you_o be_v far_o superior_a so_o in_o virtue_n worthy_a of_o your_o birth_n and_o year_n and_o in_o all_o hopeful_a expectation_n be_v you_o nothing_o inferior_a to_o adrian_n it_o may_v please_v your_o highness_n to_o regard_v he_o with_o a_o gracious_a eye_n and_o to_o esteem_v the_o presenter_n of_o he_o your_o faithful_a beadsman_n that_o will_v not_o cease_v to_o pray_v to_o the_o mighty_a god_n of_o host_n to_o give_v you_o conquest_n over_o all_o your_o enemy_n from_o my_o garrison_n at_o woudrichem_n in_o holland_n the_o 20_o of_o september_n 1616._o your_o highness_n most_o humble_o devote_a io_o bingham_n the_o tactic_n of_o aelian_n or_o art_n of_o embattail_v a_o army_n after_o the_o grecian_a manner_n the_o grecian_a art_n of_o embattail_v a_o army_n most_o mighty_a augustus_n cesar_n adrian_n the_o antiquity_n whereof_o reach_v back_o to_o the_o age_n wherein_o homer_n live_v have_v be_v commit_v to_o write_v by_o many_o who_o skill_n in_o the_o mathematics_n be_v not_o repute_v equal_a with_o i_o whereby_o i_o be_v induce_v to_o think_v it_o possible_a for_o i_o so_o to_o deliver_v the_o ground_n thereof_o that_o posterity_n shall_v rather_o regard_v and_o esteem_v my_o labour_n than_o they_o that_o before_o i_o have_v handle_v the_o same_o argument_n but_o weigh_v again_o my_o own_o ignorance_n for_o i_o must_v confess_v a_o truth_n in_o that_o skill_n &_o practice_v of_o arm_n which_o be_v now_o in_o esteem_n among_o the_o roman_n i_o be_v by_o fear_n withhold_v from_o revive_v a_o science_n half_n dead_a as_o it_o be_v and_o since_o the_o invention_n of_o that_o other_o by_o your_o ancestor_n altogether_o out_o of_o request_n and_o unregarded_a notwithstandinng_a come_v afterward_o to_o formie_a to_o do_v my_o duty_n to_o the_o 1_o emperor_n nerva_n your_o majesty_n father_n it_o be_v my_o fortune_n to_o spend_v sometime_o with_o 2_o frontine_n a_o man_n of_o consular_a dignintie_n and_o of_o great_a reputation_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o experience_n in_o military_a affair_n and_o after_o conference_n with_o he_o perceive_v he_o impart_v no_o less_o study_n to_o the_o grecian_a then_o to_o the_o roman_a discipline_n of_o arm_n i_o begin_v not_o to_o despise_v that_o of_o the_o grecian_n conceive_v that_o frontine_n will_v not_o so_o much_o affect_v it_o if_o he_o think_v it_o inferior_a to_o the_o roman_a have_v therefore_o in_o time_n past_o frame_v a_o project_n of_o this_o work_n but_o yet_o not_o dare_v then_o to_o publish_v it_o in_o regard_n of_o 3_o your_o majesty_n incomparable_a valour_n and_o experience_n which_o make_v you_o famous_a above_o all_o â—_z without_o exception_n that_o ever_o be_v i_o have_v of_o late_o take_v it_o again_o in_o hand_n &_o finish_v it_o be_v if_o i_o deceive_v not_o myself_o a_o work_n both_o worthy_a to_o be_v account_v of_o &_o of_o sufficiency_n especial_o with_o such_o as_o be_v studious_a of_o the_o art_n to_o obscure_v the_o credit_n of_o the_o ancient_a tactic_n for_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o perspicuity_n i_o dare_v bouldlie_o affirm_v the_o reader_n shall_v more_o advantage_v himself_o by_o this_o little_a volume_n then_o by_o all_o their_o write_n such_o be_v the_o order_n and_o method_n i_o have_v follow_v howbeit_o i_o dare_v scarce_o offer_v it_o to_o your_o majesty_n who_o have_v be_v general_n of_o so_o great_a war_n least_o happy_o it_o prove_v too_o too_o slender_a a_o present_a &_o altogether_o unworthy_a of_o your_o sacred_a view_n and_o yet_o if_o your_o majesty_n shall_v be_v please_v to_o think_v of_o it_o as_o of_o a_o greekish_a theory_n or_o a_o various_a discourse_n it_o may_v be_v it_o will_v give_v you_o some_o little_a delight_n the_o rather_o because_o you_o may_v therein_o behold_v 4_o alexander_n the_o macedon_n manner_n of_o marshal_v his_o field_n and_o for_o that_o i_o be_o not_o ignorant_a of_o your_o majesty_n more_o weighty_a affair_n i_o have_v repart_v it_o into_o chapter_n to_o the_o end_n you_o may_v without_o read_v the_o book_n in_o few_o word_n take_v the_o some_o of_o that_o which_o be_v to_o be_v deliver_v and_o without_o loss_n of_o time_n find_v the_o place_n you_o be_v desirous_a to_o peruse_v note_n the_o tactic_n as_o taxis_fw-la in_o a_o general_a sense_n signify_v order_n so_o tactico_v be_v as_o much_o as_o perteyn_a to_o order_n but_o special_o take_v it_o signify_v parteyn_a to_o order_n of_o a_o battle_n or_o to_o the_o embattail_v of_o a_o army_n here_o of_o the_o art_n of_o embattail_v a_o army_n be_v call_v tacticè_fw-la and_o he_o that_o be_v skilful_a and_o experience_v in_o that_o art_n tactico_v 3._o vegetius_n name_v he_o magistrum_fw-la armorum_fw-la and_o the_o book_n write_v of_o the_o art_n tactica_fw-la and_o that_o this_o be_v the_o true_a signification_n of_o the_o word_n may_v appear_v by_o xenophons_n cyropaedia_fw-la where_o the_o art_n tactick_a be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o art_n imperatory_n or_o art_n of_o a_o general_n he_o induce_v cyrus_n in_o a_o discourse_n with_o his_o father_n speak_v thus_o b._n in_o the_o end_n you_o ask_v i_o what_o my_o master_n teach_v i_o when_o he_o profess_v to_o teach_v the_o art_n imperatory_n and_o when_o i_o answer_v the_o tactic_n you_o smile_v and_o ask_v particular_o what_o the_o tactic_n avail_v without_o provision_n of_o thing_n necessary_a to_o live_v by_o what_o without_o preservation_n of_o health_n what_o without_o knowledge_n of_o art_n invent_v for_o the_o use_n of_o war_n what_o without_o obedience_n so_o that_o you_o plain_o show_v that_o the_o tactic_n be_v but_o a_o small_a portion_n of_o the_o art_n imperatory_n or_o of_o command_v a_o army_n thus_o xenophon_n make_v a_o difference_n between_o the_o art_n imperatory_n &_o the_o art_n tactick_a and_o in_o other_o place_n he_o speak_v yet_o more_o particular_o 227._o cyrus_n say_v he_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d it_o not_o the_o duty_n of_o a_o tactick_a to_o enlarge_v only_o or_o to_o stretch_v out_o in_o 〈◊〉_d the_o front_n of_o his_o phalange_n or_o to_o draw_v it_o out_o in_o depth_n or_o to_o reduce_v it_o from_o a_o wing_n to_o a_o phalange_n or_o to_o countermarche_v ready_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n but_o to_o divide_v it_o when_o need_n be_v &_o to_o place_v every_o part_n for_o most_o advantage_n &_o to_o lead_v it_o on_o speedy_o when_o occasion_n be_v of_o prevention_n yet_o sometime_o in_o a_o gener_fw-la all_o signification_n book_n entreat_v of_o the_o whole_a art_n of_o war_n be_v call_v tactic_n as_o the_o constitution_n military_a of_o the_o emperor_n leo_n be_v entitle_v tactica_fw-la leonis_fw-la perhaps_o of_o the_o best_a part_n because_o the_o philopaement_n art_n of_o embattail_v a_o army_n have_v always_o be_v esteem_v the_o chief_a point_n of_o skill_n in_o a_o general_n howbeit_o aelian_n in_o his_o title_n of_o this_o book_n take_v tacticè_fw-la in_o the_o straight_a 3._o signification_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o definition_n he_o allege_v out_o of_o aenaeas_n and_o polybius_n of_o who_o the_o first_o define_v the_o art_n tactick_a to_o be_v a_o science_n of_o warlike_a motion_n with_o who_o also_o 1._o leo_n agree_v the_o other_o to_o be_v a_o skill_n whereby_o a_o man_n take_v a_o multitude_n serviceable_a order_v it_o into_o file_n and_o body_n and_o instruct_v it_o sufficient_o in_o all_o thing_n appertein_v to_o war_n which_o two_o definition_n comprehend_v in_o few_o word_n the_o argument_n of_o the_o whole_a book_n for_o first_o aelian_n intreatcth_v of_o levieng_v &_o of_o arm_a man_n then_o of_o file_v next_o of_o join_v file_n and_o make_v body_n after_o of_o order_v the_o whole_a phalange_n or_o battle_n further_o of_o motion_n requisite_a to_o affront_v the_o enemy_n whersoever_o he_o give_v on_o whether_o in_o front_n flank_n or_o rear_v last_o of_o march_v and_o of_o the_o sundry_a form_n of_o battle_n carieng_n with_o they_o advantage_n of_o charge_v or_o repulse_v the_o enemy_n in_o your_o march_v he_o that_o will_v further_o under_o stand_v the_o bound_n of_o this_o art_n let_v he_o read_v in_o the_o 21._o chapter_n of_o leo_n the_o 58._o section_n 1_o the_o emperor_n nerva_n your_o majesty_n father_n the_o emperor_n nerva_n here_o mention_v be_v not_o nerva_n cocceius_n who_o succeed_v domitian_n but_o vlpius_n traianus_n who_o be_v also_o call_v nerva_n because_o he_o be_v adopt_v by_o nerva_n cocceius_n &_o succeed_v in_o the_o empire_n and_o where_o aelian_n term_v he_o adrians_n father_n indeed_o adrian_n pretend_v he_o be_v traian_n son_n by_o adoption_n but_o vitâ—adriani_n dio_n plain_o deny_v it_o &_o spartian_a say_v some_o report_v he_o be_v adopt_v by_o the_o faction_n of_o plotina_n traian_n wife_n by_o substitute_v one_o to_o speak_v with_o a_o faint_a voice_n as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v trajan_n upon_o
place_n the_o enemy_n common_o give_v upon_o the_o front_n we_o always_o turn_v against_o the_o enemy_n if_o we_o can_v the_o rear_n the_o enemy_n seek_v to_o attach_v and_o by_o it_o to_o distress_v we_o if_o he_o can_v the_o flank_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v secure_v by_o the_o horse_n and_o light_n arm_v for_o leo_n place_v the_o light_n arm_v and_o horse_n in_o the_o flank_n so_o these_o two_o place_n be_v most_o subject_a to_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o enemy_n require_v extraordinary_a care_n and_o assurance_n as_o for_o the_o weak_a which_o be_v in_o the_o midst_n they_o never_o come_v to_o strike_v stroke_n but_o after_o the_o front_n and_o rear_v be_v break_v 14_o in_o another_o place_n he_o write_v to_o this_o effect_n your_o contuberny_n the_o soldier_n that_o cabin_n together_o you_o shall_v order_v according_a to_o five_o man_n or_o to_o ten_o or_o to_o four_o or_o to_o eight_o or_o to_o sixteen_o as_o you_o shall_v find_v most_o convenient_a that_o be_v bind_v one_o to_o another_o with_o mutual_a acquaintance_n they_o may_v fight_v one_o for_o another_o in_o battle_n and_o be_v more_o valiant_a against_o the_o enemy_n but_o you_o shall_v do_v more_o wise_o if_o when_o you_o be_v to_o join_v you_o place_v brother_n by_o brother_n &_o friend_n by_o friend_n for_o when_o he_o that_o fight_v have_v a_o entire_o belove_a friend_n stand_v next_o behind_o he_o he_o must_v of_o necessity_n hazard_v himself_o with_o more_o eagerness_n for_o his_o friend_n sake_n and_o the_o other_o be_v ashamed_a not_o to_o requite_v one_o that_o sustain_v such_o danger_n in_o his_o behalf_n will_v hardly_o be_v bring_v to_o forsake_v his_o friend_n so_o well_o deserve_v and_o first_o betake_v himself_o to_o his_o foot_n the_o same_o be_v the_o advice_n of_o onosander_n and_o be_v much_o practise_v in_o ancient_a time_n the_o lochos_n hieros_n or_o holy-band_n of_o the_o theban_n whereof_o i_o speak_v before_o consist_v all_o of_o friend_n that_o have_v bind_v themselves_o one_o to_o another_o in_o friendship_n with_o this_o holy-band_n lepâ—da_fw-la pelopidas_n give_v the_o first_o disgraceful_a overthrow_n to_o the_o lacedaemonian_n that_o ever_o they_o have_v of_o this_o band_n ibib_fw-la plutarch_n write_v that_o it_o be_v never_o beat_v until_o the_o battle_n of_o chaeronaea_n when_o philip_n the_o father_n of_o alexander_n vanquish_v the_o athenian_a and_o theban_a force_n both_o together_o after_o which_o battle_n philip_n survey_v the_o dead_a body_n and_o come_v to_o the_o place_n where_o these_o three_o hundred_o lay_n all_o close_a mingle_a one_o with_o another_o and_o strike_v through_o with_o the_o macedonian_a pike_n he_o wonder_v great_o and_o hear_v that_o it_o be_v the_o band_n of_o lover_n and_o belove_a weep_v and_o say_v evil_o may_v they_o perish_v that_o suspect_v any_o filthiness_n in_o deed_n or_o suffer_v to_o have_v be_v practise_v among_o such_o man_n cyrus_n the_o elder_a have_v his_o homotimos_n nourish_v up_o together_o and_o alexander_n his_o hetairos_n who_o extraordinary_a service_n appear_v in_o all_o their_o battle_n 34._o diodorus_n siculus_n write_v of_o sesoosis_n the_o egyptian_a king_n to_o this_o effect_n at_o the_o birth_n of_o sesoosis_n his_o father_n do_v a_o magnificent_a and_o royal_a deed_n for_o gather_v together_o all_o the_o child_n of_o egypt_n that_o be_v bear_v the_o same_o day_n and_o set_v over_o they_o some_o to_o nourish_v and_o govern_v they_o he_o give_v the_o same_o education_n and_o institution_n to_o they_o all_o conceive_v that_o they_o that_o be_v bring_v up_o together_o &_o partaker_n of_o the_o same_o liberty_n will_v become_v the_o best_a affect_v and_o most_o assure_a fellow_n helper_n in_o war_n this_o be_v the_o judgement_n of_o myris_n the_o father_n of_o sesoosis_n king_n of_o egypt_n in_o provide_v assure_v assistance_n to_o his_o son_n for_o the_o conquer_a of_o the_o whole_a world_n which_o by_o certain_a blind_a prophecy_n be_v promise_v he_o now_o what_o little_a trust_v their_o be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o man_n that_o be_v not_o acquaint_v one_o with_o another_o pompey_n that_o great_a captain_n of_o the_o roman_n show_v in_o his_o epistle_n to_o domitius_n 20_o for_o man_n say_v he_o be_v not_o quick_o to_o be_v assemble_v hither_o by_o muster_n and_o if_o we_o have_v they_o you_o be_v not_o ignorant_a how_o much_o they_o may_v be_v rely_v upon_o be_v unacquainted_a to_o fight_v against_o old_a legion_n yet_o have_v leo_n another_o mixture_n in_o his_o file_n for_o he_o will_v have_v the_o old_a and_o new_a soldier_n put_v together_o in_o one_o file_n lest_o say_v he_o the_o old_a be_v by_o themselves_o alone_o prove_v weak_a and_o of_o small_a force_n and_o the_o young_a disorderly_a have_v little_a experience_n for_o the_o one_o albeit_o old_a yet_o be_v well_o acquaint_v with_o service_n the_o other_o albeit_o young_a and_o valiant_a yet_o be_v unskilful_a for_o the_o enomoty_n dimerie_n and_o file_n see_v the_o figure_n join_v of_o file_n chap._n vi_o 1_o join_v of_o file_n be_v when_o one_o file_n be_v lay_v flank-wise_a to_o another_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o second_o file_n to_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o and_o the_o follower_n of_o the_o second_o file-leader_n to_o the_o follower_n of_o the_o first_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n every_o man_n that_o rank_v cap._n 6._o join_v of_o file_n 1_o file_n 2_o file_n join_v 4_o file_n join_v the_o flank_n the_o front_n be_v call_v parastate_n as_o for_o example_n the_o leader_n of_o the_o second_o file_n to_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o and_o so_o their_o next_o follower_n and_o the_o rest_n as_o often_o then_o as_o the_o second_o file_n the_o three_o the_o four_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n be_v lay_v flank-wise_a to_o the_o first_o it_o be_v name_v join_v of_o file_n note_n 1_o join_v of_o file_n be_v a_o file_n of_o itself_o will_v work_v little_a effect_n against_o a_o enemy_n for_o what_o can_v a_o man_n alone_o in_o front_n do_v cyrus_n in_o 167._o xenophon_n wish_v that_o where_o as_o the_o egyptian_n stand_v a_o hundred_o in_o depth_n they_o have_v be_v in_o depth_n a_o thousand_o for_o so_o say_v he_o we_o shall_v have_v the_o few_o hand_n to_o fight_v against_o the_o rank_n bring_v the_o multitude_n of_o hand_n to_o fight_v and_o it_o be_v hold_v that_o the_o more_o hand_n be_v with_o conveniency_n bring_v to_o fight_v the_o more_o be_v his_o advantage_n that_o bring_v they_o this_o be_v do_v by_o join_v filâ—s_n together_o out_o of_o which_o join_v rank_n spring_n and_o rank_n the_o more_o they_o increase_v and_o extend_v themselves_o in_o length_n the_o more_o hand_n be_v ready_a to_o encounter_v the_o enemy_n now_o as_o it_o be_v say_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n that_o file_v consist_v of_o leader_n and_o follower_n from_o the_o first_o to_o the_o last_o so_o be_v it_o in_o this_o chapter_n say_v that_o rank_n consist_v of_o side_n man_n from_o one_o end_n of_o the_o length_n of_o the_o phalange_n to_o the_o other_o few_o or_o many_o man_n place_v side_n to_o side_n in_o a_o right_a line_n make_v a_o rank_n as_o in_o two_o or_o three_o file_n join_v together_o there_o be_v sixteen_o rank_n of_o two_o or_o three_o man_n in_o a_o rank_n and_o the_o two_o or_o three_o fileleader_n make_v the_o first_o rank_n their_o follower_n the_o next_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n until_o you_o come_v to_o the_o sixteen_o the_o like_a fall_v out_o in_o more_o file_n stratos_n vrbicius_n say_v that_o the_o fileleader_n make_v the_o front_n as_o they_o term_v it_o of_o the_o phalange_n which_o they_o call_v also_o the_o first_o rank_n and_o further_o he_o say_v they_o that_o run_v in_o a_o even_a line_n betwixt_o the_o two_o wing_n the_o right_a and_o the_o left_a be_v say_v to_o be_v parastatai_n or_o sideman_n likewise_o the_o last_o rank_n be_v call_v oura_n or_o the_o rear_n and_o the_o commander_n ouragos_n the_o bringer-up_a so_o vrbicius_n agree_v with_o aelian_n now_o out_o of_o these_o two_o chapter_n be_v a_o clear_a distinction_n of_o the_o name_n of_o soldier_n that_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o posture_n or_o place_n in_o battle_n make_v the_o diversity_n of_o file_n and_o rank_n they_o that_o make_v file_n be_v protostatai_n first-stander_n &_o epistatai_n after-stander_n which_o be_v by_o we_o common_o call_v leader_n and_o follower_n for_o these_o two_o say_v aelian_n make_v the_o file_n from_o the_o begin_n to_o the_o end_n parastatai_n side-stander_n or_o as_o we_o term_v they_o sideman_n make_v the_o rank_n and_o if_o you_o measure_v the_o length_n of_o the_o phalange_n you_o do_v it_o by_o number_n of_o man_n in_o the_o rank_n if_o the_o depth_n by_o number_n of_o man_n in_o the_o file_n of_o a_o phalange_n the_o length_n and_o depth_n thereof_o of_o rankinge_v and_o
wound_v many_o of_o they_o the_o stone_n and_o dart_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n be_v to_o fly_v over_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o that_o can_v not_o be_v unless_o the_o lightarmed_n be_v place_v behind_o i_o will_v add_v one_o example_n only_o out_o of_o plutarch_n to_o show_v the_o service_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n in_o the_o rear_n sylla_n plutarch_n discourse_v of_o the_o battle_n fight_v betwixt_o sylla_n and_o archelaus_n the_o general_n of_o mithridates_n at_o cheronaea_n have_v thus_o afterward_o the_o foot_n force_n come_v to_o join_v the_o barbarian_n hold_v out_o and_o charge_v their_o long_a pike_n and_o endeavour_v with_o lock_v their_o targett_v close_o together_o to_o maintain_v the_o order_n and_o closenes_n of_o their_o phalange_n the_o roman_n on_o the_o other_o side_n cast_v away_o their_o dart_n and_o draw_v their_o sword_n put_v by_o the_o enemy_n pike_n in_o choler_n to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v come_v quick_o up_o to_o they_o for_o they_o espy_v oppose_v against_o they_o in_o front_n 15000._o of_o the_o enemy_n slave_n that_o be_v enfranchise_v by_o proclamation_n of_o the_o king_n general_n &_o enroll_v amongst_o the_o arm_a and_o when_o the_o roman_a armed_z can_v hardly_o break_v they_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o depth_n and_o fast_o knit_v together_o and_o of_o their_o boldness_n in_o dare_v contrary_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o slave_n to_o abide_v the_o danger_n of_o the_o encounter_n the_o arrow_n and_o dart_v cast_v in_o abundance_n from_o the_o rear_n make_v they_o show_v their_o back_n and_o fall_v in_o a_o rout_n we_o find_v here_o that_o the_o lightarmed_n from_o the_o rear_n effect_v that_o which_o the_o arm_a can_v not_o these_o slave_n endure_v the_o shock_n and_o can_v not_o be_v break_v by_o the_o arm_a and_o yet_o be_v defeat_v with_o arrow_n and_o dart_n from_o the_o rear_n now_o for_o the_o distance_n that_o shall_v be_v betwixt_o the_o body_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o betwixt_o they_o and_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o arm_a aelian_n say_v nothing_o i_o make_v no_o doubt_n but_o there_o ought_v to_o be_v as_o great_a if_o not_o great_a as_o in_o the_o section_n of_o the_o arm_a for_o we_o must_v understand_v that_o the_o section_n that_o serve_v to_o sever_v the_o phalangarchy_n one_o from_o another_o must_v run_v through_o the_o lightarmed_n in_o depth_n to_o the_o rear_n and_o by_o they_o be_v the_o epixenagy_n to_o be_v divide_v a_o sunder_o as_o the_o phalangarchy_n be_v with_o epixenagy_n answer_v the_o phalangarchy_n for_o number_n of_o file_n albeit_o not_o in_o number_n of_o man_n likewise_o there_o ought_v to_o be_v a_o great_a space_n in_o rank_n and_o file_n than_o the_o arm_a have_v for_o the_o handle_n of_o missive_a weapon_n require_v more_o liberty_n of_o place_n than_o the_o manage_n of_o a_o pike_n or_o sword_n a_o dart_n can_v not_o be_v send_v for_o ciblie_o without_o run_v two_o or_o three_o step_n in_o the_o delivery_n of_o it_o a_o sling_n be_v throw_v and_o circle_v about_o the_o head_n before_o the_o stone_n or_o bullet_n can_v be_v force_v out_o to_o any_o purpose_n will_v not_o suffer_v a_o near_a slander_n by_o in_o bow_n and_o arrow_n be_v the_o like_a reason_n if_o they_o be_v use_v as_o they_o ought_v beside_o the_o lightarmed_n in_o their_o fight_n be_v tie_v to_o no_o certainty_n of_o order_n or_o ground_n but_o fight_v dispersedly_z so_o that_o the_o more_o ground_n they_o have_v the_o fit_a they_o be_v for_o service_n in_o which_o respect_n a_o large_a interval_n croswise_o betwixt_o the_o arm_a and_o they_o shall_v serve_v to_o purpose_v it_o have_v liberty_n for_o their_o motion_n forward_o and_o backward_o as_o occasion_n shall_v require_v 7_o and_o behind_o they_o the_o horse_n i_o have_v not_o read_v in_o any_o greek_n history_n that_o the_o horseman_n in_o a_o set_v battle_n have_v be_v range_v behind_o the_o lightarmed_n the_o usual_a manner_n be_v to_o place_v they_o in_o the_o â—_o wing_n so_o do_v alexander_n before_o he_o pass_v the_o river_n d_o granicus_n so_o 6â—_n at_o issos_n so_o at_o â—_o gangamela_n so_o do_v 686._o antigonus_n against_o eumenes_n and_o eumenes_n against_o antigonus_n so_o â—16_n ptolomeus_n against_o demetrius_n and_o demetrius_z against_o ptolomeus_n and_o in_o brief_a all_o the_o macedonian_n and_o the_o grecian_n before_o the_o macedonian_n be_v account_v of_o for_o matter_n of_o arm_n unless_o some_o special_a cause_n move_v a_o alteration_n and_o as_o i_o show_v out_o of_o xenophon_n before_o all_o their_o time_n c._n cyrus_n albeit_o he_o set_v the_o light_n arm_v in_o the_o rear_n notwithstanding_o he_o beestow_v the_o horse_n in_o the_o wing_n alexander_n have_v pass_v the_o river_n ister_n as_o long_o as_o he_o march_v in_o the_o corn_n land_n place_v his_o horse_n behind_o his_o e._n phalange_n when_o he_o enter_v the_o champaign_n he_o set_v they_o on_o the_o right_a wing_n and_o last_o cast_v his_o phalange_n in_o to_o a_o plaesium_n and_o order_v his_o horse_n before_o in_o the_o corne-land_n they_o follow_v for_o fear_n of_o a_o ambush_n in_o the_o champion_n they_o march_v on_o the_o right_a wing_n because_o on_o the_o left_a the_o phalange_n be_v secure_v by_o the_o river_n before_o the_o plaeâ—_n sium_fw-la that_o be_v overlayde_a with_o the_o multitude_n of_o the_o enimye_n they_o may_v have_v a_o sure_a retreat_n to_o the_o foot_n 64_o the_o same_o alexander_n when_o he_o be_v to_o fight_v the_o battle_n of_o issos_n with_o darius_n as_o long_o as_o he_o be_v in_o the_o straits_n marshal_v his_o horse_n after_o his_o foot_n but_o in_o march_v forward_o come_v to_o open_a ground_n when_o he_o may_v give_v full_a length_n to_o his_o phalange_n he_o place_v his_o horse_n on_o both_o the_o wing_n but_o the_o reason_n of_o set_v they_o behinde-was_a in_o the_o straightness_n of_o the_o place_n and_o he_o be_v incerteine_a how_o near_o the_o enemy_n lie_v be_v loathe_v to_o put_v they_o to_o hazard_v before_o they_o have_v liberty_n of_o ground_n to_o order_v themselves_o and_o may_v have_v assistance_n of_o the_o foot_n for_o otherwise_o it_o be_v a_o ordinary_a matter_n in_o march_v as_o it_o be_v the_o manner_n also_o at_o this_o day_n to_o dispose_v the_o horse_n half_o behind_o and_o half_o before_o i_o will_v content_v myself_o with_o one_o example_n when_o c._n agesilaus_n return_v out_o of_o asia_n pass_v through_o thessaly_n the_o thessalian_n ally_n of_o the_o theban_n follow_v he_o and_o seek_v to_o endammage_n his_o army_n to_o their_o uttermost_a he_o have_v before_o dispose_v his_o march_n into_o a_o plaesium_n with_o the_o horse_n half_a in_o front_n and_o half_o behind_o now_o when_o the_o thessalian_n cease_v not_o to_o molest_v he_o by_o fall_v upon_o his_o rear_n he_o send_v to_o the_o rear_n all_o the_o horse_n of_o the_o vantgarde_n except_v those_o that_o attend_v his_o person_n either_o party_n prepare_v themselves_o to_o fight_v the_o thessalian_n hold_v it_o not_o sure_a with_o horse_n alone_o to_o encounter_v arm_v foot_n turn_v about_o their_o face_n begin_v leisurely_o to_o retire_v and_o the_o lacedaemonian_n slow_o to_o follow_v agesilaus_n perceave_v the_o error_n of_o both_o send_v the_o best_a of_o his_o horse_n that_o be_v about_o he_o command_v they_o to_o signify_v to_o the_o rest_n that_o they_o together_o shall_v go_v and_o charge_v the_o thessalian_n with_o all_o speed_n and_o give_v no_o respite_n to_o they_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n the_o thessalian_n contrary_a to_o their_o expectation_n be_v hot_o charge_v some_o flee_v other_o some_o turn_v about_o towards_o the_o enemy_n other_o some_o endeavour_v to_o turn_v be_v surprise_v by_o their_o enemy_n that_o by_o that_o time_n be_v come_v up_o to_o their_o flank_v now_o for_o the_o reason_n of_o aelian_o place_v the_o horse_n in_o the_o rear_n i_o have_v no_o more_o to_o say_v then_o that_o from_o thence_o they_o may_v be_v soon_o draw_v to_o all_o place_n front_n flank_n or_o wheresoever_o the_o enemy_n be_v like_a to_o distress_n us._n for_o it_o have_v be_v the_o forecast_n of_o all_o general_n to_o fashion_v their_o battle_n according_a to_o the_o figure_n the_o enemy_n have_v before_o choose_v example_n be_v so_o plentiful_a i_o need_v not_o allege_v many_o only_o i_o will_v remember_v one_o latin_a story_n of_o place_v horse_n in_o the_o rear_n l._n lentulus_n and_o l._n manlius_n acidinus_n in_o spain_n be_v to_o fight_v with_o the_o illergetes_n and_o ansetan_n and_o other_o spaniard_n that_o have_v revolt_v from_o the_o roman_n in_o this_o very_a kind_n of_o place_v horse_n in_o the_o rear_n imitate_v and_o get_v the_o advantage_n of_o and_o defeat_v their_o enemy_n a._n livy_n have_v the_o story_n and_o write_v thus_o in_o effect_n the_o next_o day_n at_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o son_n
the_o spaniard_n be_v all_o arm_a and_o set_v in_o order_n show_v their_o c._n battle_n about_o a_o mile_n from_o the_o roman_a camp_n the_o ansetans_n be_v in_o the_o midst_n the_o illergetes_n hold_v the_o right_a wing_n other_o obscure_a people_n of_o spain_n the_o left_a betwixt_o the_o wing_n and_o the_o middle_a part_n they_o leave_v broad_a intervall_n to_o c._n give_v passage_n to_o their_o horse_n when_o time_n shall_v be_v to_o send_v they_o through_o to_o charge_n the_o roman_n embattle_v after_o their_o wont_a manner_n only_o then_o imitate_v the_o enemy_n in_o leave_v open_a way_n for_o the_o horse_n betwixt_o the_o legion_n â—_o lentulus_n imagine_v that_o party_n and_o none_o other_o shall_v have_v use_n of_o their_o horse_n that_o first_o possess_v these_o intervall_n of_o the_o adverse_a battle_n command_v cornelius_n the_o tribune_n to_o give_v direction_n to_o the_o horseman_n present_o to_o charge_v through_o the_o foot_n on_o both_o side_n come_v to_o blow_n and_o the_o fight_n be_v hard_a when_o the_o roman_a horseman_n pass_v through_o the_o space_n and_o fall_v upon_o the_o midst_n of_o their_o enemy_n at_o once_o disorder_v the_o battle_n of_o foot_n and_o shut_v â—p_v the_o way_n against_o the_o spanish_a horse_n by_o which_o mean_n after_o no_o long_a fight_n the_o enemy_n be_v utter_o defeat_v where_o livy_n say_v the_o roman_n embattle_v after_o their_o wont_a manner_n his_o meaning_n be_v they_o order_v themselves_o in_o maniple_n or_o battallion_n as_o we_o now_o term_v they_o for_o that_o be_v their_o wont_n but_o when_o he_o add_v they_o imitate_v the_o enemy_n in_o leave_v open_a way_n for_o the_o horse_n betwixt_o the_o legion_n we_o must_v understand_v that_o a_o legion_n be_v thus_o embattle_v c._n first_o they_o divide_v their_o legion_n in_o to_o thirty_o maniple_n ten_o of_o the_o hastati_fw-la ten_o of_o the_o principes_fw-la and_o ten_o of_o the_o triarij_fw-la the_o ten_o maniple_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la they_o set_v first_o in_o a_o even_a front_n leave_v so_o much_o distance_n or_o void_a ground_n betwixt_o every_o maniple_n as_o a_o maniple_n itself_o take_v up_o in_o stand_v at_o a_o reasonable_a space_n behind_o be_v the_o principes_fw-la place_v in_o as_o many_o maniple_n but_o so_o that_o their_o maniple_n stand_v direct_o behind_o the_o void_a space_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o against_o the_o body_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la they_o leave_v likewise_o space_n in_o the_o principes_fw-la to_o the_o end_n the_o hastati_fw-la be_v overlay_v may_v retire_v within_o those_o space_n or_o else_o themselves_o may_v advance_v against_o the_o enemy_n through_o the_o intervall_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la last_o at_o a_o large_a distance_n behind_o these_o be_v the_o triarij_fw-la set_v and_o divide_v with_o space_n betwixt_o every_o maniple_n which_o space_n be_v great_a enough_o to_o receive_v the_o principes_fw-la in_o case_n they_o retire_v also_o now_o the_o horse_n be_v order_v in_o the_o rear_n after_o the_o triarij_fw-la if_o from_o thence_o they_o have_v go_v to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n front_n through_o the_o space_n of_o the_o triarij_fw-la they_o must_v of_o necessity_n have_v fall_v upon_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o principes_fw-la whoe_o be_v set_v direct_o against_o the_o intervall_n or_o space_n to_o give_v therefore_o free_a passage_n to_o their_o horse_n the_o roman_a general_n remove_v the_o maniple_n of_o the_o principes_fw-la from_o their_o ordinary_a place_n and_o bestow_v they_o in_o a_o right_a line_n after_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o make_v a_o open_a lane_n as_o it_o be_v from_o the_o rear_n of_o their_o battle_n to_o the_o front_n so_o that_o nothing_o hinder_v the_o horse_n but_o they_o may_v free_o fly_v up_o to_o and_o fall_v upon_o the_o enemy_n front_n and_o yet_o i_o take_v not_o aelians_n meaning_n to_o be_v that_o the_o horse_n set_v in_o the_o rear_n shall_v during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o fight_n still_o remain_v there_o for_o so_o will_v no_o great_a service_n be_v have_v of_o they_o but_o he_o place_v they_o there_o the_o rather_o to_o avoid_v confusion_n in_o order_v the_o foot_n and_o that_o after_o their_o embattel_v they_o may_v be_v lead_v from_o thence_o to_o any_o place_n front_n or_o flank_n or_o wheresoever_o they_o may_v yield_v most_o use_v for_o in_o the_o fifteen_o and_o twenty_o chapter_n he_o will_v have_v both_o lightarmed_n and_o horse_n so_o place_v that_o they_o may_v answer_v all_o attempt_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o in_o his_o caution_n follow_v he_o say_v if_o occasion_n require_v both_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n may_v be_v otherwise_o place_v that_o they_o be_v usual_o place_v in_o the_o wing_n i_o have_v before_o show_v the_o example_n declare_v they_o be_v place_v in_o the_o rear_n sometime_o of_o place_v in_o the_o front_n there_o be_v also_o example_n a._n the_o lacedaemonian_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o leuctra_n against_o the_o theban_n place_v their_o horse_n before_o their_o phalange_n and_o try_v their_o fortune_n with_o â—hem_fw-mi and_o be_v beat_v before_o the_o foot_n join_v f._n the_o persian_n at_o the_o river_n granicus_n esteem_v their_o horse_n to_o be_v their_o chief_a strength_n oppose_v they_o upon_o the_o bank_n against_o alexander_n that_o be_v to_o pass_v over_o and_o embattail_v their_o foot_n behind_o the_o horse_n and_o alexander_n encounter_v they_o first_o with_o his_o horse_n before_o his_o foot_n can_v get_v over_o one_o example_n more_o i_o will_v add_v to_o show_v the_o reason_n why_o horse_n be_v sometime_o place_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n of_o foot_n 64â—_n eumenes_n be_v to_o fight_v against_o craterus_n and_o neoptolemus_n both_o great_a general_n that_o have_v serve_v under_o alexander_n in_o all_o his_o war_n order_v the_o fight_n thus_o because_o he_o under-stood_a that_o their_o army_n confisted_a of_o twenty_o thousand_o foot_n the_o most_o part_n macedonian_n renown_v for_o their_o valour_n and_o skill_n in_o fight_n in_o who_o they_o set_v their_o great_a trust_n and_o of_o more_o than_o two_o thousand_o horse_n and_o know_v his_o own_o foot_n albeit_o they_o be_v as_o many_o in_o number_n yet_o all_o to_o be_v ramass_n of_o diverse_a kind_n of_o people_n and_o that_o his_o own_o horse_n be_v five_o thousand_o with_o exceed_v the_o enemy_n both_o in_o number_n and_o valour_n he_o determine_v to_o hazard_v the_o battle_n upon_o his_o horse_n before_o the_o two_o phalanges_fw-la of_o foot_n shall_v come_v together_o advance_v therefore_o with_o his_o horse_n far_o before_o his_o foot_n he_o take_v the_o right_a wing_n himself_o and_o give_v the_o leave_v to_o two_o stranger_n to_o pharnabarus_n a_o persian_a the_o son_n of_o artabazus_n and_o to_o phoenix_n a_o tenedian_n craterus_n stand_v in_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o his_o own_o horse_n and_o place_v neoptolemus_n on_o the_o left_a and_o see_v the_o enemy_n horse_n come_v forward_o with_o great_a fury_n charge_v they_o first_o and_o fight_v brave_o but_o his_o horse_n fail_v under_o he_o he_o fall_v to_o ground_n and_o it_o be_v not_o know_v who_o he_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o medley_n and_o throng_n of_o those_o that_o give_v back_o and_o flee_v he_o be_v trample_v under_o foot_n and_o end_v his_o life_n after_o a_o strange_a manner_n by_o his_o death_n the_o enemy_n take_v courage_n and_o encompass_v their_o adversary_n on_o all_o side_n make_v a_o great_a slaughter_n and_o the_o right_a wing_n after_o this_o manner_n with_o might_n overpress_v and_o put_v to_o the_o worst_a be_v fain_o to_o fly_v for_o succour_n to_o the_o phalange_n of_o foot_n in_o the_o left_a wing_n neoptolemus_n stand_v direct_o against_o eumenes_n and_o the_o mutual_a sight_n of_o each_o breed_v a_o great_a emulation_n betwixt_o the_o general_n and_o a_o fervent_a desire_n to_o come_v to_o hand_n and_o be_v easy_o know_v both_o by_o their_o horse_n and_o other_o mark_n they_o fly_v one_o upon_o another_o and_o out_o of_o their_o single_a fight_n make_v away_o to_o a_o consequent_a victory_n and_o first_o they_o assail_v one_o another_o with_o sword_n and_o after_o fall_v into_o a_o unlooked_a for_o and_o wonderful_a monomachy_n for_o be_v transport_v with_o anger_n and_o mutual_a hatred_n quit_v the_o reins_n of_o their_o bridle_n with_o their_o left_a hand_n they_o each_o seize_v and_o take_v hold_v upon_o the_o body_n of_o other_o which_o hapen_v and_o the_o horse_n continue_v their_o careare_fw-la and_o spring_v from_o under_o they_o they_o both_o fall_v to_o the_o ground_n neither_o of_o they_o can_v well_o arise_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o sudden_a &_o violent_a fall_n and_o of_o the_o heaviness_n of_o their_o armour_n yet_o eumenes_n get_v up_o first_o and_o prevent_v neoptolemus_n strike_v he_o on_o the_o ham_n the_o wound_n be_v wide_a and_o his_o strength_n of_o foot_v thereby_o fail_v
