_o he_o &_o dioxippus_n to_o be_v full_o arm_v 37_o leo_n describe_v the_o panoplia_fw-la of_o the_o macedonian_n after_o this_o manner_n alexander_n say_v he_o arm_v his_o macedonian_n with_o a_o large_a target_n a_o sword_n a_o head_n piece_n greve_n vambrace_n and_o a_o long_a pike_n philopaeman_n as_o be_v before_o rehearse_v reduce_v his_o achaean_n to_o the_o macedonian_a arm_v bring_v they_o to_o cuirass_n head_n piece_n &_o greve_n the_o name_n also_o that_o 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with_o the_o arrow_n of_o the_o goth_n wherefore_o it_o seem_v alien_a here_o point_v at_o the_o principal_a arm_n only_o of_o the_o arm_a macedonian_a for_o after_o ward_n discourse_v of_o the_o lightarmed_n he_o say_v they_o neither_o have_v cuirass_n nor_o greve_v nor_o long_o or_o round_a target_n implieng_v thereby_o that_o the_o arm_a have_v they_o all_o so_o c_o livy_n compare_v the_o arm_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o macedonian_n together_o say_v no_o more_o then_o that_o the_o macedonian_n be_v arm_v with_o a_o round_a target_n and_o a_o pike_n the_o roman_n with_o a_o long_a target_n and_o a_o dart_n call_v pilum_fw-la when_o himself_o have_v c_o before_o declare_v they_o have_v headpiece_n cuirass_n and_o greve_n 3_o use_v target_n after_o the_o macedonian_a manner_n target_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n round_a target_n and_o long_a target_n long_o target_n
rain_n snow_n fog_n or_o when_o the_o enemy_n have_v gain_v the_o wind_n they_o have_v small_a use_n add_v that_o but_o one_o rank_n that_o be_v the_o first_o can_v give_v upon_o the_o enemy_n at_o once_o for_o the_o rest_n behind_o discharge_v shall_v either_o wound_v their_o own_o companion_n before_o or_o else_o shoot_v at_o random_n and_o so_o nothing_o endanger_v the_o enemy_n the_o force_n of_o a_o musket_n be_v only_o available_a at_o point_n blank_a contrary_a wise_a the_o disadvantage_n of_o arrow_n be_v in_o the_o weakness_n of_o the_o stroke_n which_o be_v not_o able_a to_o enter_v a_o cuirass_n that_o the_o foot_n or_o horse_n now_o use_v yet_o can_v no_o weather_n be_v find_v where_o in_o you_o may_v not_o have_v good_a use_n of_o bow_n rain_n snow_n wind_n hail_n fog_n hinder_v little_a especial_o the_o string_n of_o the_o bow_n be_v not_o to_o wet_v may_v rather_o profit_v because_o in_o they_o you_o can_v hardly_o discern_v much_o less_o avoid_v the_o fall_n of_o the_o arrow_n as_o for_o quickness_n in_o delivery_n the_o bow_n far_o excel_v the_o musket_n a_o good_a single_a archer_n be_v able_a to_o give_v five_o shot_n in_o exchaâ—nge_n for_o one_o of_o the_o musketier_n and_o that_o with_o such_o certainty_n that_o you_o shall_v not_o hear_v of_o a_o archer_n that_o miss_v the_o delivery_n of_o his_o arrow_n where_o the_o musketier_n often_o fail_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o accident_n and_o impedivient_n before_o by_o i_o rehearse_v join_v that_o a_o whole_a squadron_n of_o archer_n be_v embattle_v may_v shoot_v at_o once_o together_o which_o only_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o musketeer_n may_v do_v and_o make_v the_o case_n there_o be_v a_o hundred_o musketter_n and_o a_o hundred_o boweman_n each_o digest_v into_o ten_o fâ—les_n each_o file_n contain_v ten_o man_n the_o bow_n man_n shall_v be_v able_a to_o shoot_v at_o once_o a_o hundred_o arrow_n all_o their_o arrow_n for_o ten_o bullet_n give_v by_o the_o musketeer_n namely_o those_o ten_o of_o 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of_o which_o part_n be_v wound_v bring_v a_o disability_n of_o service_n to_o say_v nothing_o of_o his_o face_n and_o eye_n before_o which_o the_o shower_n of_o arrow_n fall_v like_o a_o tempest_n without_o intermission_n must_v needs_o breed_v a_o remediless_a terror_n and_o make_v he_o think_v rather_o of_o save_v himself_o then_o offend_v his_o enemy_n the_o musketier_n be_v also_o unarm_v be_v as_o subject_a to_o the_o shot_n of_o arrow_n as_o the_o archer_n be_v to_o the_o shot_n of_o the_o musket_n and_o the_o arrow_n touch_v any_o vital_a part_n as_o much_o take_v away_o life_n as_o do_v the_o musket_n last_o a_o horseman_n for_o his_o own_o person_n i_o must_v confess_v be_v safe_a enough_o from_o the_o danger_n of_o arrow_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o armour_n but_o his_o horse_n be_v a_o fair_a and_o large_a mark_n and_o have_v neither_o barb_v nor_o pectorall_a nor_o ought_v else_o to_o hide_v his_o head_n or_o breast_n how_o can_v he_o escape_v wound_n witness_v our_o field_n in_o france_n where_o our_o archer_n always_o beat_v the_o french_a horse_n be_v barb_a and_o better_o arm_v than_o our_o horse_n be_v at_o this_o day_n and_o for_o the_o bloody_a effect_n of_o bow_n the_o story_n of_o plutarch_n be_v worth_a the_o reherse_v he_o in_o the_o life_n of_o crassus_n have_v thus_o 〈◊〉_d the_o parthian_n oppose_v the_o cataphract_n against_o the_o roman_a horse_n the_o other_o persian_n gallop_v here_o and_o there_o dispersedly_z and_o trouble_v the_o face_n of_o the_o field_n break_v up_o from_o the_o bottom_n hill_n of_o sand_n that_o raise_v infinite_a dust_n whereby_o the_o roman_n lose_v their_o sight_n and_o voice_n and_o throng_v together_o &_o thrust_v one_o another_o be_v wound_v and_o die_v not_o a_o simple_a or_o quick_a death_n but_o torment_v with_o convulsion_n and_o pang_n of_o grief_n walllow_v up_o and_o down_o in_o the_o sand_n to_o break_v the_o arrow_n in_o their_o wound_n or_o else_o endeavour_v to_o pluck_v out_o the_o hook_a head_n which_o have_v pierce_v vein_n and_o sinew_n rent_v a_o fresh_a themselves_o &_o add_v