Towne did charge his Reare But if your Enemie charge both Front and Reare thē yee must face about the halfe of your Battell that is if yee bee 10. deepe ye face about the halfe Files or middle-men with their followers which are the last fiue Rankes to the Reare so ye shall be able to receiue his charge both in Front and Reare The (l) Aelian Tact. c. 38. Greekes called this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Captaine Bingam would haue it The figures following will manifest them PQRS TVXY The figure P. Q. R. S. is a faceing of the whole Battell to the Reare by the right or the left where R.S. which before was the Reare is now become the Front and the Front before P.Q. now the Reare the right Flanke Q.S. now the left The left P.R. now the right The figure T. V. X. Y. is a faceing onelie of the halfe Files or last fiue Rankes to the Reare so that yee see the one halfe of your Battell both Pickes and Musquetiers faceing towards the Front T. V. and the other halfe faceing towards the Reare X. Y. which is now also become a Front so that it is likewise 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or a double Fronted Battell The wordes of Command are those As yee were Face to the right about Face to the left about Halfe Files face to the right or left about Some say onelie To the right about to the left about c. Count (m) In his direct of war Mansfield his wordes of Command are By the right hand to the Reare By the left hand to the Reare which are all one with the former But our Scots words To your first order Right round about Left round about Sixt Ranke right or left round about They ar verie vnproper and I wishe our commanders could agree to change them for to turne round about is to bring your face to the part where yee stood in before yee turned and so yee shall face not to the Reare but to the Front againe If the Enemie charge you on all sides yee must face to the Front Reare and Flankes the Grecians called this Battell 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Alexander at Arbela was forced to draw vp his Battell after this fashion as (n) Frontinus Stratagem lib. 2. cap. 3. Frontinus doeth report Alexander ad Arbela cum hostium multitudinem vereretur virtuti autem suorum fideret aciem in omnem partem spectantem ordinavit ut circumventi vndique pugnare possent It is also described by (o) Aelian Tact. c. 36. Aelian to whom I referre the Reader for I cannot insist particularlie in all thinges but you shall marke that when such a charge is expected and that yee are forced to frame such a Battell yee must enlarge your deipth aboue 10. But before I goe further I must aduertise you of one thing which will serue in all Motions When ye would reduce your Souldiers to their first station yee are to command them As yee were or To your first order which the (p) Aelian Tactic cap. 25. 27. Greekes called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (q) Leo Tact. cap. 7. § 79. Leo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The French calleth it Remettez vous and so yee are to bring them backe to the place from which they went by the contrarie way As for example if they turned to the right hand they must returne backe againe to the left hand If they turned to the left they must returne to the right If they turned to the right about they must returne to the left about and so foorth Aelian (r) Aelian Tact. cap. 25. describeth this Motion to bee 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to restore the Souldiers sight to the former aspect hee had in the beginning That is before hee turned Of Doublings Tit. 7. DOubling is a Motion of a part of the Battell for the part doubled standeth and the part doubling onelie moueth Whereby either the length or the deipth is augmented and therefore Doubling is of two sorts Doubling of Rankes of Rankes or of Files Doubling of Rankes is a Motion whereby the length of the Battell is enlarged and the deipth diminished by inserting the one halfe of the Rankes in the other (a) Leo Tact. cap. 7. § 16. c. 9. § 109. Leo calleth this Motion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (b) Aelian Tact. c. 28. Aelian calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Motion is performed sundrie wayes FIrst when the evin Rankes are inserted into the oddes as the second in the first the fourth in the third the sixt in the fift and so foorth and this is to bee done either to the right or left hand If the Commād be to double to the right hand then euerie man that doubles steppes foreward vpon the right hand of his Leader If the command bee to the left hee that doubles steppes foreward on the left hand of his Leader so that of ten ranks they become fiue and consequentlie fiue deepe and if they were before 20. in Ranke they become 40. and therefore 40. Files as in the figures following is showne ABCD EFGH The figure A. B. C. D. is a doubling of Rankes to the right hand where yee see the evin Rankes 2.4.6.8.10 steppe forwards vpon the right hand of their Leaders the odde Rankes 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. The evin Rankes are marked with these pointes ..... by which you may consider the place they stood in before the doubling and these markes showeth the way they goe vp on the right hand of their Leaders and beeing doubled yee see the second Ranke is inserted in the first the 4. in the 3. the 6. in the 5 the 8. in the 7 the 10 in the 9. The figure E. F. G. H. is a doubling to the left hand where yee see the evin Rankes are inserted as the former but onelie that they steppe forward on the left hand of their Leaders as these marks \\\\ showeth In the first figure I haue put the number of the Ranks vpon the left Flanke A. C In the second on the right Flanke F. H. because the Motion is most perceptible vpon those sides The Motion is to be performed by the Souldiers in three steppes How the Motion is done beginning with the left legge and stepping forward with the right vpon the right or left hand of their Leaders and then bringing vp the left legge place themselues in evin Ranke with the rest but in reducement they must turne to the contrarie hand that is if they doubled to the right they must turne againe to the left and if they doubled to the left they must turne to the right because it is the shortest way to to their owne place The wordes of Command are Rankes as yee were Rankes to the right hand double Rankes to the left hand double Our Scots wordes of Command Rankes to your
him the one halfe falling backward the other halfe advancing foreward according as the Command is to wheele If the Command bee to the right hand the right Flanke middle File-leader standes still and all those of the right Flanke goeth backeward the left Flanke forward If to the left hand the left Flanke middle File leader stands the left Flanke moues backeward and the right forward vntill they haue all made their Quarter-turne or halfe turne as the word is to wheele to the Flankes or the Reare ABCDEFGH This Figure is a wheeling of the Battell by the Center to the right hand where the fift File leader D* did stand as the Center the body hath moued about him the right Flanke F C falling backward the left Flanke A B advancing forward vntill they haue left the place D E G H and taken the ground A B C F. D E is a part of the Front before the wheeling E H the right Flanke B F is the Front after the wheeling F C the right Flank the number of the Files are set downe in the Reare of both the figures because I had no place to set them in the Front for the intersection of the two Fronts By this yee may also easilie conceiue a wheeling to the left for making the sixt File leader to stand the right Flanke F C to moue forward and the left Flanke B A to fall backward and make a quarter turne vntill the Front B F shall be converted to the left hand Likewise yee may consider a wheeling to the right or left about if yee cause the Bodie make an halfe turne to either hand vntill the Front bee towardes the Reare so that B F shall fall parallel vnto the former Front whereas now it cuttes it perpendicularlie The wordes of Command for this Motion VVheele your Battell by the Center to the right hand VVheele your Battell by the Center to the left hand VVheele your Battell by the Center to the right or to the lefth and about This VVheeling doeth not alter the ground so much as the other wheelings The use of this Motion The vse of VVheeling is when the Enemie comes to assault you in any one place as on either of the Flankes or the Reare ye turne the Front of your Battell towardes him and so bringes your best men to fight with him which Good Commanders was alwayes accustomed to doe as I shew before But if he come to charge you on more places then one as in the Flankes and the Reare or in the Front and the Reare or in the Front and the Flankes VVheeling will doe you no good your onelie remeade will bee to face about and receiue his Charge By this Motion (e) Plutar. in Pyrrho Pyrrhus ouerthrew Arieius King of Lacedemon and (f) Polyb. Hict lib. 1. Sect. 21. Amilcar defeate Spendius with the rest of his Rebelles See the Histories For I will not burding this small Treatise with many Allegations Obserue that Epistrophe and Perispasmus are in the whole Battell the same which Clisis and Metabole was in a particular Souldier for as thir turnes the face of the Souldier to the Flanks or the Reare keeping still his place so doeth the others turne the Face or Front of the whole Battell to the Flankes or the Reare changing the ground There is another kind of VVheeling which is when the winges are wheeled into the Bodie this is done either towardes the Front or towardes the Reare If towardes the Front then yee command the middle File leaders to stand still I meane from changing of ground not from Motion for they moue in their owne place