antiquity_n be_v repulse_v by_o it_o at_o a_o siege_n force_v to_o retire_v in_o a_o battle_n dare_v not_o come_v near_o it_o after_o they_o have_v gain_v the_o field_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n and_o the_o consul_n aemilius_n a_o man_n that_o have_v see_v much_o service_n and_o fight_v many_o a_o battle_n and_o be_v one_o of_o the_o best_a general_n of_o that_o time_n confess_v he_o never_o see_v so_o fearful_a a_o sight_n as_o when_o he_o behold_v the_o phalange_n advance_v into_o the_o field_n the_o body_n join_v the_o target_n ser_v and_o lock_v together_o dart_v out_o fire_n like_o lightning_n the_o front_n rough_a with_o couch_v and_o charge_v pike_n and_o arm_v with_o iron_n and_o threaten_v present_a death_n to_o he_o that_o dare_v approach_v 3_o occupy_v two_o cubit_n of_o ground_n we_o may_v not_o take_v it_o as_o though_o the_o soldier_n betwixt_o file_n and_o file_n have_v two_o cubit_n or_o three_o foot_n of_o ground_n for_o we_o learn_v before_o that_o in_o lock_v up_o the_o phalange_n the_o distance_n between_o man_n and_o man_n in_o front_n be_v but_o a_o cubit_n but_o it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v between_o rank_n and_o rank_n for_o polybius_n say_v that_o the_o soldier_n ought_v to_o have_v room_n for_o the_o use_n of_o his_o weapon_n which_o can_v be_v without_o grant_v he_o three_o foot_n behind_o the_o pike_n be_v sometime_o to_o be_v push_v forward_o sometime_o to_o be_v draw_v back_o sometime_o otherwise_o handle_v as_o occasion_n of_o fight_n shall_v require_v the_o length_n of_o the_o pike_n be_v 16_o cubit_n a_o sixteen_o cubit_n which_o be_v twenty_o 3â—_n four_o foot_n be_v a_o great_a length_n for_o a_o pike_n and_o it_o verifi_v the_o word_n of_o livy_n that_o the_o macedonian_a pike_n be_v unwealdy_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o length_n and_o weight_n yet_o do_v we_o read_v of_o pike_n of_o that_o length_n the_o 2._o aeâ—essans_n have_v such_o the_o â—_o chalybes_n pike_n be_v about_o 15_o cubit_n long_o a._n but_o 16_o be_v the_o length_n at_o the_o first_o the_o maccdonian_o bring_v it_o to_o 14_o which_o they_o take_v to_o be_v a_o sufficient_a length_n against_o the_o enemy_n and_o easy_a for_o the_o pikeman_n to_o bear_v and_o handle_v 4_o the_o space_n in_o charge_v betwixt_o the_o hand_n take_v up_o two_o cubiâ—s_n herein_o be_v a_o difference_n between_o aelian_n and_o polybius_n aelian_n will_v have_v no_o more_o than_o 2_o cubit_n lose_v in_o charge_v a._n polybius_n say_v 4._o be_v lose_v and_o with_o polybius_n agree_v leo._n but_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o difference_n arise_v out_o of_o the_o form_n of_o the_o pike_n and_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o hold_v it_o 39_o in_o the_o charge_n if_o it_o be_v hold_v at_o the_o butt_n end_n with_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o support_v towards_o the_o arm_a end_n with_o the_o left_a as_o the_o manner_n in_o charge_v be_v it_o can_v loose_v above_o two_o cubit_n and_o aeâ—an_n be_v in_o the_o right_n but_o if_o in_o hold_v it_o you_o set_v the_o right_a hand_n 2_o cubit_n from_o the_o butt_n and_o then_o must_v 4_o cubit_n of_o necessity_n be_v lose_v whereof_o 2_o rest_n behind_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o other_o two_o be_v take_v up_o by_o the_o space_n betwixt_o both_o hand_n our_o manner_n of_o charge_v be_v at_o this_o day_n to_o take_v the_o butt_n end_n in_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o in_o so_o do_v we_o lose_v but_o two_o cubit_n but_o it_o seem_v our_o pike_n be_v not_o make_v in_o that_o form_n they_o be_v in_o polybius_n time_n in_o polybius_n age_n they_o have_v weight_n at_o the_o but_o end_v to_o make_v the_o sharp_a end_n the_o light_a as_o the_o heavy_a pummel_n lighter_v the_o sword_n in_o handle_v a._n this_o weight_n be_v call_v â—_o secoma_n as_o it_o be_v a_o counterweight_n to_o the_o heaviness_n and_o length_n of_o the_o pike_n neither_o do_v i_o read_v any_o thing_n elsewhere_o then_o in_o polybius_n concern_v the_o counterweight_n of_o a_o pike_n to_o the_o handle_n of_o a_o oar_n i_o find_v in_o a._n atheneus_n that_o lead_n be_v add_v to_o make_v the_o part_n stand_v out_o from_o the_o ship_n more_o light_a but_o yet_o polybius_n and_o aelian_o opinion_n may_v well_o agree_v and_o in_o pike_n that_o have_v counterweight_n at_o their_o end_n the_o hold_n for_o charge_v be_v take_v two_o cubit_n from_o the_o butt_n end_n there_o may_v be_v lose_v four_o cubit_n where_o the_o other_o sort_n be_v hold_v at_o the_o butt_n end_v itself_o lose_v but_o 2_o cubit_n 5_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o other_o behind_o can_v reach_v to_o the_o first_o rank_n how_o shall_v they_o bear_v their_o pike_n then_o d_o polybius_n show_v what_o the_o manner_n be_v those_o rank_n say_v he_o that_o stand_v behind_o the_o five_o can_v help_v nothing_o to_o the_o fight_n in_o front_n and_o therefore_o they_o charge_v not_o their_o pike_n low_a but_o bear_v they_o towards_o their_o forestander_n shoulder_n the_o point_n somewhat_o erect_v to_o secure_v the_o battle_n from_o above_o intercept_n by_o their_o thick_a lie_v the_o missive_a weapon_n which_o fly_v over_o the_o front_n will_v otherwise_o fall_v upon_o their_o head_n that_o be_v place_v towards_o the_o rear_n polybius_n say_v the_o manner_n be_v neither_o to_o charge_v nor_o order_v their_o pike_n but_o to_o bear_v they_o forward_o stop_v towards_o the_o shoulder_n of_o their_o companion_n before_o yet_o by_o bearin_fw-mi they_o so_o what_o security_n they_o can_v â—ue_v from_o the_o missive_a weapon_n that_o come_v aloft_o i_o can_v yet_o conceive_v a_o arrow_n dart_n or_o stone_n unless_o it_o hit_v just_a on_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o pike_n will_v do_v as_o much_o and_o sometime_o more_o harm_n by_o glance_v then_o if_o it_o have_v not_o touch_v they_o at_o all_o some_o will_v have_v the_o hinder_a pike_n long_o the_o opinion_n of_o they_o who_o aelian_n here_o speak_v of_o have_v little_a reason_n to_o ground_n upon_o for_o either_o the_o pike_n of_o thâ—m_n that_o come_v in_o the_o five_o rank_n behind_o especial_o the_o two_o last_o must_v exceed_v in_o length_n or_o else_o the_o fileleaderâ—_n pike_n in_o shortness_n both_o which_o be_v â—like_o unprofitable_a if_o they_o be_v too_o long_o they_o can_v be_v wield_v if_o these_o too_o short_a the_o enemy_n shall_v reach_v the_o fileleader_n and_o not_o the_o fileleader_n the_o enemy_n the_o measure_n of_o the_o long_a pike_n be_v 16_o cubit_n which_o yet_o for_o aptness_n and_o use_n be_v by_o the_o macedonian_n reduce_v to_o 14._o say_v then_o the_o sixteen_o rank_n carry_v pike_n of_o 16_o cubit_n two_o of_o the_o cubit_n according_a to_o aelian_n be_v take_v away_o in_o handle_v other_o ten_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o five_o former_a rank_n four_o cubit_n alone_o remain_v and_o reach_v over_o the_o front_n if_o the_o file_n leader_n in_o the_o front_n shorten_v his_o pike_n to_o four_o cubit_n to_o make_v a_o even_a extension_n he_o shall_v not_o come_v near_o the_o enemy_n by_o ten_o cubit_n who_o in_o push_v will_v reach_v home_o to_o he_o for_o what_o length_n soever_o be_v take_v from_o the_o file-leader_n in_o front_n the_o same_o be_v give_v to_o the_o enemy_n that_o push_v with_o he_o and_o he_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o wound_v the_o file-leader_n and_o not_o the_o file-leader_n he_o especial_o the_o pike_n differ_v in_o so_o great_a a_o proportion_n 6_o the_o superordinarie_a lieutenant_n of_o every_o syntagma_n i_o have_v before_o note_v the_o duty_n of_o a_o lieutenant_n of_o the_o syntagma_n and_o it_o be_v here_o well_o express_v by_o aelian_n he_o that_o desire_v to_o see_v more_o touch_v the_o same_o let_v he_o resort_v to_o xenophons_n cyropaedia_fw-la lib._n 3._o 28._o and_o lib._n 7._o 178._o b._n and_o to_o leo_n cap._n 14._o §_o 79._o the_o place_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o the_o number_n of_o every_o file_n chap._n xv._n thus_o much_o of_o order_v and_o marshal_v the_o armed-foote_n i_o will_v add_v a_o word_n or_o two_o of_o the_o lightarmed_n or_o naked_a 1_o the_o general_n be_v to_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n so_o that_o they_o be_v ready_a for_o all_o attempt_n of_o the_o enemy_n sometime_o in_o front_n sometime_o in_o flank_n sometime_o in_o the_o rear_n according_a to_o occasion_n or_o necessity_n for_o our_o purpose_n let_v they_o be_v thus_o order_v we_o will_v frame_v also_o of_o they_o 1024_o file_n as_o many_o as_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o arm_a contain_v so_o that_o the_o first_o file_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n be_v place_v direct_o behind_o the_o first_o file_n of_o the_o arm_a and_o the_o second_o file_n behind_o the_o second_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n 2_o yet_o shall_v they_o not_o be_v sixteen_o to_o the_o file_n but_o half_o so_o many_o namely_o eight_o
the_o notable_a effect_n thereof_o at_o mantinaea_n now_o aelian_n bring_v reason_n why_o the_o wedge_n be_v hold_v better_a than_o the_o square_n let_v i_o with_o leave_n add_v a_o word_n or_o two_o why_o i_o take_v it_o to_o be_v better_a than_o the_o rhombe_n and_o first_o it_o can_v be_v deny_v that_o the_o wedge_n have_v the_o same_o manner_n of_o disposition_n that_o the_o rhombe_n have_v that_o be_v a_o front_n end_v in_o a_o point_n where_o the_o captain_n stand_v two_o point_n of_o the_o two_o flank_n where_o the_o flanke-commander_n stand_v the_o lieutenant_n in_o the_o rear_n and_o the_o best_a man_n in_o the_o flank_n but_o it_o must_v be_v as_o powerful_a to_o open_v the_o enemy_n battle_n as_o the_o rhombe_n be_v then_o it_o have_v this_o advantage_n of_o the_o rhombe_n that_o it_o bring_v more_o hand_n to_o fight_v for_o let_v the_o rhombe_n and_o wedge_n be_v frame_v of_o a_o equal_a number_n the_o wedge_n in_o figure_n resemble_v the_o forepart_n of_o the_o rhombe_n must_v have_v the_o horse_n that_o shall_v be_v range_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o rhombe_n orderly_o couch_v within_o the_o 3_o side_n thereof_o where_o by_o both_o the_o number_n of_o the_o horse_n in_o the_o side_n be_v increase_v and_o the_o bulk_n of_o the_o body_n betwixt_o flank_n and_o flank_v enlarge_v and_o see_v both_o the_o rhombe_n and_o the_o wedge_n go_v to_o the_o charge_n with_o the_o point_n of_o their_o front_n the_o wedge_n both_o have_v the_o property_n to_o pierce_v and_o enter_v the_o enemy_n battle_n by_o art_n and_o sleight_n as_o well_o as_o the_o rhombe_n and_o do_v it_o with_o more_o strength_n because_o of_o the_o great_a number_n of_o hand_n in_o the_o side_n which_o all_o come_v to_o fight_v join_v that_o the_o hinder_a part_n of_o the_o rhombe_n serve_v only_o to_o avoid_v surprise_v and_o work_v nothing_o in_o charge_v for_o after_o the_o two_o flank_n point_n be_v enter_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o rhombe_n grow_v narrow_a and_o narrow_a towards_o the_o rear_n fall_v further_o off_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o be_v content_a only_a to_o follow_v the_o way_n that_o be_v make_v to_o hand_n by_o the_o front_n and_o flank_n without_o be_v able_a to_o strike_v a_o stroke_n especial_o if_o it_o preserve_v the_o order_n it_o ought_v to_o keep_v whereas_o all_o part_n of_o the_o wedge_n be_v effectual_a the_o point_n to_o enter_v the_o side_n even_o to_o the_o flank_n corner_n where_o the_o rear_n end_v to_o dispart_v and_o dissever_v and_o final_o to_o disorder_v the_o enemy_n whereby_o the_o victory_n ensue_v and_o if_o we_o may_v rely_v upon_o authority_n the_o authority_n of_o king_n philip_n will_v sway_v much_o for_o the_o wedge_n for_o unless_o he_o have_v hold_v it_o better_o than_o the_o rhombe_n he_o will_v not_o have_v choose_v nor_o accustom_v his_o macedonian_n to_o it_o nor_o alexander_n after_o retain_v it_o if_o he_o have_v not_o be_v of_o the_o same_o opinion_n neither_o do_v the_o event_n deceive_v they_o for_o almost_o in_o all_o battle_n their_o horse_n thus_o dispose_v carry_v away_o the_o victory_n but_o as_o i_o before_o note_v neither_o rhombe_n nor_o wedge_n have_v find_v grace_n in_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o great_a general_n of_o our_o day_n nor_o can_v we_o tell_v what_o to_o insist_v upon_o till_o experience_n have_v teach_v how_o well_o these_o form_n will_v agree_v with_o the_o weapon_n and_o service_n of_o our_o modern_a war_n 4_o the_o persian_n make_v choice_n of_o square_n the_o square_a be_v the_o three_o and_o last_o form_n of_o horsebattaile_n that_o aelian_n mention_v whereof_o there_o be_v three_o kind_n one_o with_o a_o large_a front_n than_o flank_n a_o other_o with_o a_o large_a flank_n than_o front_n the_o three_o with_o front_n and_o flank_v equal_a all_o these_o three_o be_v use_v among_o the_o persian_n and_o grecian_n for_o two_o of_o the_o first_o xenophon_n may_v witness_v when_o agesilaus_n after_o tissaphernes_n the_o king_n of_o persia_n lieutenant_n in_o part_n of_o the_o lesser_a asia_n have_v break_v truce_n with_o he_o make_v a_o incursion_n into_o phrigia_n d._n xenophon_n tell_v that_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o journey_n be_v without_o impediment_n till_o he_o come_v not_o far_o from_o dascylium_n there_o when_o his_o horseman_n gallop_v to_o a_o hill_n to_o discover_v the_o country_n by_o chance_n the_o horseman_n of_o pharnabazus_n a_o other_o of_o the_o king_n of_o persian_n lieutenant_n be_v about_o the_o same_o number_n that_o the_o grecian_n be_v and_o send_v by_o pharnabazus_n under_o the_o command_n of_o rathynes_n and_o bancaeus_n his_o bastard_n brother_n gallop_v up_o the_o same_o hill_n and_o discover_v one_o the_o other_o no_o further_o of_o than_o two_o part_n of_o a_o furlong_n at_o the_o first_o they_o stand_v still_o the_o grecian_n order_v phalange-wise_a 4_o in_o depth_n the_o barbarian_n make_v their_o front_n 12_o in_o length_n the_o depth_n many_o more_o afterwards_o the_o barbarian_n begin_v first_o to_o charge_n when_o they_o come_v to_o hand_n all_o the_o grecian_n that_o join_v break_v their_o staff_n the_o persian_n have_v corneil_n dart_v kill_v some_o 12_o horseman_n and_o 2_o horse_n hereupon_o the_o grecian_n flee_v but_o when_o agesilaus_n come_v with_o the_o army_n to_o the_o rescue_n the_o barbarian_n again_o forsake_v the_o field_n the_o persian_n than_o use_v a_o square_a long_o in_o flank_n than_o front_n the_o grecian_a a_o square_a long_o in_o front_n theu_o flank_n but_o which_o of_o the_o three_o square_n be_v most_o to_o be_v esteem_v aelian_n show_v in_o the_o word_n follow_v say_v those_o square_n be_v best_a that_o 5_o double_v the_o number_n of_o the_o length_n to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o depth_n what_o the_o length_n and_o depth_n in_o a_o battle_n be_v we_o have_v see_v before_o yet_o to_o understand_v aelian_n the_o better_a let_v we_o repeat_v that_o the_o length_n of_o a_o battle_n be_v the_o extension_n of_o the_o front_n the_o depth_n the_o extension_n of_o the_o flank_n to_o double_v then_o the_o number_n of_o the_o length_n to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o depth_n be_v to_o place_n twice_o so_o many_o man_n in_o front_n as_o in_o flank_n as_o for_o the_o purpose_n 6_o in_o front_n 3_o in_o flank_n or_o 8_o in_o front_n 4_o in_o flank_n or_o 10_o in_o front_n 5_o in_o flank_n and_o that_o this_o be_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n appear_v by_o the_o lycurgo_n oulamos_n or_o horse-troupe_n institute_v by_o lycurgus_n which_o be_v figure_v tetragonal_o with_o 4_o equal_a side_n and_o contain_v in_o it_o 50_o horse_n now_o that_o it_o can_v not_o be_v a_o square_a of_o number_n that_o be_v to_o have_v as_o many_o horse_n in_o flank_n as_o in_o front_n may_v hereby_o be_v show_v because_o no_o square_a number_n will_v make_v 50._o the_o near_a be_v 7_o time_n 7_o which_o amount_v to_o 49._o but_o proportion_v the_o number_n of_o the_o length_n double_a to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o depth_n that_o be_v 10_o in_o front_n and_o 5_o in_o flank_n even_o 50_o will_v arise_v so_o that_o the_o horse_n troop_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n have_v the_o number_n of_o the_o length_n double_a to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o depth_n and_o make_v a_o square_a in_o the_o equality_n of_o measure_n of_o the_o side_n not_o in_o number_n which_o be_v the_o tetragonall_a figure_n whereof_o plutarch_n speak_v and_o where_o xenophon_n as_o i_o have_v allege_v before_o report_v that_o the_o horseman_n of_o agesilaus_n be_v but_o 4_o in_o depth_n it_o hinder_v not_o this_o truth_n for_o as_o i_o note_v before_o the_o ordinary_a array_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n foot_n be_v 8_o in_o depth_n yet_o do_v pausanias_n the_o lacedaemonian_a king_n cast_v his_o man_n into_o a_o deep_a phalange_n against_o thrasibulus_n other_o example_n i_o have_v allege_v in_o the_o same_o place_n touch_v the_o same_o matter_n beside_o this_o appear_v to_o be_v but_o a_o tumultuous_a fight_n either_o of_o the_o party_n come_v sudden_o in_o the_o sight_n of_o the_o other_o and_o go_v present_o to_o charge_n before_o they_o can_v have_v time_n to_o alter_v the_o order_n they_o then_o be_v in_o and_o to_o say_v the_o horse_n troop_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n ought_v to_o have_v be_v but_o 4_o in_o depth_n it_o must_v thereof_o necessary_o follow_v that_o they_o be_v 12_o in_o length_n which_o yet_o will_v come_v short_a of_o 50_o 4_o time_n 12_o make_v but_o 48._o indeed_o 40._o leo_n hold_v opinion_n that_o in_o a_o horse_n battle_n the_o depth_n ought_v to_o be_v no_o more_o than_o 4._o i_o will_v set_v down_o his_o word_n as_o near_o as_o convenient_o i_o can_v english_a they_o the_o depth_n say_v he_o or_o thickness_n as_o it_o be_v of_o ancient_a time_n limit_v be_v sufficient_a if_o it_o be_v of_o 4_o
metabole_n for_o metabole_n be_v the_o conversion_n of_o every_o man_n face_n particular_o to_o the_o place_n which_o be_v behind_o his_o back_n and_o the_o same_o that_o metabole_n be_v in_o each_o several_a soldier_n the_o same_o be_v perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o in_o the_o whole_a battle_n there_o be_v 4_o two_o kind_n of_o metabole_n the_o one_o from_o the_o enemy_n the_o other_o to_o the_o enemy_n metabole_n be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o change_n of_o every_o man_n face_n in_o particular_a from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n or_o contrariwise_o turn_v about_o from_o the_o enemy_n be_v when_o the_o soldier_n turn_v his_o face_n twice_o towards_o the_o pike_n to_o the_o enemy_n when_o he_o turn_v twice_o towards_o the_o target_n note_n four_o kind_n of_o motion_n be_v set_v down_o by_o aelian_a whereby_o upon_o any_o occasion_n the_o battle_n may_v be_v somewhat_o change_v turn_v of_o face_n countermarch_n wheel_v and_o double_v whereof_o the_o first_o may_v be_v use_v in_o what_o order_n soever_o your_o battle_n stand_v the_o second_o only_o in_o open_a order_n the_o three_o â—n_n close_o order_v only_o the_o four_o either_o in_o close_a or_o open_a order_n clisis_fw-la or_o turn_v of_o face_n whereof_o this_o chapter_n intreat_v albeit_o it_o may_v be_v bring_v in_o also_o in_o open_a order_n yet_o be_v it_o not_o do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n but_o in_o close_a order_n and_o then_o especial_o when_o none_o of_o the_o other_o motion_n have_v place_n the_o grecian_n always_o covet_v to_o bring_v their_o file_n leader_n that_o be_v their_o best_a man_n to_o fight_v in_o open_a order_n they_o choose_v to_o countermarch_n in_o close_a order_n have_v place_n to_o wheel_v their_o battle_n about_o and_o so_o turn_v the_o face_n of_o it_o against_o the_o enemy_n if_o they_o can_v do_v neither_o of_o these_o they_o come_v to_o the_o last_o remedy_n which_o be_v turn_v of_o face_n of_o every_o particular_a man_n in_o the_o battle_n 1_o clisis_fw-la or_o turn_v of_o face_n this_o motion_n be_v of_o less_o pain_n then_o any_o other_o but_o of_o no_o less_o importance_n or_o necessity_n in_o the_o rest_n the_o phalange_n change_v the_o place_n or_o the_o form_n in_o this_o it_o hold_v both_o and_o yet_o be_v ready_a for_o any_o attempt_n of_o the_o enemy_n only_o every_o soldier_n in_o particular_a turn_v his_o countenance_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n as_o he_o be_v command_v to_o turn_v his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n be_v to_o turn_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n because_o that_o hand_n bear_v the_o pike_n to_o turn_v to_o the_o target_n be_v to_o turn_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n because_o the_o macedonian_n carry_v their_o target_n on_o their_o left_a shoulder_n for_o the_o use_n of_o this_o turn_n of_o face_n aelian_n say_v it_o have_v place_n when_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o in_o flank_n 2_o to_o encompass_v our_o wing_n clisis_fw-la be_v no_o more_o then_o bear_v face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n that_o be_v to_o our_o wing_n when_o then_o we_o find_v our_o enemy_n to_o encompass_v our_o right_a wing_n we_o turn_v our_o face_n and_o weapon_n that_o way_n to_o receive_v he_o to_o the_o left_a when_o he_o come_v to_o charge_v we_o on_o that_o side_n if_o on_o both_o side_n then_o turn_v we_o the_o face_n of_o our_o phalange_n half_a to_o the_o right_n half_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o be_v the_o antistomus_n phalange_n whereof_o aelian_n speak_v hereafter_o brief_o there_o be_v almost_o none_o of_o the_o march_v phalanges_fw-la which_o be_v afterward_o describe_v but_o it_o have_v need_n of_o this_o motion_n beside_o if_o upon_o any_o occasion_n the_o phalange_n be_v to_o move_v from_o any_o of_o the_o flank_n you_o be_v only_o to_o command_v turn_v of_o face_n to_o that_o flank_n and_o then_o to_o lead_v on_o i_o will_v give_v a_o example_n or_o two_o 17._o alexander_n at_o arbela_n have_v imbattail_v his_o army_n to_o fight_v with_o darius_n have_v intelligence_n that_o darius_n have_v strew_v the_o ground_n betwixt_o the_o two_o army_n with_o calthrope_n he_o command_v therefore_o the_o right_a wing_n which_o himself_o lead_v to_o turn_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o follow_v he_o to_o the_o end_n to_o go_v round_o about_o and_o avoid_v the_o place_n that_o be_v sow_v with_o calthrope_n darius_n march_v against_o he_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n disjoin_v his_o troop_n of_o horse_n and_o alexander_n take_v the_o advantage_n and_o give_v in_o quick_o betwixt_o the_o space_n put_v darius_n to_o flight_n if_o alexander_n have_v march_v on_o with_o the_o right_a front_n he_o have_v fall_v upon_o the_o calthrope_n to_o avoid_v they_o be_v use_v the_o benefit_n of_o this_o motion_n and_o turn_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n he_o lead_v on_o until_o he_o have_v pass_v the_o danger_n and_o then_o turn_v again_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n go_v to_o charge_n and_o defeat_v the_o enemy_n an_o other_o example_n be_v in_o 634._o polybius_n who_o describe_v the_o battle_n betwixt_o machanidas_n the_o lacedaemonian_a tyrant_n and_o philopoemen_n the_o achaean_n general_n tell_v that_o machanidas_n have_v in_o the_o left_a wing_n put_v the_o achaean_n mercenary_n to_o flight_n follow_v hard_o the_o chase_n philopoemen_n as_o long_o as_o there_o be_v hope_n endeavour_v by_o all_o mean_n to_o stay_v his_o man_n when_o he_o see_v they_o utter_o defeat_v he_o haste_v to_o the_o right_a wing_n and_o perceive_v the_o enemy_n busy_a in_o chase_n and_o the_o place_n void_a where_o the_o fight_n have_v be_v command_v the_o first_o merarchy_n to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n he_o lead_v they_o on_o with_o high_a speed_n not_o yet_o break_v the_o order_n of_o their_o imbattail_v and_o quick_o seize_v upon_o the_o forsake_a ground_n he_o both_o cut_v betwixt_o they_o that_o give_v chase_v and_o home_n and_o withal_o get_v the_o advantage_n of_o the_o upper_a ground_n against_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o arm_a whereby_o he_o obtain_v the_o victory_n if_o philopoemen_n have_v in_o this_o action_n use_v wheel_v of_o his_o battle_n which_o only_o be_v the_o other_o motion_n which_o will_v have_v serve_v his_o turn_n beside_o the_o troublesomenesse_n of_o the_o wind_a about_o he_o shall_v have_v be_v force_v to_o have_v use_v two_o wheeling_n and_o so_o fail_v of_o the_o celerity_n which_o be_v at_o that_o time_n requisite_a face_n be_v turn_v in_o a_o trice_n and_o he_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o ground_n he_o desire_v before_o he_o can_v have_v wheel_v once_o his_o battle_n 3_o two_o turn_n of_o the_o soldier_n face_n clisis_fw-la or_o turn_v face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n consist_v of_o one_o turn_v and_o move_v no_o further_o than_o the_o side_n if_o the_o motion_n be_v to_o the_o rear_n it_o have_v two_o turn_n and_o be_v call_v metabole_n which_o be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o change_n of_o every_o man_n face_n in_o particular_a from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n or_o contrariwise_o and_o as_o wheel_v of_o the_o whole_a body_n carry_v about_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o rear_n so_o do_v metabole_n turn_v the_o face_n of_o every_o particular_a soldier_n and_o make_v he_o look_v from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n the_o word_n proper_o signify_v a_o change_n which_o happen_v herein_o when_o the_o soldier_n be_v change_v from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n or_o contrariwise_o the_o use_n of_o metabole_n be_v principal_o to_o resist_v the_o enemy_n that_o give_v on_o upon_o the_o rear_n pyrrh_n so_o pyrrhus_n be_v enter_v the_o city_n argos_n with_o a_o few_o and_o overpress_v with_o multitude_n retire_v by_o little_a and_o little_a and_o defend_v himself_o often_o turn_v his_o and_o his_o soldier_n face_n against_o the_o enemy_n agesilao_n so_o the_o army_n of_o cyrus_n the_o elder_a retire_n from_o the_o wall_n of_o babylon_n often_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o wait_v their_o enemy_n who_o be_v report_v to_o be_v on_o foot_n and_o ready_a to_o come_v and_o charge_v they_o and_o if_o the_o enemy_n assault_v both_o the_o front_n and_o rear_v it_o have_v be_v the_o manner_n to_o continue_v half_o the_o soldier_n in_o each_o file_n with_o their_o face_n to_o the_o front_n and_o command_v the_o other_o half_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o rear_n against_o the_o enemy_n behind_o and_o this_o form_n be_v call_v phalanx_n amphistomos_n describe_v by_o aelian_a cap._n 38._o and_o sometime_o it_o be_v use_v to_o speed_v our_o march_n and_o prevent_v the_o enemy_n as_o be_v say_v before_o of_o clisis_fw-la d._n agesilaus_n make_v a_o incursion_n into_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o theban_n and_o find_v a_o trench_n and_o rampart_n cast_v up_o by_o the_o theban_n for_o