torment_n to_o torment_v so_o that_o many_o die_v in_o this_o manner_n &_o the_o rest_n become_v unprofitable_a and_o when_o publius_n crassus_n desire_v they_o once_o more_o to_o charge_v the_o cataphract_n they_o show_v their_o hand_n nail_v to_o their_o target_n and_o their_o foot_n fasten_v to_o the_o ground_n whereby_o they_o be_v unable_a either_o to_o fly_v or_o fight_v these_o wonder_n do_v the_o parthian_a bow_n which_o notwithstanding_o be_v not_o to_o be_v compare_v to_o our_o ancient_a english_a bow_n either_o for_o strength_n or_o far_o shoot_v and_o that_o we_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o rely_v upon_o antiquity_n alone_o 〈◊〉_d the_o battle_n of_o curzolare_fw-la common_o call_v the_o battle_n of_o lepanto_n fight_v in_o our_o day_n betwixt_o the_o turk_n &_o christian_n by_o sea_n may_v serve_v for_o a_o experience_n of_o the_o service_n of_o bow_n and_o arrow_n in_o which_o there_o die_v of_o the_o christian_n by_o the_o arrow_n of_o the_o turk_n above_o sieve_n thousand_o albeit_o they_o be_v in_o galley_n and_o ship_n and_o have_v their_o blind_v pretend_v to_o save_v from_o sight_n and_o mark_v of_o the_o turk_n where_o as_o the_o artillery_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o the_o christian_n consume_v not_o so_o many_o turk_n notwithstanding_o the_o christian_n have_v the_o victory_n now_o then_o for_o we_o to_o leave_v the_o bow_n be_v a_o weapon_n of_o so_o great_a efficacy_n so_o ready_a so_o familiar_a and_o as_o it_o be_v so_o domestical_a to_o our_o nation_n to_o which_o we_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v accustom_v from_o our_o cradle_n because_o other_o nation_n take_v themselves_o to_o the_o musket_n have_v not_o so_o much_o as_o any_o show_n of_o reason_n other_o nation_n may_v well_o for_o bear_v â—at_a they_o never_o have_v neither_o italian_n nor_o spaniard_n nor_o french_a nor_o dutche_n haâ—_n these_o five_o hundred_o year_n be_v account_v archer_n it_o be_v a_o skill_n almost_o appropriate_v to_o our_o nation_n by_o it_o we_o gain_v the_o battle_n of_o cressy_n of_o poitiers_n of_o agincourt_n in_o france_n of_o navarre_n in_o spain_n by_o it_o we_o make_v ourselves_o famous_a over_o christendom_n and_o to_o give_v it_o over_o upon_o a_o conceit_n only_o for_o no_o experience_n can_v say_v that_o our_o bow_n be_v ever_o beat_v out_o of_o the_o field_n by_o the_o musket_n will_v prove_v a_o imitation_n of_o aesop_n dog_n who_o carieng_n a_o piece_n of_o flesh_n in_o his_o mouth_n over_o a_o river_n and_o see_v the_o shadow_n in_o the_o water_n snatch_v at_o the_o shadow_n and_o leave_v the_o flesh_n i_o speak_v not_o this_o to_o a_o base_a the_o service_n of_o musket_n which_o all_o man_n must_v acknowledge_v to_o be_v great_a i_o only_o show_v there_o may_v be_v good_a use_n of_o bow_n if_o our_o archer_n be_v such_o as_o they_o be_v wont_n which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v dispair_v and_o will_v easy_o come_v with_o exercise_n 8_o dart_n the_o name_n of_o dart_n be_v divers_a in_o the_o greek_a story_n a_o dart_n be_v often_o call_v acontion_n and_o thereof_o come_v acontizo_n to_o throw_v a_o dart_n and_o darter_n be_v call_v c_o acontistae_n so_o do_v aelian_n here_o term_v a_o dart_n sometime_o a_o dart_n be_v term_v palton_n of_o the_o verb_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d signify_v to_o shake_v or_o make_v quiver_n the_o word_n palton_n be_v much_o use_v in_o f_o arrian_n and_o c_o xenophon_n especial_o when_o they_o speak_v of_o the_o persian_a dart_n yet_o 〈◊〉_d diodorus_n siculus_n name_v the_o persian_a dart_n saunion_n which_o name_n also_o be_v give_v to_o a_o grecian_a dart_n by_o plutarch_n and_o by_o the_o same_o diodorus_n sometime_o a_o
dart_n be_v name_v doration_n doru_n as_o i_o say_v be_v a_o spear_n and_o doration_n according_a to_o suidas_n a_o little_a spear_n or_o dart_n aelian_n use_v the_o word_n in_o this_o chap._n lonche_n albeit_o it_o proper_o signify_v the_o â—_o head_n of_o spear_n or_o dart_n yet_o do_v it_o sometime_o signify_v the_o dart_n itself_o so_o be_v it_o take_v in_o c_o xenophon_n when_o he_o tell_v that_o fly_v weapon_n begin_v to_o walk_v on_o all_o side_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v dart_n arrow_n and_o stone_n out_o of_o slinge_n and_o some_o out_o hand_n and_o diodorus_n siculus_n have_v 615._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d to_o throw_v dart_n even_o in_o the_o act_n of_o alexander_n yet_o we_o find_v that_o spear_n be_v also_o cast_v under_o that_o name_n and_o d._n xenophon_n say_v that_o the_o theban_n cast_v dorata_fw-la against_o the_o lacedaemonian_n the_o dart_n have_v be_v in_o use_n amongst_o all_o nation_n the_o matter_n fashion_n and_o force_v of_o the_o roman_a dart_n may_v be_v see_v in_o 15._o vegetius_n and_o in_o â—_o lipsius_n his_o commentary_n ad_fw-la polybium_n the_o manner_n of_o the_o dart_a of_o the_o macedonian_a armed_z appear_v in_o the_o fight_n betwixt_o choragus_n and_o dioxippus_n before_o by_o i_o mention_v where_o we_o find_v that_o choragus_n cast_v first_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 4â—_n lanceam_fw-la say_v curtius_n at_o dioxippus_n when_o he_o think_v he_o with_o in_o his_o reach_n but_o the_o darter_n here_o speak_v of_o be_v of_o the_o lightarmed_n such_o be_v the_o c_o agrian_o in_o alexander_n camp_n who_o in_o all_o attempt_n of_o speed_n be_v employ_v by_o alexander_n and_o serve_v to_o purpose_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o lightness_n the_o dart_n of_o the_o grecian_a be_v a_o slender_a shave_a piece_n of_o wood_n about_o three_o foot_n