and the right wing to wheele forwards to the left about its owne middle Fileleader transferring their faces to the contrarie wing The left wing in the same time wheeles forward to the right about the other middle Fileleader meeting the other wing in the midst face to face Then the Commander bids the right wing face to the right hand and the leftwing to the left hand so they shall all haue their aspect towards the Front If the wheeling be towards the Reare ye must first face your Battell about by either hand then the bringersup of the middle Files who are now become leaders stands still both the wings shall moue about the Bringersvp the one to the right hand the other to the left till they meete other in the midst as did the former then the Commander may bring their aspect to the Front or the Reare as hee pleases IKLMNOPQ This figure is a Wheling of the wings into the midst of the Battell towards the Front where ye see the right wing K L O P to bee wheeling to the left hand about the middle Fileleader K* the left wing I K M N to be wheeling to the right about its own middle Fileleader marked also K* and ye must conceiue those two wings to moue still on vntill they meete other the Pickes joyning with the Pickes and the Musquetiers with the Musquetiers and then the left hand File of the left wing I M shall come in evin line with the right hand File of the right wing L P making thereof the Front of the Battell after they are turned and the File K N shall come in an evin line with K O making thereof the Reare N Q O is a parte of the ground where the Battell stoode before it began to wheele But if yee wheele your Battell towards the Reare ye must conceiue N and O to be joyned to stand still and the right wing after it is faced about to wheele to the right hand about O the left wing to wheele to the left hand about N vntill they meete other face to face so that the File I Mâ— shall come in evin line with L P. The words of Command for this Motion are Wheele the wings into the midst of your Battell Or Wheele your Battell to the right left hand by division towards the Front or towards the Reare The use of this wheeling is to bring all your Musquetiers or all your Pickes to the Front as occasion shall serue and therwith to double your Front The Musquetiers are brought to the Front by wheeling towards the Front if they were before on the Flankes The Pickes are brought to the Front by wheeling towardes the Reare if they were before in the middle Suppose then that an troupe of the enemies horse were comming to charge your Front or your Reare minding also to encompasse your winges by this wheeling of the winges into the midest of your Battell with one labour yee both bring your Pickes against the Enemies horse and doubles the length of your Battell to eschew over-winging This wheeling hath onely a quarterturne but if yee will make an halfe turne either to the Front or the Reare yee shall bring the Pickes to both Flankes if they were before in the mids as in the former figure if yee should make an
halfe turne the Files K O and K N shall come to bee the Flankes of the Battell and I M and L P shall joyne in the middle This is of good use against troupes of horse comming to charge both your Flankes for the Pickes may withstand the charge of the horse and the Musquetiers play vpon them from the middle The wordes of Command Whele your Battell to the right and left hand about by division If ye wold reduce any of those to their first station ye haue nothing to doe but to face to the contrarie hand and to wheele your Battell back the contrary way quarter turne or halfe turne as they wheeled first and then they face as they were (g) Aelian Tact. c. 24. cap. 31. Aelian describeth an triple wheeling which he calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but I thinke it is an superfluous and foolish Motion neither can I belieue that ever the Greeks did use it for to what effect shall ye make an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or triple wheeling of your Battell to the Picke or the Target when a single wheeling or quarter turne to the contrary hand will effect the samine with greater readinesse and thrise alse little paines and time as for example if you make an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the Target that is if yee wheeled your Battell thrise to the left hand yee bring the Front of it to the right Flanke against the enemie now if you make but one 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or single wheeling to the right hand yee doe the same thing and I think there is no man of sense but will accorde that it is superfluitie to use three turnes when one turne will doe the businesse and chiefly in affaires of warre where the lest moment of time doth carrie with it a great weight This I thought good to advertise anie who shall read this Motion in Aelian that hee may eschew it for it is not only against our moderne excercise but contrarie tosense and reason Of the particular exercising of Picke-men and Musquetiers Tit. 11. OVr Pickemen as I shew before represents the heauie armed our Musquetiers the light armed both of the Grecian Phalanges and the Roman Legions Their heauie armed did carie for defence a Target besides the compleat arming of the bodie but whether the Discipline of our time hath done well or not in laying aside the Target from our Pickemen I will not disput because it is thought heauie and vnwealdie for an armed man and verie noysome in a March yet I thinke that custome and exercise would alleviat those difficulties and I belieue no good Commander will deny but it were expedient that stronge able men beeing File leaders of euerie Battaillon were appointed to carie large Targets of proofe after the Macedonian fashion that vnder the shaddow of them the rest of the Battaillion might be sheltered from the shot of the Enimie and also the Battaillion might be kept strong against the charge of the Enemie minding to breake it as the Greckes did when they made their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which did mightilie astonish the Romans themselues when they had adoe with them for (a) Plutar. in Emilio Suidas in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Consul Lucius Aemilius saepe apud Romanos confitebatur se nihil unquam vidisse terrililius Phalange Macedonicâ Now as for the particular exercise of the Pickemen alone there is no other but that they ought exactlie to doe their Postures shown (b) Supra Tit. 5. before the Motions which I haue hitherto described beeing alike competent to them the Musquetiers for ordinarlie the pickemen in time of fight or skirmish doeth nothing vntill the Battells come neare to push of picke and then onelie they charge their pickes against the Enemie for the burding of sustaining the fight before that lyes vpon the Musquetiers of both sides during which time the Pickemen stands as idle spectators seruing onelie as a prop for the Enemies shot and neuer beeing able to offend them which is a pitifull consideration To remead this inconvenient the Gentlemen Souldiers of the trained bandes of the Artillerie Garding of London doe practise a shooting with the Bow they who are Pickemen without anie disturbance or hinderance of the use of their picke which is thus done They haue a Bow tyed to the picke in that place where they shoulder by a little engine or vice about which it turneth as they list so that plāting the But-end of the picke on the ground against the right foote and holding the Bow with their left arme the picke sloped and beeing as it were a rest vnto the Bow they shoote off their volie of Arrowes which hang in a Cace at their Girdle behind their backe with great ease dexterity if they be exercised therwith therafter they may fasten their Bow to a little pinne and recouer their picke order advance shoulder or doe anie other posture commanded as well with the Bow as without it When the whole Battell shoottes the followers must shoote throw their owne File ouer their Leaders heade they must stand in order at the least But when the Enemie commeth neare hand to charge the first fiue rankes must close to their close order and if it bee against horse while they foote their Pickes to receiue the charge and haue their swords drawne the last fiue Rankes may shoote their volies of arroues and doe great execution against them whereas without their Bowes they can doe nothing but stand with their pickes ported The wordes of Command for the use of the Bow with the Picke are those Order your picke Slope your picke Vnfasten your Bow Draw out your Arrow Noke your Arrow Shoote whollie together Recover your picke Fasten your Bow Advance your Picke This weapen is of excellent use both against the Enemies foote and his horse as for the foote it ouerthroweth cleane the Musquetiers seeing they are vnarmed the pickmens face armes and legges are also subject to the wounds of the Arrow which partes being hurt maketh them vnable for seruice but it doth especiallie gall the horse for a horse beeing wounded and hauing an hooked Arrowe fixed in his flesh hee will so rampage and runne to and fro that hee shall disorder the whole Battell They serue also to shoote fireworks into the Enemies Trench or Fort and also are steadable for convoyes who oft-times are assallied by horse But yee will say that those onelie of the first Rankes can use this Bow and that it cannot bee handled by them of the middle and Reare of the Battell for they will harme their owne Leaders To cleare this I would ask you How did the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or light armed of the Grecians anie seruice beeing placed in the Reare of their phalanx or the Roman Velites in the Reare of their Maniples for they were sundrie times so ordered as yee may see in (c) Aelian Tact. c. 7. 15. Aelian and (d) Leo.