particular_o to_o the_o first_o aspect_n so_o that_o this_o be_v use_v after_o the_o make_n of_o a_o anastrophe_n for_o always_o in_o motion_n it_o be_v requisite_a that_o the_o soldier_n face_n move_v forward_o to_o move_v backward_o have_v many_o inconvenience_n of_o stumbling_n upon_o uneven_a ground_n or_o stone_n or_o pit_n or_o stubbe_n or_o such_o like_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o in_o anastrophe_n after_o a_o wheeling_n aelian_n will_v that_o the_o soldier_n turn_v their_o face_n the_o contrary_a way_n first_o then_o move_v on_o till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o ground_n then_o open_a rank_n and_o file_n and_o last_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o aspect_n and_o as_o it_o differ_v from_o anastrophe_n so_o differ_v it_o likewise_o from_o metabole_n metabole_fw-la only_o turn_v face_n about_o this_o set_v the_o soldier_n in_o his_o former_a posture_n not_o only_o for_o his_o face_n but_o for_o his_o arm_n also_o which_o be_v order_v as_o at_o first_o the_o word_n wherein_o this_o motion_n be_v express_v by_o aelian_n be_v ep_n orthon_fw-mi apodounai_fw-mi and_o eye_n orthon_fw-mi apocaâ—astesai_fw-mi which_o be_v interpret_v by_o gaza_n in_o arrectum_fw-la reddere_fw-la to_o restore_v up_o right_o by_o arcerius_fw-la rectum_fw-la reddere_fw-la to_o restore_v right_a and_o so_o the_o word_n sound_v aelian_n interprete_v it_o to_o set_v again_o the_o soldier_n sight_n in_o the_o same_o aspect_n in_o which_o it_o stand_v at_o first_o as_o if_o be_v place_v with_o his_o face_n against_o the_o enemy_n he_o be_v command_v to_o turn_v his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n and_o then_o again_o to_o restore_v his_o face_n to_o his_o first_o posture_n he_o must_v return_v and_o set_v his_o face_n against_o the_o enemy_n aelian_a therefore_o refer_v it_o to_o the_o sight_n he_o first_o have_v which_o if_o it_o be_v the_o right_a meaning_n how_o can_v it_o be_v upright_o or_o right_a more_o in_o that_o then_o in_o any_o other_o posture_n for_o the_o soldier_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o in_o flank_n and_o in_o the_o rear_n carry_v himself_o upright_o or_o right_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o that_o it_o may_v be_v apply_v to_o the_o upright_o stand_v of_o man_n as_o appear_v by_o sundry_a place_n of_o pausanias_n who_o reherse_v that_o minerva_n image_n set_v 43._o in_o the_o temple_n parthenion_n stand_v upright_o orthon_fw-mi esti_fw-la and_o in_o a_o other_o place_n that_o in_o corinth_n 89._o in_o the_o temple_n pantheon_n there_o be_v two_o image_n of_o mercury_n stand_v upright_o ortha_fw-mi 87._o and_o that_o in_o the_o temple_n of_o fortune_n the_o image_n of_o fortune_n be_v carve_v of_o parian_a stone_n and_o stand_v upright_a orthon_n and_o that_o in_o neptune_n temple_n situate_a in_o the_o corinthian_a isthmus_n the_o image_n of_o amphitrite_n and_o neptune_n stand_v in_o a_o chariot_n and_o the_o boy_n palemon_n upright_o upon_o a_o dolphin_n orthos_n in_o all_o which_o place_n orthos_n design_v the_o site_n of_o man_n but_o here_o as_o i_o take_v it_o can_v be_v so_o apply_v because_o in_o every_o motion_n not_o only_o in_o this_o the_o man_n stand_v upright_o how_o then_o can_v they_o be_v restore_v to_o their_o stand_n upright_o when_o they_o do_v it_o already_o i_o take_v the_o original_n of_o the_o appellation_n to_o come_v from_o another_o cause_n and_o that_o be_v from_o the_o order_n of_o the_o pike_n for_o when_o the_o battle_n be_v first_o set_v in_o the_o field_n every_o soldier_n stand_v with_o his_o pike_n order_v that_o be_v upright_o for_o to_o order_v a_o pike_n be_v to_o set_v the_o butt_n end_n on_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o soldier_n somewhat_o wide_o of_o his_o right_a foot_n and_o to_o hold_v it_o upright_o with_o the_o right_a hand_n bear_v even_o with_o the_o shoulder_n but_o when_o you_o begin_v or_o continue_v any_o motion_n the_o manner_n be_v to_o advance_v or_o to_o shoulder_v the_o pike_n and_o so_o to_o proceed_v but_o be_v command_v to_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n it_o must_v be_v order_v again_o so_o that_o the_o first_o posture_n of_o a_o arm_a man_n be_v to_o stand_v with_o his_o pike_n upright_o and_o after_o many_o motion_n and_o wind_n he_o at_o last_o return_v to_o the_o same_o posture_n which_o i_o take_v the_o command_n of_o ep'orthon_n apodounai_o to_o signify_v now_o that_o i_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o rely_v upon_o a_o probable_a conjecture_n alone_o i_o will_v bring_v witness_n for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o my_o opinion_n it_o be_v report_v by_o 473._o diodorus_n siculus_n that_o agesilaus_n the_o lacedaemonian_a king_n with_o a_o army_n of_o eighteen_o thousand_o foot_n and_o fifteen_o hundred_o horse_n invade_v boeotia_n the_o athenian_n before_o hear_v of_o agesilaus_n come_v have_v send_v five_o thousand_o foot_n and_o 200_o horse_n to_o aid_v the_o theban_n who_o gather_v their_o army_n together_o seize_v upon_o a_o long_a narrow_a hill_n distant_a 20_o furlong_n from_o the_o city_n and_o make_v the_o hard_a access_n to_o the_o place_n a_o kind_n of_o fortification_n against_o the_o enemy_n they_o there_o wait_v his_o come_n fear_v to_o hazard_v upon_o even_a ground_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o renown_n and_o glory_n of_o agesilaus_n agesilaus_n have_v imbattail_v his_o troop_n lead_v they_o against_o the_o boeotian_n and_o approach_v near_o send_v his_o light_n arm_v to_o sound_v their_o disposition_n to_o fight_v which_o be_v easy_o repulse_v by_o the_o theban_n by_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o high_a ground_n he_o advance_v the_o rest_n of_o his_o force_n be_v imbattail_v in_o such_o manner_n as_o may_v give_v great_a terror_n chabrias_n the_o athenian_a will_v his_o soldier_n to_o await_v the_o enemy_n contemptuous_o both_o keep_v their_o first_o array_n and_o their_o target_n at_o their_o knee_n and_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o order_v who_o when_o they_o joint_o as_o upon_o a_o word_n give_v do_v as_o they_o be_v command_v agesilaus_n both_o wonder_v at_o the_o good_a order_n and_o at_o the_o assure_a fashion_n of_o the_o enemy_n think_v it_o not_o fit_a to_o strive_v with_o unequal_a ground_n and_o by_o force_v they_o to_o fight_v to_o compel_v they_o to_o be_v valiant_a whether_o they_o will_v or_o no._n hitherto_o diodor_n sicul._n of_o the_o strategem_fw-la of_o chabrias_n against_o agesilaus_n which_o consist_v in_o the_o contempt_n of_o agesilaus_n and_o all_o his_o force_n first_o in_o not_o stir_v one_o foot_n to_o meet_v the_o enemy_n then_o in_o keep_v the_o array_n they_o hold_v before_o further_a in_o sink_v their_o target_n to_o their_o knee_n last_o in_o continue_v the_o former_a order_n of_o their_o pike_n that_o be_v not_o make_v readyto_o charge_v but_o remain_v with_o their_o pike_n order_v as_o they_o be_v at_o first_o agesilaus_n advance_v his_o army_n think_v to_o strike_v a_o fear_n into_o his_o enemy_n chabrias_n trust_v to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o place_n scorn_v the_o brovado_n of_o agesilaus_n conceive_v he_o will_v not_o be_v so_o hardy_a to_o adventure_v the_o fight_n upon_o so_o great_a a_o inequality_n of_o ground_n he_o therefore_o will_v the_o cap_n 28_o the_o macedoman_n countermache_n by_o file_n the_o rear_v the_o front_n of_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n the_o file_n leader_n with_o their_o face_n about_o stand_v firm_a the_o bringer_n up_o dismarch_v the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v the_o ground_n take_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n cap_n 29_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarche_n the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n the_o fileleader_n advance_v in_o countermarche_n the_o bringer_n up_o stand_v firm_a with_o the_o their_o face_n turn_v about_o the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v the_o ground_n take_v beyond_o the_o reareof_o the_o phalange_n cap_n 20_o the_o chorean_a countermarche_n the_o front_n in_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o bringer_n up_o move_v the_o fileleader_n dismarch_v the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v cap._n 20._o countermarche_v by_o rank_n the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n dyer_n not_o to_o alter_v their_o posture_n but_o to_o continue_v as_o they_o be_v the_o word_n concern_v the_o pike_n be_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la that_o be_v to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_a en_fw-fr ortho_fw-la now_o whether_o the_o same_o be_v the_o posture_n that_o the_o tactic_n describe_v when_o they_o speak_v or_o restore_a ep_n '_n ortho_fw-mi upright_o i_o refer_v to_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o reader_n a_o poliaenus_n agesilao_n remember_v this_o stratagem_n use_v somewhat_o different_a word_n and_o yet_o consent_v in_o meaning_n chabrias_n say_v he_o command_v his_o soldier_n not_o to_o run_v out_o against_o the_o enemy_n but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o hold_v their_o pike_n before_o upright_o and_o their_o target_n before_o their_o knee_n which_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o do_v when_o they_o will_v a_o little_a ease_n
the_o distance_n require_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o your_o hinder_a rank_n forward_o and_o order_v your_o pike_n restore_a to_o the_o first_o posture_n fileleader_n stand_v firm_a the_o other_o rank_n turn_v face_n about_o and_o open_v behind_o to_o the_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v the_o right-wing-corner-file_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n and_o proceed_v to_o your_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v your_o pike_n close_v to_o the_o left_a wing_n it_o differ_v not_o from_o the_o other_o but_o that_o the_o move_a be_v to_o the_o contrary_a hand_n close_v to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o right-wing_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o left_a to_o the_o pike_n each_o move_v up_o to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o stand_v at_o the_o distance_n name_v face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o the_o hinder_a rank_n forward_o and_o order_v your_o pike_n restore_a to_o the_o first_o posture_n the_o first_o rank_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n about_o and_o open_v the_o rank_n to_o the_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v the_o file_n next_o the_o middle_a section_n stand_v fast_o and_o the_o right_a wing_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o left_a to_o the_o pike_n and_o move_v on_o till_o the_o first_o distance_n recover_v face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v the_o pike_n we_o may_v not_o forget_v aelians_n general_a rule_n for_o turn_v of_o face_n out_o of_o closing_n that_o the_o pike_n be_v always_o advance_v for_o when_o you_o come_v up_o to_o the_o closeness_n require_v the_o pike_n upon_o the_o shoulder_n will_v hardly_o admit_v turn_v of_o the_o face_n the_o like_a fall_v out_o when_o you_o will_v open_v from_o the_o close_v the_o use_n and_o advantage_n of_o these_o exercise_n of_o arm_n chap._n xxxiv_o these_o precept_n of_o turn_v about_o of_o face_n of_o wheel_v and_o double_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n and_o of_o reduce_v it_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v of_o great_a use_n in_o sudden_a approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n whether_o he_o show_v himself_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o in_o front_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o our_o march_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o countermarche_n of_o which_o the_o macedonian_n be_v hold_v to_o be_v the_o inventor_n of_o the_o macedonian_a the_o lacedaemonian_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o for_o this_o cause_n either_o to_o have_v name_n according_o the_o history_n witness_v that_o philip_n who_o much_o enlarge_v the_o macedonian_a kingdom_n and_o overcome_v the_o grecian_n in_o battle_n at_o cheronea_n and_o make_v himself_o general_n of_o greece_n and_o likewise_o his_o son_n alexander_n that_o in_o short_a time_n conquer_v all_o asia_n make_v small_a account_n of_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n unless_o necessity_n force_v it_o and_o that_o they_o both_o by_o the_o use_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a become_v victorious_a over_o their_o enemy_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n the_o enemy_n fall_v upon_o the_o rear_n be_v cause_n of_o great_a confusion_n in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o hindermost_a dismarch_v towards_o the_o front_n and_o make_v a_o show_n of_o run_v away_o it_o more_o encourage_v and_o embolden_v the_o enemy_n to_o follow_v for_o fear_v and_o pursuit_n of_o the_o enemy_n ordinary_o deny_v that_o kind_n of_o countermarch_n but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v of_o contrary_a effect_n for_o when_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n the_o leader_n with_o their_o follower_n brave_o advance_v and_o oppose_v themselves_o it_o strike_v no_o small_a fear_n and_o terror_n into_o their_o mind_n cap._n 30_o the_o fileleader_n a_o deduction_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n a_o right_a induction_n the_o front_n a_o deduction_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n cap._n 36._o the_o coelembolos_fw-la or_o hollow_a front_a wedge_n the_o front_n the_o right_a induction_n cap._n 36._o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o left_a wing_n the_o right_a wing_n the_o front_n the_o phalange_n set_v against_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o phalange_n set_v against_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o coelmebolos_fw-la the_o forbear_n phalange_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o direction_n that_o be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o army_n and_o their_o soverall_a kind_n chap._n xxxv_o we_o be_v to_o acquaint_v our_o force_n both_o foot_n and_o horse_n partly_o with_o the_o voice_n and_o partly_o with_o visible_a sign_n that_o whatsoever_o be_v fit_v be_v execute_v and_o do_v as_o occasion_n shall_v require_v some_o thing_n also_o be_v to_o be_v denounce_v by_o the_o trumpet_n for_o so_o all_o direction_n will_v be_v full_o accomplish_v and_o sort_n to_o a_o desire_a effect_n the_o sign_n therefore_o which_o be_v deliver_v by_o voice_n be_v most_o evident_a and_o clear_a if_o they_o have_v no_o impediment_n but_o the_o most_o certain_a and_o least_o tumultuous_a be_v such_o as_o be_v present_v to_o the_o eye_n if_o they_o be_v not_o obscure_v the_o voice_n sometime_o can_v hardly_o be_v hear_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o clash_n of_o armour_n or_o trample_v and_o neigh_v of_o horse_n or_o tumult_n of_o carriage_n or_o noise_n and_o confuse_a sound_n of_o the_o multitude_n the_o visible_a sign_n also_o become_v many_o way_n incertain_a by_o thickness_n of_o air_n and_o dust_n or_o rain_n or_o snow_n or_o sunshine_n or_o else_o through_o ground_n that_o be_v uneven_a or_o full_a of_o tree_n or_o of_o turn_n and_o sometime_o it_o will_v not_o be_v easy_a to_o find_v out_o sign_n for_o all_o use_n occasion_n eftsoon_o present_v new_a matter_n to_o the_o which_o a_o man_n be_v not_o accustom_v yet_o can_v it_o not_o fall_v out_o that_o either_o by_o voice_n or_o by_o signal_n we_o shall_v not_o give_v certain_a and_o sure_a direction_n of_o march_v and_o of_o diverse_a kind_n of_o battle_n fit_a for_o a_o march_n and_o first_o of_o the_o right-induction_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la and_o the_o triphalange_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n xxxvi_o be_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o march_v i_o will_v first_o give_v to_o understand_v that_o some_o kind_n of_o march_n be_v a_o right-induction_n other_o some_o a_o deduction_n on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o that_o in_o a_o single_a or_o double_a or_o treble_a or_o quadruple-sided-battaile_n in_o a_o single_a when_o one_o enemy_n be_v fear_v in_o a_o double_a when_o two_o in_o a_o treble_a when_o three_o in_o a_o quadruple_a when_o the_o enemy_n purpose_v to_o give_v on_o on_o all_o side_n therefore_o the_o march_n be_v undertake_v sometime_o in_o a_o single_a phalange_n sometime_o in_o a_o twofold_a phalange_n or_o else_o in_o a_o threefold_a phalange_n or_o in_o a_o fourfold_a phalange_n a_o right-induction_n be_v when_o one_o body_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n follow_v another_o as_o if_o a_o xenagy_a lead_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v xenage-wise_a or_o a_o tetrarchy_n lead_v and_o the_o rest_n follow_v according_a to_o that_o form_n it_o be_v so_o call_v when_o the_o march_n stretch_v itself_o out_o into_o a_o wing_n have_v the_o depth_n much_o exceed_v the_o length_n against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o wedge_n coelembolos_fw-la which_o be_v frame_v when_o the_o antistomos_n phalange_n diphalange_n disjoin_v the_o leading-wing_n close_v the_o rear_n in_o manner_n of_o the_o letter_n v_o as_o the_o figure_n after_o place_v do_v teach_v in_o which_o the_o front_n be_v dissever_v &_o the_o rear_v join_v and_o knit_v together_o for_o the_o right-induction_n point_v at_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o enemy_n battle_n the_o coelembolos_fw-la quick_o open_v before_o serve_v both_o to_o frustrate_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o front_n and_o to_o clasp_v in_o and_o circumvent_v the_o flank_n of_o the_o right-induction_n furthermore_o a_o phalange_n triphalange_n be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la one_o phalange_n fight_v against_o one_o wing_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o second_o against_o the_o other_o and_o the_o middle_n and_o three_o forbear_v and_o expect_v a_o time_n fit_a to_o charge_v of_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n chap._n xxxvii_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n be_v when_o the_o phalange_n proceed_v in_o a_o wing_n not_o by_o file_n but_o by_o rank_n have_v the_o commander_n or_o fileleader_n either_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n which_o be_v call_v a_o right-hand-deduction_n or_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o be_v call_v a_o left-hand_a deduction_n for_o the_o phalange_n march_v in_o a_o double_a treble_a or_o quadruple-side_n accornd_v to_o the_o place_n and_o part_n it_o be_v suspect_v the_o enemy_n will_v give_v on_o and_o both_o the_o paragogy_n begin_v the_o fight_n in_o flank_n do_v make_v the_o length_n double_a to_o the_o depth_n this_o form_n of_o fight_n be_v devise_v to_o teach_v a_o soldier_n to_o receive_v heedful_o the_o charge_n of_o
the_o enemy_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o also_o in_o flank_n of_o the_o phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la chap._n xxxviii_o the_o phalange_n phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la for_o it_o be_v so_o call_v because_o it_o have_v two_o front_n and_o that_o part_n of_o the_o battle_n that_o be_v set_v and_o advance_v against_o the_o enemy_n be_v call_v a_o front_n see_v then_o in_o this_o form_n the_o middlemost_a be_v order_v back_o to_o back_n and_o those_o in_o front_n and_o rear_v make_v head_n against_o the_o enemy_n the_o one_o be_v commander_n of_o the_o front_n the_o other_o of_o the_o rear_n therefore_o it_o be_v call_v amphistomus_fw-la it_o be_v of_o great_a use_n against_o a_o enemy_n strong_a in_o horse_n and_o able_a to_o give_v a_o hot_a and_o dangerous_a charge_n and_o principal_o practise_v against_o those_o barbarian_n that_o inhabit_v about_o the_o river_n ister_n who_o they_o also_o call_v upon_o amphippi_n because_o they_o change_v horse_n in_o fight_n the_o horse_n battle_n to_o encounter_v this_o form_n have_v a_o tetragonall_a shape_n be_v for_o the_o purpose_n divide_v into_o two_o broad-squares_a they_o be_v broad-squares_a that_o have_v the_o front_n twice_o as_o much_o as_o the_o depth_n and_o these_o square_n be_v oppose_v several_o against_o the_o division_n of_o the_o foot-battaile_n of_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n chap._n thirty-nine_o the_o phalange_n phalange_n antistomus_n be_v like_o the_o amphistomus_fw-la the_o form_n be_v a_o little_a alter_v so_o that_o it_o accustome_v the_o soldier_n to_o resist_v the_o several_a kind_n of_o incursion_n of_o horse_n all_o that_o have_v be_v speak_v concern_v the_o former_a phalange_n both_o for_o foot_n and_o horse_n agree_v with_o this_o figure_n also_o herein_o they_o differ_v that_o cap._n 37._o a_o four_o front_a phalange_n against_o all_o allempte_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o front_n of_o the_o rear_v the_o front_n of_o the_o right_a flank_n the_o front_n of_o the_o march_n the_o front_n of_o the_o left_a flank_n cap._n 38._o the_o phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la cap_n 39_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n front_n cap._n 40._o the_o horsmans_n wedge_n front_v a_o diphalange_n antistomus_n the_o amphistomus_fw-la receive_v the_o charge_n in_o front_n and_o rear_v the_o antistomus_n in_o flank_n but_o aswell_o in_o the_o one_o as_o the_o other_o they_o fight_v with_o long_a pike_n as_o do_v the_o alan_o and_o sauromatans_n and_o the_o one_o half_a of_o the_o soldier_n in_o the_o file_n turn_v their_o face_n forward_o the_o other_o half_o backward_o so_o that_o they_o stand_v back_o to_o back_o this_o form_n have_v two_o front_n the_o one_o before_o where_o the_o fileleader_n the_o other_o behind_o where_o the_o back-commander_n stand_v and_o be_v also_o divide_v into_o a_o diphalange_n it_o make_v the_o forefront_n with_o the_o one_o and_o the_o after-front_n with_o the_o other_o phalange_n of_o the_o diphalange_n antistomus_n chap._n xl._o a_o diphalange_n antistomus_n be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o fileleader_n place_v not_o in_o deduction_n outward_o but_o inward_o face_n to_o face_n one_o against-an_a other_o and_o the_o reare-commander_n without_o one_o half_a in_o a_o right_n the_o other_o in_o a_o left-hand_a deduction_n this_o form_n be_v use_v when_o the_o horse_n give_v on_o and_o charge_v wedge-wise_a for_o the_o *_o wedge_n shoot_v forth_o into_o a_o point_n and_o have_v the_o commander_n follow_v in_o flank_n and_o endeavour_v to_o dissever_v and_o break_v the_o front_n of_o the_o foot_n the_o leader_n of_o the_o foot_n foresee_v their_o purpose_n place_n themselves_o in_o the_o midst_n with_o intent_n either_o to_o repulse_v they_o or_o else_o to_o give_v they_o a_o thorough_a passage_n without_o loss_n for_o the_o wedge_n fly_v upon_o the_o foot_n in_o hope_n to_o charge_v the_o multitude_n in_o the_o midst_n and_o to_o disorder_v the_o whole_a battle_n and_o the_o foot_n commander_n conceive_v well_o the_o fury_n of_o that_o kind_n of_o form_n leave_v a_o little_a space_n betwixt_o either_o front_n and_o stand_v like_o wall_n on_o both_o side_n and_o joint_o turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o midst_n give_v they_o a_o fruitless_a and_o empty_a passage_n this_o form_n of_o horsebattaile_n be_v call_v a_o wedge_n by_o tactic_n which_o be_v invent_v by_o philip_n king_n of_o macedon_n who_o place_v his_o best_a man_n before_o that_o by_o they_o the_o weak_a sort_n may_v be_v hold_v in_o and_o enable_v to_o the_o charge_n as_o we_o see_v in_o a_o spear_n or_o in_o a_o sword_n the_o point_n whereof_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o sharpness_n quick_o pierce_v make_v way_n for_o and_o let_v in_o the_o middle_n blunt_a iron_n of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v peristomus_fw-la chap._n xli_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o diphalange_n *_o peristomus_fw-la proceed_v by_o deduction_n in_o a_o wing_n the_o oblique_a deduction_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n have_v the_o fileleader_n without_o the_o left_a hand_n oblique_a deduction_n the_o reare-commander_n within_o the_o figure_n show_v the_o intent_n of_o they_o that_o fight_v so_o order_v for_o the_o battle_n go_v to_o charge_n have_v be_v at_o first_o tetragonall_n divide_v itself_o into_o two_o oblique_a wing_n the_o right_n and_o the_o left_a of_o purpose_n to_o enclose_v the_o adverse_a square-battaile_n and_o they_o fear_v to_o be_v enclose_v transform_v themselves_o into_o two_o several_a marching-phalanges_a direct_v one_o against_o the_o right_n the_o other_o against_o the_o left_a wing_n therefore_o it_o be_v call_v peristomus_fw-la as_o have_v the_o front_n bend_v against_o the_o enemy_n both_o way_n of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v homoiostomos_n and_o of_o the_o plinthium_fw-la chap._n xlii_o a_o diphalange_n *_o homoiostomus_n be_v so_o name_v because_o a_o whole_a file_n that_o be_v 16_o man_n move_v by_o itself_o another_o file_n follow_v it_o and_o it_o be_v therefore_o call_v homoiostomus_n because_o they_o that_o follow_v follow_v in_o a_o like_a figure_n this_o kind_n be_v oppose_v against_o the_o plinthium_fw-la *_o plinthium_fw-la be_v a_o form_n of_o battle_n that_o have_v the_o side_n equal_a both_o in_o figure_n and_o number_n in_o figure_n because_o the_o distance_n be_v every_o where_o equal_a in_o number_n because_o there_o be_v as_o many_o man_n in_o length_n as_o in_o depth_n in_o this_o foure-sided-battaile_n be_v none_o in_o the_o flank_n but_o arm_v without_o archer_n or_o slinger_n to_o help_v when_o therefore_o two_o phalanges_fw-la march_n together_o one_o by_o another_o and_o both_o have_v their_o leader_n either_o in_o a_o right-hand_a or_o left-hand_a deduction_n it_o be_v call_v a_o diphalange_n homoiostomus_n of_o the_o diphalange_n heterostomus_fw-la chap._n xliii_o a_o diphalange_n *_o heterostomus_fw-la be_v that_o which_o proceed_v by_o deduction_n have_v the_o leader_n of_o the_o former_a phalange_n in_o a_o right-hand-deduction_n and_o of_o the_o follow_a phalange_n in_o a_o left-hand-deduction_n so_o that_o the_o battle_n march_v counterchangeable_o one_o have_v the_o leader_n in_o one_o flank_n and_o the_o other_o in_o the_o other_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n again_o of_o the_o battle_n call_v a_o rhombe_n and_o of_o the_o foote-halfe_a moon_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n xliv_o the_o battle_n frame_v in_o form_n of_o a_o rhombe_n be_v first_o invent_v by_o ileon_n the_o thessalian_a and_o be_v call_v i_o will_v after_o his_o name_n and_o to_o this_o form_n he_o exercise_v and_o accustom_v the_o thessalian_n it_o be_v of_o good_a use_n in_o that_o it_o have_v a_o leader_n at_o every_o corner_n at_o the_o point_n the_o captain_n of_o the_o troop_n the_o reare-commander_n behind_o and_o on_o either_o side_n the_o flanke-commander_n the_o foot_n battle_n fit_a to_o affront_v this_o be_v the_o menoide_n or_o crescent_a have_v both_o the_o wing_n stretch_v out_o and_o in_o they_o the_o leader_n and_o the_o midst_n embow_v to_o environ_v and_o wrap_v in_o the_o horseman_n in_o their_o give_v on_o whereupon_o the_o horseman_n ply_v the_o foot_n a_o far_o off_o with_o fly_a weapon_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o tarentines_n seek_v thereby_o to_o dissolve_v and_o disorder_v their_o circle_a frame_n of_o march_v tarentum_n be_v a_o city_n of_o italy_n the_o horseman_n whereof_o be_v call_v acrobolist_n because_o in_o charge_v they_o first_o cast_v little_a dart_n and_o after_o come_v to_o hand_n with_o the_o enemy_n cap._n 42._o the_o battle_n call_v plinthium_fw-la the_o front_n the_o diphalange_n homoiostomus_n cap._n 43._o the_o diphalange_n heterostomus_fw-la the_o fileleader_n the_o bringer_n up_o cap._n 45._o heteromeke_n or_o the_o hearse_n of_o horse_n the_o front_n plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o broad_a front_a battle_n of_o foot_n cap._n epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n the_o front_n of_o the_o horsebattaile_n heteromeke_v and_o of_o the_o plagiophalange_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n xlv_o the_o horse_n battle_n hâ—rse_n heteromeke_n be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o depth_n double_a to_o the_o