long_o arm_v at_o one_o end_n with_o a_o head_n of_o iron_n with_o a_o sharp_a point_n to_o the_o end_n to_o pierce_v whatsoever_o it_o shall_v fall_v upon_o for_o the_o length_n i_o give_v it_o differ_v not_o from_o the_o roman_a dart_n in_o polybius_n e_o and_o xenophon_n seem_v to_o affirm_v it_o when_o speak_v of_o the_o arrow_n of_o the_o carduchans_n 41â—_n he_o say_v they_o be_v long_o than_o two_o cubit_n &_o add_v the_o grecian_n send_v they_o back_o again_o at_o the_o enemy_n in_o stead_n of_o dart_n about_o the_o midst_n of_o these_o dart_n they_o fasten_v a_o thong_n which_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d wherein_o insert_v their_o forefinger_n they_o lance_v the_o dart_n with_o more_o facility_n xenophon_n witness_v it_o in_o the_o same_o place_n and_o â—n_o another_o place_n he_o say_v a._n xenophon_n command_v the_o targeteer_n to_o march_v with_o their_o finger_n in_o the_o thong_n of_o their_o dart_n the_o archer_n with_o their_o arrow_n nocked_a the_o slinger_n with_o their_o scryppe_n full_a of_o stone_n that_o they_o may_v be_v ready_a to_o let_v fly_v when_o they_o be_v command_v these_o dart_n be_v forcible_a enough_o to_o pierce_v armoure_n of_o that_o time_n and_o that_o with_o they_o alone_a 5â—9_n iphicrates_n overthrow_v and_o destroy_v a_o whole_a mora_fw-la of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n which_o people_n be_v account_v the_o best_a arm_v and_o the_o most_o valiant_a of_o the_o greek_n before_o the_o macedonian_n come_v in_o credit_n 9_o stone_n there_o be_v here_o mention_v two_o manner_n of_o throw_v stone_n the_o one_o with_o the_o sling_n the_o other_o with_o hand_n alone_o the_o stone_n throw_v with_o the_o sling_n fly_v with_o much_o more_o violence_n than_o the_o stone_n throw_v with_o the_o hand_n and_o be_v cast_v with_o a_o skilful_a and_o strong_a arm_n they_o reach_v a_o great_a way_n than_o a_o man_n will_v think_v and_o yet_o not_o so_o far_o as_o bullet_n throw_v out_o of_o a_o sling_n which_o by_o xenophons_n report_n outreach_v the_o persian_a arrow_n i_o have_v before_o touch_v the_o story_n i_o will_v now_o lay_v down_o xenophons_n word_n b_o the_o grecian_n those_o ten_o thousand_o that_o return_v out_o of_o persia_n under_o the_o lead_n of_o cherisophus_n &_o xenophon_n have_v not_o march_v far_o before_o mithridates_n appear_v again_o with_o 200._o horse_n and_o 400._o archer_n &_o slinger_n which_o be_v very_o nimble_a &_o light_a he_o come_v close_o up_o to_o the_o grecian_n as_o a_o friend_n be_v near_o some_o of_o his_o horse_n &_o foot_n begin_v to_o shoot_v other_o to_o sling_v &_o to_o wound_v the_o grecian_n the_o rear_n commander_n of_o the_o grecian_n be_v hardly_o best_v yet_o can_v they_o do_v nothing_o to_o annoy_v the_o enemy_n for_o the_o cretan_n shoot_v not_o so_o far_o as_o the_o persian_n &_o carieng_n no_o armour_n of_o defence_n they_o be_v fain_o to_o hide_v themselves_o with_o in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o arm_a &_o the_o darter_n be_v not_o able_a to_o reach_v the_o slinger_n of_o the_o enemy_n xenophon_n therefore_o have_v the_o rear_n think_v good_a to_o charge_n and_o follow_v the_o enemy_n but_o he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o overtake_v they_o for_o the_o grecian_n have_v no_o horse_n &_o the_o barbarian_a horseman_n shoot_v backward_o in_o their_o flight_n wound_v many_o of_o they_o that_o give_v the_o chase_n to_o remedy_v this_o inconvenience_n xenophons_n advice_n be_v to_o provide_v horse_n as_o many_o as_o they_o can_v and_o hear_v that_o there_o be_v many_o rhodian_n in_o the_o camp_n skilful_a in_o sle_v who_o sling_n reach_v twice_o as_o far_o as_o the_o persian_a sling_n for_o the_o persian_n use_v stone_n that_o fill_v the_o hand_n the_o rhodian_n leaden_a bullet_n he_o likewise_o advise_v to_o arm_v they_o with_o sling_n and_o use_v their_o service_n the_o next_o day_n the_o grecian_n furnish_v out_o 50_o horse_n &_o 200._o slinger_n and_o when_o mithridates_n show_v himself_o again_o with_o a_o thousand_o horse_n &_o four_o thousand_o archer_n &_o slinger_n and_o come_v up_o to_o charge_n both_o the_o rhodian_a bullet_n light_v amongst_o his_o troop_n and_o the_o 50_o horse_n issue_v forth_o fall_v upon_o the_o enemy_n and_o put_v he_o to_o flight_n and_o slay_v manâ—_n of_o the_o foot_n in_o the_o chase_n and_o take_v eighteen_o horse_n we_o may_v here_o note_v two_o kind_n of_o slinge_n one_o with_o the_o stone_n the_o other_o with_o the_o bullet_n and_o beside_o that_o the_o rhodian_a sling_n with_o the_o bullet_n overreach_v both_o cretan_a and_o persian_a bow_n which_o be_v yet_o afterward_o more_o plain_o declare_v c_o when_o tissaphernes_n charge_v the_o grecian_n with_o his_o persian_a archer_n the_o rhodian_a slinge_n so_o terrify_v he_o that_o both_o himself_o and_o his_o troop_n with_o draw_v and_o allbut_n he_o follow_v a_o far_o of_o yet_o dare_v he_o no_o more_o approache_v but_o suffer_v they_o quiety_n to_o march_v all_o that_o day_n and_o many_o other_o afterward_o in_o this_o art_n of_o sle_v although_o many_o nation_n labour_v yet_o be_v there_o very_a few_o that_o excel_v the_o 16_o bible_n make_v mention_n of_o seven_o hundred_o gybeonite_n who_o skill_n be_v excellent_a in_o slâ—nging_v of_o other_o nation_n none_o may_v compare_v with_o the_o 207_o baleares_n of_o who_o diodorus_n siculus_n write_v thus_o their_o armour_n be_v three_o slinge_n whereof_o they_o have_v one_o about_o their_o head_n another_o about_o their_o waste_n the_o three_o in_o their_o hand_n in_o war_n they_o cast_v great_a stone_n than_o any_o other_o and_o with_o such_o force_n that_o