the first ranke hath giuen fyre it standeth still the Ranke next it passeth vp through the same Ranke and presenteh in due distance before it and giueth fyre the third Ranke passeth through them both and giueth fyre before them and so the rest of the ranks successiuelie till the bringers-vp haue giuen fyre in the Front But I thinke this not so fit for seruice as to show the varietie of exercise If the Commander please to make more execution against the enemie hee may command the second Ranke to double the first and to giue fyre altogether so that for fiue shotte hee may shoote ten and for ten twentie The use of this exercise is to advance and to charge the Enemie if yee bee stronger than he and to gaine ground vpon him But if ye desire not to gaine ground as beeing more fite to defend then offend yee may make the Rankes giue fyre where they stand without advancing and fall away to the right or to the right and left as before If ye sustaine a charge both in Front and Reare then they who hath giuen fyre falleth away to either hand and joynes in the the division made through the middle of the Battell betweene the two middle rankes as in the figure following ABCD A B C D is a winge of 100 Musquetiers wherof the one halfe of the rankes giues fyre in the Front A B The other halfe of the Rankes giues fyre in the Reare C D and the Ranks that hath giuen fyre both of A B and C D to wit the first and the tenth falles away to the right and left hand and joynes in the division E euerie man toward his owne Front the Rankes next them presentes giues fyre and falles away as the former and so all the rest Or else they may fall away by Countermarch as I haue said before but in so doing they must bee expert Musquetiers and carie their Peeces aright otherwise they will disturbe the whole Ranks And it is a verie comelie sight to see this Battell when the pickes are charged both to the Front Reare the Musquetiers doing their duetie that is giuing fyre and falling away by Countermarch gracefullie and with readinesse as I haue seene the Souldiers of the Artillerie Garding doe it most exactlie How to Giue fire in the Reare The second way of Giuing fyre is in Reteiring from the Enemie and then they giue fire in the Reare which is in this manner The Captaine marching in the Reare for that is his place in a retreit from the Enemie honour beeing alwayes accompanied with danger commands the last Ranke to make ready and then to the right hand about and giue fire which they doe the body still continuing their marche and thereafter turnes off to the right hand or if they be many to the right left towardes both Flankes or else through the divisiones of the body which are made for that end and marches vp a good swift pace to the Front where euerie man falles in the Front of his own File As soone as the last Rank is turned to giue fire the next Rank makes ready and when the last Ranke is fallen off and marched away it turnes about giues fire falls off and doth all as the former did and so all the rest of the Rankes successiuelie one after another as in the figure following FGHI F G H I is a winge of an 100 Musquetiers Retireing from the enemie where yee see the 10 Ranke in the Reare hath giuen fire turned to the right hand divided it selfe and fallen away the on halfe through the division H F betwixt the Musquetiers and the Picks the other halfe through the division K and are marching away vp to the Front but if yee would keepe the bodie of your Musquetiers whole ye may make the Ranke which giues fyre divide it selfe and the one halfe fall away to the right hand the other to the left so that the halfe which falls away through the division K shall fall away by the Flanke I G. The ninth Ranke hath turned about and presented and after it giueth fyre divideth it selfe and marcheth away as the former and so doeth all the Rankes successiuelie one after another continueing still their march and giuing fyre vpon the Enemie If yee would make more execution vpon the Enemie yee may make the penult Ranke double the last as I show before in doubling the Front The use of Giuing fyre Reteiring is when the Enemie is stronger than you and followes you in the Reare yee beeing much weaker and not able to encounter him yee march away and makes haste to gaine your owne Quarters or Trenche or Forte from whence you sortied or to joyne with moe of your owne arme and yet ye skirmish with the Enemie giuing fyre vpon him and no wayes hindering your owne marche The third way of Giuing fyre is How to Giue fire on the Flankes Marching by an Enemie which is done vpon the Flanks after this maner The outmost File of the Flanke next the Enemie is commanded to make ready and to turne to the right or left hand according as the Enemie appeares vpon the right or left wing and to giue fire altogether thereafter they march not with the bodie but stands still and keepes their ground and charges their Musquets againe Now whensoeuer the foresaid File turnes to giue fire the next File vnto it makes readie keeping alwayes along with the Body till its bringer-up bee past a litle beyond the leader of the File that gaue last fyre and then the whole File must turne and giue fire and doe all as the former did Thereafter the first File marches up and joynes with the second File Assoone as the second File turnes to giue fyre the third File which is now outmost towards the Enemie makes ready turnes about giues fyre and doth all as the other two and so the rest one after another and then the first two Files marcheth vp to the third and those three to the fourth after it hath discharged and so foorth all the rest till the whole wing of shotte be gathered together and then they all marche vp and joyne in equall Front with the Pickes as yee see in the figure following KLMN K L M N is a winge of 100 Musquetiers marching by an Enemie who showes himselfe on the right Flanke of the Battallion L N Your first File P. towards him hath giuen fyre vpon him and hath charged their Musquets againe in the place they stood The next File hath also giuen fyre vpon him and are charging againe in the same ground also the third File hath turned to the right hand and so hath presented to giue fyre after which yee must imagine the first File P. to march vp and joyne with the second File O. and both of them to marche vp to the third File and so foorth till the whole wing gather and joyne together againe after they haue given fyre The like yee
may vnderstand if the Enemie appeare vpon your left wing for then the left hand File is to turne about to the left and to giue fyre vpon the Enemie and to doe all as the right hand File hath done and so the rest of the Files in the left wing doe after the like manner as those of the right observing only the diversitie of the hand Or if the Enemie bee on both your Flankes yee may make both your Flankes doe as one hath done Although this forme of Gathering together of the Files which I haue showne bee most usuall yet there is many good Commanders who dislike it and thinkes it better that the File which hath giuen fire doe not stand longer than they be free of the body but turning a little to the left marche immediately vp to the other side betweene the Picks and the wing of Musquetiers where there is a distance left for that effect QRSTV Heere yee see the first File V. hauing given fire and beeing free of the body is marching up the division Q. S. to joyne with the rest on the left side betweene the Picks and the Musquetiers the second File doth the like and so all the rest one after another but in this the whole wing in marching is to edge a litle to the right that it may keepe the diuision cleare and free to receiue the Files as they giue fyre This they thinke doth not so much dismember the body as the other nor yet oppose the Files so muche to the Enemies shotte for when three Files stands one before another they make a great proppe to the Enemie But I leaue euerie one to their owne opinion for Martiall Commanders differs amongst themselues in points of exercise euerie one following the custome of his owne Countrey If yee would Giue more fyre vpon the Enemy yee may make the second File to double the first and both to giue fire together and so through the rest of the Files as I shew before in giuing fire by doubling of Rankes in the Front or the Reare The use of Giuing fyre in the Flankes is when the Enemy appeareth on either of your Flankes to charge you and ye not able to sustaine his charge yee marche away by him in good order and giues fyre vpon him and if hee would continue his march with youres thinking to hasten and cut off your passage or come betwixt you and your retreete yee may make as much haste as he and yet sustaine skirmish with him A Collection of the VVords of Command which are most necessare in exercise and seruice Tit. 12. IN this treatise I haue set downe sundrie Motions with their wordes of Command more to show the varietie of exercise than to approue them as steadable in Service Therefore I haue made heere a collection of the words of Command which are most necessarie in the exercise of Motiones and usefull in Service Our Scotts words I haue set downe in the right hand Columne the English in the left But the wordes of Command for the Postures of the Picke and the Musquet I shew you (a) Supra Tit. 5. before Your Company then beeing orderlie drawne vp and standing at a due distance both in Rankes and Files which is open order The Captaine or other Officer after he hath commanded Silence hee begins Stand right in your Rankes and your Files As yee were To the right hand To the left hand To the right and left hand by division To the right hand about To the left hand about Half Files to the right or left hand about Ranks as yee were Rankes to the right hand double Rankes to the left hand double Bringers vp as yee were Bringers vp double your Front to the right hand Bringers vp double your Front to the left hand Halfe Files as ye were Middlemen or Half Files to the right hand double your Front Middlemen or Half Files to the left hand double your Front Halfe Files to the right double your Frōt enteare Halfe Files to the left double your Front enteare Halfe Files double your Front to the right and left by diuision Files as ye were Files to the right hand double Files to the left hand double File rāk as yee were Rankes file to the right hand Ranks file to the left hād Rankes file to the right and left by division Files Countermarch to the right hand Files Countermarch to the left hand Rankes Countermarch to the right Flanke Rankes Countermarch to the left Flanke To your order or close order Files close to the right hand Files close to the left hand Files close Close your Rankes to your order or close order To your open order or any order else Files Open to the right hand Files Open to the left hand Files Open Rankes Open to your open order or anie order else Wheele your Battell to the right hand VVheele your Battell to the left hād VVheele your Battell to the right hand about VVheele your Battell to the left hand about Stand right in your Ranks and your Stringes To your first order Right about Left about Right and left about Right round about Left round about Sixt Ranke right or left round about Rankes to your first order Double your Rankes to the right hand Double your Rankes to the left hand Tenth Rank to your first order Tenth ranke to the right hād aduance to the frōt Tenth ranke to the left hād advance to the Frōt Sixt rāk to your first order Sixt Ranke to the right hād advance to the Frōt Sixt Rank to the left hād advance to the Front Strings to your first order Double your Stringes to the right hand Double your Stringes to the left hand Strings to the right hand Countermarh Stringes to the left hand Countermarch Rankes to the right hand Countermarch Rankes to the left hand Countermarch To your second or third distance Close your Stringes to the right hand Close your Stringes to the left hand Close your Stringes Rankes close to your second or third distance To your first distance or any distance else Open your Strings to the right hand Open your Stringes to the left hand Open your Stringes Open your Ranks to your first distance or any distance else The great turne to the right about The great turne to the left about The great turne to the right round about The great turne to the left round about The wordes of Command for the exercise of Musquetiers The wordes for Giuing fire in the Front First Ranke make ready Advance before the Front sixe paces Present and giue fire Fall away orderly to the right or to the left hand or to both by division Next Ranke doe the like All the rest follow For Giuing Fire in the Reare Last Ranke make ready To the right about present and giue fire Fall off to the right or left hand or to both by diuision March vp to the Front Next last Ranke doe the like At the rest follow For Giuing fire in the Flanks Right or left hand File make ready To the right or left hand present giue fire Keepe your ground and charge your Musquets againe Next File to the right or left hand present and giue fire Keepe your ground and charge your Musquets againe The rest of the Files doe the like First File marche vp and ioyne with the second Marche vp both and ioyne with the third and so foorth AND this much for exercising of foote Companyes in their Postures and Motions I intended to haue spoken of the Duetie and Charge of euerie Officer of foot and of the Embattelling and Encamping of Foot-men if I had not beene pressed with shortnesse of time and diverted by sundrie distractiones besides the leevying of my Company and chiefly by a little praeparation which I haue made for the plantation of New Scotland in America A Worke so Noble so Glorious so conducible to the honour and commodity of this Kingdome that the like hitherto was neuer intended The Author wherof although his rare Vertues bee not now according to their hight acknowledged by vs yet ensueing times will approue them and proue him to haue beene the Glorie of his Age. If in this treatise I haue committed any errour I submitt my selfe to the judement and censure of the Learned and experimented Souldier whose amendation I craue As for the envious Thrasonicall Critick who will still be carping that which hee vnderstands not I disdaine him I defy him If in this I bring any profite to my Countrie men it shall encourage mee with the first opportunity God willing to proceed and set foorth somewhat of the exercise of Cavalerie and also of the forme of erecting any regular or irregular figure of Fortification with the manner of assayling and defending a Fort and that more to allure others of better vnderstanding to employ their pen and publish more perfectly in this subject then that I esteeme any thing of mine worthy of light avouching only this that in a true affection to my KING and my Country and in a firme resolution to spend the last drop of my Blood in their seruice I shall bee Inferiour to no Man liuing FINIS Printed at Edinburgh by the Heires of Andro Hart ANNO DOM. 1627.