and_o serve_v for_o the_o pike_n only_a for_o the_o musquettier_n can_v be_v so_o close_o in_o file_n because_o they_o must_v have_v their_o arm_n at_o liberty_n &_o that_o be_v when_o every_o one_o be_v distant_a from_o file_n to_o file_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a and_o 3_o foot_n from_o rank_n to_o rank_n and_o this_o last_o distance_n be_v thus_o command_v close_o yourselves_o thorough_o but_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v teach_v the_o soldier_n for_o that_o when_o necessity_n shall_v require_v it_o they_o will_v close_v themselves_o but_o too_o much_o of_o their_o own_o accord_n without_o command_n to_o begin_v therefore_o to_o do_v the_o exercise_n the_o company_n be_v set_v in_o the_o first_o distance_n to_o wit_n of_o 6_o foot_n in_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o thus_o be_v say_v these_o be_v the_o general_a word_n of_o command_n which_o be_v often_o to_o be_v use_v stand_v right_a in_o your_o file_n stand_v right_a in_o your_o rank_n silence_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n about_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n about_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v you_o must_v note_v that_o when_o they_o be_v command_v to_o be_v as_o they_o be_v they_o must_v return_v thither_o from_o whence_o they_o part_v and_o if_o they_o turn_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n they_o must_v return_v to_o the_o left_a and_o so_o in_o countermarch_n the_o head-piece_n the_o forepart_n the_o head-piece_n close_o the_o back_n the_o right_a gauntlet_n the_o left_a vantbrace_n the_o left_a cuishe_n the_o breast_n the_o back_n the_o guard_n the_o left_a â—â—â—â—let_n the_o armour_n of_o the_o pikman_n the_o gorget_n the_o breast_n the_o tale_n the_o head-piece_n the_o back_o the_o pike_n to_o the_o right_n double_a your_o rank_n rank_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n double_a your_o rank_n rank_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n double_a your_o file_n file_n as_o you_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n double_a your_o file_n file_n as_o you_o be_v with_o half_a file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n double_a your_o rank_n half_n file_n as_o you_o be_v with_o half_a file_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n double_a your_o rank_n half_n file_n as_o you_o be_v file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n countermarch_n file_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n or_o leave_v at_o discretion_n as_o you_o be_v rank_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n countermarch_n rank_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n as_o you_o be_v close_o your_o file_n to_o 3_o foot_n distance_n close_o your_o rank_n to_o 3_o foot_n distance_n understand_v that_o in_o close_v from_o the_o outside_n to_o the_o middle_a the_o soldier_n be_v â—stand_v in_o his_o distance_n of_o 3_o foot_n in_o file_n and_o not_o close_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n wheel_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n wheel_n open_v your_o rank_n backward_o in_o your_o double_a distance_n to_o wit_n at_o 12_o foot_n and_o this_o for_o a_o single_a company_n rank_n as_o you_o be_v sc_n at_o the_o first_o in_o open_v rank_n or_o file_n you_o must_v keep_v they_o close_v until_o the_o second_o rank_n or_o file_n beginning_n from_o the_o outside_n have_v take_v their_o distance_n and_o so_o shall_v the_o rest_n remain_v close_o until_o every_o rank_n or_o file_n have_v take_v their_o distanceâ—_n in_o order_n open_v your_o file_n to_o wit_n to_o the_o first_o distance_n of_o 6_o foot_n if_o you_o will_v command_v to_o close_a file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o outmost_a file_n stand_v still_o and_o the_o rest_n close_o to_o that_o file_n for_o the_o pike_n with_o a_o firm_a stand_n advance_v your_o pike_n order_n your_o pike_n slope_n your_o pike_n charge_v your_o pike_n order_n your_o pike_n trail_v your_o pike_n cheeeke_v your_o pike_n more_o for_o the_o pike_n first_o with_o a_o firm_a stand_n and_o then_o march_v charge_v your_o pike_n slope_n your_o pike_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n charge_v your_o pike_n slope_n your_o pike_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n charge_v your_o pike_n slope_n your_o pike_n charge_v your_o pike_n to_o the_o rear_n slope_n your_o pike_n order_n your_o pike_n this_o must_v be_v observe_v charge_v your_o pike_n with_o a_o firm_a stand_n to_o set_v the_o right_a foot_n behind_o and_o charge_v the_o pike_n march_v to_o set_v the_o left_a foot_n before_o for_o the_o musket_n the_o posture_n in_o his_o excellency_n book_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v but_o in_o exercise_v you_o must_v only_o use_v these_o three_o term_n of_o direction_n make_v ready_a present_a give_v fire_n your_o musquettier_n must_v observe_v in_o all_o their_o motion_n to_o turn_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o that_o they_o carry_v the_o mouth_n of_o their_o piece_n high_a aswell_o when_o they_o be_v shoulder_v as_o in_o prune_v and_o also_o when_o they_o hold_v their_o pan_n guard_v and_o come_v up_o to_o give_v fire_n in_o advance_v towards_o a_o enemy_n when_o they_o do_v not_o skirmish_v loose_a and_o disband_v vanguard_n they_o must_v give_v fire_n by_o rank_n after_o this_o manner_n two_o rank_n must_v always_o make_v ready_a together_o and_o advance_v ten_o pace_n forward_o before_o the_o body_n at_o which_o distance_n a_o sergeant_n or_o when_o the_o body_n be_v great_a some_o other_o officer_n must_v stand_v to_o who_o the_o musquettier_n be_v to_o come_v up_o before_o advance_v they_o present_v and_o give_v fire_n first_o the_o firstranke_a and_o while_o the_o first_o give_v fire_n the_o second_o rank_n keep_v their_o musket_n close_o to_o their_o rest_n and_o their_o pan_n guard_v and_o assoon_o as_o the_o first_o be_v fall_v away_o the_o second_o present_o present_a and_o give_v fire_n and_o fall_v after_o they_o now_o assoon_o as_o the_o first_o two_o rank_n do_v move_v from_o their_o place_n in_o the_o front_n the_o two_o rank_n next_o they_o must_v unshoulder_n their_o musket_n and_o make_v ready_a so_o as_o they_o may_v advance_v forward_o ten_o pace_n as_o before_o assoon_o as_o ever_o the_o two_o first_o rank_n be_v fall_v away_o and_o be_v to_o do_v in_o all_o point_n as_o the_o former_a and_o all_o the_o other_o rank_n through_o the_o whole_a division_n must_v do_v the_o same_o by_o twoe_n one_o after_o another_o a_o manner_n there_o be_v to_o give_v fire_n retire_v from_o a_o enemy_n which_o be_v perform_v after_o this_o soret_n as_o the_o troop_n march_v the_o hindermost_a rank_n of_o all_o keep_n still_o with_o the_o troop_n be_v to_o make_v ready_a and_o be_v ready_a the_o soldier_n in_o that_o rank_n turn_v altogether_o rear_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o give_v fire_n march_v present_o away_o a_o good_a round_a pace_n to_o the_o front_n and_o there_o place_n themselves_o in_o rank_n together_o just_a before_o the_o front_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o first_o rank_n turn_v to_o give_v fire_n the_o rank_n next_o make_v ready_a and_o do_v as_o the_o former_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n we_o give_v fire_n by_o the_o flank_n thus_o the_o uppermost_a file_n next_o the_o enemy_n must_v be_v flank_n command_v to_o make_v ready_a keep_v still_o along_o with_o the_o body_n till_o such_o time_n as_o they_o be_v ready_a and_o then_o they_o turn_v to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n according_a to_o the_o sight_n of_o their_o enemy_n either_o upon_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v flank_n and_o give_v fire_n altogether_o when_o they_o have_v discharge_v they_o stir_v not_o but_o keep_v their_o ground_n and_o charge_v their_o piece_n again_o in_o the_o same_o place_n they_o stand_v now_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o foresay_a file_n do_v turn_v to_o give_v fire_n the_o uttermost_a next_z it_o make_v ready_a always_o keep_v along_o with_o the_o troop_n till_o the_o bringer-up_a be_v past_o a_o little_a beyond_o the_o leader_n of_o that_o file_n that_o give_v fire_n last_o and_o then_o the_o whole_a file_n must_v turn_v and_o give_v fire_n and_o do_v in_o all_o point_n as_o the_o first_o do_v and_o so_o the_o rest_n one_o after_o the_o other_o a_o sergeant_n or_o if_o the_o troop_n be_v great_a some_o other_o better_a qualify_a officer_n must_v stand_v at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o assoon_o as_o the_o second_o file_n have_v give_v fire_n and_o have_v charge_v he_o be_v to_o lead_v forward_o the_o first_o file_n up_o to_o the_o second_o file_n and_o so_o to_o the_o rest_n one_o after_o another_o till_o he_o have_v gather_v up_o again_o the_o whole_a wing_n and_o then_o he_o be_v to_o join_v they_o again_o in_o equal_a front_n with_o the_o pike_n last_o of_o all_o the_o troop_n or_o whole_a wing_n of_o musquettier_n make_v ready_a altogether_o front_n and_o
5_o 7_o 1_o 3_o 4_o 2_o 8_o 6_o 4_o 2_o 23_o 23_o the_o merarch_n alone_o 5_o 7_o 1_o 3_o 4_o 2_o 8_o 6_o 18_o 18_o 18_o caesar_n dâ—_n bell_n gall_n lib._n 2_o 2_o plutarch_n in_o philopoemene_n philopoemene_n dâ—dor_fw-la sâ—c_fw-la lib_n 16_o 51â—_n 51â—_n polâ—b_a lib_n 12_o 664_o c._n leo_n cap_n 17._o §_o 61._o 61._o pol_n â—_o lib._n 17_o 764_o a._n a._n leo_fw-la cap_n 7._o §._o 54._o 54._o xenoph._n cyrop_n lib._n 7._o 178._o a._n it_o be_v call_v by_o thucydides_n synciifis_n thucyd_n lib._n 5._o 393._o b._n b._n appian_n in_o parthicis_fw-la 144._o a._n 164._o d._n c._n c._n diod._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 575._o 575._o synaspisantes_n synaspisantes_n polyb._n lib._n 17._o 764._o a._n a._n aelian_n c._n 14._o 14._o see_v polyb._n lib._n 12._o 664._o c._n leo_n cap._n 17._o §_o 91._o 91._o suidas_n in_o plâ—thro_n plâ—thro_n suidas_n ibid._n &_o leo_n cap._n 17._o §_o 89._o 89._o xenophon_n de_fw-fr rep_n lace_a 686._o a._n a._n plutarch_n in_o crasso_fw-la crasso_fw-la xenoph._n in_o agesilao_n 659._o b._n b._n leo_fw-la cap._n 6._o §_o 38._o 38._o jul._n pollux_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 4._o §_o 32._o call_v it_o a_o span_n span_n patricius_n parel_n part_n secun_fw-la lib._n 3._o cap._n 8._o 8._o polyen_n lib._n 2_o in_o cleonym_n §_o 2._o 2._o appian_n in_o syriacis_n 97._o e._n e._n polyb._n lib._n 17._o 763._o e._n e._n diod._n sicul._n lib._n 16._o 510._o 510._o 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z plutarch_n in_o aemilio_n aemilio_n polyb._n lib._n 17._o 764._o a._n a._n livy_n decad._n 5._o lib._n 573._o c._n c._n livy_n decad_a 4._o lib._n 1._o 18._o 18._o livy_n decad_a 4._o lib._n 2._o 30._o c._n plutarch_n in_o 〈◊〉_d appian_n in_o syrâ—cis_n 109._o b._n see_v leo_n cap._n 5._o §._o 3._o &_o cap._n 6._o â—_o 3â—_n 3â—_n poâ—yen_n lib_n 2_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 2._o 2._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d dc_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d lib._n 4_o 〈◊〉_d â—_o â—_o 〈◊〉_d l._n 17_o 704._o a._n a._n polyb._n 17._o 764._o a._n f_o lâ—o_n â—ap_n 6._o â—_o 39_o 39_o polâ—b_n l._n 17._o 〈◊〉_d a._n a._n 〈◊〉_d polluâ—_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d l._n 4_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d §_o â—_o â—_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d diâ—noso_fw-it â—_o lib_n 5._o â—04_n a._n a._n polyb._n l._n 17._o 764._o d_o d_o leo_fw-la cap._n 14._o §_o 69._o 69._o 〈◊〉_d â—ap_n 20._o 20._o xenoph._n the_o expâ—d_a 〈◊〉_d lib._n 1._o 270._o d_o d_o xenoph_n de_fw-fr exp_v lib._n 4._o 322_o d_o d_o arrian_n lib._n â—_o 9_o c._n c._n arrian_n lib._n 2._o 55._o 55._o arrian_n lib._n 1._o 23_o b._n b._n polyb._n lib._n 1._o 47._o b._n b._n arrian_n lib._n 9â—_n c._n 〈◊〉_d cap._n 3â—_n 3â—_n xenoph._n cyroâ—_n lib._n 7._o 188._o c._n c._n leo_fw-la cap._n 14._o §_o 105._o 105._o arrian_n lib._n lib._n leo_fw-la cap._n 14._o §_o â—04_n 〈◊〉_d decad_a 5._o lâ—b_n 2_o 39_o b._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 4._o lâ—b_n 8._o â—61_n b._n e_o xenoph_n hist._n graec._n lib_n 4._o 513._o d._n d._n xenoph._n cyrop_n lib._n 7._o 178._o 178._o appian_n in_o 〈◊〉_d 109._o â—_o 〈…〉_z 〈…〉_z plut_z in_o ant._n ant._n lâ—u_n decad_a 4._o lib._n 1._o 26._o a._n b._n b._n 〈◊〉_d de_fw-fr 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d xenoph._n cyrop_n lib._n 2._o 39_o e._n e._n lâ—u_fw-mi decad_v 4._o lib._n 1._o 16._o b._n b._n arrian_n lib._n 1._o 7._o d._n d._n arrian_n lib._n 2._o 31._o e._n e._n arrian_n lib._n 2._o 31._o f._n f._n arrian_n l._n 3._o 64_o e._n e._n arrian_n lib._n 3._o 65._o d._n d._n arrian_n lib._n 4._o 99_o 99_o polyen_n lib._n 3._o in_o iphicrate_n §_o 2._o h_o xenoph._n de_fw-fr exp_v cyr._n lib._n 1._o 265._o b._n lib._n 7._o 416._o a._n b._n b._n pâ—n_o natural_a histor_n lib._n 7._o cap_n 56._o 56._o diod._n sicul._n lib._n 16._o 512._o pol._n lib._n 3._o 266_o a._n b._n b._n hirtius_n de_fw-fr bell_n afâ—ican_n xenoph._n de_fw-fr exp_v cyr._n lib_n 3._o 309._o â—_o plut_z in_o anton._n appian_n in_o par._n 164._o 164._o xenoph_n the_o exped_a cyr._n lib._n 3._o 302._o b._n c._n c._n diod_n sicul._n lib._n 4._o 189._o 189._o xenoph._n hist._n graec._n lib._n 7._o 644._o d._n d._n iust._n lib._n 7._o 633._o c._n c._n diod._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 573._o &_o 594._o plutarch_n in_o alexand._n alexand._n plut._n in_o pyrth_n pyrth_n plutarch_n in_o agesilao_n xenoph._n hâ—st_n graec_fw-la lib_n 4._o 518_o a._n b_o euclyd_n lib._n 1._o definit_a 31._o 31._o polyb._n lib._n 4._o 278._o b._n c._n c._n diodor._fw-la sic_fw-la lib._n 16._o 510._o 510._o xenoph._n hist._n graea_n lib._n â—_o 646_o b._n b._n diod._n sicul._n lib._n 15_o pag_n 502._o 502._o xenoph._n hâ—st_n graec_fw-la lib._n 3._o 498._o d._n d._n plutarch_n in_o lycurgo_n lycurgo_n leo_fw-la cap._n 12._o 9_o 40._o 40._o leo_fw-la cap._n 14._o §._o 108._o 109._o 109._o leo_fw-la cap_n 7._o §_o 81._o &_o cap._n 14._o §_o 70._o 70._o after_o cap._n 46._o 46._o polyen_n lib._n 4._o 217._o â—21_n â—21_n polyb._n lib._n 12._o 663._o a._n a._n leo_fw-la cap._n 17._o §._o 89._o 89._o cap._n 18._o 18._o liv._o decad_a 4._o lib._n 7._o 142._o b._n d_o liu._n decad_n 4._o lib._n 7._o 141._o polyâ—_n lib._n 5._o 425._o c._n d._n d._n polyb._n lib._n 1._o 39_o b._n b._n diod._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 17._o polyb._n lib._n 5._o 421._o 421._o plutarch_n in_o alexand._n alexand._n polyen_n lib._n 4._o in_o alexand._n §_o 17._o 17._o polyb_a lib._n 11._o 634._o 634._o plut._n in_o pyrrh_n pyrrh_n polyen_n lib._n in_o agesilao_n agesilao_n xenoph._n cyrop_n lib._n 7._o 189_o d._n d._n latus_fw-la apeâ—un_fw-la apeâ—un_fw-la plut._n in_o pyrrh_n pyrrh_n pausan._n in_o articis_fw-la 43._o 43._o pausan._n in_o corinth_n 89._o 89._o pausan._n in_o corinth_n 87._o 87._o diod._n sicul._n lib._n 15._o 473._o b_o polyen_n lib._n â—_o in_o agesilao_n agesilao_n aemil._n prob._n in_o chabria_n 105._o see_v leo_n cap._n 7._o §_o 83._o 84._o see_v leo_n cap._n 12._o §_o 95._o 95._o xenoph._n hist._n graec_fw-la lib._n 4._o 519._o c._n xenoph._n hist._n graec_fw-la lib._n 6._o 605._o d._n d._n xenoph._n de_fw-fr rep_n lacedem_fw-la 686._o e._n see_v leo_n cap._n 18._o §._o 39_o 39_o herodot_n in_o calliopâ—_n 248._o &_o plutarch_n in_o aristide_n aristide_n liv._o decad_a 3._o lib._n 8._o 204._o b._n polyb._n lib._n 11._o 640._o b._n b._n suidas_n in_o the_o word_n dipâ—asiasai_n dipâ—asiasai_n suidas_n in_o the_o word_n dipâ—asiasai_n dipâ—asiasai_n polyen_n lib_n 2._o in_o cleandrida_fw-es §_o 4._o 4._o see_v leo_n cap._n 7._o §._o 69._o &_o 79._o 79._o xenoph_n cyrop_n lib._n 6._o 168._o b._n b._n leo_fw-la cap._n 14_o §._o 103._o 103._o leo_fw-la cap._n 7._o 69._o 69._o polyâ—n_o lâ—b_v 4._o in_o 〈◊〉_d â—_o 19_o â—_o poâ—yb_n l._n b_o 1._o 1._o appian_n in_o syriacis_n â—07_n b._n b._n hollow_a wedge_n wedge_n double_a phalange_n phalange_n treble_a phalange_n phalange_n double_o front_a phalange_n phalange_n horseman_n that_o use_v two_o horse_n one_o spare_a the_o other_o be_v vidden_v upon_o upon_o doulbe_n flank_v phalange_n phalange_n a_o hâ—rse_n hâ—rse_n the_o hollow_a front_a battle_n battle_n the_o convexebattaile_n convexebattaile_n fouresquare_a fouresquare_a wedge_n wedge_n before_o cap._n 11_o 11_o before_o cap._n 25._o 25._o before_o cap._n 25._o 25._o before_o cap._n 25._o 25._o before_o cap._n 29._o 29._o before_o cap._n 29._o 29._o before_o cap._n 28._o 28._o before_o cap._n 28._o 28._o before_o cap._n 28._o 28._o before_o cap._n 26._o 26._o before_o cap._n 26._o the_o enemy_n before_o the_o vanguard_n advance_v the_o enemy_n in_o the_o rear_n the_o enemy_n in_o flank_n the_o enemy_n in_o front_n without_o advance_v
more_o than_o a_o long_a line_n as_o it_o be_v and_o carry_v neither_o thickness_n nor_o breadth_n but_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o phalange_n the_o depth_n whereof_o be_v measure_v by_o the_o file_n and_o in_o the_o four_o the_o twelve_o and_o fourtenth_fw-mi chapter_n he_o term_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n itself_o thickness_n pachos_n alone_a with_o out_o add_v bathos_n show_v thereby_o that_o pachos_n also_o signify_v the_o dimension_n of_o the_o phalange_n from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n but_o where_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o plato_n breadth_n aught_o to_o be_v read_v in_o those_o place_n in_o stead_n of_o pachos_n thickness_n they_o persuade_v i_o not_o to_o be_v of_o their_o mind_n 50._o for_o aelian_n himself_o give_v a_o attenuation_n or_o thin_a which_o he_o call_v liptysmos_n to_o the_o phalange_n and_o that_o can_v be_v understand_v unless_o there_o be_v in_o it_o a_o kind_n of_o thickness_n before_o and_o to_o make_v it_o more_o plain_a he_o say_v that_o this_o leptysmos_n be_v when_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v gather_v up_o and_o from_o sixteen_o man_n it_o become_v a_o less_o number_n so_o that_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v the_o full_a sixteen_o which_o be_v also_o the_o depth_n and_o make_v of_o it_o thin_a be_v to_o lessen_v the_o depth_n to_o a_o place_n plato_n be_v fit_o attribute_v a_o place_n be_v only_a superficies_n which_o consist_v of_o longitude_n and_o latitude_n so_o 21_o poliaenus_n speak_v of_o a_o valley_n wherein_o a_o ambush_n be_v lay_v to_o entrap_v alexander_n sai_z the_o length_n stretch_v far_o out_o but_o the_o breadth_n plato_n be_v narrow_v to_o four_o furlong_n the_o name_n of_o plato_n be_v likewise_o give_v to_o a_o place_n by_o d._n polybius_n but_o to_o say_v the_o truth_n plato_n in_o a_o phalange_n rather_o signify_v the_o length_n than_o the_o depth_n as_o appear_v by_o aelian_n after_o in_o the_o four_o and_o forty_o chapter_n and_o â—2_n leo_n call_v the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n plato_n and_o when_o he_o will_v have_v the_o front_n enlarge_v or_o double_v he_o give_v this_o word_n of_o direction_n plátynon_n pròs_fw-la tà _fw-la amphâ—tera_fw-la mere_a enlarge_v the_o front_n on_o both_o side_n 4_o the_o right_a wing_n that_o which_o in_o the_o english_a tongue_n be_v call_v a_o wing_n be_v term_v in_o greek_a kera_n a_o horn_n we_o in_o our_o war_n of_o ancient_a time_n divide_v our_o army_n into_o three_o part_n the_o vantgarde_n the_o battle_n and_o the_o rearewarde_n and_o when_o we_o come_v to_o fight_v set_v they_o for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o a_o even_a front_n the_o battle_n in_o the_o midst_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o vantgarde_n which_o be_v call_v the_o right-wing_n on_o the_o left_a the_o rearewarde_n which_o be_v call_v the_o left-wing_n proper_o enough_o for_o our_o embattail_v for_o the_o battle_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o body_n and_o the_o vantgarde_n and_o rearewarde_n be_v the_o wing_n which_o in_o a_o manner_n stick_v out_o from_o the_o body_n and_o whereby_o the_o body_n be_v support_v that_o that_o we_o call_v wing_n the_o grecian_n and_o roman_n call_v horn_n in_o the_o battle_n the_o word_n keras_n signify_v a_o point_n bear_v out_o from_o the_o height_n or_o end_n of_o any_o thing_n it_o be_v use_v for_o the_o top_n of_o rock_n and_o for_o promontory_n and_o such_o like_a and_o in_o a_o phalange_n it_o proper_o signify_v the_o two_o point_n the_o right_n and_o the_o left_a of_o the_o wing_n the_o english_a word_n wing_n i_o be_o fain_a to_o retain_v because_o it_o be_v familiar_a and_o in_o use_n aelian_a here_o will_v have_v the_o wing_n to_o stretch_v out_o from_o the_o middle_a section_n to_o either_o point_n the_o right_n and_o left_a of_o the_o phalange_n under_o which_o appellation_n must_v fall_v to_o the_o right_a wing_n the_o whole_a space_n that_o begin_v at_o the_o middle_a interval_n and_o run_v along_o to_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o battle_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o the_o left_a all_o that_o be_v comprehend_v betwixt_o the_o same_o space_n and_o the_o left_a corner_n of_o the_o battle_n 5_o thâ—_n twâ—â—fould_a section_n in_o greek_n it_o be_v name_v dichotomia_n because_o it_o part_v and_o divide_v the_o phalange_n into_o two_o even_a part_n begin_v at_o the_o front_n and_o stretch_v out_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o aelian_n in_o the_o ten_o chapter_n of_o this_o book_n name_v it_o apotome_n but_o here_o he_o speak_v of_o no_o more_o intervall_n or_o partition_n of_o the_o phalange_n then_o of_o this_o one_o in_o the_o midst_n i_o will_v think_v there_o shall_v be_v more_o â—06_n onosander_n say_v let_v there_o be_v certain_a intervall_n in_o your_o battle_n that_o if_o your_o enemy_n advance_v your_o lightarmed_n after_o they_o have_v spend_v their_o missive_a weapon_n and_o before_o the_o phalanges_fw-la join_v may_v retire_v leisurely_o in_o the_o intervall_n and_o without_o disorder_n come_v behind_o to_o the_o rear_n for_o it_o be_v not_o safe_a for_o they_o in_o retire_v to_o fetch_v a_o compass_n about_o the_o whole_a army_n or_o to_o turn_v in_o again_o on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o wing_n for_o the_o enemy_n haste_v to_o come_v to_o hand_n will_v easy_o prevent_v and_o intercept_v they_o in_o the_o midst_n so_o that_o they_o neither_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o break_v through_o the_o arm_a already_o close_v for_o fight_v and_o fall_v upon_o their_o own_o weapon_n they_o must_v needs_o disorder_v their_o own_o people_n every_o man_n after_o other_o seek_v to_o find_v a_o way_n through_o they_o to_o escape_v the_o danger_n he_o be_v in_o thus_o much_o onosander_n from_o who_o we_o may_v learn_v both_o that_o their_o ought_v to_o be_v more_o section_n in_o the_o phalange_n than_o one_o and_o that_o the_o institution_n of_o they_o have_v this_o chief_a end_n to_o receive_v the_o lightarmed_n in_o their_o space_n after_o they_o have_v skirmish_v with_o the_o enemy_n and_o be_v by_o they_o force_v to_o retire_v i_o may_v add_v that_o aelian_n place_v the_o lightarmed_n in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n if_o you_o give_v but_o one_o section_n unto_o it_o it_o will_v be_v as_o hard_a for_o they_o to_o advance_v and_o sâ—rue_a before_o the_o front_n as_o it_o will_v be_v to_o retreat_v after_o their_o service_n do_v it_o seem_v that_o 58_o leo_n give_v three_o intervall_n to_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o ancient_a tactic_n he_o say_v they_o oppose_v the_o body_n of_o the_o arm_a against_o the_o enemy_n and_o divide_v they_o into_o four_o part_n the_o right_a and_o leave_v and_o the_o middle-right_a and_o middle-left_a part_n make_v so_o many_o part_n the_o part_n must_v be_v distinguish_v as_o i_o collect_v by_o intervall_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v one_o after_o the_o first_o body_n of_o the_o right-wing_n another_o after_o the_o second_o which_o be_v the_o middle_a section_n the_o three_o after_o the_o three_o and_o this_o three_o section_n be_v bound_v with_o the_o four_o body_n which_o make_v the_o point_n of_o the_o left-wing_n for_o if_o the_o phalange_n be_v whole_a and_o entire_a without_o more_o intervall_n than_o one_o how_o can_v there_o be_v four_o part_n for_o esteem_v they_o by_o phalangarchy_n without_o leave_v space_n between_o it_o can_v not_o be_v say_v there_o be_v but_o four_o part_n of_o the_o phalange_n consider_v that_o as_o well_o the_o merarchy_n chiliarchy_n pentecosiarchy_n syntagmatae_n be_v part_n of_o it_o as_o the_o phalangarchy_n but_o be_v distinguish_v by_o partition_n of_o intervall_n the_o four_o phalangarchy_n become_v four_o part_n namely_o the_o right_n leave_v middle-right_a and_o middle-left_a as_o leo_n here_o term_v they_o the_o same_o 〈◊〉_d leo_n speak_v after_o more_o plain_o enjoin_v his_o general_n to_o separate_v and_o disjoin_v diachorizein_o the_o whole_a number_n of_o his_o army_n into_o four_o part_n for_o as_o choris_fw-la signify_v a_o part_n or_o sever_v so_o diachorizo_n be_v derive_v from_o it_o signify_v to_o put_v asunder_o or_o set_v a_o part_n phalangarchia_n suidas_n be_v yet_o a_o little_a more_o clear_a a_o phalangarchie_n say_v he_o be_v two_o merarchy_n of_o four_o thousand_o and_o ninty_a six_o man_n this_o as_o some_o say_v be_v the_o section_n apotome_n of_o the_o wing_n as_o other_o it_o be_v a_o meros_n of_o ancient_a time_n it_o be_v call_v strategia_n and_o the_o commander_n strategos_n but_o now_o he_o be_v term_v phalangarcha_n suidas_n make_v the_o wing_n to_o have_v a_o partition_n or_o section_n and_o say_v some_o call_v a_o phalangarchie_n by_o the_o name_n of_o this_o section_n before_o we_o hear_v out_o of_o aelian_n that_o the_o wing_n right_a or_o left_a do_v stretch_v out_o from_o the_o middle_a section_n to_o the_o outward_a most_o point_n of_o the_o battle_n on_o either_o
soldier_n which_o fight_v under_o the_o ensign_n have_v except_v the_o target_n both_o to_o assure_v himself_o from_o the_o fly_a weapon_n of_o the_o light_n arm_v and_o from_o the_o pike_n and_o sword_n of_o the_o arm_a in_o case_n the_o battle_n be_v enter_v and_o pierce_v as_o far_o as_o the_o ensign_n for_o it_o be_v no_o reason_n he_o shall_v carry_v a_o target_n lest_o both_o his_o hand_n shall_v be_v bind_v the_o right_a with_o the_o ensign_n the_o left_a with_o the_o target_n and_o so_o he_o have_v no_o use_n of_o either_o against_o the_o enemy_n and_o in_o the_o left_a hand_n i_o will_v give_v he_o a_o spear_n or_o â—avelin_n not_o a_o pike_n which_o can_v be_v wield_v with_o one_o hand_n for_o his_o own_o defence_n and_o to_o offend_v the_o enemy_n which_o weapon_n i_o have_v read_v ensign_n of_o ancient_a time_n do_v bear_v what_o the_o ensign_n place_n be_v whether_o in_o front_n or_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battatle_n i_o see_v it_o controvert_v parall_a patricius_n absolute_o affirm_v that_o the_o ensign_n be_v place_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o front_n and_o have_v 8_o file_n on_o the_o right_n and_o 3._o 8_o on_o the_o left_a to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v be_v see_v and_o follow_v by_o all_o that_o ensign_n be_v first_o invent_v to_o be_v a_o mark_n of_o several_a body_n military_a in_o a_o army_n i_o have_v before_o show_v but_o it_o follow_v not_o thereof_o that_o they_o be_v place_v in_o the_o front_n in_o time_n of_o fight_n for_o be_v in_o the_o middle_n they_o no_o less_o give_v notice_n what_o the_o body_n be_v than_o in_o the_o front_n the_o reason_n of_o follow_v be_v of_o less_o force_n inasmuch_o as_o the_o soldier_n well_o know_v who_o to_o follow_v though_o he_o have_v no_o ensign_n at_o all_o the_o commander_n always_o with_o his_o motion_n give_v he_o direction_n when_o to_o advance_v forward_o when_o to_o turn_v his_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n when_o to_o countermarch_n when_o to_o double_v and_o when_o to_o use_v all_o other_o motion_n military_a and_o the_o commander_n be_v therefore_o call_v leader_n because_o they_o go_v on_o before_o and_o the_o soldier_n follow_v after_o so_o that_o the_o ensign_n in_o regard_n of_o follow_v need_v not_o to_o be_v set_v in_o the_o front_n 65._o yet_o in_o exercise_v the_o troop_n and_o in_o march_n i_o find_v that_o the_o ensign_n be_v in_o the_o front_n together_o with_o the_o captain_n crier_n trumpeter_z and_o guide_n but_o i_o take_v the_o reason_n to_o be_v because_o be_v in_o the_o midst_n and_o have_v neither_o file_n nor_o rank_n with_o the_o rest_n they_o may_v happy_o bring_v a_o confusion_n and_o be_v a_o hindrance_n to_o the_o change_n and_o diverse_a figure_n of_o the_o battle_n when_o the_o time_n of_o fight_n be_v the_o ensign_n retire_v to_o his_o place_n that_o be_v to_o the_o midst_n for_o so_o 33._o leo_n interprete_v himself_o in_o his_o precept_n of_o close_a file_n which_o must_v be_v do_v say_v he_o not_o only_o by_o fileleader_n in_o front_n commander_n of_o five_o and_o bringers-up_a in_o the_o rear_n but_o in_o the_o midst_n also_o where_o the_o ensign_n stand_v and_o i_o rather_o agree_v to_o leo_n herein_o because_o i_o see_v it_o be_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o roman_n also_o to_o place_v their_o ensign_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o their_o maniple_n 3_o from_o whence_o come_v the_o appellation_n of_o antesignani_fw-la soldier_n that_o stand_v before_o the_o ensign_n and_o postsignani_n that_o stand_v behind_o beside_o the_o ensign_n be_v in_o the_o front_n the_o ensign_n bearer_n may_v soon_o get_v a_o clap_n who_o fall_v the_o ensign_n go_v to_o ground_n and_o be_v in_o danger_n of_o lose_v which_o be_v the_o great_a disgrace_n among_o the_o roman_n that_o may_v befall_v last_o 20._o aelian_n himself_o in_o plain_a word_n place_v the_o cornet_n of_o horse_n far_o from_o the_o front_n for_o speak_v of_o the_o ordinary_a horse-troupe_n he_o say_v it_o be_v to_o consist_v of_o 64_o horse_n the_o first_o rank_n of_o 15_o horse_n the_o 2_o of_o 13_o the_o 3_o of_o 11_o the_o 4_o of_o 9_o descend_v still_o and_o diminish_v 2_o horse_n in_o every_o rank_n till_o you_o come_v to_o one_o he_o add_v he_o shall_v carry_v the_o cornet_n that_o stand_v in_o the_o second_o rank_n next_o the_o ranke-commander_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o rank_n be_v the_o second_o rank_n himself_o declare_v make_v the_o rank_n of_o 15_o the_o first_o the_o 2_o the_o 13_o which_o be_v the_o 7_o from_o the_o front_n and_o next_o the_o rear_n but_o one_o if_o the_o cornet_n have_v no_o place_n in_o front_n why_o shall_v the_o ensign_n consider_v both_o serve_n to_o one_o use_n and_o the_o reason_n of_o see_v and_o follow_v be_v equal_a to_o both_o and_o albeit_o ectâctos_n suidas_n place_v the_o ensign_n the_o crier_n the_o trumpet_n and_o sargeant_n before_o the_o battle_n the_o lieutenant_n in_o the_o rear_n he_o be_v notwithstanding_o to_o be_v understand_v of_o the_o time_n of_o march_v or_o of_o exercise_n which_o i_o note_v before_o for_o what_o shall_v that_o rabble_n of_o unarmed_a be_v 4._o in_o every_o syntagma_n and_o in_o the_o whole_a phalange_n 256._o do_v in_o the_o front_n in_o the_o time_n of_o fight_n but_o only_o pester_v the_o choose_v of_o the_o army_n who_o therefore_o have_v the_o front_n that_o they_o may_v make_v speedy_a way_n into_o the_o enemy_n battle_n 7_o a_o reare-commander_n be_v the_o same_o that_o a_o lieutenant_n be_v with_o us._n he_o command_v the_o soldier_n in_o the_o rear_n no_o less_o than_o the_o syntagmatarch_n in_o the_o front_n and_o have_v his_o place_n in_o the_o rear_n what_o the_o duty_n of_o a_o reare-commander_n be_v i_o have_v show_v out_o of_o e._n cyrus_n word_n in_o xenophon_n and_o 14._o aelian_n afterward_o set_v it_o down_o most_o plain_o he_o be_v arm_v as_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o arm_a of_o the_o syntagma_n namely_o with_o pike_n and_o target_n and_o with_o such_o other_o arm_n as_o i_o have_v describe_v in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o second_o chapter_n 8_o a_o trumpet_n the_o invention_n of_o the_o trumpet_n be_v attribute_v to_o tirrhenus_n hercules_n son_n but_o the_o different_a use_n of_o these_o officer_n be_v worth_a the_o note_n out_o of_o eâ—os_n suidas_n the_o crier_n say_v he_o serve_v to_o deliver_v direction_n by_o voice_n the_o ensign_n by_o signal_n when_o noise_n take_v away_o the_o hear_n of_o the_o voice_n the_o trumpet_n by_o sound_n when_o through_o thickness_n of_o dust_n a_o signal_n can_v be_v discern_v the_o sergeant_n to_o bring_v such_o thing_n and_o dispatch_v such_o message_n as_o his_o syntagmatarch_n command_v so_o that_o these_o officer_n be_v hold_v all_o necessary_a for_o a_o company_n the_o one_o supply_v the_o defect_n of_o the_o other_o and_o serve_v for_o use_v when_o the_o other_o fail_v the_o trumpet_n then_o be_v to_o be_v use_v according_a to_o suidas_n when_o neither_o the_o crier_n nor_o ensign_n can_v do_v service_n with_o the_o trumpet_n be_v the_o signal_n give_v for_o the_o camp_n to_o remove_v for_o the_o camp_n to_o lodge_v by_o the_o trumpet_n the_o soldier_n be_v teach_v their_o time_n to_o fight_v their_o time_n to_o retreat_n the_o trumpet_n set_v and_o discharge_v the_o watch_n from_o the_o trumpet_n come_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o march_n and_o the_o quickness_n and_o slowness_n of_o pace_n in_o brief_a the_o trumpet_n do_v all_o the_o office_n that_o the_o drum_n do_v with_o we_o at_o this_o day_n whether_o the_o trumpet_n or_o drum_n be_v of_o most_o use_n in_o the_o field_n i_o may_v not_o now_o dispute_v only_o i_o will_v say_v that_o the_o grecian_n and_o roman_n the_o most_o expert_a and_o judicious_a soldier_n that_o ever_o be_v hold_v themselves_o to_o the_o trumpet_n and_o never_o use_v the_o drum_n the_o drum_n be_v first_o invent_v by_o bacchus_n who_o as_o 1._o polyenus_n report_v fight_v against_o the_o indian_n in_o stead_n of_o trumpet_n give_v the_o signal_n of_o battle_n with_o cymbal_n and_o drum_n from_o he_o it_o come_v to_o the_o indian_n who_o use_v it_o altogether_o as_o 372._o curtius_n note_v in_o the_o battle_n betwixt_o king_n alexander_n the_o great_a and_o porus._n the_o drum_n of_o parthian_n be_v describe_v by_o crasso_fw-la plutarch_n in_o the_o life_n of_o crassus_n and_o by_o d._n appian_n 113._o and_o leo_n say_v the_o saracen_n who_o invade_v christendom_n and_o infect_v the_o turk_n with_o their_o superstition_n order_v their_o fight_n by_o the_o drum_n from_o this_o eastern_a asiaticall_a people_n it_o be_v bring_v into_o europe_n and_o now_o the_o general_a custom_n be_v among_o stall_n european_a nation_n that_o the_o foot_n have_v drum_n in_o the_o field_n the_o horse_n trumpet_n and_o