they_o may_v seem_v to_o be_v send_v out_o of_o a_o catapult_n therefore_o in_o siege_n and_o assault_n of_o city_n they_o wound_v the_o defendant_n of_o the_o wall_n and_o in_o the_o field_n break_v target_n and_o headpiece_n and_o all_o defensive_a arm_n they_o aim_v so_o certeine_o at_o any_o mark_n that_o they_o seldom_o fail_v in_o hit_v the_o cause_n be_v their_o continual_a practice_n from_o their_o childhode_n their_o mother_n continual_o enforce_v they_o to_o sling_v even_o when_o they_o be_v yet_o child_n for_o set_v up_o bread_n upon_o a_o post_n as_o a_o mark_n they_o be_v not_o allow_v to_o eat_v until_o they_o hit_v it_o and_o have_v it_o give_v they_o by_o their_o mother_n to_o eat_v so_o far_o diodorus_n siculus_n with_o who_o 16_o vegetius_n agree_v the_o same_o â—ine_z vegetius_n say_v that_o slinge_n be_v make_v either_o of_o flax_n or_o of_o hair_n the_o form_n be_v that_o it_o have_v two_o end_n the_o one_o fasten_v to_o the_o hand_n the_o othâ—â—o_o let_v slip_v be_v broad_o in_o the_o midst_n lest_o the_o stone_n shall_v fall_v out_o diodorus_n have_v before_o express_v with_o what_o force_n a_o stone_n go_v out_o of_o a_o sling_n 16_o vegetius_n add_v that_o they_o be_v more_o violent_a than_o any_o arrow_n pierce_v headpiece_n cuirass_n and_o other_o arm_n the_o same_o 23_o vegetius_n limit_v the_o space_n
think_v though_o the_o name_n in_o the_o story_n fail_v yet_o the_o kind_n of_o soldier_n so_o arm_v and_o so_o appoint_v as_o aelian_n describe_v may_v easy_o be_v find_v and_o that_o under_o the_o name_n of_o hypaspistes_n which_o name_n albeit_o most_o usual_o signify_v he_o that_o carry_v another_o man_n target_n yet_o be_v it_o also_o apply_v to_o soldier_n that_o be_v neither_o light_n nor_o heavy-armed_n of_o which_o kind_n the_o targeteer_n be_v as_o a_o mean_v bet_v wixt_n both_o that_o hypaspistes_n signify_v no_o heavy_a arm_v may_v be_v evident_a by_o the_o word_n of_o arrian_n â—_o alexander_n when_o he_o see_v the_o straits_n of_o cilicia_n possess_v with_o a_o strong_a guard_n leave_v parmenio_n behind_o withal_o that_o be_v heavy_a arm_v himself_o about_o the_o first_o watch_n take_v the_o hypaspistae_fw-la and_o the_o archer_n and_o the_o agrian_o who_o be_v darter_n as_o i_o have_v show_v lead_v on_o in_o the_o night_n towards_o the_o straits_n purpose_v to_o fall_v 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other_o place_n the_o very_a name_n she_o weth_z that_o they_o carry_v target_n and_o the_o great_a etymologicon_n allo_fw-la weth_z they_o spear_n beside_o their_o target_n whereby_o they_o be_v clear_o exempt_v from_o the_o light_n arm_v â—t_z remain_v then_o that_o they_o be_v the_o peltastae_fw-la which_o aelian_n here_o speak_v of_o especial_o since_o they_o be_v arm_v with_o target_n and_o spear_n which_o arm_n he_o give_v to_o his_o targeteer_n and_o to_o no_o other_o except_o it_o be_v to_o the_o arm_a 13_o cataphracts_n the_o horseman_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o kind_n cataphract_v complete_a arm_v and_o not_o cataphract_n cataphract_n be_v those_o that_o cover_v themselves_o and_o horse_n with_o armour_n not_o cataphract_n that_o fight_n with_o lance_n or_o with_o fly_v weapon_n livyterm_v 5._o cataphracts_n loricatos_n because_o they_o wear_v curass_n the_o other_o sort_n be_v either_o lancier_n or_o acrobolist_n acrobolist_n come_v not_o to_o the_o shock_n but_o ply_v the_o enemy_n a_o far_o of_o with_o fly_v weapon_n the_o lancier_n close_v and_o charge_v the_o enemy_n with_o their_o lance_n the_o word_n cataphrasso_n to_o cover_v with_o arm_n give_v name_n to_o the_o horseman_n cataphract_n and_o as_o the_o horseman_n be_v call_v cataphract_v so_o be_v the_o furniture_n of_o horse_n and_o man_n call_v cataphragma_n how_o they_o be_v arm_v aelian_n show_v when_o he_o say_v they_o cover_v themselves_o and_o their_o horse_n with_o armour_n yet_o be_v it_o not_o always_o that_o the_o whole_a horse_n be_v arm_v a_o for_o xenophon_n speak_v of_o the_o persian_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o elder_a cyrus_n say_v they_o arm_v there_o horse_n with_o frontlet_n and_o pectoral_o &_o cover_n for_o there_o thigh_n as_o much_o he_o say_v of_o d._n the_o six_o hundred_o horse_n that_o follow_v cyrus_n the_o young_a against_o artaxerxes_n savinge_v they_o want_v cover_v for_o there_o thigh_n the_o horseman_n themselves_o he_o give_v great_a curass_n and_o cuisse_n and_o headpiece_n so_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o horse_n be_v not_o all_o over_o arm_v but_o only_o their_o head_n their_o breast_n and_o there_o forethighe_n yet_o pâ—utarch_n speak_v of_o the_o cataphrastâ—_n in_o the_o time_n of_o lucullus_n sai_z their_o leg_n and_o thigh_n be_v unarm_v concern_v the_o parthian_n suidas_n i_o know_v not_o out_o of_o what_o author_n have_v thus_o the_o cuirass_n of_o the_o parthian_a horseman_n be_v make_v in_o this_o manner_n the_o part_n before_o cover_v his_o breast_n and_o thigh_n and_o his_o hand_n to_o the_o finger_n end_n and_o his_o leg_n the_o hinderpart_n his_o back_n and_o neck_n and_o all_o his_o head_n there_o be_v button_n make_v for_o the_o side_n with_o which_o both_o the_o part_n be_v fasten_v it_o make_v the_o whole_a horseman_n seem_v as_o if_o he_o be_v make_v of_o iron_n the_o iron_n neither_o hinder_v the_o stretch_v out_o nor_o the_o gather_n up_o of_o his_o limb_n it_o be_v so_o exact_o fit_v to_o the_o nature_n and_o size_n of_o all_o part_n of_o the_o body_n likewise_o they_o arm_v there_o wâ—ole_a horse_n with_o iron_n except_o his_o hoof_n because_o their_o own_o armour_n will_v little_o avail_v in_o case_n their_o