Battell and it is assured that a few number of men well disciplined and beeing perfect in their Militarie Motions are able to rencounter and ouerthrow great multitudes without practise of Armes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (a) Aelian Tact. cap. 3. sayeth Aelian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Wee finde often great Forces to bee by their disorder ouercome by a few well ordered and exercised and therefore the chiefe thing that Souldiers are to vnderstand is their Militarie Motions for the Science of thir Motions is the definition of the Arte Militarie These then I shall sette downe in some fewe Titles with as great varietie and perspicuitie as I can touching onelie the auncient exercise in so farre as it is a ground or doeth agree with our moderne Discipline The Motions of Troupes are two folde of the whole or of a parte of the whole either in keeping ground or changing ground Keeping ground when euerie person moueth in his proper place as in Faceing Changeing ground when the Battaillon changeth the ground it stood in as in counter-march and wheeleing The Motion of a parte is when a part of the Battell moueth and a parte standeth still as in doublinges closinges openings for in those Motions some Rankes or Files standeth the rest moueth I will then begin with Faceing Faceing is a Motion transferring the Souldiers face to the Flanke or the Reare of the Battell And therefore is of two sortes the one when the Souldier maketh a Quarter turne to the right or the left hand the other when hee maketh an halfe turne The first Motion the Greekes called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is defined by (b) Aelian Tact. c. 24. Aelian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Motion of the Souldier turning his face to the Picke or the Target that is to the right or the left hand For the Grecians as I told you before caried a Picke in their right hand and a Target in the left but I wonder why Aelian calleth it a Motion of the Armed Souldier onelie 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 seeing the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 did also use this Motion The action of this Motion is thus performed How to performe the Motiō the Souldier standeth firme with his left Legge and turning onelie vpon his heele draweth backe the right Legge if hee face to the right hand or bringeth foreward the right Legge if hee face to the left hand this is to bee done in a stand but in a March faceing to the right hand they must bring foreward their left Legge The use of the Motiō The use of this Motion at a stand is to be ready at an instant to receiue the charge of the Enemie if they assaile either of your Flankes But if ye face and march yee may thereby preuent the Enemie from falling vpon your winges (c) Leo Tact. c. 7. § 79. as Leo showeth by bringing your Battell to some Riuer or other Strength and also to eschew some dangerous ground as Alexander did at Arbela who perceiuing that Darius had strowed the ground betweene the two Battels with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Calthropes faced his right winge to the right hand and marched about (d) Polienus Stratag lib. 4. in Alexandro § 17. See Polienus But if the Enemie charge both your Flankes at one time yee must face the halfe of your Battell to the right hand the other half to the left that is the halfe of your Files which are vpon the right Flanke faces to the right hand the other halfe which are vpon the left Flanke faces to the left hand and this is the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 described by (e) Aelian Tact. c. 38. Aelian and not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as Captaine (f) In his Notes vpon Ael Tact. cap. 25. Bingame sayeth The formes of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 yee shall see in the figures following ABCD EFGH IKLMNO The figure A. B. C. D. is a faceing of the whole Battell to the right where that which was before the right Flanke B. D. is now become the Front the Reare before C. D. is now become the right Flāke the Front before A. B. is now become the left Flanke the left Flanke before A.C. is now become the Reare The figure E. F. G. H. is a faceing of the Battel to the left where that which was the left Flāk before E. G. is now become the Front The right Flanke F. H. the Reare The Front E. F. the right Flanke The Reare G. H. the left Flanke The figure I. K. L. M. N. O. is a faceing of the Battell to the right and left by diuision where the one halfe of the Battell K. L. N. O. consisting of 5. Files of Pickes and 5. of Musquetiers faces to the right hand and maketh the Front L O. which before was the right Flanke the other halfe I. K. M. N. consisting of alike Files faces to the left and maketh the Front I. M. which before was the left Flanke so that thereby it is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or a double fronted Battell The wordes of command are these Face to the right As yee were Face to the left As yee were Face to the right and left by diuision As yee were Some say onlie To the Right To the Left c. Our Scots wordes of command are Right about To your first oder Left about To your first oder Right and left about To your first oder But they are not so proper as the former The second manner of faceing is when the Souldiers maketh an halfe turne to the Reare by the right or left hand The French calleth it Demy tour a droit or a Gauch The Greekes calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which was either 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (g) Leo Tact. cap. 7. § 79. 84 Leo calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aelian (h) Aelian Tact. c. 24. defineth it to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Translation of the former aspect to the Reare The Motion is done as the other How to doe the Motion except that the Souldier maketh twise so great a Turne for standing fast with his left Leg he onelie turneth vpon his heele and draweth backe his right Legge if hee face to the right about and bringeth foreward his right Legge if hee face to the left about but in a March faceing to the right about hee must bring foreward his left Legge The use of it is The use of the Motion if the Enemie charge your Reare then yee are readie to receiue him by turning the faces of all the Souldiers of your Battell to the Reare against him which (i) Plutar. in Pyrro Pyrrhus King of Epirus did comming out of Argos beeing pressed with a multitude of Enemies and (k) Zenoph Cyroped lib. 7. 189. Cyrus comming from the walls of Babylon to his Campe often faced about his Armie to receiue the Enemie who saliing out of the
Files of the Bodie And in this doubling the halfe Files marching out from the Bodie breedeth no disorder nor disturbance at all but on the contrarie bringeth vp fresh aides vpon the Flankes against the Enemie and will affright him no lesse than if a newe Battaillion werecomming to charge him Lastlie it is more conducible for the use of doubling which yee shall see heereafter seeing it extendeth more the length of the Battell and keepeth it more from ouer-winging than any other doubling For if the enimie come vpon you with a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is an ouerwinging Battell minding to encompasse either of your Flankes by this Motion yee may handsomelie rencounter him For if it be your right Flanke which hee persewes yee ought to use the doubling Enteare to the right hand A. B. C. If it bee the left Flanke yee are to use the doubling Enteare to the left hand D. E. F. But if hee come vpon you with a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is an ouer-fronting Battell minding to encompasse both your Wings then yee are to use the doubling to the right and left by diuision G. H. I. K. so that by this Motion yee are readie to resist all his attempes (d) Capt. Bing in his Notes vpon Aeliā Tac. c. 29. § 3. 5. Captaine Bingam whose learning and vnderstanding in the Airte Militar is sufficientlie knowne doth allow of this Motion and commends it aboue the other do ublinges The illustrious (e) Count Mansfielde in his direction of Warre Count Mansfield himselfe whose Authoritie is sufficient to stoppe the mouthes of all contradictors discribeth this doubling and setteth it downe with the words of Command as verie usefull But laying aside Authoritie the argument is cleare That Motion which in time of fight without disturbance of the Battell bringeth supplie vnto it and annoyeth the Enemie is a steadable Motion But doubling of the Front enteare to either hand or by diuision is such a Motion Ergo it is a steadable Motion The major is manifest the minor I haue already provene so that this Motion remaineth good and steadable in seruice although those who vnderstand it not disdaine it and neglect the practise of it I haue insisted longer in this point than I would haue done because I cannot disgest the hautie ignorance of manie Commanders who slighteth and contemneth all thinges which surpasseth the reach of their vnderstanding There is yet other doublings of Ranks as namely by Counter-march which (f) Leo Tac c. 7.9.84 Leo describeth in those words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. And I haue seene it oft practised by the English It is thus done The Captaine commandeth the Files to counter-march to the right or left what Counter-march is yee shall see heereafter then the File-Leaders beginneth to turne and the rest following them they march downe through the Files till the Leaders bee in evin ranke with the Bringers-vp then presentlie hee commandeth them to halt or stand so that the last fiue Ranke are faced to the Front and the first fiue to the Reare The Captaine then if he will haue the Battell fronting as it was hee commandeth the first fiue Rankes to face about to him which done they shall all haue their faces directed one way towardes the Front But if hee please to turne the aspect of his whole Battell towardes the Reare hee commandeth thee Reare diuision or last fiue ranks to face about and so the whole Battell shall bee faced about to the Reare This is of singulare use against an enemie comming to charge your Reare and to encompasse you For by this Motion in an instant yee both double the length of your Battell and bring your best men to receiue the charge of the enemie And this is the use which the Emperour (g) Leo. Tact. § c. 7. Leo maketh of this Motion who was the breauest Commander of his tyme and who for his exquisite knowledge in the Arte Militarie was brought to weare the Imperiall