hinder_v no_o more_o the_o readiness_n of_o frame_v they_o than_o the_o use_n of_o file_v and_o rank_v help_v the_o other_o the_o four_o be_v rather_o curious_a then_o profitable_a as_o i_o take_v neither_o do_v i_o findâ—_n example_n of_o it_o and_o it_o may_v be_v true_o affirm_v of_o it_o that_o the_o square_n be_v much_o easy_a to_o be_v fashion_v we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o speak_v of_o the_o last_o three_o in_o due_a place_n touch_v the_o joint_a fall_v on_o of_o the_o commander_n i_o confess_v the_o advantage_n be_v great_a for_o when_o the_o best_a man_n such_o as_o the_o commander_n ought_v to_o be_v altogether_o fall_v upon_o the_o enemy_n they_o be_v very_o like_a to_o put_v hard_o to_o they_o and_o as_o it_o be_v a_o great_a part_n of_o skill_n to_o bring_v many_o hand_n to_o fight_v so_o be_v it_o no_o less_o to_o bring_v the_o best_a hand_n to_o fight_v many_o hand_n make_v light_a work_n the_o best_a hand_n sure_a work_n now_o for_o the_o rhombe_n aelian_n allege_v these_o reason_n first_o that_o it_o be_v fit_a for_o all_o encounter_n because_o the_o horseman_n be_v ready_a to_o turn_v their_o face_n every_o way_n with_o speed_n then_o that_o they_o can_v be_v surprise_v in_o flank_n or_o rear_v have_v the_o best_a man_n in_o their_o flank_n and_o the_o commander_n in_o every_o point_n of_o the_o rhombe_n and_o can_v the_o square_a turn_n face_n every_o way_n they_o can_v but_o not_o with_o the_o same_o advantage_n for_o the_o rhombe_n which_o way_n soever_o face_n be_v turn_v remain_v in_o the_o first_o form_n and_o whether_o it_o be_v to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v flank_n or_o to_o the_o rear_n it_o keepeeh_a still_o 4_o even_a side_n and_o the_o man_n of_o most_o service_n in_o the_o side_n beside_o that_o one_o point_n always_o affront_v the_o enemy_n not_o unlike_o a_o calthrop_n which_o howsoever_o you_o cast_v it_o to_o the_o ground_n have_v one_o point_n bear_v right_o up_o to_o wound_v the_o horse_n foot_n but_o the_o square_n in_o turn_v face_n to_o either_o flank_n alter_v the_o form_n of_o the_o front_n in_o a_o broad_a square_n the_o front_n at_o the_o first_o be_v long_o than_o the_o side_n face_n be_v turn_v to_o either_o flank_n the_o side_n become_v long_o than_o the_o front_n contrariwise_o in_o the_o hearse_n battle_n beside_o in_o such_o turn_n of_o face_n the_o square_a leese_v the_o advantage_n of_o embattatle_a the_o commander_n that_o stand_v in_o the_o front_n stand_v now_o in_o one_o of_o the_o flank_n and_o be_v not_o able_a to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n joint_o the_o great_a advantage_n of_o that_o form_n and_o so_o the_o front_n be_v without_o commander_n be_v subject_a and_o in_o danger_n of_o surprise_n where_o the_o rhombe_n which_o way_n soever_o face_n turn_v have_v as_o many_o commander_n in_o the_o front_n as_o at_o first_o but_o let_v we_o take_v the_o horse_n square_a in_o full_a strength_n with_o all_o commander_n in_o front_n whether_o shall_v that_o form_n be_v better_o than_o the_o rhombe_n i_o dare_v not_o affirm_v it_o for_o where_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o fight_n one_o with_o main_a force_n the_o other_o with_o sleight_n and_o art_n in_o the_o first_o i_o will_v prefer_v the_o square_n in_o the_o last_o the_o rhombe_n the_o square_a for_o slaughter_n and_o violent_a overthrow_v the_o rhombe_n for_o pierce_v and_o artificial_a break_v the_o enemy_n battle_n which_o last_o among_o great_a commander_n have_v always_o be_v account_v the_o best_a kind_n of_o win_v in_o the_o square_a all_o the_o commander_n fall_v joint_o upon_o the_o enemy_n and_o because_o they_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v the_o chief_a of_o the_o army_n in_o all_o likelihood_n they_o will_v overthrow_v the_o foremost_a and_o slay_v many_o yet_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o length_n of_o their_o front_n they_o stick_v man_n to_o man_n and_o can_v make_v no_o far_a entrance_n and_o the_o victory_n hang_v doubtful_a till_o they_o have_v slay_v the_o most_o of_o they_o that_o resist_v and_o so_o make_v the_o rest_n to_o fly_v the_o rhombe_n contrariwise_a be_v narrow_a and_o point_v in_o the_o front_n first_o force_v a_o passage_n with_o the_o point_n which_o make_v way_n to_o the_o rest_n that_o follow_v and_o then_o without_o great_a labour_n pierce_v further_o and_o further_o break_v the_o adverse_a battle_n &_o disperse_v and_o put_v they_o to_o flight_n and_o after_o do_v execution_n at_o pleasure_n neither_o can_v i_o make_v a_o fit_a resemblance_n then_o by_o compare_v the_o 2_o figure_n one_o to_o a_o axe_n the_o other_o to_o a_o wedge_n both_o instrument_n use_v for_o divide_v solid_a mass_n of_o wood_n for_o the_o axe_n albeit_o sharp_a than_o the_o wedge_n yet_o have_v the_o edge_n draw_v out_o in_o length_n can_v not_o by_o any_o strength_n be_v drive_v far_o into_o the_o wood_n but_o by_o double_v many_o stroke_n and_o by_o much_o labour_n come_v at_o last_o to_o divide_v it_o the_o wedge_n contrariwise_a though_o not_o so_o sharp_a be_v once_o enter_v insinuate_v itself_o more_o by_o little_a and_o little_a with_o the_o narrowne_n of_o the_o point_n and_o maintain_v the_o hold_n it_o first_o get_v at_o last_o force_v it_o asunder_o though_o it_o be_v never_o so_o tough_a so_o be_v it_o in_o the_o square_a and_o rhombe_n whereof_o the_o square_a begin_v and_o end_v with_o violence_n the_o other_o use_v first_o cunning_n and_o mildness_n as_o it_o be_v to_o enter_v be_v once_o enter_v rent_v a_o piece_n and_o dispart_v all_o that_o stand_v in_o the_o way_n the_o manner_n of_o our_o time_n allow_v not_o of_o rhombe_n experience_n of_o former_a time_n high_o prize_v they_o i_o will_v insist_v upon_o the_o thessalian_n alone_o who_o be_v account_v the_o inventor_n of_o the_o rhombe_n &_o fight_v always_o rhombe_n wise_n polybius_n have_v see_v their_o service_n and_o be_v general_n of_o the_o horse_n in_o his_o own_o country_n and_o therefore_o able_a to_o judge_v he_o give_v this_o censure_n of_o they_o c._n that_o in_o troop_n and_o be_v imbattail_v they_o can_v not_o be_v resist_v to_o fight_v man_n to_o man_n in_o single_a combat_n they_o have_v neither_o will_n nor_o courage_n what_o then_o shall_v be_v the_o reason_n they_o shall_v be_v so_o powerful_a in_o troop_n no_o other_o than_o the_o form_n of_o their_o imbattail_v which_o form_n be_v the_o rhombe_n here_o mention_v by_o aelian_n in_o this_o form_n they_o common_o beat_v the_o grecian_a and_o persian_a square_n and_o get_v the_o reputation_n of_o the_o best_a horseman_n of_o europe_n 3_o the_o scythian_n and_o thracian_n use_v the_o wedge_n the_o rhombe_n be_v of_o 4_o side_n the_o wedge_n but_o of_o three_o and_o half_o a_o rhombe_n make_v a_o wedge_n as_o will_v be_v show_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n the_o wedge_n be_v use_v by_o the_o scythian_n and_o thracian_n and_o whether_o king_n philip_n of_o macedonia_n borrow_v it_o of_o they_o i_o be_o uncertain_a but_o i_o rather_o incline_v to_o think_v that_o his_o the_o ban_n master_n teach_v he_o as_o well_o the_o wedge_n as_o other_o form_n of_o battle_n the_o cause_n of_o my_o conjecture_n be_v for_o that_o i_o find_v that_o his_o 510._o fellow_n scholar_n epaminondas_n beat_v the_o lacedaemonian_a horse_n at_o mantinaea_n in_o that_o form_n b._n xenophon_n recount_v the_o story_n to_o this_o effect_n the_o enemy_n they_o be_v the_o lacedaemonian_n order_v their_o horse_n like_o a_o phalange_n of_o arm_a in_o depth_n without_o mingle_v foot_n with_o they_o but_o epaminondas_n make_v a_o strong_a wedge_n of_o horse_n also_o for_o before_o he_o tell_v the_o theban_a arm_v be_v cast_v into_o a_o wedge_n and_o join_v some_o foot_n with_o they_o conceive_v after_o he_o have_v cut_v in_o piece_n the_o horse_n he_o shall_v not_o miss_v of_o overcome_v the_o other_o force_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o so_o go_v to_o charge_n he_o be_v not_o deceive_v of_o his_o hope_n thus_o xenophon_n of_o join_v horse_n and_o light_n arm_v together_o i_o have_v speak_v before_o and_o that_o they_o be_v lightarmed_n that_o epaminond_a as_o join_v to_o his_o horse_n 502._o diodorus_n siculus_n show_v by_o xenophon_n than_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o not_o only_o the_o scythian_n and_o thracian_n but_o the_o grecian_n also_o when_o they_o think_v it_o convenient_a use_v the_o horse-wedge_n and_o that_o epaminondas_n order_v both_o foot_n and_o horse_n in_o a_o wedge_n and_o consider_v king_n philip_n be_v bring_v up_o in_o epaminondas_n his_o father_n house_n and_o make_v partaker_n of_o the_o learning_n wherewith_o epaminondas_n be_v institute_v it_o be_v like_a in_o erect_v a_o new_a military_a discipline_n among_o the_o macedonian_n as_o he_o take_v many_o other_o thing_n from_o the_o grecian_n so_o he_o borrow_v this_o form_n have_v first_o see_v
defence_n of_o their_o country_n and_o only_o two_o narrow_a way_n betwixt_o he_o cast_v his_o army_n into_o a_o hollow_a plinthium_fw-la or_o square_a and_o lead_v it_o against_o the_o left_a hand_n passage_n whither_o all_o the_o theban_n flock_v for_o defence_n but_o he_o turn_v about_o face_n from_o the_o rear_n haste_v away_o and_o gain_v the_o other_o passage_n where_o no_o man_n be_v present_a to_o resist_v and_o enter_v spoil_v the_o country_n and_o return_v without_o impeachment_n 4_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o metabole_n before_o be_v rehearse_v two_o kind_n of_o turn_n of_o face_n about_o one_o to_o the_o pike_n the_o other_o to_o the_o target_n here_o be_v add_v two_o more_o one_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o other_o against_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v all_o one_o indeed_o and_o differ_v only_o in_o name_n what_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o these_o turn_n shall_v be_v i_o be_o in_o doubt_n aelian_n expound_v they_o one_o way_n suidas_n a_o other_o aelian_n esteem_v they_o by_o the_o right_n and_o leave_v hand_n suidas_n albeit_o he_o have_v that_o signification_n also_o esteem_v they_o by_o the_o front_n and_o rear_v therefore_o suidas_n define_v the_o turn_n from_o the_o enemy_n to_o be_v a_o turn_n about_o towards_o the_o rear_n that_o against_o the_o enemy_n a_o turn_n about_o towards_o the_o front_n aelian_n will_v have_v the_o first_o to_o contain_v two_o turn_n towards_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o second_o two_o turn_n towards_o the_o left_a i_o for_o my_o part_n assent_v rather_o to_o aelian_n for_o touch_v the_o turn_n of_o suidas_n i_o can_v yet_o understand_v why_o turn_v towards_o the_o rear_n shall_v be_v a_o turn_n from_o the_o enemy_n or_o towards_o the_o front_n a_o turn_n to_o the_o enemy_n consider_v that_o whether_o soever_o you_o turn_v face_n the_o enemy_n be_v imagine_v to_o be_v there_o face_n and_o weapon_n be_v to_o be_v oppose_v always_o against_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v the_o only_a end_n of_o turn_v aelians_n opinion_n seem_v to_o have_v more_o probability_n in_o it_o at_o least_o if_o i_o conceive_v the_o right_a reason_n for_o i_o take_v it_o thus_o that_o see_v the_o grecian_n as_o the_o roman_n likewise_o be_v targeteer_n and_o carry_v their_o target_n on_o their_o left_a side_n and_o in_o fight_n advance_v that_o side_n always_o near_o the_o enemy_n which_o they_o seek_v to_o cover_v with_o their_o target_n that_o therefore_o the_o turn_n about_o to_o the_o enemy_n be_v call_v turn_v to_o the_o target_n as_o contrary_o turn_v to_o the_o right_a side_n on_o which_o side_n the_o pike_n be_v carry_v and_o which_o be_v naked_a of_o such_o defensive_a arm_n be_v call_v apeâ—un_fw-la the_o open_a side_n and_o therefore_o further_o remove_v from_o the_o enemy_n may_v for_o the_o same_o cause_n be_v term_v turn_v from_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o i_o take_v turn_v about_o to_o the_o enemy_n and_o turn_v about_o to_o the_o target_n to_o be_v all_o one_o as_o also_o turn_v about_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o turn_v about_o to_o the_o pike_n howsoever_o the_o name_n differ_v this_o be_v my_o conjecture_n which_o i_o shall_v imagine_v to_o be_v true_a till_o i_o find_v some_o man_n that_o will_v be_v please_v to_o give_v i_o a_o more_o probable_a reason_n i_o only_o add_v now_o the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o this_o motion_n as_o you_o be_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o figure_n show_v the_o manner_n of_o wheel_v double_a and_o treble-wheeling_a of_o the_o battle_n and_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n xxvi_o 1_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v when_o the_o battle_n be_v so_o close_v that_o no_o man_n can_v turn_v or_o twice_o turn_v his_o face_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o nearness_n of_o man_n to_o man_n it_o whole_o and_o joint_o wheel_v as_o a_o ship_n or_o some_o other_o body_n carry_v about_o the_o order_n thereof_o remain_v undissolue_v when_o the_o wheel_a be_v to_o the_o pike_n we_o warn_v the_o right-corner-file-leader_n to_o stand_v still_o as_o it_o be_v the_o hook_n of_o a_o door_n hinge_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o battle_n proceed_v forward_o to_o turn_v about_o the_o same_o file-leader_n like_o the_o door_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v wheel_v to_o the_o target_n it_o may_v be_v thus_o define_v epistrophe_n be_v when_o shut_v the_o battle_n by_o gather_v close_o the_o follower_n and_o sideman_n we_o turn_v it_o whole_o as_o the_o body_n of_o a_o man_n towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n it_o be_v carry_v about_o the_o corner-file-leader_n as_o about_o a_o centre_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o front_n transfer_v the_o countenance_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o follower_n and_o sideman_n every_o one_o remain_v in_o file_n and_o rank_n as_o before_o how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v i_o will_v show_v hereafter_o anastrophe_n or_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v the_o restore_n of_o the_o wheel_a to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o battle_n first_o stand_v close_o before_o it_o begin_v to_o wheel_n perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o two_o wheeling_n so_o that_o thereby_o the_o front_n come_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o rear_n 2_o ecperispasmos_n or_o treble_a wheel_a be_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o three_o wheeling_n so_o as_o when_o it_o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n the_o front_n come_v about_o to_o the_o left_a flank_n when_o to_o the_o target_n it_o come_v about_o to_o the_o right_a flank_n note_n this_o chapter_n have_v a_o diverse_a kind_n of_o turn_v from_o the_o other_o mention_v in_o the_o last_o chapter_n which_o for_o distinction_n sake_n be_v call_v epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v the_o other_o turn_v no_o more_o than_o the_o soldier_n face_n every_o man_n yet_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n be_v have_v before_o this_o wheel_v the_o whole_a body_n and_o change_v the_o place_n of_o the_o phalange_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o as_o there_o be_v in_o the_o turn_n of_o face_n a_o particular_a motion_n of_o every_o particular_a soldier_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v clesis_n and_o a_o other_o turn_v about_o call_v metabole_n so_o be_v there_o in_o this_o a_o general_a wheel_a of_o the_o whole_a body_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n call_v epistrophe_n and_o a_o other_o wheel_v about_o to_o the_o rear_v call_v perispasmos_n but_o let_v we_o hear_v the_o description_n 1_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v when_o the_o battle_n shortly_n epistrophe_n be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o first_o turn_v of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n in_o do_v whereof_o first_o the_o file_n must_v be_v close_v to_o the_o hand_n you_o mean_v to_o wheel_n than_o the_o rank_n then_o the_o corner_n file-leader_n on_o the_o same_o hand_n be_v to_o stand_v still_o than_o all_o the_o rest_n keep_v their_o file_n and_o rank_n close_v to_o turn_v to_o the_o same_o hand_n joint_o about_o the_o corner-file-leader_n circlewise_a who_o be_v to_o move_v by_o little_a and_o little_a till_o he_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n to_o that_o side_n which_o be_v intend_v and_o when_o the_o first_o rank_n be_v even_o with_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n wheel_v enough_o to_o the_o same_o hand_n they_o be_v to_o stand_v still_o the_o word_n of_o the_o definition_n of_o epistrophe_n or_o wheel_v be_v plain_a enough_o in_o aelian_a i_o need_v use_v no_o exposition_n now_o because_o in_o exercise_n we_o rely_v not_o upon_o one_o form_n of_o motion_n alone_o but_o acquaint_v our_o soldier_n with_o all_o the_o kind_n it_o be_v necessary_a to_o bring_v the_o body_n again_o to_o the_o first_o place_n to_o the_o end_n we_o may_v proceed_v in_o the_o rest_n this_o reduce_n to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v call_v anastrophe_n by_o which_o the_o battle_n return_v but_o by_o a_o contrary_a hand_n to_o that_o to_o which_o the_o epistrophe_n be_v make_v and_o but_o for_o change_v the_o hand_n the_o wheel_a back_n again_o be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o wheel_a forward_o we_o shall_v see_v hereafter_o how_o it_o be_v do_v to_o bring_v the_o battle_n to_o have_v the_o front_n where_o the_o rear_n be_v you_o must_v use_v a_o double_a wheel_a and_o that_o be_v call_v perispasmos_n which_o come_v of_o two_o epistrophe_n and_o be_v make_v either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n only_o it_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o if_o the_o perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o anastrophe_n or_o reduce_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n must_v be_v to_o the_o left_a contrary_a it_o be_v if_o the_o perispasmos_n be_v to_o
themselves_o of_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o target_n where_o diodore_n have_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o polienus_n have_v protinomenous_a ta_fw-la dorata_fw-la ortha_fw-mi hold_v before_o they_o their_o pike_n upright_o but_o both_o have_v pike_n upright_o and_o diodorus_n his_o continue_v have_v relation_n to_o the_o posture_n they_o be_v in_o which_o chabrias_n will_v not_o have_v they_o to_o alter_v polienus_n his_o hold_n before_o to_o that_o they_o be_v command_v to_o do_v in_o order_v of_o pike_n at_o this_o day_n i_o have_v show_v that_o the_o soldier_n hold_v they_o upright_o the_o but_o end_n set_v on_o the_o ground_n before_o and_o somewhat_o wide_a of_o their_o right_a foot_n 105._o aemilius_z probus_n recite_v this_o history_n pervert_v the_o stratagem_n he_o say_v that_o chabrias_n forbid_v the_o phalange_n to_o give_v back_o and_o teach_v his_o soldier_n to_o receive_v the_o enemy_n charge_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n the_o other_o set_v against_o the_o target_n and_o with_o the_o pike_n abase_v wherein_o he_o quite_o dissent_v from_o diodore_n and_o polien_n diodore_n say_v the_o command_n be_v to_o keep_v their_o array_n polienus_n not_o to_o run_v forward_o but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o probus_n not_o to_o give_v back_o probus_n say_v they_o shall_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n and_o rest_n against_o the_o target_n with_o the_o other_o diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o target_n sink_v to_o their_o knee_n polienus_n that_o they_o shall_v carry_v their_o target_n before_o at_o their_o knee_n probus_n that_o they_o shall_v abase_v and_o charge_v their_o pike_n diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v continue_v and_o order_v they_o upright_o polien_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o pike_n upright_o so_o that_o diodore_n and_o polien_n agree_v and_o expound_v one_o another_o aemilius_n probus_n bring_v in_o a_o new_a history_n dissent_v as_o i_o say_v from_o the_o other_o two_o especial_o in_o make_v that_o to_o be_v a_o form_n of_o fight_n prescribe_v by_o chabrias_n a_o simple_a form_n to_o receive_v the_o charge_n upon_o their_o knee_n which_o be_v a_o contempt_n to_o show_v how_o little_a especial_o in_o that_o strength_n of_o ground_n he_o regard_v agesilaus_n which_o contempt_n also_o make_v agesilaus_n retire_v not_o doubt_v but_o it_o proceed_v from_o a_o great_a assurance_n of_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o as_o i_o say_v i_o take_v these_o word_n ep_o '_o orthon_n apodounai_fw-mi not_o only_o to_o appertain_v to_o the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n but_o also_o and_o that_o much_o rather_o to_o the_o erection_n and_o order_v of_o pike_n of_o countermarche_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxviii_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n the_o other_o by_o rank_n each_o of_o these_o again_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o kind_n the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a which_o be_v also_o the_o persian_a and_o the_o cretan_a 1_o the_o macedonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o lieu_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n backward_o where_o before_o it_o be_v forward_o 2_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v likewise_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o steed_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 3_o the_o persian_a be_v the_o cretan_a and_o choraean_a this_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o the_o phalange_n every_o soldier_n take_v another_o place_n for_o that_o he_o have_v the_o file-leader_n the_o place_n of_o bringer-up_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n in_o order_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 4_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n be_v make_v when_o a_o man_n will_v transfer_v the_o wing_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o section_n and_o the_o section_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n to_o the_o end_n to_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n likewise_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n and_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n they_o that_o fear_v to_o countermarch_n the_o phalange_n in_o gross_a the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n do_v it_o by_o syntagmae_n i_o will_v now_o set_v down_o in_o what_o manner_n countermarch_v aught_o to_o be_v make_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n be_v say_v to_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n with_o the_o bringer-up_a go_v against_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o pass_v on_o to_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_n themselves_o in_o order_n one_o after_o a_o other_o according_a as_o the_o file-leader_n himself_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n therefore_o it_o make_v show_v to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o run_v away_o or_o it_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n pass_v by_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n place_v themselves_o orderly_a one_o behind_o another_o but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n turn_v also_o their_o face_n and_o proceed_v forward_o together_o with_o their_o file-leader_n order_v themselves_o proportionable_o in_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n wherefore_o to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v behind_o it_o make_v a_o semblance_n of_o fall_v on_o again_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v his_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n transfer_v the_o whole_a file_n to_o another_o place_n equal_a to_o the_o first_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v stand_n as_o before_o behind_o he_o or_o else_o when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o he_o that_o stand_v next_o before_o he_o pass_v by_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n be_v place_v again_o next_o before_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v be_v place_v one_o before_o another_o in_o their_o former_a order_n till_o the_o file-leader_n be_v the_o first_o the_o choraean_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n precede_v the_o file_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v till_o the_o file-leader_n have_v the_o place_n of_o the_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o bringer-up_a the_o place_n of_o the_o file-leader_n and_o these_o be_v the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v countermarch_v make_v by_o rank_n in_o case_n a_o man_n will_v countermarch_n by_o rank_n for_o every_o rank_n countermarch_v either_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n or_o change_v the_o right_a hand_n place_n or_o else_o the_o left_a hand_n place_n of_o the_o battle_n one_o of_o which_o must_v needs_o fall_v out_o and_o never_o fail_v note_n the_o two_o former_a motion_n be_v perform_v one_o in_o close_a order_n the_o other_o in_o all_o order_n epistrophe_n when_o the_o battle_n be_v shut_v so_o close_o that_o as_o aelian_n say_v a_o man_n can_v turn_v his_o face_n neither_o the_o one_o way_n nor_o the_o other_o clisis_fw-la in_o open_a order_n order_n and_o close_a order_n the_o two_o â—_o follow_v motion_n countermarch_v and_o double_v one_o be_v do_v in_o open_a 84._o order_n the_o other_o for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o open_a order_n too_o and_o yet_o sometime_o in_o order_n and_o close_a order_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o due_a place_n this_o chapter_n handle_v countermarche_n the_o next_o doubling_n countermarch_v be_v a_o motion_n whereby_o every_o soldier_n march_v after_o other_o change_v his_o front_n for_o the_o rear_n or_o one_o flank_v for_o the_o other_o for_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n and_o the_o other_o by_o rank_n and_o each_o of_o these_o be_v again_o divide_v into_o three_o the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a or_o cretan_a a_o countermarch_v by_o file_n be_v when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o leader_n of_o the_o same_o file_n by_o rank_n when_o every_o soldier_n follow_v his_o sideman_n of_o the_o same_o rank_n in_o the_o countermarch_v 1_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o purpose_n of_o the_o commander_n be_v to_o turn_v the_o front_n of_o his_o battle_n against_o the_o enemy_n that_o show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n and_o withal_o to_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n it_o be_v call_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v say_v aelian_n because_o
happen_v a_o like_a to_o both_o they_o find_v a_o safe_a retreat_n within_o the_o battle_n of_o foot_n but_o when_o the_o army_n be_v come_v within_o 500_o pace_n one_o of_o a_o other_o scipio_n give_v a_o signal_n of_o retreat_n and_o open_v his_o battle_n receive_v all_o the_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n into_o the_o midst_n and_o divide_v they_o into_o two_o part_n placed_z they_o as_o seconds_z behind_o the_o wing_n now_o when_o time_n be_v come_v to_o begin_v the_o fight_n he_o command_v the_o spaniard_n who_o have_v the_o middle_a ward_n to_o march_v on_o leisurely_o and_o send_v a_o messenger_n from_o the_o right_a wing_n for_o he_o command_v there_o to_o syllanus_n and_o martius_n will_v they_o to_o stretch_v out_o the_o left_a wing_n as_o they_o see_v he_o stretch_v out_o the_o right_n and_o to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n with_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o horse_n before_o the_o middle_a ward_n may_v be_v able_a to_o come_v up_o and_o join_v the_o wing_n be_v thus_o stretch_v out_o they_o lead_v with_o all_o possible_a speed_n three_o cohort_n of_o foot_n and_o three_o troop_n of_o horse_n a_o piece_n against_o the_o enemy_n beside_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o those_o that_o be_v receive_v into_o the_o rear_n who_o follow_v a_o thwart_n there_o be_v a_o great_a empty_a space_n in_o the_o midst_n because_o the_o ensign_n of_o the_o spaniard_n come_v slow_o on_o and_o now_o the_o wing_n be_v in_o fight_n when_o the_o old_a soldier_n carthaginian_n and_o african_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o army_n be_v not_o yet_o come_v to_o use_v their_o dart_n neither_o dare_v they_o run_v into_o the_o wing_n to_o help_v they_o that_o fight_v for_o fear_n of_o open_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o enemy_n who_o be_v come_v on_o against_o they_o the_o wing_n be_v press_v with_o a_o double_a medley_n the_o horse_n lightarmed_n &_o velite_n wheel_v about_o their_o troop_n charge_v their_o flank_n the_o cohort_n push_v on_o in_o front_n to_o the_o end_n to_o break_v of_o the_o wing_n from_o the_o body_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o the_o conflict_n be_v unequal_a both_o in_o all_o other_o respect_n and_o especial_o because_o a_o rabble_n as_o it_o be_v of_o drudge_n and_o untrained_a spaniard_n be_v oppose_v against_o the_o roman_a and_o latin_a soldier_n the_o day_n be_v now_o far_o spend_v the_o army_n of_o asdrubal_n oppress_v with_o the_o morning_n tumult_n and_o compel_v to_o take_v the_o field_n before_o they_o have_v strengthen_v their_o body_n with_o meat_n begin_v to_o faint_v and_o fail_v in_o strength_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o scipio_n linger_v out_o the_o day_n &_o make_v the_o fight_n somewhat_o late_o for_o it_o be_v pass_v the_o seven_o hour_n before_o the_o wing_n of_o foot_n attach_v one_o a_o other_o and_o yet_o the_o fight_n come_v late_a to_o the_o middle_a ward_n so_o that_o the_o scorch_a heat_n of_o the_o south-sunne_n and_o the_o labour_n of_o stand_v arm_v and_o hunger_n and_o thirst_n first_o afflict_v their_o body_n before_o they_o come_v to_o hand_n with_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o they_o stand_v lean_v upon_o their_o target_n and_o be_v weary_a both_o in_o body_n and_o mind_n they_o give_v back_o at_o last_o keep_v notwithstanding_o their_o array_n no_o otherwise_o than_o as_o if_o the_o battle_n be_v yet_o entire_a have_v retreat_v at_o the_o commandment_n of_o the_o general_n but_o when_o the_o victor_n perceive_v they_o to_o shrink_v so_o much_o the_o more_o eager_o press_v on_o the_o brunt_n can_v hardly_o be_v endure_v any_o long_a and_o although_o asdrubal_n restrain_v and_o stop_v they_o that_o give_v ground_n cry_v that_o hill_n and_o a_o safe_a place_n of_o retreat_n be_v at_o their_o back_n if_o they_o can_v be_v but_o entreat_v to_o retire_v easy_o yet_o fear_v overcome_v shame_n and_o the_o enemy_n kill_v they_o that_o be_v next_o to_o hand_n they_o forthwith_o turn_v their_o back_n and_o universal_o pour_v out_o themselves_o into_o flight_n this_o stratagem_n of_o scipio_n rest_v principal_o in_o shift_v his_o best_a man_n the_o roman_n into_o the_o wing_n the_o spaniard_n his_o worst_a into_o the_o midst_n and_o in_o keep_v the_o spaniard_n aloof_o from_o join_v and_o in_o haste_v to_o try_v the_o day_n with_o the_o roman_n against_o the_o weak_a of_o the_o enemy_n hasdrubal_n way_n to_o meet_v with_o this_o stratagem_n have_v be_v to_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n half_a his_o carthaginian_n and_o african_n into_o one_o wing_n and_o half_a into_o the_o other_o and_o by_o that_o mean_v his_o spaniard_n shall_v have_v have_v the_o midst_n against_o the_o roman-spaniard_n and_o his_o old_a soldier_n carthaginian_n and_o african_n be_v oppose_v in_o the_o wing_n against_o the_o roman_n and_o latin_n and_o the_o advantage_n elude_v that_o scipio_n seek_v as_o the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n be_v of_o three_o kind_n so_o be_v the_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n namely_o the_o macedonian_a the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o the_o choraean_a the_o macedonian_a begin_v to_o move_v at_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o wing_n which_o be_v near_a to_o the_o enemy_n the_o enemy_n appear_v to_o either_o flank_n and_o therefore_o incur_v the_o same_o imputation_n that_o be_v lay_v upon_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n as_o seem_v to_o run_v away_o because_o it_o dismarch_v from_o the_o enemy_n yet_o be_v there_o use_v of_o it_o as_o well_o as_o of_o that_o by_o file_n for_o by_o this_o countermarch_n you_o may_v set_v the_o strong_a part_n of_o your_o army_n against_o the_o enemy_n and_o apply_v the_o weak_a to_o some_o river_n lake_n hill_n or_o such_o like_a so_o that_o the_o enemy_n can_v not_o come_v to_o encompass_v it_o it_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o contrary_a wing_n the_o lacedaemonian_a take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o that_o wing_n which_o be_v towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o bring_v the_o best_a man_n to_o be_v foremost_a against_o the_o enemy_n and_o therefore_o begin_v the_o move_n on_o the_o contrary_a side_n the_o use_n of_o it_o be_v when_o your_o force_n be_v such_o as_o be_v able_a to_o encounter_v the_o enemy_n and_o you_o desire_v to_o bring_v your_o best_a man_n to_o fight_v the_o choraean_a keep_v the_o same_o ground_n the_o battle_n have_v at_o first_o &_o bring_v one_o wing_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n of_o the_o other_o or_o else_o the_o section_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n as_o may_v have_v be_v do_v in_o the_o last_o example_n cite_v concern_v scipio_n and_o asdrubal_n the_o manner_n of_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o countermarch_n by_o file_n in_o countermarch_n by_o file_n the_o motion_n be_v in_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o either_o the_o front_n remove_v towards_o the_o rear_n or_o the_o rear_n towards_o the_o front_n and_o take_v one_o a_o other_o place_n in_o this_o the_o motion_n be_v in_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n flanke-wise_a the_o wing_n either_o march_v into_o the_o midst_n or_o else_o clean_a through_o to_o the_o other_o wing_n in_o do_v it_o the_o soldier_n that_o stand_v uttermost_a in_o the_o flank_n of_o the_o wing_n must_v move_v first_o to_o the_o contrary_a wing_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o every_o rank_n several_o follow_v they_o in_o order_n the_o figure_n will_v show_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o motion_n patritius_fw-la utter_o mistake_v the_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n and_o ground_v himself_o upon_o a_o wrong_a principle_n namely_o that_o in_o all_o countermarch_v the_o fileleader_n must_v march_v towards_o the_o rear_n and_o the_o bringers-up_a towards_o the_o front_n and_o therefore_o in_o change_v the_o wing_n into_o section_n he_o make_v the_o wing_n to_o fall_v of_o behind_o in_o the_o rear_n the_o fileleader_n wheel_v about_o and_o there_o to_o join_v themselves_o as_o near_o as_o the_o middle_a section_n will_v give_v leave_n and_o the_o section_n fall_v back_o likewise_o to_o join_v themselves_o to_o the_o flank_n of_o they_o that_o be_v the_o wing_n whereas_o the_o nature_n of_o this_o euolution_n be_v clear_o to_o leave_v the_o fileleader_n in_o front_n and_o bringers-up_a in_o rear_n as_o they_o be_v at_o first_o and_o albeit_o the_o fileleader_n than_o change_v their_o place_n yet_o change_v they_o their_o place_n with_o none_o but_o with_o file_n leader_n and_o the_o change_n be_v but_o a_o change_n of_o hand_n the_o right_a hand_n for_o the_o left_a or_o the_o left_a hand_n for_o the_o right_n for_o whereas_o the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o right_a wing_n have_v before_o the_o right_a hand_n now_o in_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n be_v transpose_v to_o the_o left_a wing_n they_o have_v the_o left_a hand_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o fileleader_n as_o likewise_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o other_o