horse_n miscarry_v cuâ—tius_n describe_v the_o form_n in_o the_o persian_a horseman_n who_o furniture_n he_o say_v be_v make_v of_o plate_n fasten_v together_o in_o continue_a dependence_n of_o scale_n of_o iron_n d_o appian_n speak_v how_o the_o parthian_n seek_v to_o terrify_v crassus_n and_o his_o army_n upon_o the_o sudden_a cast_v away_o the_o cover_v of_o their_o armour_n and_o both_o themselves_o appear_v in_o shine_a curass_n and_o headpiece_n the_o maâ—gian_a iron_n of_o which_o they_o be_v make_v dart_v forth_o a_o flash_a and_o disperse_v twinkle_a light_n and_o their_o horse_n glister_v in_o brazen_a and_o iron_n furniture_n yet_o do_v appian_n in_o the_o sâ—me_n plaâ—e_v note_n that_o the_o bell_n of_o these_o horse_n be_v not_o arm_v crasso_fw-la for_o the_o french_a horseman_n say_v he_o that_o follow_v young_a crassus_n when_o they_o perceive_v how_o little_a they_o prevail_v with_o their_o staff_n against_o the_o sure_a and_o unpierceable_a armour_n of_o the_o parthian_n light_v from_o their_o own_o and_o creep_v under_o the_o parthian_a horse_n stroke_v they_o into_o the_o bell_n and_o they_o impatient_a of_o pain_n and_o fling_v here_o and_o there_o and_o tread_v under_o foot_n as_o well_o their_o rider_n as_o their_o enemy_n die_v in_o the_o place_n plutarch_n have_v the_o like_a the_o cataphract_n beside_o their_o armour_n of_o defence_n have_v a_o lance_n or_o horsemans_n staff_n to_o fight_v with_o all_o 〈◊〉_d plutarch_n affirm_v it_o lucullus_n say_v he_o after_o he_o see_v tigranes_n his_o cataphract_n horseman_n who_o be_v of_o most_o acount_n defend_v as_o it_o be_v by_o a_o hill_n that_o have_v the_o ground_n above_o plain_a and_o broad_a &_o the_o ascent_n which_o be_v about_o four_o furlong_n in_o length_n not_o very_o hard_a or_o steep_a command_v the_o thracian_a and_o gall_v horseman_n he_o have_v to_o give_v upon_o the_o flank_n and_o to_o put_v by_o the_o lance_n with_o their_o sword_n for_o the_o only_a strength_n of_o the_o cataphract_n be_v his_o lance_n and_o it_o alone_o he_o be_v able_a to_o use_v either_o in_o defence_n of_o himself_o or_o annoy_v the_o enemy_n be_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o weight_n and_o harshness_n of_o his_o furniture_n like_o a_o man_n shut_v and_o lock_v up_o in_o a_o wall_n hitherto_o plutarch_n likewise_o the_o parthian_a cataphract_n albeit_o they_o use_v boâ—e_n and_o arrow_n yet_o they_o have_v also_o lance_n with_o which_o they_o come_v to_o the_o shock_n with_o the_o enemy_n 〈◊〉_d when_o the_o army_n of_o anthony_n say_v the_o same_o plutarch_n see_v the_o parthian_n ready_a to_o give_v on_o the_o armed_z turn_v their_o face_n about_o towards_o the_o enemy_n take_v in_o
art_n which_o be_v call_v habit_n arise_v out_o of_o a_o number_n of_o action_n precae_v so_o can_v no_o man_n atteyne_v to_o a_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o arm_n till_o he_o have_v with_o care_n and_o diligence_n employ_v his_o study_n and_o labour_n therein_o and_o upon_o the_o foundation_n of_o practice_n raise_v the_o frame_n of_o sound_n and_o perfect_a skill_n no_o man_n be_v natural_o bear_v a_o soldier_n one_o may_v more_o incline_v to_o war_n then_o another_o but_o the_o skill_n come_v not_o without_o industry_n and_o pain_n pelop._n plutarch_n say_v that_o it_o be_v neither_o eurotas_n nor_o the_o place_n betwixt_o babyx_n and_o gnation_n that_o bring_v forth_o valiant_a and_o warlike_a man_n but_o they_o be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o all_o place_n where_o youth_n be_v breed_v up_o in_o shame_n of_o vice_n and_o boldness_n to_o undergo_v peril_n for_o virtue_n sake_n eurotas_n be_v a_o river_n near_o lacedaemon_n lycur_n babyx_n and_o gnation_n two_o river_n with_o in_o the_o same_o city_n the_o lacedaemonian_n be_v account_v the_o most_o valiant_a people_n of_o greece_n and_o plutarch_n speak_v this_o of_o the_o victory_n which_o the_o theban_n have_v against_o the_o lacedaemonian_n the_o theban_n which_o till_o that_o day_n have_v no_o reputation_n of_o valour_n but_o afterward_o by_o exercise_n &_o use_v of_o arm_n under_o epaminondas_n and_o pelopidas_n become_v the_o brave_a soldier_n of_o greece_n not_o unlike_o be_v the_o say_n of_o pyrrhus_n to_o his_o muster-master_n choose_v you_o say_v he_o good_a body_n and_o i_o will_v make_v they_o good_a soldier_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o body_n be_v requisite_a in_o a_o soldier_n to_o undergo_v the_o labour_n of_o war_n 1_o but_o exercise_v it_o be_v that_o give_v the_o perfect_a skill_n and_o the_o desire_n to_o handle_v weapon_n therefore_o â—22_n as_o demosthenes_n be_v demand_v what_o be_v the_o first_o and_o principal_a thing_n in_o the_o art_n oratory_n answer_v action_n what_o the_o second_o 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which_o regard_n i_o prefer_v the_o target_n of_o aelian_n before_o that_o of_o leo_n aelians_n reach_v up_o to_o the_o height_n of_o the_o neck_n from_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o thigh_n leos_n carry_v a_o handful_n more_o in_o breadth_n which_o in_o the_o circumference_n grow_v to_o a_o good_a proportion_n of_o weight_n and_o greatness_n 4_o no_o short_a than_o 8_o cubit_n that_o be_v 12_o foot_n short_a pike_n against_o long_o have_v a_o great_a disadvantage_n with_o the_o long_a pike_n a_o man_n be_v able_a to_o strike_v and_o kill_v his_o enemy_n before_o himself_o can_v be_v touch_v or_o come_v in_o danger_n of_o a_o short_a the_o pike_n keep_v the_o enemy_n out_o so_o far_o as_o the_o length_n be_v the_o experience_n of_o the_o battle_n of_o 8._o sorano_n show_v it_o where_o vitellozzo_n vitelli_n