Crowne There is another doubling of Rankes when the evin Rankes are drawne out fullie from the Bodie towardes either of the Flankes or else when they diuide themselues and march out towardes both Flankes together Count (h) Count Mansfield in his direct of warre Mansfield calles this to double the Front by the Flankes The Emperour (i) Leo. Tac. c. 7. § 69. Leo speaketh also of it and sayeth It is to be done by this word of command 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rankes also are doubled by wheeling the Flanks into the Bodie as yee shall see heere after The use of Doubling of Ranks The generall use of Doubling of Rankes (k) Aelian Tact. c. 28. Aelian setteth downe clearelie 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The length of the Battell is doubled when either they purpose to ouerwing the Enemie or else expectes to bee ouerwinged by him This did (l) Polienus Strat lib. 2. in Cleandrida § 4. Cleandridas the Lacedemonian Generall against the Leucans for he surpassing them in multitude first drew his Battell to a great deapth that he might allure them to charge which the Leucans seeing drew out their Armie in length came foreward to encompasse his winges but Cleandridas doubling the length of his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ouerfronted them and ouerthrew them The Emperour (m) Leo. Tact. cap. 7. § 69. Leo giueth another reason of Doubling the length of the Battell 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith he 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. The length of the Battell is doubled for ornament and to make a faire show or to make it equall with another Battell or else to affright the Enemie making him thinke your multitude to be greater then it is as did (n) Polienus Strat. lib. ◠in Antigono § 19. Antigonus against Eumenes But the Emperour (o) Leo Tact c. 14. § 108. Leo giues an good aduertisement and caution for doubling the length of the Battell whereof all Commanders should take heede 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sayth hee 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. When the deapth of the Battell is drawn vp in length it must not be so lengthned that it be ouerweakned in the deapth for it will fall out that the Enemies shall easilie breake it asunder and make a passage through it and will not onelie encompasse it before but passing through the midst will bee found behind and there doe great harme Wherefore a Generall should not onelie seeke to prevent this but to doe the like to the Enemie Aelian speaketh of a doubling of Rankes in place which is nothing but an opening of Files to a greater distance DOubling of Files OF doubling of Files is a Motion whereby the deapth of the Battell is increased and the length diminished by inserting the one halfe of the Files in the other (p) Leo Tact. c. 7. § 16 c. 14 § 109. Leo calleth this Motion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉
see the first ranke is casting it selfe in a File behind the right hand man V. X. is a Fileing to the left hand where the first Ranke is going to File behind the left hand man and as the first Rankes in both doeth so yee must imagine the rest to doe in an instant Y. Z. is a Fileing to the right and left by division where yee see the halfe of the first Ranke falling in behind the right hand man and the other halfe of it behind the left hand man which also yee must conceiue the rest of the Rankes to doe The wordes of Command File Ranke as yee were Rankes File to the right hand Rankes File to the left hand Some say Rankes File by conversion to the right or left hand Files as yee were Rankes File to the right and left by division Or Rankes File by inversion to the right or left There is yet a Doubling of Files by wheeling the Rankes to the right or left hand If the word be to the right the right hand man turnes to the right and the rest of his Ranke wheele together and come aboue him on the left hand all the Rankes doeth the like If the command bee to the left the left hand man turnes to the left the rest of his Ranke commeth all aboue him on the right hand and so all the other Rankes CD AB The figure A. B. is a wheeling to the right hand where yee see the first Ranke wheeling about the right hand man and comming vp vpon his left hand C. D. is a wheeling to the left hand where the first Ranke is wheeling about the left hand man and comming vp on his right hand and so doth all the rest of the Rankes The words of Command Rankes as ye were Rankes wheele to the right hand Rankes wheele to the left hand Yee may wheele Rankes also to the right or left by division The use of Doubling of Files is to strengthen the deapth of your Battell to resist the Enemie The use of Doubling of Files when yee thinke hee mindes to breake through and diuide your forces It serues also to let the shot goe through your Files when ye are marching towards an Fort for which the first maner of Doubling is proper the Fileing of Rankes to the right or left hand Also to giue a Vollie of Musquetados vpon either Flanke or both or to make a streete for a Generall or some great Commander to goe through or else to lodge the Colours The Fileing of Rankes to the right or left or both by division or the wheeling of Rankes performeth this It serueth also to make your Forces seeme small to allure the Enemie to fight as did (u) Polien Strat. lib 2. in Cleandri §. 4. Cleandridas against the Leucans who first first drew out his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in a greath deapth whereby his enemies contemning his apparentlie small number did charge him but hee instantlie doubling his Ranks did encompasse them and ouerthrow them But ye must take heed as the Emperour (x) Leo Tact. c. 14. §. 109. Leo advertiseth in these words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. That when yee double the deapth of your Battell yee make not the Front of your Armie too narrow and so giue occasion to the Enemie to ouerfront you encompasse you which was (y) Polyb. histor lib. 1. §. 10. Marcus Attilius Regulus his error in the Battell against the Carthagenians for hee fearing the Forces of the Carthagenian Elephants to breake through his Armie drew his Battell to so great a deapth that it was easilie encompassed by the Carthagenian horse-men led by Zantippus the Lacedemonian and by them vtterlie defeate and himselfe taken prisoner For as too much weakening of the deapth and doubling the length of your Battell puts in danger to bee diuided and broken So too much Doubling the deapth and diminishing the length puts it in perrill to bee ouerwinged and encompassed And therefore a wise Commander will haue a care if his Front bee narrow to take the advantage of a Trench River or Marish thereby to secure his Flankes that the Enemie may not annoy him there and if hee can attaine to none of those yet to make use of his owne Waggons Obserue that this Motion of Doublings alters the forme of the Battell changing both the length and the deapth thereof which no other Motion doeth Obserue also that in Doubling the length of your Battell ye make the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in doubling the deapth ye make the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 described by (z) Aelian Tact. c. 29. Aelian (a) Aelian Tact. c. 28. Aelian speaketh of a Doubling of the deapth in place which is nothing but an opening of Rankes to a geater distance Of Evolution or Counter-March Tit. 8. EVolution or Countermarch called by the Grecians (a) Aelian Tact. c. 26. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a Motion of the whole Battell whereby the Front is brought in place of the Reare or one Flanke in place of the other And therefore Countermarch is two fold of Files or of Ranks and both of those saith (b) Aelian Tact. c. 26. Aelian is threefold for either they gaine ground in marching not in charging or loose ground or keepe that same ground the first is called the Macedonian Countermarch the second the Lacedemonian the third the Chorean or Persian The Macedonian Countermarch by File so called from the Macedonians who were the inventers and users of it is described by (c) Aelian Tact. c. 27. Aelian in those wordes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. When the File-Leader turneth his face and the bringer vp with all the rest goe against him on the right or left hand and passing on to the ground before the Frōt of the phalanx placeth themselues in order one after another according as the File Leader himselfe hath turned his face Or it is when the File-Leader turneth his face and the next to him passing by him on the right or left hand placeth himselfe behind him so all the rest one after another As ye shall see in the figure following EFABCD A B C D is the Battell before the Countermarch E F A B the Battell after the Countermarch which hath left the ground A B C D wherein it stood which yee see marked with points and taken the ground before it E F A B and are all faced about to the Reare A B which before the Countermarch was the Front doeth yet remaine the Front but the right hand File B D is become the left hand File B F and the left hand File A C the right hand File A E. the Reare C D is now the Reare E F. The wordes of Command Files Countermarch and gaine ground The Lacedemonian Countermarch by File so called from the Lacedemonians who invented and practised this Motion is set downe by (d) Aelian Tact. c. 27. Aelian in those