dart_n be_v name_v doration_n doru_n as_o i_o say_v be_v a_o spear_n and_o doration_n according_a to_o suidas_n a_o little_a spear_n or_o dart_n aelian_n use_v the_o word_n in_o this_o chap._n lonche_n albeit_o it_o proper_o signify_v the_o â—_o head_n of_o spear_n or_o dart_n yet_o do_v it_o sometime_o signify_v the_o dart_n itself_o so_o be_v it_o take_v in_o c_o xenophon_n when_o he_o tell_v that_o fly_v weapon_n begin_v to_o walk_v on_o all_o side_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v dart_n arrow_n and_o stone_n out_o of_o slinge_n and_o some_o out_o hand_n and_o diodorus_n siculus_n have_v 615._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d to_o throw_v dart_n even_o in_o the_o act_n of_o alexander_n yet_o we_o find_v that_o spear_n be_v also_o cast_v under_o that_o name_n and_o d._n xenophon_n say_v that_o the_o theban_n cast_v dorata_fw-la against_o the_o lacedaemonian_n the_o dart_n have_v be_v in_o use_n amongst_o all_o nation_n the_o matter_n fashion_n and_o force_v of_o the_o roman_a dart_n may_v be_v see_v in_o 15._o vegetius_n and_o in_o â—_o lipsius_n his_o commentary_n ad_fw-la polybium_n the_o manner_n of_o the_o dart_a of_o the_o macedonian_a armed_z appear_v in_o the_o fight_n betwixt_o choragus_n and_o dioxippus_n before_o by_o i_o mention_v where_o we_o find_v that_o choragus_n cast_v first_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 4â—_n lanceam_fw-la say_v curtius_n at_o dioxippus_n when_o he_o think_v he_o with_o in_o his_o reach_n but_o the_o darter_n here_o speak_v of_o be_v of_o the_o lightarmed_n such_o be_v the_o c_o agrian_o in_o alexander_n camp_n who_o in_o all_o attempt_n of_o speed_n be_v employ_v by_o alexander_n and_o serve_v to_o purpose_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o lightness_n the_o dart_n of_o the_o grecian_a be_v a_o slender_a shave_a piece_n of_o wood_n about_o three_o foot_n long_o arm_v at_o one_o end_n with_o a_o head_n of_o iron_n with_o a_o sharp_a point_n to_o the_o end_n to_o pierce_v whatsoever_o it_o shall_v fall_v upon_o for_o the_o length_n i_o give_v it_o differ_v not_o from_o the_o roman_a dart_n in_o polybius_n e_o and_o xenophon_n seem_v to_o affirm_v it_o when_o speak_v of_o the_o arrow_n of_o the_o carduchans_n 41â—_n he_o say_v they_o be_v long_o than_o two_o cubit_n &_o add_v the_o grecian_n send_v they_o back_o again_o at_o the_o enemy_n in_o stead_n of_o dart_n about_o the_o midst_n of_o these_o dart_n they_o fasten_v a_o thong_n which_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d wherein_o insert_v their_o forefinger_n they_o lance_v the_o dart_n with_o more_o facility_n xenophon_n witness_v it_o in_o the_o same_o place_n and_o â—n_o another_o place_n he_o say_v a._n xenophon_n command_v the_o targeteer_n to_o march_v with_o their_o finger_n in_o the_o thong_n of_o their_o dart_n the_o archer_n with_o their_o arrow_n nocked_a the_o slinger_n with_o their_o scryppe_n full_a of_o stone_n that_o they_o may_v be_v ready_a to_o let_v fly_v when_o they_o be_v command_v these_o dart_n be_v forcible_a enough_o to_o pierce_v armoure_n of_o that_o time_n and_o that_o with_o they_o alone_a 5â—9_n iphicrates_n overthrow_v and_o destroy_v a_o whole_a mora_fw-la of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n which_o people_n be_v account_v the_o best_a arm_v and_o the_o most_o valiant_a of_o the_o greek_n before_o the_o macedonian_n come_v in_o credit_n 9_o stone_n there_o be_v here_o mention_v two_o manner_n of_o throw_v stone_n the_o one_o with_o the_o sling_n the_o other_o with_o hand_n alone_o the_o stone_n throw_v with_o the_o sling_n fly_v with_o much_o more_o violence_n than_o the_o stone_n throw_v with_o the_o hand_n and_o be_v cast_v with_o a_o skilful_a and_o strong_a arm_n they_o reach_v a_o great_a way_n than_o a_o man_n will_v think_v and_o yet_o not_o so_o far_o as_o bullet_n throw_v out_o of_o a_o sling_n which_o by_o xenophons_n report_n outreach_v the_o persian_a arrow_n i_o have_v before_o touch_v the_o story_n i_o will_v now_o lay_v down_o xenophons_n word_n b_o the_o grecian_n those_o ten_o thousand_o that_o return_v out_o of_o persia_n under_o the_o lead_n of_o cherisophus_n &_o xenophon_n have_v not_o march_v far_o before_o mithridates_n appear_v again_o with_o 200._o horse_n and_o 400._o archer_n &_o slinger_n which_o be_v very_o nimble_a &_o light_a he_o come_v close_o up_o to_o the_o grecian_n as_o a_o friend_n be_v near_o some_o of_o his_o horse_n &_o foot_n begin_v to_o shoot_v other_o to_o sling_v &_o to_o wound_v the_o grecian_n the_o rear_n commander_n of_o the_o grecian_n be_v hardly_o best_v yet_o can_v they_o do_v nothing_o to_o annoy_v the_o enemy_n for_o the_o cretan_n shoot_v not_o so_o far_o as_o the_o persian_n &_o carieng_n no_o armour_n of_o defence_n they_o be_v fain_o to_o hide_v themselves_o with_o in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o arm_a &_o the_o darter_n be_v not_o able_a to_o reach_v the_o slinger_n of_o the_o enemy_n xenophon_n therefore_o have_v the_o rear_n think_v good_a to_o charge_n and_o follow_v the_o enemy_n but_o he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o overtake_v they_o for_o the_o grecian_n have_v no_o horse_n &_o the_o barbarian_a horseman_n shoot_v backward_o in_o their_o flight_n wound_v many_o of_o they_o that_o give_v the_o chase_n to_o remedy_v this_o inconvenience_n xenophons_n advice_n be_v to_o provide_v horse_n as_o many_o as_o they_o can_v and_o hear_v that_o there_o be_v many_o rhodian_n in_o the_o camp_n skilful_a in_o sle_v who_o sling_n reach_v twice_o as_o far_o as_o the_o persian_a sling_n for_o the_o persian_n use_v stone_n that_o fill_v the_o hand_n the_o rhodian_n leaden_a bullet_n he_o likewise_o advise_v to_o arm_v they_o with_o sling_n and_o use_v their_o service_n the_o next_o day_n the_o grecian_n furnish_v out_o 50_o horse_n &_o 200._o slinger_n and_o when_o mithridates_n show_v himself_o again_o with_o a_o thousand_o horse_n &_o four_o thousand_o archer_n &_o slinger_n and_o come_v up_o to_o charge_n both_o the_o rhodian_a bullet_n light_v amongst_o his_o troop_n and_o the_o 50_o horse_n issue_v forth_o fall_v upon_o the_o enemy_n and_o put_v he_o to_o flight_n and_o slay_v manâ—_n of_o the_o foot_n in_o the_o chase_n and_o take_v eighteen_o horse_n we_o may_v here_o note_v two_o kind_n of_o slinge_n one_o with_o the_o stone_n the_o other_o with_o the_o bullet_n and_o beside_o that_o the_o rhodian_a sling_n with_o the_o bullet_n overreach_v both_o cretan_a and_o persian_a bow_n which_o be_v yet_o afterward_o more_o plain_o declare_v c_o when_o tissaphernes_n charge_v the_o grecian_n with_o his_o persian_a archer_n the_o rhodian_a slinge_n so_o terrify_v he_o that_o both_o himself_o and_o his_o troop_n with_o draw_v and_o allbut_n he_o follow_v a_o far_o of_o yet_o dare_v he_o no_o more_o approache_v but_o suffer_v they_o quiety_n to_o march_v all_o that_o day_n and_o many_o other_o afterward_o in_o this_o art_n of_o sle_v although_o many_o nation_n labour_v yet_o be_v there_o very_a few_o that_o excel_v the_o 16_o bible_n make_v mention_n of_o seven_o hundred_o gybeonite_n who_o skill_n be_v excellent_a in_o slâ—nging_v of_o other_o nation_n none_o may_v compare_v with_o the_o 207_o baleares_n of_o who_o diodorus_n siculus_n write_v thus_o their_o armour_n be_v three_o slinge_n whereof_o they_o have_v one_o about_o their_o head_n another_o about_o their_o waste_n the_o three_o in_o their_o hand_n in_o war_n they_o cast_v great_a stone_n than_o any_o other_o and_o with_o such_o force_n that_o they_o may_v seem_v to_o be_v send_v out_o of_o a_o catapult_n therefore_o in_o siege_n and_o assault_n of_o city_n they_o wound_v the_o defendant_n of_o the_o wall_n and_o in_o the_o field_n break_v target_n and_o headpiece_n and_o all_o defensive_a arm_n they_o aim_v so_o certeine_o at_o any_o mark_n that_o they_o seldom_o fail_v in_o hit_v the_o cause_n be_v their_o continual_a practice_n from_o their_o childhode_n their_o mother_n continual_o enforce_v they_o to_o sling_v even_o when_o they_o be_v yet_o child_n for_o set_v up_o bread_n upon_o a_o post_n as_o a_o mark_n they_o be_v not_o allow_v to_o eat_v until_o they_o hit_v it_o and_o have_v it_o give_v they_o by_o their_o mother_n to_o eat_v so_o far_o diodorus_n siculus_n with_o who_o 16_o vegetius_n agree_v the_o same_o â—ine_z vegetius_n say_v that_o slinge_n be_v make_v either_o of_o flax_n or_o of_o hair_n the_o form_n be_v that_o it_o have_v two_o end_n the_o one_o fasten_v to_o the_o hand_n the_o othâ—â—o_o let_v slip_v be_v broad_o in_o the_o midst_n lest_o the_o stone_n shall_v fall_v out_o diodorus_n have_v before_o express_v with_o what_o force_n a_o stone_n go_v out_o of_o a_o sling_n 16_o vegetius_n add_v that_o they_o be_v more_o violent_a than_o any_o arrow_n pierce_v headpiece_n cuirass_n and_o other_o arm_n the_o same_o 23_o vegetius_n limit_v the_o space_n
think_v though_o the_o name_n in_o the_o story_n fail_v yet_o the_o kind_n of_o soldier_n so_o arm_v and_o so_o appoint_v as_o aelian_n describe_v may_v easy_o be_v find_v and_o that_o under_o the_o name_n of_o hypaspistes_n which_o name_n albeit_o most_o usual_o signify_v he_o that_o carry_v another_o man_n target_n yet_o be_v it_o also_o apply_v to_o soldier_n that_o be_v neither_o light_n nor_o heavy-armed_n of_o which_o kind_n the_o targeteer_n be_v as_o a_o mean_v bet_v wixt_n both_o that_o hypaspistes_n signify_v no_o heavy_a arm_v may_v be_v evident_a by_o the_o word_n of_o arrian_n â—_o alexander_n when_o he_o see_v the_o straits_n of_o cilicia_n possess_v with_o a_o strong_a guard_n leave_v parmenio_n behind_o withal_o that_o be_v heavy_a arm_v himself_o about_o the_o first_o watch_n take_v the_o hypaspistae_fw-la and_o the_o archer_n and_o the_o agrian_o who_o be_v darter_n as_o i_o have_v show_v lead_v on_o in_o the_o night_n towards_o the_o straits_n purpose_v to_o fall_v upon_o the_o wyche_n before_o he_o be_v look_v for_o he_o leave_v all_o the_o heavy-armed_n with_o parmenio_n and_o take_v the_o hypaspistae_fw-la with_o he_o and_o in_o another_o place_n he_o say_v a._n alexander_n command_v the_o hypaspistae_fw-la first_o to_o pass_v the_o river_n and_o after_o they_o the_o macedonian_a arm_v he_o distinguish_v the_o hypaspistae_fw-la from_o the_o arm_a and_o straight_o after_o â—_o three_o day_n after_o alexander_n understand_v that_o cleitus_n &_o glaucias_n be_v ill_o lodge_v with_o their_o army_n &_o neither_o hold_v watch_n nor_o have_v cast_v a_o trench_n for_o their_o own_o security_n for_o they_o imagine_v alexander_n march_v away_o for_o fear_n and_o that_o their_o camp_n be_v stretch_v out_o to_o a_o needless_a length_n secret_o repassed_a the_o river_n a_o little_a before_o night_n lead_v with_o he_o the_o hypaspist_n and_o the_o archer_n and_o the_o agrian_o and_o the_o phalanges_fw-la of_o perdiccas_n and_o coenus_n and_o in_o the_o same_o book_n at_o the_o assault_n of_o thebes_n when_o perdiccas_n have_v engage_v himself_o and_o bring_v amyntas_n with_o his_o troop_n in_o the_o same_o danger_n alexander_n loath_a to_o leave_v they_o in_o hazard_n advance_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o army_n and_o give_v a_o sign_n to_o the_o archer_n and_o agrian_o to_o enter_v the_o trench_n the_o agemata_fw-la livy_n translate_v they_o legion_n and_o hypaspist_n he_o hold_v without_o so_o that_o in_o all_o these_o place_n he_o distinguish_v they_o from_o the_o heavy_a arm_v and_o make_v the_o hypaspist_n one_o the_o heavy-armed_n another_o i_o may_v allege_v other_o passage_n out_o of_o the_o same_o author_n but_o these_o will_v suffice_v that_o they_o be_v not_o of_o the_o light_a arm_a may_v be_v prove_v by_o the_o same_o place_n of_o arrian_n where_o they_o be_v always_o distinguish_v from_o the_o archer_n and_o darter_n there_o target_v make_v they_o unfit_a for_o slinger_n and_o mention_v of_o slinger_n i_o find_v in_o other_o place_n the_o very_a name_n she_o weth_z that_o they_o carry_v target_n and_o the_o great_a etymologicon_n allo_fw-la weth_z they_o spear_n beside_o their_o target_n whereby_o they_o be_v clear_o exempt_v from_o the_o light_n arm_v â—t_z remain_v then_o that_o they_o be_v the_o peltastae_fw-la which_o aelian_n here_o speak_v of_o especial_o since_o they_o be_v arm_v with_o target_n and_o spear_n which_o arm_n he_o give_v to_o his_o targeteer_n and_o to_o no_o other_o except_o it_o be_v to_o the_o arm_a 13_o cataphracts_n the_o horseman_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o kind_n cataphract_v complete_a arm_v and_o not_o cataphract_n cataphract_n be_v those_o that_o cover_v themselves_o and_o horse_n with_o armour_n not_o cataphract_n that_o fight_n with_o lance_n or_o with_o fly_v weapon_n livyterm_v 5._o cataphracts_n loricatos_n because_o they_o wear_v curass_n the_o other_o sort_n be_v either_o lancier_n or_o acrobolist_n acrobolist_n come_v not_o to_o the_o shock_n but_o ply_v the_o enemy_n a_o far_o of_o with_o fly_v weapon_n the_o lancier_n close_v and_o charge_v the_o enemy_n with_o their_o lance_n the_o word_n cataphrasso_n to_o cover_v with_o arm_n give_v name_n to_o the_o horseman_n cataphract_n and_o as_o the_o horseman_n be_v call_v cataphract_v so_o be_v the_o furniture_n of_o horse_n and_o man_n call_v cataphragma_n how_o they_o be_v arm_v aelian_n show_v when_o he_o say_v they_o cover_v themselves_o and_o their_o horse_n with_o armour_n yet_o be_v it_o not_o always_o that_o the_o whole_a horse_n be_v arm_v a_o for_o xenophon_n speak_v of_o the_o persian_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o elder_a cyrus_n say_v they_o arm_v there_o horse_n with_o frontlet_n and_o pectoral_o &_o cover_n for_o there_o thigh_n as_o much_o he_o say_v of_o d._n the_o six_o hundred_o horse_n that_o follow_v cyrus_n the_o young_a against_o artaxerxes_n savinge_v they_o want_v cover_v for_o there_o thigh_n the_o horseman_n themselves_o he_o give_v great_a curass_n and_o cuisse_n and_o headpiece_n so_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o horse_n be_v not_o all_o over_o arm_v but_o only_o their_o head_n their_o breast_n and_o there_o forethighe_n yet_o pâ—utarch_n speak_v of_o the_o cataphrastâ—_n in_o the_o time_n of_o lucullus_n sai_z their_o leg_n and_o thigh_n be_v unarm_v concern_v the_o parthian_n suidas_n i_o know_v not_o out_o of_o what_o author_n have_v thus_o the_o cuirass_n of_o the_o parthian_a horseman_n be_v make_v in_o this_o manner_n the_o part_n before_o cover_v his_o breast_n and_o thigh_n and_o his_o hand_n to_o the_o finger_n end_n and_o his_o leg_n the_o hinderpart_n his_o back_n and_o neck_n and_o all_o his_o head_n there_o be_v button_n make_v for_o the_o side_n with_o which_o both_o the_o part_n be_v fasten_v it_o make_v the_o whole_a horseman_n seem_v as_o if_o he_o be_v make_v of_o iron_n the_o iron_n neither_o hinder_v the_o stretch_v out_o nor_o the_o gather_n up_o of_o his_o limb_n it_o be_v so_o exact_o fit_v to_o the_o nature_n and_o size_n of_o all_o part_n of_o the_o body_n likewise_o they_o arm_v there_o wâ—ole_a horse_n with_o iron_n except_o his_o hoof_n because_o their_o own_o armour_n will_v little_o avail_v in_o case_n their_o horse_n miscarry_v cuâ—tius_n describe_v the_o form_n in_o the_o persian_a horseman_n who_o furniture_n he_o say_v be_v make_v of_o plate_n fasten_v together_o in_o continue_a dependence_n of_o scale_n of_o iron_n d_o appian_n speak_v how_o the_o parthian_n seek_v to_o terrify_v crassus_n and_o his_o army_n upon_o the_o sudden_a cast_v away_o the_o cover_v of_o their_o armour_n and_o both_o themselves_o appear_v in_o shine_a curass_n and_o headpiece_n the_o maâ—gian_a iron_n of_o which_o they_o be_v make_v dart_v forth_o a_o flash_a and_o disperse_v twinkle_a light_n and_o their_o horse_n glister_v in_o brazen_a and_o iron_n furniture_n yet_o do_v appian_n in_o the_o sâ—me_n plaâ—e_v note_n that_o the_o bell_n of_o these_o horse_n be_v not_o arm_v crasso_fw-la for_o the_o french_a horseman_n say_v he_o that_o follow_v young_a crassus_n when_o they_o perceive_v how_o little_a they_o prevail_v with_o their_o staff_n against_o the_o sure_a and_o unpierceable_a armour_n of_o the_o parthian_n light_v from_o their_o own_o and_o creep_v under_o the_o parthian_a horse_n stroke_v they_o into_o the_o bell_n and_o they_o impatient_a of_o pain_n and_o fling_v here_o and_o there_o and_o tread_v under_o foot_n as_o well_o their_o rider_n as_o their_o enemy_n die_v in_o the_o place_n plutarch_n have_v the_o like_a the_o cataphract_n beside_o their_o armour_n of_o defence_n have_v a_o lance_n or_o horsemans_n staff_n to_o fight_v with_o all_o 〈◊〉_d plutarch_n affirm_v it_o lucullus_n say_v he_o after_o he_o see_v tigranes_n his_o cataphract_n horseman_n who_o be_v of_o most_o acount_n defend_v as_o it_o be_v by_o a_o hill_n that_o have_v the_o ground_n above_o plain_a and_o broad_a &_o the_o ascent_n which_o be_v about_o four_o furlong_n in_o length_n not_o very_o hard_a or_o steep_a command_v the_o thracian_a and_o gall_v horseman_n he_o have_v to_o give_v upon_o the_o flank_n and_o to_o put_v by_o the_o lance_n with_o their_o sword_n for_o the_o only_a strength_n of_o the_o cataphract_n be_v his_o lance_n and_o it_o alone_o he_o be_v able_a to_o use_v either_o in_o defence_n of_o himself_o or_o annoy_v the_o enemy_n be_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o weight_n and_o harshness_n of_o his_o furniture_n like_o a_o man_n shut_v and_o lock_v up_o in_o a_o wall_n hitherto_o plutarch_n likewise_o the_o parthian_a cataphract_n albeit_o they_o use_v boâ—e_n and_o arrow_n yet_o they_o have_v also_o lance_n with_o which_o they_o come_v to_o the_o shock_n with_o the_o enemy_n 〈◊〉_d when_o the_o army_n of_o anthony_n say_v the_o same_o plutarch_n see_v the_o parthian_n ready_a to_o give_v on_o the_o armed_z turn_v their_o face_n about_o towards_o the_o enemy_n take_v in_o
hollow_a for_o that_o and_o other_o purpose_n hereof_o aelian_n likewise_o treat_v in_o this_o book_n here_o after_o and_o albeit_o the_o most_o usual_a embattailling_n of_o they_o have_v be_v in_o the_o wing_n yet_o the_o bestow_n in_o the_o rear_n according_a to_o aelians_n mind_n have_v also_o advantage_n first_o it_o conceal_v their_o number_n which_o because_o they_o be_v shadow_v with_o the_o pike_n stand_v before_o can_v hardly_o be_v discern_v then_o it_o be_v easy_a from_o the_o rear_n to_o draw_v they_o to_o any_o place_n of_o service_n without_o disorder_n be_v it_o before_o on_o the_o wing_n or_o behind_o the_o rear_n further_o it_o will_v not_o be_v easy_a for_o the_o enemy_n horse_n to_o charge_v they_o the_o armed_z standing_z before_o for_o a_o sure_a defence_n last_o from_o the_o rear_n they_o shall_v be_v able_a at_o all_o time_n to_o annoy_v the_o enemy_n before_o the_o battle_n join_v as_o soon_o as_o the_o battle_n join_v and_o all_o the_o time_n of_o fight_n neither_o do_v this_o manner_n of_o embattail_v want_n example_n of_o the_o old_a history_n of_o the_o grecian_n â—_o the_o embattail_v of_o cyrus_n the_o elder_n army_n in_o xenophon_n have_v the_o lightarmed_n in_o the_o rear_n i_o will_v set_v down_o the_o effect_n of_o cyrus_n word_n at_o large_a because_o they_o contain_v the_o order_n of_o a_o army_n to_o fight_v according_a to_o the_o judgement_n of_o xenophon_n cyrus_n then_o be_v to_o try_v a_o battle_n with_o croesus_n thus_o direct_v his_o commander_n you_o say_v he_o araspes_n take_v your_o place_n in_o the_o right_a wing_n as_o you_o now_o do_v and_o you_o the_o other_o myriarche_n as_o you_o be_v acoustome_v for_o when_o the_o fight_n be_v once_o a_o foot_n no_o chariot_n may_v change_v horse_n and_o command_v the_o taxiarche_n and_o fileleader_n to_o order_v their_o file_n every_o one_o divide_v in_o two_o part_n phalange-wise_a that_o be_v each_o half_a front_a one_o with_o another_o in_o a_o right_a line_n a_o file_n contain_v four_o a_o twenty_o man_n then_o say_v one_o of_o the_o myriarche_n do_v you_o think_v sir_n that_o we_o shall_v be_v able_a in_o this_o order_n to_o encounter_v so_o deep_a a_o phalange_n as_o the_o enemy_n cyrus_n answer_v the_o phalanges_fw-la that_o be_v deep_o then_o may_v with_o their_o arm_n reach_v the_o enemy_n be_v they_o fit_v think_v you_o either_o to_o annoy_v the_o enemy_n or_o profit_n their_o friend_n for_o my_o part_n i_o can_v wish_v those_o that_o be_v range_v 100_o in_o depth_n to_o be_v in_o depth_n a_o thousand_o for_o so_o shall_v we_o have_v the_o few_o to_o fight_v with_o all_o the_o number_n that_o i_o give_v for_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o will_v entire_o serve_v for_o use_v and_o maintain_v a_o joint_a fight_n in_o every_o part_n the_o darter_n i_o will_v place_v after_o the_o arm_a and_o after_o the_o darter_n the_o archer_n for_o who_o will_v set_v they_o in_o front_n that_o confess_v themselves_o unable_a to_o maintain_v a_o fight_n hand_n to_o hand_n how_o then_o will_v they_o hold_v their_o ground_n if_o they_o be_v set_v before_o the_o arm_a but_o be_v in_o the_o rear_n some_o with_o dart_n other_o with_o arrow_n send_v over_o the_o head_n of_o the_o arm_a will_v great_o endammage_n the_o enemy_n and_o it_o be_v clear_a that_o wherewithal_o soever_o a_o enemy_n be_v endamage_v with_o the_o same_o a_o man_n own_o fide_fw-la be_v ease_v and_o relieve_v you_o therefore_o order_v yourselves_o as_o i_o have_v appoint_v as_o for_o the_o captain_n of_o the_o targeteer_n i_o will_v have_v they_o and_o their_o file_n stand_v likewise_o next_o the_o arm_a in_o the_o rear_n and_o after_o they_o the_o archer_n and_o you_o the_o chief_a commander_n of_o the_o rear_n enjoin_v the_o other_o rear_v commander_n every_o man_n to_o have_v a_o eye_n to_o those_o under_o he_o that_o they_o do_v their_o duty_n and_o let_v they_o sharp_o threaten_v the_o negligent_a and_o in_o case_n any_o man_n treasonable_o forsake_v his_o place_n punish_v he_o with_o death_n for_o it_o be_v the_o work_n of_o commander_n both_o with_o word_n and_o deed_n to_o encourage_v those_o they_o command_v &_o to_o make_v the_o coward_n more_o afraid_a of_o they_o then_o of_o the_o enemy_n this_o be_v your_o charge_n but_o you_o euphrata_n that_o command_v over_o the_o engine_n see_v that_o the_o beast_n that_o draw_v the_o engine_n and_o turret_n follow_v the_o phalange_n as_o near_o as_o may_v be_v and_o you_o daouchus_n that_o have_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o baggage_n come_v with_o your_o many_o next_o after_o the_o turret_n and_o let_v your_o sergeant_n severe_o punish_v they_o that_o have_v to_o much_o before_o or_o come_v to_o slow_o after_o and_o you_o carduchus_n that_o rule_v the_o wagon_n wherein_o the_o woman_n be_v order_v they_o next_o the_o baggage_n for_o all_o these_o come_v in_o the_o rear_n will_v both_o breed_v a_o opinion_n of_o multitude_n and_o give_v we_o mean_n to_o lay_v a_o ambush_n and_o will_v force_v the_o enemy_n purpose_v to_o encompass_v we_o to_o fetch_v a_o large_a compass_n which_o the_o large_a it_o be_v so_o much_o the_o weak_a must_v he_o be_v and_o you_o artabasus_n and_o artagersas_n each_o of_o you_o lead_v next_o after_o these_o the_o 1000_o foot_n you_o command_v a_o piece_n and_o you_o phranuchus_n and_o asiadatas_n order_n the_o chiliarchy_n of_o horse_n you_o command_v not_o with_o the_o phalange_n but_o set_v they_o by_o themselves_o a_o part_n behind_o the_o wagon_n and_o when_o you_o have_v do_v it_o repair_n to_o we_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o commander_n but_o you_o be_v to_o be_v in_o a_o readiness_n as_o if_o you_o be_v first_o to_o fight_v and_o you_o the_o commander_n of_o the_o camel-rider_n place_n yourselves_o after_o the_o wagon_n and_o do_v what_o artagersas_n shall_v bid_v you_o and_o you_o the_o commander_n of_o the_o chariot_n after_o lot_n be_v cast_v let_v he_o who_o lot_n it_o be_v range_v himself_o and_o his_o 100_o chariot_n before_o the_o phalange_n the_o other_o two_o hundred_o one_o of_o they_o be_v to_o follow_v the_o phalange_n on_o the_o right_a side_n wing-wise_a the_o other_o on_o the_o left_a so_o far_o cyrus_n i_o have_v rehearse_v the_o word_n at_o large_a principal_o to_o show_v that_o the_o lightarmed_n in_o ancient_a time_n be_v place_v sometime_o behind_o the_o phalange_n and_o yet_o further_o also_o to_o represent_v the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v a_o army_n which_o be_v then_o usual_a for_o here_o have_v you_o set_v down_o the_o place_n of_o the_o myriarche_n &_o of_o the_o other_o commander_n which_o be_v in_o front_n than_o the_o place_n of_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n of_o the_o rear_n commander_n of_o the_o engine_n of_o the_o baggage_n of_o the_o wagon_n wherein_o the_o woman_n be_v of_o the_o guard_n for_o the_o baggage_n both_o horse_n and_o foot_n of_o the_o camel_n and_o of_o the_o chariot_n and_o albeit_o many_o of_o these_o particular_n agree_v not_o with_o our_o manner_n at_o this_o day_n for_o we_o have_v neither_o engine_n nor_o camel_n nor_o chariotts_n nor_o sling_n nor_o dart_n nor_o arrow_n yet_o be_v the_o reason_n of_o war_n alike_o in_o all_o and_o in_o our_o place_n also_o the_o fitness_n of_o service_n principal_o to_o be_v respect_v the_o place_n of_o the_o horse_n be_v here_o omit_v by_o c._n xenophon_n which_o may_v be_v supply_v out_o of_o the_o seven_o book_n where_o chrysanthas_n general_n of_o the_o horse_n be_v say_v to_o stand_v on_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n with_o half_a the_o horse_n hystaspas_n on_o the_o left_a with_o the_o other_o half_a but_o to_o return_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n the_o same_o â—_o xenophon_n testify_v that_o it_o be_v the_o egyptian_a manner_n to_o order_v their_o lightarmed_n behind_o &_o that_o in_o the_o battle_n betwixt_o cyrus_n and_o croesus_n the_o egyptian_a archer_n and_o darter_n be_v with_o draw_v sword_n compel_v by_o the_o reare-commander_n to_o shoot_v and_o east_n their_o dart_n d_o thrasybulus_n in_o his_o fight_n against_o the_o thirty_o tyrant_n set_v his_o arm_a in_o front_n and_o in_o the_o rear_v his_o targeteer_n and_o darter_n without_o armour_n and_o those_o that_o cast_v stone_n and_o it_o seem_v by_o the_o word_n of_o c_o thrasybulus_n to_o his_o own_o side_n that_o the_o tyrant_n do_v the_o like_a the_o tyrant_n say_v he_o have_v bring_v we_o to_o a_o place_n in_o which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o steepnesse_n they_o must_v ascend_v and_o can_v neither_o cast_v stone_n nor_o dart_n over_o the_o head_n of_o their_o own_o people_n that_o be_v embattle_v before_o where_o we_o contrariwise_o whether_o we_o throw_v javelin_n or_o dart_n or_o stone_n shall_v easy_o reach_v &_o