discomfit_v the_o almain_n only_a with_o the_o advantage_n of_o pike_n a_o arm_n long_o than_o they_o against_o long_a pike_n this_o policy_n be_v use_v by_o cleonymus_n the_o 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the_o hand_n he_o light_v upon_o the_o reins_n and_o carve_v they_o quite_o a_o sunder_o pyrrhus_n with_o all_o strike_v he_o through_o the_o body_n with_o his_o lance_n then_o leap_v from_o his_o horse_n and_o fight_v a_o foot_n he_o cut_v in_o piece_n the_o choose_v lacedaemonian_n that_o fight_v to_o recover_v the_o body_n of_o eualcus_n this_o be_v the_o fight_n that_o pyrrhus_n make_v by_o wheel_v about_o his_o horseman_n against_o the_o lacedaemonian_n that_o follow_v upon_o his_o rear_n another_o example_n of_o wheel_v about_o be_v report_v by_o polybius_n and_o it_o be_v of_o amilcar_n annibals_n father_n this_o be_v the_o history_n the_o mercenary_a soldier_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n revolt_v from_o they_o and_o overthrow_v some_o of_o their_o general_n and_o shut_v they_o up_o within_o the_o city_n of_o carthage_n possess_v both_o other_o straits_n that_o lead_v into_o the_o country_n and_o also_o a_o bridge_n lay_v over_o a_o river_n call_v macar_n which_o river_n be_v not_o passable_a but_o by_o that_o bridge_n beside_o they_o build_v a_o city_n for_o defence_n of_o that_o bridge_n amilcar_n seek_v to_o dislodge_v the_o enemy_n from_o that_o bridge_n and_o have_v no_o way_n to_o come_v at_o they_o convenient_o observe_v that_o when_o certain_a wind_n blue_a the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n towards_o the_o sea_n be_v common_o fill_v up_o with_o sand_n and_o will_v give_v passage_n sufficient_a for_o his_o army_n find_v then_o a_o fit_a time_n he_o put_v over_o his_o army_n in_o the_o night_n and_o before_o day_n or_o ere_o any_o man_n know_v of_o it_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o passage_n and_o present_o lead_v against_o they_o that_o hold_v the_o bridge_n spendius_n he_o be_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a rebel_n hear_v thereof_o advance_v to_o meet_v amilcar_n in_o the_o plain_a and_o both_o ten_o thousand_o from_o the_o city_n at_o the_o bridge_n foot_n and_o fifteen_o thousand_o more_o from_o utica_n come_v out_o one_o to_o aid_v another_o think_v to_o wrap_v in_o the_o carthaginian_n between_o they_o who_o be_v not_o above_o ten_o thousand_o soldier_n of_o all_o sort_n and_o 70_o elephant_n amilcar_n lead_v on_o his_o army_n before_o be_v the_o elephant_n the_o horse_n and_o light_v arm_v follow_v next_o the_o arm_a foot_n come_v last_o and_o perceive_v the_o enemy_n that_o follow_v his_o rear_n press_v hard_o upon_o he_o he_o command_v his_o whole_a army_n to_o turn_v about_o those_o that_o be_v in_o the_o vanguard_n of_o the_o march_n he_o will_v to_o return_v to_o he_o with_o speed_n the_o other_o that_o at_o first_o have_v the_o rear_n he_o wheel_v about_o and_o straight_o oppose_v against_o the_o enemy_n the_o lybian_o and_o mercenary_n imagine_v the_o carthaginian_n flee_v for_o fear_n fall_v upon_o they_o disorderly_o and_o bold_o come_v to_o hand_n but_o when_o they_o see_v the_o horseman_n be_v now_o turn_v about_o and_o come_v up_o near_o to_o the_o foot_n and_o already_o put_v in_o order_n make_v a_o stand_n 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be_v in_o a_o right_a line_n even_o with_o his_o sideman_n in_o the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n 1_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v to_o bring_v the_o sight_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o same_o aspect_n he_o have_v before_o the_o first_o turn_v as_o if_o his_o face_n be_v at_o first_o towards_o the_o enemy_n be_v command_v to_o turn_v towards_o the_o pike_n and_o thence_o to_o return_v to_o his_o first_o posture_n he_o be_v again_o to_o return_v his_o face_n towards_o the_o enemy_n note_n of_o file_v and_o rank_v enough_o be_v speak_v before_o 1_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n this_o motion_n differ_v from_o anastrophe_n before_o specify_v for_o anastrophe_n bring_v back_o again_o the_o whole_a body_n to_o the_o first_o place_n after_o a_o wheeling_n this_o the_o soldier_n face_n
particular_o to_o the_o first_o aspect_n so_o that_o this_o be_v use_v after_o the_o make_n of_o a_o anastrophe_n for_o always_o in_o motion_n it_o be_v requisite_a that_o the_o soldier_n face_n move_v forward_o to_o move_v backward_o have_v many_o inconvenience_n of_o stumbling_n upon_o uneven_a ground_n or_o stone_n or_o pit_n or_o stubbe_n or_o such_o like_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o in_o anastrophe_n after_o a_o wheeling_n aelian_n will_v that_o the_o soldier_n turn_v their_o face_n the_o contrary_a way_n first_o then_o move_v on_o till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o ground_n then_o open_a rank_n and_o file_n and_o last_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o aspect_n and_o as_o it_o differ_v from_o anastrophe_n so_o differ_v it_o likewise_o from_o metabole_n metabole_fw-la only_o turn_v face_n about_o this_o set_v the_o soldier_n in_o his_o former_a posture_n not_o only_o for_o his_o face_n but_o for_o his_o arm_n also_o which_o be_v order_v as_o at_o first_o the_o word_n wherein_o this_o motion_n be_v express_v by_o aelian_n be_v ep_n orthon_fw-mi apodounai_fw-mi and_o eye_n orthon_fw-mi apocaâ—astesai_fw-mi which_o be_v interpret_v by_o gaza_n in_o arrectum_fw-la reddere_fw-la to_o restore_v up_o right_o by_o arcerius_fw-la rectum_fw-la reddere_fw-la to_o restore_v right_a and_o so_o the_o word_n sound_v aelian_n interprete_v