Tact. c. 14. § 69. Leo and also beeing placed in the middle of the Battell or in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 described by (e) Aelian Tact. c. 8. Aelian or yet being inserted betweene the Files of the armed men as in the (f) Aeiian Tact. c. 30. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 how could the light armed I say and chiefelie Archers doe anie seruice how could they doe any harme to their E nemies without endamnadging their own Phalanx or Maniples The doubt is alike and yet the Auncients many times were accustomed to use this forme of Embattelling There is no question then but our Pickmen with their Bowes may doe the same execution as did the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or velites yea in this respect they haue a great advantage aboue their Archers seeing they had to shoote their Arrowes ouer the heades of 16 deepe attour the deapth of their own Bodie but the last Rankes of your Pickemen hath to shoote ouer the heade of 9. deepe onelie Al. wayes yee shall consider that the Enemie must be at a farre distance when the whole Battell shootes off otherwayes when hee comes nigh to charge as seldome hee will doe if this weapon bee rightlie used they must shoote a straight shoote and then the last Rankes can hardlie let flee their Arrowes except the first rankes charge at footte as I said in which case the first Rankes recouers their picks fastens their Bows commeth vp to close order chargeth their pickes against the Enemie the last Rankes standing still at their shooting Posture This Bow is verie steadable in warlike service VVherein the Bow excelles the Musquet and although the use thereof is almost quite extinguished by the furious execution which the Musquet appeareth to make yet I will proue it to surpasse the Musquet in manie respects first in surenesse because an archer cannot misse to nock his arrow and to shoote off but an Musquetier may fail of his shot by sundrie accidentes as by rolling out of the bullet by an badde matche an matche not right cocked by euill powlder or wet powder in his Pan and suche like and I haue oftentimes seene an Ranke of Musquetiers hauing presented and given fyre that three or foure of ten hath failed of their shot ye must know that in service there is no time to prime againe or to right their matche for they must fall away with the rest of their Ranke and make place to the next Ranke to giue fire Againe it surpasses the Musquet in readinesse for an Archer shall shoote sixe arrowes at the least before a Musquetier haue dismounted his Musquet Vncocked his matche Blowne his Pan primed shoote his Pan cast off his loose Powlder cast about his Musquet charged drawne out his scourer shortened his scourer done all therest of the Posturs which are requisite for the right using of the Musquet Also the Musquet as all fierie wapons is dangerous to them who are Vnskilfull for an unexpert man may spoile himselfe and many about him which inconvenient is notsubject to the Bow Lastlie it excelleth the Musquet in execution and pluralitie of vollies for an whole Battallion of Archers or Pickmen with their Bowes may shoot off all together wheras one Rank only of Musquetiers can giue fire at once vnlesse the rest would either shoote at random or else kill their leaders so that in an Battallion of 200 men halfe Picks halfe Musquetiers the Pickmen shall shoote 100 arrowes for 10 shot of Musquet wherfore so manie flights of 100 arrowes following suddenly and continually after others vpon the enemies Battallion shall assuredly so terrifie and disorder them that they shall bee forced rather to saue themselves by flight than either follow or a abide the charge Of what esteeme the Bow was in ancient tymes and how serviceable in warres (g) Veget. de re milit lib. 1. c. 15. Vegetius citeth the Bookes of Cato de disciplinâ militari and showeth the example of Claudius and Scipio Africanus who by this weapon ouercame their enemies whome otherwise they could not haue matched His wordes ar those QuaÌ„tum autem utilitatis boni sagittarij in preliis habeant Cato in libris de disciplinâ militari evidenter ostendit Claudius pluribus jaculatoribus ante institutis atque perdoctis hestem cui prius impar faerat superavit Africanus quidem Scipio cum adversum Numantinos qui exercitum populi Romani sub jugum miseraÌ„t esset acie certaturus aliter superiorem se futurum esse non credidit nisi in omnibus centuriis lectos sagitarios miscuisset The Emperour (h) Leo. Tact. c. 11. â—ultimo Leo after hee hath giuen Command to renew the practise of Archerie hee subjuneth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 meaning 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the neglect of Archerie hath brought great skaith and damnage to the Roman armie and it is certaine that by this weapon the (i) Veget. de re milit lib. 1. cap. 20. Gothes did subdue the Romans exstirpat their Empire By this weapon in leate times the English did euer ouerthrow the French cavallery therby obtained many great and famous victories as those of Cressi Poictiers agin court and others The Souldiers of the militarie yarde at London are taught to use a Musqueton or demy Musquet with their Pick which hangs about their Neck in a Belt like a carabine beeing two foot in length and of full Musquet bore 12. bullets to a pound but hauing a snapwork it wil carie blanck as far as a Musquet which I haue sene This demy Musquet they charge and discharge with as great facilitie as if they had nothing to use but their peace making their Picks as it were a rest vnto it but the use heereof cannot be so well vnderstoode by discourse as by practise Yet it is certaine that the first or last two Ranks only can haue the benefite of this weapon whereas the whole Battell of Pickmen may shoote off their Arrowes altogether And thus much for the exercising of Pickmen with a Bow or halfe Musquet wherein I haue insisted longer then I intended because the matter is worthie of imitation for it hath oftentimes grieved my minde that the choisest men in the Battell should patiently stand as a marke to the enemies shotte and thereby fall to the ground before they come to hands OF the exercising of Musquetiers This exercise of Pickemen with the Bow and halfe Musquet I haue not else whereseene except in the fornamed places but the exercising of Musquetiers is ordinarie euerie-where The Musquetiers most commonlie are placed in the Flankes of the Battell although vpon occasron the Commander sometimes will place them in the Front sometimes in the Reare sometimes make plottons of them or troupes of reserue Musquetiers then are to bee exercised and taught to Giue fyre three manner of wayes In the Front in the Reare in the Flankes By the first they gine fyre advancing vpon
make them fall backe with the right Legge and marching to set fordward the left Also they must know to charge to the right to the left to the Reare from beeing aduanced ordered or shouldered all alike readie and with alike promptitude For howsoeuer the Enemie appeare they must bee readie to charge from euerie Posture they stand in The Charging to the Reare by the left is the most easie and most commodious motion For the charging by the right although it bee much used by the French whē they commād La charge be a demytour a droit is verie troublesome and dangerous is discharged by the Law Countrie Discipline for they beeing at close order which is the distance wherein they Charge or receiue a Charge and turning to the right hand their Swordes doe chap and are entangled vpon their Side-men so that they annoy their Side-men and themselues are hindered to turne and therefore breedes a great embarras and confusion in the Battell This Posture Aduance or Mount your Picke which the French calleth Pique en haut the Greekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is to bee used in a Troope and in exercising their motions In a march they must alwayes haue their Pickes Shouldered either Leuell or Sloppe as the word shal be giuen When they come through a gatē or porte they must porte their pickes that is carie them as as they were halfe charged Vpon an halt or stand they must order their Pickes vnlesse there bee command to the contraire When the whole Battell chargeth one way the first 5. Rankes must onelie charge they way commanded and the other 5. if they bee 10. deipth must onlie port their pickes carie them so ouer the heads of the Leaders that they no wayes empesh them either in charging or retiring When they lift their Pickes from their shoulders to charge let them take heede to lift them in a right Line and paralell with their owne File for otherwise by inclining of thē to either hand they shall trouble their next Files When Battelles commeth to push of picke good Commanders sayeth that your picke-men must not push by aduanceing and retireing their Arme as commonlie is done but onelie goe joyntlie on together in a Rout without moueing their Armes The charge at the foote against horse is not now used in the Low-Countries but they charge ouer hand aloft because say they they haue the picke more at command to turne where they will The Posturs of the Musquetier are those following our Scots in the right hand columme the English in the left 1. Take vp your Musquet and your Rest 2. Recouer your Musquet joyne your rest to your Musq 3. Draw out your match 4. Blow your match 5. Cocke your match 6. Try your match 7. Guarde your pan 8. Presēt by blowing your match and opening your pan 9. Giue fire 10. Dismount your Musquet carie it with your rest 11. Vncocke your match 12. Returne your match 13. Blow your pan 14. Prime your pan 15. Shoote your pan 16. Cast off your louse powlder 17 Blow your pan lidde 18. Cast about your Musquet and traill your staffe 19. Charge your Musquet 20. Draw out your Ram sticke 21. Shorten your Ram-sticke 22 Put in your Bullet and ram downe your powlder Bullet 23. Draw out your Ram sticke 24. Shorten your Ram sticke 25. Put vp your Ram sticke 26. Fetch your Musquet forward with the left hand and hold it vp in the right and recouer the staffe 27. Shoulder your Musquet and carie your staffe with it 28. March and carie your staffe in your right hand 29. Sinke your Musquet and vnshoulder your Musquet 30. Lay your Musq on your staffe 31. Stād to your Sētinell posture 32. Hold your Musquet in your staffe with the left hand onelie in ballance 33. Lay downe your Musquet 1. Take vp your Musqut and your staffe 2. Recouer your Musquet and joyne your staffe to your Mus 3. Take out your lunt 4. Blow your Lunt 5. Cocke your lunt 6. Try your lunt 7. Guarde your pan 8. Present or lay on by blowing your lunt opening your pan 9. Giue fire 10. Take downe your Musquet and carie it with your stâffe 11. Vncocke your lunt 12. Put your lunt betwene your fingers 13. Blow your pan 14. Morse your pan 15. Shoote your pan 16. Cast off your lowse powlder 17 Blow your pan 18. Cast about your Musquet and traill your rest 19. Charge your Musquet 20. Draw foorth your scourer 21. Shorten your scourer 22. Charge with bullet and ram downe your poulder bullet 23 Draw foorth your scourer 24 Shorten your scourer 25. Returne your scourer 26. Bring about your Musquet and paise it and recouer your rest 27. Shoulder your Musquet and carie your rest with it 28. March and carie your rest in your right hand 29. Slip your Musquet and vnshoulder your Musquet 30. Rest your Musquet 31. Stād to your Sētinell Posture 32. To your saluting Posture 33. Lay downe your Musquet Obserue that all this multitude of Postures in seruice are redacted to three Make readie present and giue fire The Musquetier vpon a March is alwayes to haue his Musquet shouldered and the Rest in his right hand his left vpon the Butte-end or head