force_n to_o his_o son_n aleander_n that_o he_o need_v no_o other_o ally_n to_o overthrow_v the_o sovereignty_n of_o persia._n after_o his_o death_n 〈…〉_z alexander_n â—ooke_v his_o langdome_n and_o army_n and_o with_o it_o encounter_v and_o five_o inquish_a darius_n in_o two_o great_a battle_n run_v through_o asia_n like_o a_o flash_n of_o 〈◊〉_d renâ—ing_v a_o piece_n aâ—_n that_o resâ—ted_v or_o stand_v in_o his_o way_n and_o lay_v the_o foundation_n of_o that_o kingdom_n which_o albeit_o afterward_o divide_v continue_v long_o in_o his_o successor_n neither_o be_v the_o experience_n of_o their_o invinciblenesse_n against_o the_o barbarous_a people_n only_o but_o as_o much_o against_o the_o grecian_n who_o â—ill_v philip_n time_n be_v esteem_v the_o chief_a master_n of_o arm_n in_o europe_n this_o be_v clear_a by_o the_o victory_n the_o macedonian_n obtain_v against_o the_o renown_a city_n of_o greece_n both_o joint_o and_o several_o 〈…〉_z philip_n overthrow_v the_o phocean_n albeit_o the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o athenian_n join_v with_o they_o the_o same_o 〈…〉_z philip_n at_o cheronaea_n defeat_v the_o power_n of_o the_o theban_n and_o athenian_n join_v together_o 〈…〉_z alexander_n take_v and_o sack_v the_o city_n of_o thebes_n that_o about_o that_o time_n be_v account_v the_o might_a city_n of_o greece_n 〈…〉_z his_o lieutenant_n antipater_n foil_v the_o lacedâ—nians_n 〈◊〉_d battle_n â—nd_v steâ—_n their_o king_n agis_n 〈…〉_z antigonus_n tutor_n of_o king_n phiâ—p_n the_o son_n of_o demetrius_n break_v a_o army_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o peloponesiâ—_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o chase_v out_o of_o greece_n cleomenes_n the_o last_o brave_a king_n of_o sparta_n 〈◊〉_d they_o be_v not_o beat_v in_o the_o field_n by_o any_o nation_n but_o only_o by_o the_o roman_n and_o yet_o the_o judgement_n of_o 〈…〉_z polybius_n do_v in_o this_o also_o prove_v itself_o good_a for_o where_o the_o roman_n have_v these_o victory_n against_o the_o macedonian_n he_o assign_v this_o to_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o phalange_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o fight_n have_v not_o the_o proper_a place_n nor_o mean_n to_o use_v it_o own_o power_n in_o the_o encounter_n so_o long_o as_o the_o phalange_n have_v ground_n enough_o and_o can_v meet_v the_o enemy_n with_o a_o right_a front_n he_o hold_v it_o not_o possible_a to_o be_v foil_v be_v divide_v and_o in_o place_n uneven_a he_o be_v of_o opinion_n and_o experience_n have_v teach_v it_o may_v easy_o be_v put_v in_o a_o rout_n 〈…〉_z plutarch_n compare_v it_o for_o strength_n so_o long_o as_o it_o be_v one_o body_n and_o maintain_v the_o synaspisme_n joint_o to_o a_o invincible_a beast_n be_v disâ—evered_v he_o say_v it_o lose_v the_o force_n in_o the_o whole_a and_o in_o every_o man_n particular_a both_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o arm_v and_o also_o because_o the_o violence_n oâ—_n it_o consist_v rather_o in_o knit_v of_o all_o part_n together_o than_o in_o particular_a of_o any_o man_n valour_n three_o battle_n to_o praetermit_v aivers_a skirmish_n i_o find_v the_o roman_n 〈◊〉_d with_o and_o thiem_v 〈◊〉_d the_o macedonian_n one_o against_o king_n philip_n the_o son_n of_o demeâ—us_n a_o 〈◊〉_d against_o antiochus_n the_o three_o against_o perâ—eus_n the_o soâ—e_a of_o king_n pâ—lip_n 〈…〉_z for_o i_o paâ—_n over_o those_o wherein_o they_o be_v beat_v by_o pyâ—hus_n 〈◊〉_d worâ—_n 〈…〉_z philip_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d phalange_n and_o not_o use_v the_o whole_a together_o but_o fight_v against_o the_o roman_n with_o the_o right_a wing_n only_o yet_o have_v the_o better_a and_o wâ—_n too_o â—ard_o for_o that_o part_n of_o the_o roman_a army_n that_o join_v with_o he_o but_o the_o other_o 〈…〉_z winâ—_n come_v into_o the_o field_n fit_v rather_o for_o a_o march_n than_o a_o fight_n and_o not_o be_v able_a to_o order_v themselves_o phalaâ—ge-wise_a be_v soon_o defeat_v and_o the_o roman_a victorious_a fall_v upon_o the_o râ—re_a oâ—_n the_o right_a winâ—_n where_o philip_n be_v and_o have_v now_o get_v the_o victory_n and_o so_o 〈◊〉_d the_o field_n antiochus_n unskilful_a in_o true_a order_n of_o a_o phalange_n trusteâ—_n 〈…〉_z 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d horse_n than_o his_o phalange_n and_o be_v to_o fight_v with_o l_o scipio_n where_o he_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d give_v full_a scope_n anâ—_n extend_v the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n by_o make_v it_o 16_o deep_a 〈◊〉_d contrariwise_a narrow_v it_o 〈◊〉_d out_o the_o depth_n into_o 32_o whereby_o he_o lose_v the_o advantage_n of_o match_v the_o â—ront_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o after_o his_o horse_n be_v beat_v give_v facility_n to_o the_o enemy_n of_o 〈◊〉_d on_o it_o all_o side_n 〈…〉_z perseus_n join_v battle_n with_o paulus_n aemiâ—us_n 〈◊〉_d long_a 〈◊〉_d the_o phalange_n continue_v in_o the_o right_a figure_n slay_v many_o of_o the_o roman_n anâ—_n force_v they_o to_o retire_v but_o follow_v on_o too_o eager_o he_o come_v to_o uneven_a and_o rough_a ground_n wherein_o the_o phalange_n be_v dissever_v left_a space_n and_o breach_n for_o the_o roman_n to_o enter_v and_o defeat_v it_o so_o long_o then_o as_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v fit_a ground_n and_o the_o right_a property_n of_o embattail_v it_o stand_v fast_o against_o the_o roman_n the_o great_a soldier_n that_o ever_o be_v be_v in_o their_o hand_n that_o know_v not_o how_o to_o use_v it_o as_o a_o sword_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o child_n it_o yield_v to_o time_n and_o fortune_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v assign_v to_o be_v 2_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v which_o consist_v principal_o in_o order_v of_o target_n and_o pike_n in_o close_v of_o the_o target_n by_o synaspisme_n and_o in_o joint_a charge_v of_o the_o pike_n which_o lie_v out_o thick_a from_o the_o front_n beside_o the_o horror_n of_o the_o sight_n give_v almost_o a_o impossibility_n to_o enter_v the_o phalange_n i_o have_v allege_v the_o judgement_n of_o aemilio_n aemilius_n concern_v the_o sight_n present_v by_o a_o phalange_n when_o the_o pike_n lie_v so_o charge_v out_o of_o the_o front_n a._n polybius_n think_v nothing_o can_v resist_v the_o force_n thereof_o c._n livy_n albeit_o many_o time_n more_o than_o partial_a to_o the_o roman_n yet_o in_o the_o selfsame_o fight_n between_o perseus_n and_o aemilius_n give_v his_o judgement_n thus_o of_o the_o phalange_n the_o second_o legion_n say_v he_o insinuate_v itself_o into_o the_o middle_n empty_a place_n and_o so_o break_v asunder_o the_o phalange_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o more_o evident_a cause_n of_o victory_n than_o the_o fight_v in_o diverse_a place_n at_o once_o which_o first_o trouble_v the_o phalange_n in_o turn_v many_o way_n and_o afterward_o plain_o disjoint_v and_o scatter_v it_o who_o force_n be_v unite_a and_o rough_a with_o charge_a pike_n be_v intolerable_a if_o by_o give_v on_o in_o diverse_a place_n you_o constrain_v it_o to_o bring_v about_o the_o pike_n immovable_a through_o length_n and_o weight_n it_o entangle_v itself_o with_o confuse_a cross_n if_o at_o one_o time_n you_o charge_v it_o both_o flank_n and_o rear_v they_o fall_v asunder_o like_o a_o ruinous_a building_n as_o than_o they_o be_v compel_v many_o way_n to_o answer_v the_o roman_n and_o so_o to_o break_v their_o battle_n into_o many_o parcel_n and_o the_o roman_n upon_o the_o first_o opportunity_n of_o a_o breach_n straight_o way_n convey_v in_o their_o troop_n who_o if_o they_o have_v meet_v the_o enemy_n in_o front_n have_v run_v upon_o the_o pike_n as_o in_o the_o beginning_n it_o happen_v to_o the_o pelignan_n be_v too_o forward_o to_o come_v to_o hand_n and_o can_v not_o have_v resist_v the_o phalange_n fast_o shut_v and_o ser_v up_o for_o the_o encounter_n thus_o livy_n concern_v the_o phalange_n who_o albeit_o a_o roman_a hold_v the_o same_o opinion_n that_o polybius_n do_v 18._o and_o in_o another_o place_n tell_v of_o philip_n encamp_v â—e_n say_v he_o be_v lodge_v in_o a_o woody_a plot_n which_o be_v unfit_a for_o the_o phalange_n especial_o of_o the_o macedon_n which_o unless_o it_o cast_v the_o pike_n as_o it_o be_v a_o muniment_n before_o the_o target_n and_o that_o can_v be_v but_o in_o open_a ground_n be_v of_o no_o great_a use_n so_o than_o if_o pike_n may_v be_v charge_v out_o before_o the_o target_n the_o phalange_n be_v of_o great_a use_n but_o that_o i_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o rely_v upon_o bare_a opinion_n let_v we_o hear_v by_o a_o example_n or_o two_o the_o experience_n of_o the_o pike_n and_o target_n of_o the_o macedonian_a against_o the_o roman_a arm_n c._n when_o t._n quintus_fw-la flaminius_n the_o rome_n consul_n have_v drive_v king_n philip_n and_o his_o army_n from_o the_o straits_n near_o antigonia_n see_v that_o the_o enemy_n keep_v himself_o with_o his_o strength_n and_o abstein_v from_o the_o field_n he_o determine_v to_o try_v the_o city_n of_o thessaly_n and_o have_v win_v some_o
to_o the_o light_n arm_v and_o horse_n wherein_o notwithstanding_o the_o counsel_n of_o b._n iphicrates_n be_v hold_v good_a take_v heed_n say_v he_o to_o his_o lightarmed_n of_o ambush_n and_o spare_v not_o to_o press_v hard_o upon_o the_o rear_n of_o those_o that_o fly_v till_o you_o come_v to_o river_n or_o straits_n or_o ditch_n for_o it_o be_v dangerous_a in_o such_o place_n to_o hinder_v the_o enemy_n flight_n lest_o fear_v turn_v into_o desperation_n the_o fashion_n of_o horse-battaile_n and_o first_o of_o the_o rhombe_n the_o wedge_n and_o the_o square_n chap._n xviii_o those_o that_o have_v write_v before_o i_o have_v diverse_o frame_v horse-battaile_n some_o of_o just_a square_n some_o long_o in_o flank_n then_o in_o front_n some_o like_o a_o rhombe_n some_o like_o a_o wedge_n but_o none_o of_o they_o have_v if_o i_o may_v speak_v free_o express_v full_o their_o own_o conceit_n therefore_o to_o make_v all_o thing_n clear_a and_o better_a to_o be_v understand_v i_o will_v set_v down_o the_o several_a figure_n of_o each_o several_a kind_n 1_o it_o seem_v the_o thessalian_n who_o power_n be_v great_a in_o horse_n be_v the_o first_o that_o use_v the_o kind_n of_o battle_n 2_o fashion_v in_o form_n of_o a_o rhombe_n the_o invention_n whereof_o be_v attribute_v to_o jason_n as_o fit_a for_o all_o encounter_n the_o horseman_n thus_o order_v be_v ready_a to_o turn_v their_o face_n every_o way_n with_o speed_n and_o not_o easy_a to_o be_v surprise_v in_o flank_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n because_o the_o best_a man_n stand_v in_o the_o flank_n and_o the_o commander_n in_o the_o angles_n as_o namely_o the_o captain_n of_o the_o troop_n in_o the_o front_n and_o in_o the_o right_n and_o leave_v angle_n those_o that_o be_v call_v flanke-commander_n and_o the_o lieutenant_n in_o the_o reare-angle_n 3_o the_o scythian_n and_o thracian_n have_v use_v wedge_n and_o likewise_o the_o macedonian_n by_o the_o ordinance_n of_o king_n philip._n for_o this_o kind_n of_o battle_n be_v hold_v of_o mor_o exact_a use_n than_o the_o square_a because_o the_o commander_n be_v place_v in_o a_o circle_n and_o consist_v of_o a_o narrow_a front_n it_o make_v ready_a passage_n through_o any_o distance_n and_o a_o easy_a wheel_a and_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n as_o have_v no_o such_o troublesome_a wind_n about_o as_o have_v the_o square_a 4_o the_o persian_n and_o sicilian_n and_o most_o grecian_n make_v choice_n of_o square_n be_v of_o opinion_n they_o be_v more_o easy_a to_o frame_v and_o fit_a for_o joint-moving_a of_o the_o horse_n and_o more_o effectual_a in_o use_n for_o they_o be_v soon_o in_o order_n be_v digest_v into_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o in_o this_o order_n alone_o all_o the_o commander_n fall_v upon_o and_o charge_v the_o enemy_n with_o one_o main_a force_n those_o be_v best_o square_n that_o double_a the_o number_n of_o the_o length_n to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o depth_n as_o when_o there_o be_v eight_o in_o length_n and_o four_o in_o depth_n or_o ten_o in_o length_n and_o five_o in_o depth_n these_o in_o number_n be_v of_o unequal_a side_n but_o in_o figure_n four_o square_n for_o the_o length_n of_o a_o horse_n from_o head_n to_o tail_n compare_v with_o his_o breadth_n require_v more_o man_n in_o rank_n then_o in_o file_n to_o make_v up_o the_o square_a some_o allow_v thrice_o as_o many_o in_o length_n as_o in_o depth_n and_o think_v by_o that_o mean_v a_o perfect_a square_n may_v be_v form_v because_o for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o length_n of_o a_o horse_n seem_v thrice_o as_o much_o as_o the_o breadth_n betwixt_o his_o shoulder_n therefore_o they_o give_v nine_o in_o front_n and_o three_o in_o flank_n for_o a_o multitude_n of_o horseman_n yield_v not_o the_o same_o advantage_n behind_o that_o foot_n do_v when_o in_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n they_o joint_o thrust_v on_o in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o horse_n help_v nothing_o to_o the_o settledness_n of_o fast_a resistance_n be_v neither_o able_a to_o thrust_v those_o forward_o that_o be_v before_o nor_o yet_o to_o link_v and_o knit_v with_o they_o and_o so_o to_o make_v one_o weight_n as_o it_o be_v of_o the_o whole_a body_n and_o in_o case_n they_o press_v upon_o the_o foremost_a by_o disorder_v and_o distemper_a their_o own_o horse_n they_o annoy_v themselves_o more_o than_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o it_o always_o fall_v out_o that_o when_o there_o be_v as_o many_o horse_n in_o length_n as_o in_o depth_n a_o square_a of_o number_n be_v make_v but_o the_o side_n of_o the_o figure_n be_v unequal_a the_o depth_n exceed_v the_o length_n in_o proportion_n but_o when_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o troop_n be_v square_a the_o number_n of_o the_o side_n and_o front_n be_v unequal_a note_n in_o the_o second_o chapter_n of_o this_o book_n the_o army_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o kind_n footman_n and_o rider_n footman_n again_o into_o three_o arm_v targeteer_n and_o light_v arm_v of_o these_o three_o be_v hither_o to_o treat_v rider_n follow_v who_o either_o use_a horse_n or_o elephant_n horse_n either_o alone_o or_o else_o in_o chariot_n of_o these_o aelian_a treat_v several_o hereafter_o for_o the_o arm_n and_o place_n of_o horse_n in_o the_o field_n he_o have_v sufficient_o speak_v already_o the_o follow_a discourse_n be_v first_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v horse_n wherein_o he_o set_v down_o the_o diversity_n of_o usage_n in_o ancient_a time_n then_o of_o chariot_n and_o last_o of_o elephant_n 56._o that_o a_o horse_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o beast_n that_o love_n man_n and_o be_v most_o faithful_a unto_o he_o pliny_n testify_v the_o use_n of_o he_o be_v for_o carriage_n and_o for_o service_n in_o the_o field_n and_o in_o the_o service_n of_o the_o field_n a_o army_n without_o horse_n be_v in_o a_o manner_n no_o army_n iphicrates_n as_o i_o have_v say_v before_o compare_v a_o army_n to_o a_o man_n body_n resemble_v the_o horse_n to_o foot_n and_o as_o the_o body_n have_v no_o power_n of_o move_v or_o rather_o remove_v the_o foot_n be_v lame_a or_o take_v away_o so_o be_v the_o army_n slow_a and_o unfit_a for_o expedition_n that_o be_v destitute_a of_o horse_n and_o may_v be_v well_o resemble_v to_o those_o beast_n that_o creep_v upon_o their_o belly_n who_o great_a haste_n be_v with_o little_a speed_n the_o horse_n do_v great_a service_n in_o the_o field_n of_o themselves_o alone_o and_o be_v principal_o employ_v in_o matter_n that_o require_v quickness_n in_o dispatch_n therefore_o be_v they_o fit_a for_o discovery_n either_o of_o the_o enemy_n country_n or_o of_o his_o camp_n or_o of_o his_o march_v or_o of_o other_o thing_n whereof_o the_o general_n desire_v to_o have_v notice_n and_o not_o for_o discovery_n alone_o but_o to_o spoil_v and_o destroy_v whatsoever_o the_o enemy_n have_v grow_v to_o make_v prey_n of_o his_o cattle_n burn_v his_o house_n kill_v his_o people_n surprise_v his_o place_n of_o strength_n and_o to_o â—mbarre_v he_o from_o do_v the_o like_a to_o we_o to_o bring_v and_o convey_v provision_n for_o our_o camp_n to_o shut_v in_o the_o enemy_n that_o he_o go_v not_o out_o his_o camp_n for_o like_a cause_n to_o hinder_v the_o enemy_n march_v by_o fall_v on_o the_o rear_n brief_o all_o expedition_n of_o celerity_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n deliver_v to_o the_o horse_n alone_o especial_o as_o long_o as_o they_o be_v in_o such_o place_n as_o give_v they_o liberty_n to_o go_v on_o or_o retire_v at_o their_o pleasure_n yet_o be_v they_o often_o join_v with_o the_o light_n arm_v as_o i_o have_v show_v they_o often_o join_v likewise_o with_o the_o arm_a b._n and_o if_o they_o may_v come_v to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n battle_n in_o the_o flank_n or_o rear_v at_o such_o time_n as_o our_o arm_a charge_n in_o front_n they_o â—ndanger_v all_o but_o for_o employment_n alone_o against_o the_o arm_a foot_n many_o example_n of_o former_a time_n show_v how_o weak_a there_o force_n be_v 164._o and_o how_o little_o they_o prevail_v especial_o against_o arm_a that_o be_v practise_v in_o fight_n and_o resolute_a soldier_n the_o example_n i_o have_v quote_v in_o the_o margin_n make_v the_o matter_n clear_a for_o further_a confirmation_n i_o will_v set_v down_o xenophons_n opinion_n which_o all_o be_v it_o it_o be_v deliver_v concern_v the_o persian_a horse_n that_o come_v against_o the_o arm_a foot_n of_o the_o grecian_n in_o their_o return_n out_o of_o persia_n yet_o the_o reason_n stretch_v to_o all_o horse_n in_o general_n his_o word_n sound_v thus_o c._n if_o any_o of_o you_o faint_v in_o mind_n say_v he_o to_o the_o grecian_n because_o we_o have_v none_o the_o enemy_n many_o horse_n let_v he_o consider_v that_o ten_o thousand_o horseman_n be_v no_o more_o than_o ten_o thousand_o man_n for_o no_o man_n be_v
body_n a_o epitherarchy_n of_o eight_o 4_o ilarcha_n and_o the_o body_n a_o ilarchy_n of_o 16_o 5_o elephantarcha_n and_o the_o body_n a_o elephantarchy_n of_o 32_o 6_o keratarcha_n and_o the_o body_n a_o keratarchy_n that_o which_o consist_v of_o 64_o we_o call_v 7_o a_o phalange_n of_o elephant_n as_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v name_v the_o commander_n of_o both_o the_o wing_n phalangarcha_n note_n the_o use_n of_o elephant_n be_v great_a among_o the_o people_n of_o asia_n and_o africa_n those_o of_o europe_n esteem_v they_o not_o much_o and_o yet_o we_o find_v that_o they_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o field_n by_o the_o roman_n also_o who_o first_o see_v elephant_n in_o italy_n in_o the_o war_n they_o have_v against_o king_n pyrrhus_n â—_o the_o indian_a elephant_n be_v prefer_v before_o the_o african_a for_o greatness_n d._n of_o body_n strength_n and_o courage_n many_o thing_n be_v write_v concern_v the_o service_n of_o elephant_n but_o because_o aelian_n touch_v no_o more_o than_o the_o name_n of_o the_o body_n and_o the_o degree_n of_o commander_n i_o will_v only_o note_v such_o thing_n as_o i_o find_v concern_v they_o in_o history_n their_o kind_n of_o armour_n and_o furniture_n i_o have_v take_v out_o of_o livy_n and_o express_v they_o as_o near_o as_o i_o can_v in_o figure_n for_o their_o power_n strength_n and_o manner_n of_o fight_n see_v diodor._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 609._o &_o lib._n 19_o 717._o polyb._n lib._n 1._o â—5_n d._n &_o lib_n 5._o 425._o c._n their_o place_n in_o battle_n diodor._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 685._o arrian_n lib._n 5._o 111._o liu._n decad_a 4._o lib._n 7._o 141._o b._n appian_n in_o syriac_n 107._o polyb._n l._n 1._o 34._o d._n the_o distance_n one_o from_o a_o other_o arrian_n lib._n 5._o 111._o light_o arm_v in_o the_o distance_n betwixt_o elephant_n and_o elephant_n diodor._n sicul._n lib._n 17._o 609._o &_o lib._n 18._o 665._o &_o lib_n 19_o 685._o &_o 716._o plurarch_n in_o pyrrho_n remedy_n against_o elephant_n diodor._n sicul._n lib._n 18._o 665._o &_o lib._n 19_o 717._o polyb._n l._n 1._o 42._o a._n hirt._n de_fw-fr bell_n african_n 416._o liu._n decad_a 3._o lib._n 7._o 194._o c._n i_o have_v note_v before_o the_o improprietie_n of_o name_n give_v to_o military_a body_n as_o well_o in_o the_o arm_a and_o the_o light_a arm_a foot_n as_o in_o horse_n troop_n and_o in_o chariot_n that_o defect_n be_v no_o less_o in_o elephant_n the_o commander_n and_o command_n of_o they_o have_v name_n which_o be_v at_o first_o large_a and_o improper_a enough_o but_o afterward_o make_v good_a by_o use_n and_o receive_v by_o the_o tactic_n as_o significant_a to_o express_v the_o thing_n for_o which_o they_o be_v invent_v the_o first_o be_v give_v to_o he_o that_o be_v to_o command_v one_o elephant_n who_o be_v call_v 1_o zoarchos_n the_o commander_n of_o a_o live_a creature_n that_o be_v of_o one_o elephant_n the_o next_o be_v 2_o therarchos_n a_o commander_n of_o beast_n which_o name_n be_v appropriate_v to_o he_o that_o command_v two_o elephant_n and_o the_o body_n itself_o be_v name_v a_o therarchie_n 3_o a_o epitherarcha_n have_v the_o authority_n over_o the_o therarchie_n and_o the_o body_n be_v call_v a_o epitherarchie_n comprise_v four_o elephant_n 4_o a_o ilarch_n as_o it_o be_v the_o commander_n of_o a_o troop_n and_o the_o body_n be_v call_v a_o ilarchie_n i_o will_v be_v common_o apply_v to_o horse_n and_o signify_v a_o horse_n troop_n and_o ilarcha_n the_o captain_n but_o here_o ilarcha_n signify_v the_o commander_n of_o 8_o elephant_n 5_o a_o elephantarch_n a_o commander_n of_o elephant_n as_o though_o the_o other_o body_n before_o mention_v be_v not_o of_o elephant_n such_o straits_n be_v man_n often_o time_n drive_v unto_o in_o devise_v new_a name_n for_o new_a thing_n which_o notwithstanding_o pass_v afterward_o and_o grow_v familiar_a by_o use_n elephantarcha_n command_v 16_o elephant_n and_o the_o command_n be_v call_v a_o elephantarchie_n 6_o a_o keratarch_n the_o commander_n of_o a_o wing_n the_o body_n a_o keratarchie_n have_v in_o it_o 32_o elephant_n a_o wing_n of_o chariot_n have_v as_o many_o 7_o a_o phalange_n this_n be_v the_o great_a body_n and_o consist_v of_o 64_o elephant_n but_o as_o chariot_n may_v be_v order_v into_o many_o phalanges_fw-la and_o yet_o the_o same_o name_n retain_v in_o every_o one_o of_o the_o phalanges_fw-la so_o it_o be_v in_o elephant_n for_o that_o army_n have_v have_v in_o they_o at_o once_o above_o 64_o elephant_n appear_v by_o history_n polybius_n and_o diodor_n sicul_n testify_v b._n the_o first_o that_o the_o carthaginian_n 17._o the_o last_o that_o king_n porus_n against_o alexander_n have_v the_o one_o 140_o the_o other_o 130_o elephant_n in_o their_o army_n 421._o the_o same_o polybius_n say_v that_o ptolomey_n have_v against_o antiochus_n 73_o elephant_n in_o his_o army_n and_o antiochus_n 102._o and_o alexand._n plutarch_n report_v that_o androcottus_n king_n of_o a_o part_n of_o india_n give_v to_o seleucus_n at_o on_o time_n 500_o elephant_n the_o name_n of_o military_a motion_n express_v in_o this_o book_n chap._n xxiv_o thus_o have_v we_o set_v down_o in_o particular_a the_o kind_n of_o perfect_a force_n together_o with_o the_o several_a name_n of_o every_o body_n which_o be_v premise_v it_o seem_v cap_n 25_o 〈…〉_z face_n turn_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n câ—â—s_n or_o one_o turn_v of_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n the_o first_o stand_v the_o front_n fit_a to_o deliver_v the_o word_n of_o exercise_n that_o when_o the_o commander_n shall_v will_v any_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v the_o soldier_n in_o daily_a experience_n acquaint_v before_o with_o the_o signification_n of_o every_o of_o they_o and_o with_o the_o move_n in_o each_o figure_n may_v easy_o perform_v and_o execute_v whatsoever_o be_v command_v there_o be_v a_o motion_n call_v clisis_fw-la whereof_o one_o kind_n be_v to_o the_o pike_n the_o other_o to_o the_o target_n another_o be_v call_v metabole_n another_o epistrophe_n another_o anastrophe_n another_o perispasmus_n another_o ecperispasmus_n beside_o we_o say_v to_o file_v to_o rank_n to_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n to_o countermarch_n to_o double_a likewise_o we_o use_v the_o word_n induction_n and_o deduction_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n a_o broad-phalange_a a_o deepephalange_n and_o uneven-fronted_n phalange_n and_o parembole_n and_o protaxis_fw-la and_o entaxis_fw-la and_o hypotaxis_fw-la and_o epitaxis_fw-la and_o prostaxis_fw-la the_o signification_n of_o which_o word_n i_o will_v short_o deliver_v and_o yet_o i_o be_o not_o ignorant_a that_o the_o precept_n of_o war_n be_v not_o by_o all_o tactic_n express_v in_o the_o same_o term_n note_n aelian_n in_o the_o chapter_n precedent_n have_v number_v up_o all_o kind_n of_o force_n as_o well_o foot_n as_o horse_n and_o chariot_n and_o elephant_n that_o in_o ancient_a time_n be_v account_v necessary_a for_o war_n and_o have_v give_v they_o their_o armour_n and_o furniture_n and_o distinguish_v they_o into_o military_a body_n and_o imbattail_v they_o and_o teach_v the_o distance_n that_o they_o ought_v to_o hold_v in_o fight_n it_o follow_v now_o that_o he_o speak_v of_o motion_n military_a which_o be_v the_o life_n of_o a_o army_n and_o only_o give_v mean_n of_o victory_n and_o without_o which_o all_o preparation_n of_o force_n be_v vain_a and_o avail_v nothing_o in_o the_o field_n nor_o to_o the_o end_n for_o which_o they_o be_v levy_v this_o chapter_n than_o contain_v the_o name_n of_o those_o motion_n the_o follow_a chapter_n the_o particular_a explication_n of_o they_o to_o which_o we_o will_v note_v what_o we_o find_v in_o ancient_a writer_n for_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n i_o refer_v they_o to_o the_o several_a chapter_n where_o they_o be_v expound_v of_o turn_v and_o double_a turn_v the_o soldier_n face_n as_o they_o stand_v embattle_v chap._n xxv_o 1_o clisis_fw-la or_o turn_n of_o the_o face_n be_v the_o particular_a motion_n of_o every_o soldier_n decline_v his_o face_n either_o to_o his_o pike_n that_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n or_o to_o his_o target_n that_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o use_n of_o it_o be_v when_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o in_o flank_n 2_o to_o encompass_v our_o wing_n or_o else_o to_o charge_v we_o or_o for_o some_o other_o cause_n whereof_o i_o will_v speak_v in_o convenient_a place_n 3_o two_o turn_n of_o the_o face_n towards_o the_o same_o side_n transfer_v the_o sight_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o this_o kind_n of_o motion_n be_v call_v metabole_n be_v also_o use_v either_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o to_o the_o target_n in_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o move_n of_o the_o soldier_n face_n towards_o the_o pike_n be_v call_v clisis_fw-la the_o second_o move_v the_o same_o way_n
the_o right_a hand_n 2_o ecperispasmos_n i_o can_v never_o hitherto_o conceive_v any_o use_n of_o a_o treble_a wheel_a for_o so_o aelian_n take_v the_o word_n unless_o a_o perispasmos_n be_v first_o make_v and_o the_o battle_n have_v the_o front_n already_o bring_v to_o the_o rear_n and_o so_o a_o epistrophe_n add_v from_o the_o rear_n to_o the_o same_o hand_n otherwise_o see_v that_o one_o wheel_v be_v soon_o make_v than_o two_o and_o therefore_o soon_o than_o three_o i_o see_v no_o need_n of_o three_o wheeling_n especial_o see_v we_o may_v do_v that_o we_o desire_v with_o one_o for_o example_n let_v we_o wheel_v our_o battle_n thrice_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n will_v come_v to_o be_v in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o left_a flank_n the_o same_o will_v be_v perform_v as_o well_o with_o one_o wheel_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n et_fw-la frustra_fw-la fit_a per_fw-la plura_fw-la quod_fw-la potest_fw-la fieri_fw-la per_fw-la pauciora_fw-la especial_o in_o matter_n of_o war_n where_o the_o least_o moment_n of_o time_n often_o carry_v the_o whole_a business_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o ecperispasmos_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o use_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o wheel_a and_o double_a wheel_a be_v when_o the_o battle_n be_v close_v and_o the_o enemy_n come_v to_o assault_v you_o in_o any_o other_o one_o place_n than_o the_o front_n you_o seek_v to_o bring_v the_o best_a man_n to_o fight_v for_o if_o you_o be_v to_o be_v charge_v in_o two_o place_n at_o once_o or_o more_o wheel_a help_n little_a except_o it_o be_v to_o turn_v the_o front_n to_o one_o enemy_n and_o in_o that_o case_n your_o only_a shift_n be_v to_o turn_v face_n against_o they_o that_o come_v to_o charge_n on_o what_o side_n soever_o they_o come_v example_n of_o these_o two_o motion_n i_o mean_v epistrophe_n and_o perispasmos_n meet_v we_o almost_o in_o every_o greek_a history_n of_o which_o i_o will_v represent_v one_o or_o two_o especial_o of_o the_o latter_a the_o rather_o because_o practice_v give_v both_o light_n and_o life_n to_o precept_n pyrrh_n plutarch_n recount_v that_o after_o king_n pyrrhus_n have_v in_o vain_a assault_v sparta_n he_o be_v invite_v by_o a_o argivan_n name_v aristaeus_n to_o receive_v argos_n into_o his_o protection_n and_o that_o he_o march_v thitherward_o with_o his_o army_n arieus_fw-la the_o king_n of_o lacedemonia_fw-la lay_v ambush_n for_o he_o and_o take_v the_o principal_a straits_n by_o which_o he_o be_v to_o pass_v charge_v his_o rear_n wherein_o the_o galatian_n and_o molossian_n be_v when_o pyrrhus_n hear_v the_o bruit_n and_o noise_n he_o send_v his_o son_n ptolemy_n with_o the_o band_n of_o companion_n to_o aid_n himself_o with_o all_o speed_n march_v out_o of_o the_o straits_n lead_v on_o his_o army_n the_o medley_n be_v sharp_a about_o ptolemy_n and_o the_o choose_a lacedaemonian_n command_v by_o eualcus_n stand_v close_o to_o their_o business_n oroesus_n a_o candiot_n of_o aptera_n valiant_a of_o his_o hand_n and_o swift_a of_o foot_n run_v cross_a against_o the_o young_a prince_n give_v he_o a_o deadly_a stroke_n and_o overthrow_v he_o his_o fall_n make_v the_o rest_n to_o fly_v and_o the_o lacedaemonian_n have_v the_o victory_n and_o follow_v the_o chase_n come_v into_o the_o champion_n ground_n still_o kill_v but_o not_o remember_v they_o be_v not_o follow_v with_o arm_a foot_n upon_o who_o pyrrhus_n have_v even_o then_o hear_v of_o and_o be_v much_o move_v with_o the_o death_n of_o his_o son_n wheel_v about_o the_o molossian_a horseman_n and_o himself_o first_o advance_v upon_o the_o spur_n imbrue_v himself_o with_o the_o slaughter_n of_o lacedaemonian_n he_o always_o seem_v mighty_a and_o terrible_a in_o arm_n but_o then_o he_o exceed_v himself_o in_o dare_v and_o valour_n for_o turn_v his_o horse_n upon_o eualcus_n who_o shun_v he_o shift_v a_o side_n and_o with_o all_o strike_v at_o his_o bridle_n hand_n as_o he_o pass_v by_o and_o want_v but_o little_a of_o cut_v it_o off_o but_o miss_v the_o hand_n he_o light_v upon_o the_o reins_n and_o carve_v they_o quite_o a_o sunder_o pyrrhus_n with_o all_o strike_v he_o through_o the_o body_n with_o his_o lance_n then_o leap_v from_o his_o horse_n and_o fight_v a_o foot_n he_o cut_v in_o piece_n the_o choose_v lacedaemonian_n that_o fight_v to_o recover_v the_o body_n of_o eualcus_n this_o be_v the_o fight_n that_o pyrrhus_n make_v by_o wheel_v about_o his_o horseman_n against_o the_o lacedaemonian_n that_o follow_v upon_o his_o rear_n another_o example_n of_o wheel_v about_o be_v report_v by_o polybius_n and_o it_o be_v of_o amilcar_n annibals_n father_n this_o be_v the_o history_n the_o mercenary_a soldier_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n revolt_v from_o they_o and_o overthrow_v some_o of_o their_o general_n and_o shut_v they_o up_o within_o the_o city_n of_o carthage_n possess_v both_o other_o straits_n that_o lead_v into_o the_o country_n and_o also_o a_o bridge_n lay_v over_o a_o river_n call_v macar_n which_o river_n be_v not_o passable_a but_o by_o that_o bridge_n beside_o they_o build_v a_o city_n for_o defence_n of_o that_o bridge_n amilcar_n seek_v to_o dislodge_v the_o enemy_n from_o that_o bridge_n and_o have_v no_o way_n to_o come_v at_o they_o convenient_o observe_v that_o when_o certain_a wind_n blue_a the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n towards_o the_o sea_n be_v common_o fill_v up_o with_o sand_n and_o will_v give_v passage_n sufficient_a for_o his_o army_n find_v then_o a_o fit_a time_n he_o put_v over_o his_o army_n in_o the_o night_n and_o before_o day_n or_o ere_o any_o man_n know_v of_o it_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o passage_n and_o present_o lead_v against_o they_o that_o hold_v the_o bridge_n spendius_n he_o be_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a rebel_n hear_v thereof_o advance_v to_o meet_v amilcar_n in_o the_o plain_a and_o both_o ten_o thousand_o from_o the_o city_n at_o the_o bridge_n foot_n and_o fifteen_o thousand_o more_o from_o utica_n come_v out_o one_o to_o aid_v another_o think_v to_o wrap_v in_o the_o carthaginian_n between_o they_o who_o be_v not_o above_o ten_o thousand_o soldier_n of_o all_o sort_n and_o 70_o elephant_n amilcar_n lead_v on_o his_o army_n before_o be_v the_o elephant_n the_o horse_n and_o light_v arm_v follow_v next_o the_o arm_a foot_n come_v last_o and_o perceive_v the_o enemy_n that_o follow_v his_o rear_n press_v hard_o upon_o he_o he_o command_v his_o whole_a army_n to_o turn_v about_o those_o that_o be_v in_o the_o vanguard_n of_o the_o march_n he_o will_v to_o return_v to_o he_o with_o speed_n the_o other_o that_o at_o first_o have_v the_o rear_n he_o wheel_v about_o and_o straight_o oppose_v against_o the_o enemy_n the_o lybian_o and_o mercenary_n imagine_v the_o carthaginian_n flee_v for_o fear_n fall_v upon_o they_o disorderly_o and_o bold_o come_v to_o hand_n but_o when_o they_o see_v the_o horseman_n be_v now_o turn_v about_o and_o come_v up_o near_o to_o the_o foot_n and_o already_o put_v in_o order_n make_v a_o stand_n they_o themselves_o by_o reason_n they_o look_v for_o nothing_o less_o fall_v into_o a_o fear_n turn_v their_o back_n flee_v present_o as_o before_o they_o give_v on_o unaduised_o and_o stragling_o and_o some_o of_o they_o fall_v upon_o their_o own_o people_n that_o be_v come_v on_o wrought_v both_o they_o and_o their_o own_o destruction_n othersome_a be_v trample_v upon_o and_o tread_v to_o death_n by_o the_o horse_n and_o elephant_n that_o follow_v the_o chase_n thus_o far_o polybius_n and_o thus_o far_o of_o wheeling_n the_o figure_n and_o word_n of_o command_n be_v reserve_v for_o the_o 32_o chapter_n where_o the_o manner_n of_o wheeling_n and_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v set_v down_o of_o file_v rank_v and_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n xxvii_o to_o file_n be_v when_o every_o particular_a man_n keep_v equal_a distance_n from_o other_o stand_v in_o his_o own_o file_n lineal_o betwixt_o the_o file-leader_n and_o bringer-up_a to_o rank_n be_v to_o be_v in_o a_o right_a line_n even_o with_o his_o sideman_n in_o the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n 1_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v to_o bring_v the_o sight_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o same_o aspect_n he_o have_v before_o the_o first_o turn_v as_o if_o his_o face_n be_v at_o first_o towards_o the_o enemy_n be_v command_v to_o turn_v towards_o the_o pike_n and_o thence_o to_o return_v to_o his_o first_o posture_n he_o be_v again_o to_o return_v his_o face_n towards_o the_o enemy_n note_n of_o file_v and_o rank_v enough_o be_v speak_v before_o 1_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n this_o motion_n differ_v from_o anastrophe_n before_o specify_v for_o anastrophe_n bring_v back_o again_o the_o whole_a body_n to_o the_o first_o place_n after_o a_o wheeling_n this_o the_o soldier_n face_n