it_o to_o set_v again_o the_o soldier_n sight_n in_o the_o same_o aspect_n in_o which_o it_o stand_v at_o first_o as_o if_o be_v place_v with_o his_o face_n against_o the_o enemy_n he_o be_v command_v to_o turn_v his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n and_o then_o again_o to_o restore_v his_o face_n to_o his_o first_o posture_n he_o must_v return_v and_o set_v his_o face_n against_o the_o enemy_n aelian_a therefore_o refer_v it_o to_o the_o sight_n he_o first_o have_v which_o if_o it_o be_v the_o right_a meaning_n how_o can_v it_o be_v upright_o or_o right_a more_o in_o that_o then_o in_o any_o other_o posture_n for_o the_o soldier_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o in_o flank_n and_o in_o the_o rear_n carry_v himself_o upright_o or_o right_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o that_o it_o may_v be_v apply_v to_o the_o upright_o stand_v of_o man_n as_o appear_v by_o sundry_a place_n of_o pausanias_n who_o reherse_v that_o minerva_n image_n set_v 43._o in_o the_o temple_n parthenion_n stand_v upright_o orthon_fw-mi esti_fw-la and_o in_o a_o other_o place_n that_o in_o corinth_n 89._o in_o the_o temple_n pantheon_n there_o be_v two_o image_n of_o mercury_n stand_v upright_o ortha_fw-mi 87._o and_o that_o in_o the_o temple_n of_o fortune_n the_o image_n of_o fortune_n be_v carve_v of_o parian_a stone_n and_o stand_v upright_a orthon_n and_o that_o in_o neptune_n temple_n situate_a in_o the_o corinthian_a isthmus_n the_o image_n of_o amphitrite_n and_o neptune_n stand_v in_o a_o chariot_n and_o the_o boy_n palemon_n upright_o upon_o a_o dolphin_n orthos_n in_o all_o which_o place_n orthos_n design_v the_o site_n of_o man_n but_o here_o as_o i_o take_v it_o can_v be_v so_o apply_v because_o in_o every_o motion_n not_o only_o in_o this_o the_o man_n stand_v upright_o how_o then_o can_v they_o be_v restore_v to_o their_o stand_n upright_o when_o they_o do_v it_o already_o i_o take_v the_o original_n of_o the_o appellation_n to_o come_v from_o another_o cause_n and_o that_o be_v from_o the_o order_n of_o the_o pike_n for_o when_o the_o battle_n be_v first_o set_v in_o the_o field_n every_o soldier_n stand_v with_o his_o pike_n order_v that_o be_v upright_o for_o to_o order_v a_o pike_n be_v to_o set_v the_o butt_n end_n on_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o soldier_n somewhat_o wide_o of_o his_o right_a foot_n and_o to_o hold_v it_o upright_o with_o the_o right_a hand_n bear_v even_o with_o the_o shoulder_n but_o when_o you_o begin_v or_o continue_v any_o motion_n the_o manner_n be_v to_o advance_v or_o to_o shoulder_v the_o pike_n and_o so_o to_o proceed_v but_o be_v command_v to_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n it_o must_v be_v order_v again_o so_o that_o the_o first_o posture_n of_o a_o arm_a man_n be_v to_o stand_v with_o his_o pike_n upright_o and_o after_o many_o motion_n and_o wind_n he_o at_o last_o return_v to_o the_o same_o posture_n which_o i_o take_v the_o command_n of_o ep'orthon_n apodounai_o to_o signify_v now_o that_o i_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o rely_v upon_o a_o probable_a conjecture_n alone_o i_o will_v bring_v witness_n for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o my_o opinion_n it_o be_v report_v by_o 473._o diodorus_n siculus_n that_o agesilaus_n the_o lacedaemonian_a king_n with_o a_o army_n of_o eighteen_o thousand_o foot_n and_o fifteen_o hundred_o horse_n invade_v boeotia_n the_o athenian_n before_o hear_v of_o agesilaus_n come_v have_v send_v five_o thousand_o foot_n and_o 200_o horse_n to_o aid_v the_o theban_n who_o gather_v their_o army_n together_o seize_v upon_o a_o long_a narrow_a hill_n distant_a 20_o furlong_n from_o the_o city_n and_o make_v the_o hard_a access_n to_o the_o place_n a_o kind_n of_o fortification_n against_o the_o enemy_n they_o there_o wait_v his_o come_n fear_v to_o hazard_v upon_o even_a ground_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o renown_n and_o glory_n of_o agesilaus_n agesilaus_n have_v imbattail_v his_o troop_n lead_v they_o against_o the_o boeotian_n and_o approach_v near_o send_v his_o light_n arm_v to_o sound_v their_o disposition_n to_o fight_v which_o be_v easy_o repulse_v by_o the_o theban_n by_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o high_a ground_n he_o advance_v the_o rest_n of_o his_o force_n be_v imbattail_v in_o such_o manner_n as_o may_v give_v great_a terror_n chabrias_n the_o athenian_a will_v his_o soldier_n to_o await_v the_o enemy_n contemptuous_o both_o keep_v their_o first_o array_n and_o their_o target_n at_o their_o knee_n and_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o order_v who_o when_o they_o joint_o as_o upon_o a_o word_n give_v do_v as_o they_o be_v command_v agesilaus_n both_o wonder_v at_o the_o good_a order_n and_o at_o the_o assure_a fashion_n of_o the_o enemy_n think_v it_o not_o fit_a to_o strive_v with_o unequal_a ground_n and_o by_o force_v they_o to_o fight_v to_o compel_v they_o to_o be_v valiant_a whether_o they_o will_v or_o no._n hitherto_o diodor_n sicul._n of_o the_o strategem_fw-la of_o chabrias_n against_o agesilaus_n which_o consist_v in_o the_o contempt_n of_o agesilaus_n and_o all_o his_o force_n first_o in_o not_o stir_v one_o foot_n to_o meet_v the_o enemy_n then_o in_o keep_v the_o array_n they_o hold_v before_o further_a in_o sink_v their_o target_n to_o their_o knee_n last_o in_o continue_v the_o former_a order_n of_o their_o pike_n that_o be_v not_o make_v readyto_o charge_v but_o remain_v with_o their_o pike_n order_v as_o they_o be_v at_o first_o agesilaus_n advance_v his_o army_n