of the Musquet Although I haue seene many Souldiers and chiefelie the lazie Dutches to carie their Musquet with their hand vpon the Barrell and the mouth before them which is an vnseemelie Posture and verie vnreadie for seruice Vpon one halt or stand the Musquetier is alwayes to rest his Musquet vnlesse hee haue command to the contrarie The Musquetiers are to carie the mouth of their Musquet high as well when they are shouldered as when they prime or guarde their pan or come vp to giue fire And when they blow their Match they are to bring their Musquet to their mouth and not to stoope to it A Musquetier in making readie and in falling away through an diuision or by counter-march must take good heede to carie his Musquet in a evin straight line with his File for if he carie it crosse hee will disturbe his neighbour Files When they giue fire against the Enemie beeing in open Fielde they must aime no higher than the Girdle of a man But within a Trench or Parapet where perchance nothing shall bee discouered but the heade of the Enemie they must aime at that part which appeareth How those Postures as well of the Picke as Musquet are to bee performed may bee some-what vnderstood by the figures which are set downe in his Excellence Graue Maurice his Booke of postures but they are neuer to bee learned without action and practise Of Motions and first of Faceing Tit. 6. SOuldiers then beeing Armed and drawen vp in an orderlie Bodie and knowing their distances marches Postures The chiefe thing thereafter that they are to learne is their Motions which are the life of an Armie for as the Soule is to the bodie so is Motions to a
wordes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. When the File-Leader turning his face about to the Picke transferreth the whole File to a place equall to the first the rest following standeth behind him or else When the Bringer-vp turnes his face about and hee that stood next before him passing by on either hand is placed againe next before him and the rest following takes place one before another as they stood till the File Leader be first GHIKLM G H I K is the Battell before the Countermarch I K L M the Battell after the Countermarch which hath left the ground it stood in before and taken the ground behind it the Flankes are changed as in the former figure H K the right Flanke to K M the left and G I the left Flanke to I L the right But the Front G H is brought to be the Front L M contrarie to the former where the Front of both figures A B did keepe still one place The wordes of Command Files Countermarch and loose ground The proceeding of this Countermarch is contrare to the former for the Macedonian tooke the ground before the Battell but this possesseth the ground after the Battell In the Macedonian the Motion is from the Reare to the Front in this the Motion is from the Front to the Reare The Macedonian seemeth to runne away but the Lacedemonian to charge and therefore it is preferred to the Macedonian by (e) Aelian Tact. c. 27. Aelian because sayeth hee 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It maketh a show of falling on the Enemie appearing behind Whereas the Macedonian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It maketh a semblance to the Enemies appearing in the Reare of flying away neuerhelesse in some cases the Macedonian is of greater use as if ye desire to gaine some ground of advantage or else when yee desire to March on not giue Battell for by it ye doe noways hinder your March but coÌ„tinueth the same in the meane time may mak your Musquetiers giue fire vpon the Enemie so that ye both March fight But the Laced emonian falleth on vpon the Enemie and interupteth the March (f) Zenephon bistor grec lib. 6.605 Agesilaus the Lacedemonian Generall seemeth to haue used this Countermarch when hee made his Armie to March out of the Straites of Mantinea perceiuing that his Enemies were to charge his Reare from the Hilles he made his Reare-guarde to Countermarch and goe out of the Straites himselfe staying last with the Avantguarde The samine (g) Zenoph hist grec lib. 4.519 Agesilaus hauing embattelled his Troupes at Coronea against the Thebans himselfe had the right wing of the phalanx put the Argiues on the left wing of the Theban Armie to flight but the Thebans hauing beaten the Orchemenians who were vpon his left wing forced a passage through them to the Baggadge which hee vnderstanding did presentlie Countermarch his phalanx ledde against them where after a fnrious chocke hee killed manie of them and manie fled away to Helicon after their Confederates The Persian or Cretan Countermarch used by the Persians and Cretans is also called Chorean from the similitude of the Grecian Dances which â—he Dauncers called Chorus used for they ordered themselues in Rankes and Files and danced one through another keeping the same bounds of the place This Countermarch is described by (h) Aelian Tact. c. 27. Aelian in those wordes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. The Chorean is when the File-leaders turning to the Picke or the Target preceedeth the File The rest following till the Leader haue gotten the place of the Bringer-vp the Bringer vp the place of the Leader the Bedie mouing joynthie together so that this Countermarch maintaines and keepes the samine ground the Batell stood in And this is our Moderne Countermarch which wee use in our exercease NOPQ Yee see the figure N O P Q where the File-leaders of euerie File with their next followers that is to say The first two Rankes are turned to the right hand and hath begun to Countermarch and are in the distances betwixt the Files so that the two last of euerie File that is The 10. and 9. Rank hath marched vp with the rest to the Front N O. and hath left the place of the Reare P Q so much voyd as the first two Ranks hath marched through the Files from the place of the Front so that the File-Leaders shall march vntill they come to the place of the Bringers-vp P Q. and the Bringers vp till they come to the place of the File leaders N O. and there doe stand and face about with the rest Captaine (i) Bingam in his Notes vpon Aelians Tact. c. 28. Bingam expresseth this Motion more liuelie by figures of Armed Picke-men The wordes of Command Files to the right hand Countermarch Files to the left hand Countermarch Our wordes of Command are Stringes to the right hand Countermarch Stringes to the left hand Countermarch Because this Chorean Countermarch is that which is used in our exercease How the Motion of this Counter-march is done I will shew you how the motion is performed If the word of Command be to Countermarch to the right hand then all the File-leaders at one instant stepeth foreward with the right legge and bringing about their left legge turneth their Bodie to the right hand and so march downe through the Files till they come to the place of the Bringers-vp where they shall stand the rest that followeth the File-leaders must not offer to turne before they haue come vp to the place of the File-leaders If the Command bee to the left hand then the File-leaders must step foreward with the left leg and bringing about the right legge turne their Bodie to the left hand march downe as the former The figure N O P Q showeth a Countermarch to the right hand The other to the left hand by it may be easilie vnderstood for if yee make the File-leaders to turne toward N P. which yee see now turned towards O Q. it shal be a Countermarch to the left haÌ„d It seemeth to mee to be this Chorean Countermarch whereof the Emperour (k) Leo Tact. c. 12 § 65. Lee speaketh giuing this word of Command 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It is to bee obserued in this Motion of Countermarch that cuerie follower remarke his Leader and his right hand man that by them hee may keepe a due distance for otherwise the least disorder in this Motion will breed a confusion of the whole Bodie Obserue also that this Motion of Countermarch cannot bee done but at open Order Also it ought not to bee practised when the Enemie is neare hand for if the Enemie should suddenlie charge a Battell while it is Counterraarching hee should assuredlie ouerthrow it so that in this case the best expedient is to face about your Battell The use of Countermarching of Files is if the Enemie appeare in the Reare and come to charge you
the enemie or receiuing his charge by the second reteiring from the enemie by the third marching by an enemie First then they are taught to Giue fire in the Front advancing vpon the enemie after this manner How to Giue fire in the Front A Sergeāt or some higher Officer if the body be great stands some 7 or 8 pace before the body commāds the first two Rankes of both winges to make readie and to come vp to him which when they haue done hee commands the first Ranke to present and giue fire and thereafter to fall away those of the right Flanke to the right hand those of the left Flanke to the left hand that is to marche away one after another in a File downe by the Flankes of the Battallion and joyne in the Reare euerie man behinde his owne File When the first Rank is fallen away the second presentes and giues fire and falles away as the first Immediatly as the first two Ranks doth moue to goe up and giue fire the next two Rankes must make ready and as soone as the first two Rankes are fallen away they goe vp to their place and giues fire and falles away in the like maner as they did So all the other Ranks by twoes are to doe the samine one after another vntill they haue all giuen fire when the first two Rankes are advanced the body moues vp to their place and the rest successively till the whole Rankes haue giuen fire and made way for the first Ranke to renew the volie ABCD Yee see in this Battell A B C D the first two Rankes of each wing are advanced before the body to giue fire and the first Ranke of both winges hath alreadie giuen fire and fallen away That of the right wing B D to the right hand that of the left wing A C to the left hand and both of them falleth downe to the Reare euerie man behinde his owne File The second Ranke of both winges hath presented to giue fire and thereafter falles away as the first did and so all the rest But if your Battallion cosist of any greater number as of 400 or 600 men so that ye haue 10 or 15 Musquetiers in Ranke on each wing then yee must observe to mak them fall away by diuisions that is they must divide themselues and fall away downe by the divisions or streetes which the Sergeant causes make to that purpose through the bodie of the Musquetiers those of the right wing falling to