think_v to_o strike_v a_o fear_n into_o his_o enemy_n chabrias_n trust_v to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o place_n scorn_v the_o brovado_n of_o agesilaus_n conceive_v he_o will_v not_o be_v so_o hardy_a to_o adventure_v the_o fight_n upon_o so_o great_a a_o inequality_n of_o ground_n he_o therefore_o will_v the_o cap_n 28_o the_o macedoman_n countermache_n by_o file_n the_o rear_v the_o front_n of_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n the_o file_n leader_n with_o their_o face_n about_o stand_v firm_a the_o bringer_n up_o dismarch_v the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v the_o ground_n take_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n cap_n 29_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarche_n the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n the_o fileleader_n advance_v in_o countermarche_n the_o bringer_n up_o stand_v firm_a with_o the_o their_o face_n turn_v about_o the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v the_o ground_n take_v beyond_o the_o reareof_o the_o phalange_n cap_n 20_o the_o chorean_a countermarche_n the_o front_n in_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o bringer_n up_o move_v the_o fileleader_n dismarch_v the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v cap._n 20._o countermarche_v by_o rank_n the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n dyer_n not_o to_o alter_v their_o posture_n but_o to_o continue_v as_o they_o be_v the_o word_n concern_v the_o pike_n be_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la that_o be_v to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_a en_fw-fr ortho_fw-la now_o whether_o the_o same_o be_v the_o posture_n that_o the_o tactic_n describe_v when_o they_o speak_v or_o restore_a ep_n '_n ortho_fw-mi upright_o i_o refer_v to_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o reader_n a_o poliaenus_n agesilao_n remember_v this_o stratagem_n use_v somewhat_o different_a word_n and_o yet_o consent_v in_o meaning_n chabrias_n say_v he_o command_v his_o soldier_n not_o to_o run_v out_o against_o the_o enemy_n but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o hold_v their_o pike_n before_o upright_o and_o their_o target_n before_o their_o knee_n which_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o do_v when_o they_o will_v a_o little_a ease_n
the_o macedonian_n be_v the_o inventor_n of_o it_o which_o of_o the_o macedonian_n he_o tell_v not_o but_o exclude_v philip_n and_o alexander_n who_o both_o use_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v and_o before_o their_o time_n i_o have_v not_o read_v of_o any_o warlike_a king_n of_o macedonia_n the_o manner_n of_o it_o be_v this_o first_o all_o the_o fileleader_n turn_v their_o face_n about_o either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n then_o the_o next_o rank_n pass_v thorough_a by_o they_o on_o the_o same_o hand_n and_o be_v come_v to_o their_o distance_n place_n themselves_o direct_o behind_o their_o fileleader_n and_o then_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n the_o same_o way_n and_o so_o the_o three_o rank_n after_o they_o and_o the_o four_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o bringers-up_a be_v last_o and_o have_v take_v the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n again_o and_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n the_o figure_n express_v not_o well_o the_o action_n for_o in_o it_o the_o bringers-up_a begin_v first_o to_o countermarch_n which_o according_a to_o aelian_n shall_v move_v last_o yet_o may_v this_o countermarch_v be_v do_v as_o the_o figure_n be_v but_o i_o take_v aelians_n way_n to_o be_v easy_a and_o ready_a and_o it_o may_v be_v also_o that_o the_o countermarch_v express_v in_o the_o figure_n be_v lose_v in_o the_o text_n for_o one_o of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarche_n which_o proceed_v the_o contrary_a way_n begin_v the_o motion_n with_o the_o fileleader_n as_o this_o do_v with_o the_o bringers-up_a as_o we_o shall_v straight_o see_v 2_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o proceed_n be_v contrary_a to_o that_o of_o the_o former_a that_o take_v the_o ground_n before_o the_o phalange_n this_o take_v the_o ground_n after_o in_o that_o the_o move_n be_v from_o the_o rear_n to_o the_o front_n in_o this_o from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n this_o be_v the_o invention_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n aelian_n describe_v it_o to_o be_v do_v in_o two_o manner_n one_o when_o the_o bringers-up_a first_o turn_n about_o their_o face_n and_o the_o next_o 95._o rank_n likewise_o turn_v face_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o every_o man_n thereof_o place_v himself_o direct_o before_o his_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o three_o do_v the_o like_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o fileleader_n come_v to_o be_v first_o the_o other_o when_o the_o fileleader_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o every_o one_o in_o their_o file_n follow_v they_o orderly_o the_o figure_n express_v this_o last_o aelian_n prefer_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v before_o the_o macedonian_a because_o in_o it_o the_o soldier_n seem_v to_o fall_v on_o and_o go_v to_o the_o charge_n where_o in_o the_o macedonian_a they_o seem_v to_o fly_v there_o be_v notwithstanding_o time_n when_o it_o be_v better_a to_o use_v the_o macedonian_a as_o in_o case_n you_o mean_v to_o march_v on_o and_o not_o to_o fight_v with_o the_o 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