the right hand those of the lest wing falling to the left hand EFGHIKLMNO Yee see heere a Battallion of 400 men consisting of halfe Picks halfe Musquetiers hauing 10 Musquetiers in Ranke on each wing The right wing is G H M O The left wing E F I L The first Rank of both wings hath given fyre fallen away That of the right wing to the right hand the one halfe without the right Flanke H O the other halfe through the division N That of the left wing to the left hand the one halfe without the left Flanke E I the other through the diuision K. Or else ye may mak them fall away as I haue seene many doe on each wing to the right or left hand making those who fell away to the right hand through the division N to fall away to the left hand through the diuision G M betwixt the right wing of the Musquetiers and the body of the Pickes and those who fell away to the left hand through the division K to fall away to the right hand through the division F L betwixt the left wing of the Musquetiers and the body of the Pickes and by this meanes yee shall keep the body of your shotte whole and vndisioyned which many Commanders studie to doe But if your Battaillion be greater as consisting of 600 or 800 men so that yee haue 15 or 20 Musquetiers in Ranke on each VVinge then of necessitie yee muste make streetes or diuisiones through the body of your Musquetiers to them to fall away fiue fiue For good Commanders holds a maxime that more than fyue Musquetiers to make readie seruice ought not to fall away together and if the Front bee long then to make so many diuisiones as there is fiues to fall away because when the whole Ranke of Musquetiers if they bee many falles away together one after another they take a long time before they can all fall away and so hinders the next Ranke to come vp and giue fire whereas falling away by diuisions they doe it in an instant and makes present way for the next Ranke to giue fire as yee see in the figure following OPQRSTV O P Q V is the right wing of a Battell of 800. men containing 200. Musquetiers making 20 in Front yee see then the first Ranke O P hath giuen fire and divided it selfe in foure partes containing euerie one fyue falling all away to the right hand whereof the one is falling away by the right Flanke P V the next through the division T the third through the division S the fourth through the division R So that the whole twentie Musquetiers falleth away in as short time as fiue onelie would haue done whereas if they had fallen away altogether to either hand they would haue taken foure times as much time or had fallen away to the right and left they would haue taken twise so much time as they haue now takē in falling away by diuisions therfore makes ready way to the following Rankes to come vp giue fyre against the Enemie The like ye may vnderstand of the left wing of Musquetiers where they will all fall to the left hand as these hath done to the right This forme of falling away I haue found approued and haue seene practised by the most judicious and best experimented Commanders of our dayes Notwithstanding I know many Commanders who not considering this make all their Musquetiers fall off together or at the most to the right and left by division how manie so euer they bee For there are manie more curious to make vnlawfull gaines by their company then carefull to performe a duetie belonging to their charge I haue seene another maner of falling away used by the English which is by Counter march thus when the first Ranke hath giuen fyre all those of the ranke turneth together to the right hand and marcheth downe through the distances betweene the Files while they come to the Reare and likewise the second Ranke all the rest one after another And it is chiefelie used in a Phalanx amphistomus where the halfe of the Ranks of the Musquetiers giues fyre in the Front and the other halfe in the Reare when they Countermarch to the division which is made through the middle of the Rankes But to performe this the Files must bee at open order and they must bee verie expert Musquetiers They use another forme of giuing fyre in the Front without anie falling away thus when
yee may by this Motion bring your File-leaders who are your best men to encounter with him for it was euer the use of good Cōmanders to bring the front of their Battel against their enemies Thus Frōtinus witnesseth Alexāder Iulius Caesar to haue bene accustomed to bring the Souldiers who were in acie or the Front of the Battell to fight against their Enemie (l) Frontinus Strat. lib. I. c. 3. Alexander Macedo cum haberet vehementem exercitum semper eum statum belli elegit ut acie confligeret Caius Casar Bello civili cum exercitum vete ranum haberet hostium autem tyronem esse sciret acie semper decertare studuit COuntermarching of Rankes is when one wing of your Battell is brought in place of the other OF Counter-marching of Rankes or the wings into the midst of the Battell or one wing to double the other This Countermarch is also threefolde as the former of Files for it is Macedonian Laceden onian and Chorean The Macedonian taketh the ground which is on the contrare wing from the Enemie and therefore seemeth to march away from him The Lacedemonian taketh the ground which lyeth on the side of that wing which is towards the Enemie therefore maketh a show of charging him The Chorean keepeth still the same ground whereon the Battell stood before the Countermarch Aelian speaketh but little of those coūtermarches by Rāks neither haue I sene them much used in our exercise Yet for your vnderstanding I will set downe their Motion and their figures because some good use may bee made of them In the Macedonian Countermarch by Ranke the right hand corner File faces to the left hand stands the rest of euerie Ranke passes through and place themselues orderlie behind their right hand sidemen beginning either with the vttermost File on the left Flanke or with the File next the right hand File and so they take vp the ground which was on the right wing of the Battell RSVX STXY R S V X is the Battell before the Countermarch S T X Y the Battell after the Countermarche which hath left the place it had and takin the place vpon the right wing and are all faced about to the left so that the front before R S is now become the right Flanke S T. The right hand File before S X is now become the Front The words of command Left wing Countermarche through to the place beyond the right wing or Rankes Countermarche from the left wing to the right The Lacedemonian Countermarche by Ranke is when the left hand corner File turnes his face to the left hand the rest of euery Rank passe through to the left and place themselues orderly before their left hand side-man beginning either from the vttermost File on the right hand or from the File next to the left hand File ABDE BCEF Yee see this Battell hath left the place where it stood B C E F and taken the ground beyond the left wing A B D E they are all faced about to the left The Front before the Countermarch was B C and is now become the right Flanke A B. The right hād File C F is now the Front A D The left hand File B E keeping still its place becomes the Reare The wordes of Command Right wing Countermarche through to the place beyond the left wing or Rankes Countermarche from the right wing to the left The Chorean Countermarche by Ranke is when the right hand corner File faces to the left and marches forward to the place of the left hand File the rest of euery rank following it the body mouing joyntly together while the right hand File come to the place of the left hand File and the left hand File to the place of the right hand File so that the bodie keepeth still that same ground it had before or to doe this more easily face only about your Battell to the left and then command a Countermarche of Files and this will produce the samine effect for it is all one to bring the front of your Battell to the Reare when it is faced to the right as to bring the right wing to the left before it bee faced GHIK In this Battell ye see the first man of euery Ranke with his Sydman that is to say the first two Files on the right Flank H K are turned are Counter-marching through the distances betwixt the Ranks the rest hath followed them on to the right Flank and hath left the place of the left Flank G I so-much voyd as the first two Files hath marched through the Ranks from the place of the right Flanke So that the right hand File shall marche on till it come to the place of the left hand File G I And the left hand File till it come to the place of the right hand File H K and so the Battell shall maintaine the samine ground it stood in and bee faced to the left The words of Command are Ranks to the right or left hand Countermarche and maintaine ground Our words of Command are Countermarch your Ranks to the right or left hand The use of Countermarching by Ranks is when the enemie appeareth on your left wing to charge you yee may by this motion oppose him with your best men and bring your right wing in place of the left against him and may applie your left wing to some advantage as a Riuer Marish or Trench that thereby it may be secure from encompassing or else it serues to bring one of your wings in place of the other when beeing embattelled ye minde to change the forme of your embattelling as if yee desire to set the right wing of your Battell against the right wing of your enemies Battell for some advantage of fight This did (m) Herodot in Calliope 248. Plutarch in Aristide Pausanias generall of the Grecian armie at the Battell of Platea against the Persians who hauing embattelled the Lacedemonians in the right wing of his armie and the Athenians in the left Mardonius the Persian Generall gaue the Thebans and other Greekes his right wing and the Persians the left wing Now Pausanias desiring to oppose the Athenians against the Persians as beeing better acquainted with the Persian fights then the Lacedemonians he Countermarched his right wing to the place of the left and so brought the Athenians against the Persians which Mardonius perceiuing did the like immediatlie Countermarched his right wing of Thebans to the left wing of the Persians as fearing to joyne the Persians with the Athenians By this manner of Countermarche yee may bring your wings in place of the body of your batallion which is this done Your right hand File faces to the left the left hand File to the right and marche both in towards the center of the Battell while they meet other face to face the rest of each Ranke vpon both wings followes them and marches out vntill the two middle Files