the_o macedonian_n be_v the_o inventor_n of_o it_o which_o of_o the_o macedonian_n he_o tell_v not_o but_o exclude_v philip_n and_o alexander_n who_o both_o use_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v and_o before_o their_o time_n i_o have_v not_o read_v of_o any_o warlike_a king_n of_o macedonia_n the_o manner_n of_o it_o be_v this_o first_o all_o the_o fileleader_n turn_v their_o face_n about_o either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n then_o the_o next_o rank_n pass_v thorough_a by_o they_o on_o the_o same_o hand_n and_o be_v come_v to_o their_o distance_n place_n themselves_o direct_o behind_o their_o fileleader_n and_o then_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n the_o same_o way_n and_o so_o the_o three_o rank_n after_o they_o and_o the_o four_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o bringers-up_a be_v last_o and_o have_v take_v the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n again_o and_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n the_o figure_n express_v not_o well_o the_o action_n for_o in_o it_o the_o bringers-up_a begin_v first_o to_o countermarch_n which_o according_a to_o aelian_n shall_v move_v last_o yet_o may_v this_o countermarch_v be_v do_v as_o the_o figure_n be_v but_o i_o take_v aelians_n way_n to_o be_v easy_a and_o ready_a and_o it_o may_v be_v also_o that_o the_o countermarch_v express_v in_o the_o figure_n be_v lose_v in_o the_o text_n for_o one_o of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarche_n which_o proceed_v the_o contrary_a way_n begin_v the_o motion_n with_o the_o fileleader_n as_o this_o do_v with_o the_o bringers-up_a as_o we_o shall_v straight_o see_v 2_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o proceed_n be_v contrary_a to_o that_o of_o the_o former_a that_o take_v the_o ground_n before_o the_o phalange_n this_o take_v the_o ground_n after_o in_o that_o the_o move_n be_v from_o the_o rear_n to_o the_o front_n in_o this_o from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n this_o be_v the_o invention_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n aelian_n describe_v it_o to_o be_v do_v in_o two_o manner_n one_o when_o the_o bringers-up_a first_o turn_n about_o their_o face_n and_o the_o next_o 95._o rank_n likewise_o turn_v face_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o every_o man_n thereof_o place_v himself_o direct_o before_o his_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o three_o do_v the_o like_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o fileleader_n come_v to_o be_v first_o the_o other_o when_o the_o fileleader_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o every_o one_o in_o their_o file_n follow_v they_o orderly_o the_o figure_n express_v this_o last_o aelian_n prefer_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v before_o the_o macedonian_a because_o in_o it_o the_o soldier_n seem_v to_o fall_v on_o and_o go_v to_o the_o charge_n where_o in_o the_o macedonian_a they_o seem_v to_o fly_v there_o be_v notwithstanding_o time_n when_o it_o be_v better_a to_o use_v the_o macedonian_a as_o in_o case_n you_o mean_v to_o march_v on_o and_o not_o to_o fight_v with_o the_o enemy_n except_o you_o be_v compel_v or_o else_o you_o seek_v to_o gain_v some_o ground_n of_o advantage_n for_o the_o macedonian_a continue_v still_o the_o march_n and_o stay_v not_o the_o lacedaemonian_a return_v upon_o the_o enemy_n and_o so_o lose_v ground_n in_o march_v agesilaus_n after_o victory_n get_v against_o the_o argive_n against_o who_o he_o stand_v in_o the_o right_a wing_n hear_v that_o the_o theban_n have_v beat_v the_o orchomenian_o in_o the_o left_a wing_n use_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v against_o they_o the_o word_n of_o c._n xenophon_n sound_v thus_o here_o the_o stranger_n be_v about_o to_o crown_n agesilaus_n think_v he_o have_v get_v the_o victory_n when_o news_n be_v bring_v that_o the_o theban_n after_o they_o have_v break_v the_o orchomenian_o have_v force_v a_o passage_n as_o far_o as_o the_o baggage_n then_o agesilaus_n countermarch_v his_o phalange_n lead_v against_o they_o the_o theban_n perceive_v their_o confederate_n be_v fie_v up_o to_o the_o mount_n helicon_n close_v their_o troop_n together_o as_o near_o as_o they_o can_v seek_v to_o open_v a_o way_n by_o force_n and_o to_o get_v up_o unto_o they_o agesilaus_n albeit_o he_o may_v by_o give_v way_n to_o the_o foremost_a have_v follow_v they_o at_o heel_n and_o charge_v the_o rear_n yet_o do_v he_o it_o not_o but_o meet_v the_o theban_n front_v to_o front_v thus_o encounter_v and_o clash_v their_o target_n together_o they_o fight_v thrust_v on_o kill_v and_o be_v kill_v in_o fine_a some_o of_o the_o theban_n break_v through_o to_o helicon_n other_o some_o as_o they_o seek_v to_o escape_v be_v leave_v dead_a on_o the_o place_n agesilaus_n here_o follow_v the_o chase_n upon_o the_o argive_n towards_o the_o mount_n helicon_n the_o theban_n upon_o the_o orchomenian_o the_o contrary_a way_n towards_o the_o enemy_n campe._n the_o theban_n see_v their_o confederate_n flee_v to_o the_o mount_n helicon_n return_v towards_o they_o agesilaus_n countermarch_v to_o meet_v they_o meet_v they_o and_o fight_v with_o they_o for_o the_o countermarch_v he_o use_v i_o make_v account_v it_o be_v the_o lacedaemonian_a himself_o be_v a_o lacedaemonian_a and_o he_o use_v it_o to_o meet_v the_o theban_n brave_o in_o front_n the_o same_o agesilaus_n after_o he_o have_v by_o night_n encamp_v in_o a_o piece_n of_o ground_n behind_o mantinaea_n encompass_v d._n about_o with_o mountain_n perceive_v the_o next_o morning_n that_o the_o mantinaeans_n gather_v together_o upon_o the_o top_n that_o lay_v right_a over_o the_o head_n of_o his_o rearegard_n determine_v to_o lead_v his_o army_n out_o of_o the_o place_n with_o all_o speed_n now_o if_o himself_o shall_v lead_v he_o fear_v the_o enemy_n will_v give_v upon_o his_o rear_n therefore_o stand_v still_o and_o turn_v his_o arm_n against_o the_o enemy_n he_o command_v the_o last_o of_o the_o phalange_n to_o march_v back_o again_o from_o the_o rear_n and_o come_v up_o to_o he_o and_o so_o at_o once_o he_o bring_v his_o army_n out_o of_o the_o straits_n and_o make_v it_o by_o little_a and_o little_o strong_a when_o the_o phalange_n be_v thus_o double_v he_o proceed_v in_o that_o order_n into_o the_o champaign_n &_o there_o again_o reduce_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o arm_a foot_n to_o 9_o or_o 10_o man_n in_o every_o file_n this_o place_n of_o xenophon_n if_o it_o be_v not_o corrupt_v be_v very_o obscure_a and_o i_o can_v tell_v whether_o to_o take_v it_o for_o double_v of_o the_o front_n or_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n the_o word_n make_v for_o a_o double_n for_o xenophon_n say_v plain_o the_o phalange_n be_v double_v beside_o he_o add_v it_o be_v make_v by_o little_a and_o little_o strong_a which_o can_v not_o be_v do_v with_o a_o countermarch_v and_o that_o a_o deep_a phalange_n or_o hearse_n such_o as_o this_o by_o the_o evenings_n march_n and_o the_o straits_n it_o enter_v seem_v to_o be_v be_v make_v strong_a by_o double_v the_o front_n there_o be_v no_o question_n on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o straits_n through_o which_o it_o be_v to_o pass_v persuade_v i_o it_o shall_v be_v a_o macedonian_a countermarch_v for_o in_o double_v the_o front_n the_o length_n still_o increase_v &_o the_o manner_n be_v not_o to_o enlarge_v but_o to_o extenuate_v the_o front_n when_o a_o army_n be_v to_o be_v convey_v through_o a_o narrow_a place_n and_o xenophon_n say_v express_o that_o agesilaus_n lead_v it_o through_o the_o straits_n into_o the_o champaign_n in_o that_o order_n to_o which_o it_o be_v reduce_v last_o &_o that_o in_o the_o champion_n the_o depth_n of_o the_o arm_a be_v lessen_v and_o bring_v to_o 9_o or_o 10_o for_o there_o agesilaus_n imbattail_v his_o phalange_n to_o receive_v the_o enemy_n if_o he_o will_v charge_v and_o in_o a_o march_n through_o straight_a way_n the_o front_n be_v common_o narrow_v and_o proportion_v to_o the_o way_n but_o in_o open_a ground_n the_o phalange_n be_v again_o bring_v to_o the_o just_a length_n so_o that_o it_o seem_v the_o depth_n be_v much_o before_o it_o come_v into_o the_o plain_a because_o in_o the_o plain_a it_o be_v bring_v to_o 9_o or_o 10_o man_n and_o therefore_o no_o double_n last_o agesilaus_n and_o the_o front_n i_o doubt_v not_o of_o the_o phalange_n with_o he_o turn_v face_n to_o the_o enemy_n before_o the_o rear_n come_v up_o to_o he_o which_o be_v do_v in_o no_o other_o motion_n than_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n in_o which_o all_o the_o fileleader_n first_o turn_n about_o their_o face_n towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o then_o the_o whole_a battle_n march_v against_o the_o fileleader_n and_o place_v themselves_o orderly_a behind_o they_o turn_v their_o face_n the_o same_o way_n that_o they_o have_v do_v before_o now_o where_o it_o be_v in_o xenophon_n that_o agesilaus_n have_v gain_v the_o champaign_n extend_v his_o army_n to_o 9_o or_o 10_o targeteres_n i_o suspect_v a_o
fault_n to_o be_v in_o the_o number_n of_o 9_o and_o that_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v read_v 8_o or_o 10._o to_o extend_v a_o phalange_n be_v to_o draw_v it_o out_o in_o length_n the_o length_n be_v the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o point_n of_o both_o wing_n when_o he_o say_v he_o extend_v it_o to_o 10_o the_o meaning_n be_v he_o draw_v it_o out_o so_o far_o in_o length_n that_o he_o leave_v but_o 10_o in_o depth_n ten_o be_v the_o decas_fw-la whereof_o i_o speak_v before_o and_o i_o have_v likewise_o note_v that_o the_o lacedaemonian_n for_o the_o most_o part_n make_v the_o depth_n of_o their_o battle_n 8._o the_o number_n of_o 9_o as_o all_o other_o uneven_a number_n be_v reject_v by_o the_o tactic_n as_o unfit_a for_o doubling_n so_o that_o my_o opinion_n be_v that_o xenophon_n at_o the_o first_o write_v 8_o or_o 10_o not_o 9_o or_o 10_o howsoever_o 9_o be_v creep_v into_o the_o place_n of_o 8._o but_o to_o return_v to_o agesilaus_n admit_v he_o use_v double_v of_o rank_n or_o of_o the_o front_n in_o retire_v out_o of_o the_o mantinaean_a straits_n yet_o give_v i_o leave_v to_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v have_v be_v the_o fit_a motion_n for_o that_o purpose_n for_o himself_o be_v thereby_o cast_v in_o the_o rear_n he_o have_v both_o prevent_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n which_o he_o fear_v and_o yet_o wound_n better_a out_o of_o the_o straits_n the_o long_a hearse_n which_o still_o remain_v in_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v be_v more_o proportionable_a to_o issue_v out_o of_o a_o narrow_a place_n than_o a_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n which_o arise_v out_o of_o double_v the_o front_n 3_o the_o persian_a be_v the_o cretan_a or_o choraean_a this_o countermarch_v be_v call_v the_o persian_a and_o cretan_a because_o it_o be_v use_v among_o the_o persian_n and_o cretan_n and_o it_o be_v term_v the_o choraean_a also_o of_o the_o similitude_n it_o have_v with_o the_o solemn_a grecian_a dance_n upon_o stage_n the_o company_n that_o show_v themselves_o in_o such_o dance_n be_v call_v chorus_n who_o in_o their_o dance_n order_v themselves_o into_o file_n and_o rank_n as_o soldier_n do_v in_o battle_n and_o move_v forward_o to_o the_o brink_n of_o the_o stage_n when_o be_v straighten_v by_o the_o place_n they_o can_v pass_v no_o further_o they_o retire_v one_o through_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o other_o exceed_v not_o the_o bound_n of_o the_o place_n as_o be_v do_v in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o other_o two_o kind_n of_o countermarch_v change_v the_o ground_n they_o have_v before_o the_o macedonian_a take_v the_o ground_n before_o the_o front_n the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o ground_n after_o the_o rear_n the_o choraean_a hold_v the_o same_o ground_n &_o begin_v the_o motion_n with_o the_o fileleader_n who_o notwithstanding_o proceed_v no_o further_o then_o thither_o where_o the_o bringers-up_a stand_v their_o file_n follow_v they_o &_o every_o soldier_n keep_v the_o same_o distance_n he_o have_v before_o the_o move_n the_o figure_n show_v the_o manner_n of_o it_o e._n these_o countermarche_n by_o file_n be_v to_o be_v make_v when_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n and_o come_v to_o charge_v us._n and_o they_o be_v make_v to_o the_o end_n to_o bring_v our_o best_a man_n that_o be_v the_o fileleader_n to_o the_o encounter_n wherein_o notwithstanding_o there_o be_v a_o caution_n to_o be_v hold_v that_o if_o the_o enemy_n be_v very_o near_o or_o so_o near_o that_o we_o can_v convenient_o countermarch_n 39_o before_o he_o come_v up_o to_o we_o we_o forbear_v lest_o we_o fall_v into_o disorder_n and_o in_o disorder_n be_v easy_o defeat_v in_o which_o case_n the_o best_a remedy_n be_v to_o turn_v face_n about_o and_o so_o receive_v he_o hitherto_o of_o countermarche_n by_o file_n 4_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n be_v make_v the_o end_n of_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n be_v two_o in_o aelian_n one_o to_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o other_o to_o strengthen_v the_o wing_n if_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o enemy_n battle_n lie_v most_o in_o the_o midst_n reason_n of_o war_n will_v that_o we_o shall_v oppose_v our_o great_a strength_n against_o the_o midst_n if_o in_o the_o wing_n against_o the_o wing_n there_o be_v a_o other_o cause_n of_o strengthen_v the_o wing_n namely_o if_o the_o enemy_n be_v ready_a to_o charge_n either_o of_o they_o and_o this_o strength_n aelian_n will_v have_v give_v by_o the_o countermarch_v of_o our_o best_a man_n into_o the_o wing_n it_o shall_v not_o be_v from_o the_o purpose_n to_o make_v all_o plain_a by_o a_o example_n or_o two_o aristide_n herodotus_n report_v that_o before_o the_o battle_n of_o plataea_n betwixt_o the_o grecian_n and_o the_o persian_n it_o be_v agree_v betwixt_o the_o athenian_n and_o lacedaemonian_n that_o where_o the_o athenian_n have_v vanquish_v the_o persian_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o marathon_n and_o have_v late_o slay_v masistius_n the_o general_n of_o the_o persian_a horse_n and_o by_o those_o encounter_n have_v good_a experience_n of_o the_o persian_a manner_n of_o fight_n and_o where_o the_o lacedaemonian_n be_v imbattail_v in_o the_o right_a wing_n against_o the_o persian_n the_o athenian_n in_o the_o left_a wing_n against_o the_o theban_n and_o other_o grecian_n that_o take_v part_n with_o the_o persian_n they_o shall_v change_v and_o the_o athenian_n have_v the_o right_a wing_n the_o lacedaemonian_n the_o left_a these_o news_n be_v carry_v to_o mardonius_n the_o general_n of_o the_o persian_n who_o whither_o fear_v the_o athenian_n or_o desirous_a to_o fight_v with_o the_o lacedaemonian_n change_v his_o place_n from_o the_o left_a into_o his_o right_a wing_n to_o the_o intent_n to_o oppose_v against_o they_o which_o when_o pausanias_n see_v he_o return_v to_o his_o right_a wing_n and_o mardonius_n to_o his_o left_a the_o place_n which_o he_o have_v at_o the_o beginning_n here_o be_v change_v wing_n on_o both_o part_n the_o one_o covet_v to_o fight_v in_o the_o left_a wing_n the_o other_o desirous_a to_o fight_v in_o the_o right_n the_o countermarch_v by_o rank_n from_o the_o right_a wing_n will_v have_v fit_v pausanias_n as_o the_o contrary_n countermarch_v will_v have_v fit_v mardonius_n yet_o be_o i_o lead_v to_o think_v that_o pausanias_n use_v a_o wheel_a of_o his_o battle_n and_o so_o convey_v it_o from_o one_o wing_n to_o a_o other_o behind_o the_o battle_n of_o the_o other_o grecian_n to_o the_o end_n that_o be_v shadow_v by_o they_o he_o may_v the_o better_o hide_v his_o purpose_n from_o mardonius_n an_o other_o example_n i_o find_v in_o livy_n and_o polybius_n both_o it_o be_v this_o b._n publius_n scipio_n who_o be_v afterward_o call_v africanus_n and_o asdrubal_n the_o son_n of_o gisgo_n be_v encamp_v near_o together_o in_o spain_n bring_v daily_o out_o of_o their_o camp_n their_o army_n one_o against_o a_o other_o and_o after_o they_o have_v long_o stand_v wait_v who_o shall_v begin_v the_o fight_n which_o be_v do_v at_o neither_o hand_n they_o convey_v they_o back_o again_o the_o manner_n of_o their_o imbattail_v be_v this_o the_o roman_n and_o likewise_o the_o carthaginian_n mingle_v with_o the_o african_n have_v the_o middle_n their_o confederate_n the_o wing_n the_o opinion_n be_v they_o shall_v fight_v in_o that_o order_n scipio_n when_o he_o perceive_v this_o to_o be_v firm_o believe_v the_o day_n before_o he_o mean_v to_o fight_v make_v a_o alteration_n of_o all_o when_o night_n come_v he_o give_v the_o word_n through_o the_o whole_a camp_n that_o horse_n and_o man_n shall_v dine_v before_o it_o be_v light_a day_n and_o that_o the_o horseman_n in_o arm_n shall_v keep_v their_o horse_n bridle_v and_o saddle_v the_o day_n be_v scarce_o sprunge_v when_o he_o send_v his_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n to_o beat_v in_o the_o carthaginean_a guard_n himself_o straight_o follow_v with_o the_o arm_a legion_n dispose_v the_o roman_n contrary_a to_o the_o settle_a opinion_n of_o his_o own_o people_n and_o of_o the_o enemy_n in_o the_o wing_n and_o receive_v the_o ally_n into_o the_o midst_n asdrubal_n raise_v out_o of_o his_o bed_n with_o the_o cry_n of_o his_o horseman_n have_v no_o soon_o leap_v out_o of_o his_o tent_n and_o see_v the_o tumult_n before_o the_o trench_n of_o his_o camp_n and_o the_o amazednes_n of_o his_o people_n and_o the_o ensign_n of_o the_o legion_n shine_v a_o far_o of_o and_o the_o field_n full_a of_o enemy_n present_o send_v out_o his_o whole_a power_n of_o horse_n to_o undertake_v the_o roman_a horse_n himself_o issue_v out_o of_o the_o camp_n with_o his_o foot_n not_o change_v any_o thing_n of_o his_o wont_a manner_n of_o imbattail_v the_o fight_n of_o the_o horseman_n have_v now_o a_o long_a time_n be_v doubtful_a and_o can_v not_o be_v try_v because_o still_o as_o they_o be_v beat_v which_o
length_n it_o be_v profitable_a in_o many_o respect_n for_o seem_v to_o carry_v but_o few_o in_o so_o small_a a_o breadth_n it_o deceive_v the_o enemy_n and_o it_o easy_o break_v his_o force_n with_o the_o thickness_n and_o strength_n of_o the_o embattail_v and_o may_v without_o perceive_v be_v lead_v through_o straight_o and_o narrow_a passage_n the_o foot-battaile_n to_o encounter_v it_o be_v call_v the_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad-fronted_n battaile_n for_o be_v but_o slender_a in_o depth_n it_o bear_v forth_o and_o extend_v itself_o in_o length_n so_o that_o albeit_o it_o be_v break_v in_o the_o midst_n with_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o horse_n yet_o be_v nothing_o break_v but_o a_o little_a of_o the_o depth_n and_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o horse_n be_v carry_v not_o upon_o the_o multitude_n of_o the_o foot_n but_o straight_o and_o immediate_o into_o the_o open_a field_n and_o for_o that_o cause_n be_v the_o length_n thereof_o much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n of_o another_o kind_n of_o rhombe_n for_o horseman_n and_o of_o the_o foote-battaile_n epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n xlvi_o another_o sort_n of_o rhomboide_n there_o be_v whereof_o i_o need_v say_v no_o more_o but_o that_o it_o file_v and_o rank_v not_o for_o i_o have_v before_o show_v the_o use_n and_o that_o ileon_n the_o thessalian_a be_v the_o inventor_n and_o that_o jason_n medea_n husband_n most_o put_v it_o in_o practice_n the_o use_n thereof_o be_v great_a be_v direct_v and_o lead_v in_o the_o four_o corner_n by_o the_o captain_n the_o lieutenant_n and_o the_o two_o flanke-commander_n it_o be_v common_o fashion_v of_o archer_n on_o horseback_n as_o the_o armenian_a and_o persian_a manner_n be_v against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o foote-battaile_n call_v battle_n epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n because_o the_o circumduction_n of_o the_o front_n be_v like_o a_o embow_n the_o end_n of_o this_o form_n be_v to_o deceive_v and_o overreach_v the_o archer_n on_o horseback_n either_o by_o wrap_v they_o in_o the_o void_a space_n of_o the_o front_n as_o they_o charge_v and_o give_v on_o upon_o the_o spur_n or_o else_o disorder_v they_o first_o with_o their_o wing_n and_o break_v their_o fury_n by_o overthrow_v they_o final_o with_o their_o rank_n about_o the_o middle_a ensign_n this_o kind_n of_o battle_n be_v devise_v to_o entrap_v and_o beguile_v for_o open_v the_o middle_a hollowness_n it_o make_v show_v but_o of_o a_o few_o that_o march_v in_o the_o wing_n have_v notwithstanding_o thrice_o as_o many_o follow_a and_o second_v in_o the_o rear_n so_o that_o if_o the_o wing_n be_v of_o power_n sufficient_a for_o the_o encounter_n there_o need_v no_o more_o if_o not_o retire_v easy_o on_o either_o fide_fw-la they_o be_v to_o join_v themselves_o to_o the_o bulk_n of_o the_o battle_n of_o the_o foot-battaile_n call_v cyrte_n which_o be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la chap._n xlvii_o the_o battle_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la be_v call_v convexebattaile_n cyrte_n of_o the_o circumferent_a form_n this_o also_o make_v semblance_n of_o small_a force_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o convexitie_n of_o the_o figure_n for_o all_o round_a thing_n appear_v little_a in_o compass_n and_o yet_o stretch_v out_o in_o length_n and_o single_v they_o prove_v twice_o as_o much_o as_o they_o appear_v to_o be_v as_o be_v evident_a in_o pillar_n which_o be_v round_o and_o therefore_o in_o sight_n show_v the_o one_o half_a and_o conceal_v the_o other_o the_o great_a piece_n of_o skill_n in_o embattail_v be_v to_o make_v a_o show_n of_o few_o man_n to_o the_o enemy_n and_o indeed_o to_o bring_v twice_o as_o many_o to_o fight_v of_o the_o tetragonall_a horsebattaile_n and_o of_o the_o wedge_n of_o foot_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n xlviii_o the_o fouresquare_a tetragonall_a horsebattaile_n be_v square_a in_o figure_n but_o not_o in_o number_n of_o man_n for_o in_o square_n the_o number_n be_v not_o always_o the_o same_o and_o the_o general_n for_o his_o advantage_n may_v double_v the_o length_n to_o the_o depth_n the_o persian_n sicilian_n and_o most_o of_o the_o grecian_n do_v affect_v this_o form_n and_o take_v it_o to_o be_v easy_a in_o frame_v and_o better_a in_o use_n against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o phalange_n call_v wedge_n embolos_fw-la or_o wedge_n of_o foot_n all_o the_o side_n consist_v of_o arm_a man_n this_o kind_n be_v borrow_v of_o the_o horseman_n wedge_n and_o yet_o in_o the_o horse-wedge_n one_o suffice_v to_o lead_v in_o front_n where_o the_o footewedge_n must_v have_v three_o one_o be_v unable_a to_o bear_v the_o sway_n of_o the_o encounter_n so_o epaminondas_n the_o theban_a fight_v with_o the_o lacedaemonian_n at_o mantinaea_n overthrow_v a_o mighty_a power_n of_o they_o by_o cast_v his_o army_n into_o a_o wedge_n it_o be_v fashion_v if_o the_o antistomus_n diphalangy_n in_o march_v join_v the_o front_n of_o the_o wing_n together_o hold_v they_o open_a behind_o like_a unto_o the_o letter_n a._n of_o the_o foot-battaile_n call_v ploesium_fw-la and_o of_o the_o wind_a or_o saw-fronted_n foot-battaile_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n xlix_o the_o battle_n ploesium_fw-la have_v the_o length_n much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n and_o it_o be_v call_v ploesium_fw-la when_o arm_a foot_n be_v place_v on_o all_o side_n the_o archer_n and_o slinger_n be_v throw_v into_o the_o midst_n against_o this_o kind_n of_o battle_n be_v set_v the_o winding-fronted-battaile_n to_o the_o end_n that_o with_o the_o unequal_a figure_n they_o may_v cap._n 47._o the_o cyrte_n or_o convex_a half_a moon_n the_o front_n the_o epicampios_fw-la the_o front_n cap._n 48._o the_o foot_n wedge_n the_o front_n the_o horsbattaile_n square_a in_o figure_n not_o in_o horse_n the_o front_n cap._n 49._o the_o peplegmene_n the_o front_n the_o plesium_n cap._n 50._o the_o adverse_a battle_n the_o overfrontnig_a battle_n cap._n 50._o the_o adverse_a battle_n the_o overw_a battle_n train_n out_o those_o of_o the_o ploesium_fw-la to_o cope_v with_o the_o foremost_a of_o the_o winding-fronted-battaile_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n dissolve_v and_o disorder_v the_o thickness_n oâ—_n the_o same_o and_o the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o winding-battaile_n be_v to_o observe_v and_o mark_v the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o ploesium_fw-la that_o if_o they_o still_o maintain_v their_o closeness_n and_o fight_v ser_v they_o also_o encounter_v they_o in_o the_o like_a form_n if_o the_o ploesium_fw-la fileleader_n sever_v themselves_o and_o spring_v out_o from_o their_o main_a force_n than_o they_o likewise_o be_v ready_a to_o meet_v they_o man_n to_o man_n of_o hyperphalangesis_n and_o hyperkerasis_n and_o of_o attenuation_n chap._n l._n hyperphalangesis_n or_o over-fronting_a be_v when_o both_o wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n overreach_v the_o enemy_n front_n hyperkerasis_n or_o overw_v be_v when_o with_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n we_o overreach_v the_o front_n of_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o he_o that_o overfront_v overwinge_v but_o he_o that_o overwinge_v overfront_v not_o for_o they_o that_o match_n not_o the_o enemy_n in_o multitude_n may_v yet_o overw_v they_o attenuation_n or_o lessen_v be_v when_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v gather_v up_o and_o instead_o of_o 16_o man_n a_o small_a number_n be_v set_v of_o convey_v the_o carriage_n of_o the_o army_n chap._n li._n the_o lead_n of_o the_o carriage_n if_o any_o thing_n else_o be_v of_o great_a importance_n and_o require_v a_o special_a commander_n it_o may_v be_v convey_v in_o five_o manner_n either_o before_o the_o army_n or_o behind_o or_o on_o the_o one_o flank_n or_o the_o other_o or_o in_o the_o midst_n before_o the_o army_n when_o you_o fear_v to_o be_v charge_v behind_o behind_o the_o army_n when_o you_o will_v lead_v towards_o the_o enemy_n when_o you_o fear_v to_o be_v charge_v in_o flank_n on_o the_o contrary_a side_n in_o the_o midst_n when_o a_o hollow-battaile_n be_v needful_a and_o fit_a of_o the_o word_n of_o command_n and_o certain_a observation_n about_o they_o chap._n lii_o last_o of_o all_o we_o will_v brief_o repeat_v the_o word_n of_o direction_n if_o we_o admonish_v first_o that_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v short_a then_o that_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v without_o double-signification_n for_o the_o soldier_n that_o in_o haste_n receive_v direction_n have_v need_n to_o take_v heed_n of_o doubtful_a word_n lest_o one_o do_v one_o thing_n and_o another_o the_o contrary_a as_o for_o the_o purpose_n if_o i_o say_v turn_v your_o face_n some_o it_o may_v be_v that_o hear_v i_o will_v turn_v to_o the_o right_n some_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o so_o no_o small_a confusion_n follow_v see_v therefore_o these_o word_n turn_v your_o face_n import_v a_o general_a signification_n and_o comprehend_v turn_v to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n we_o ought_v in_o stead_n of_o say_v turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n to_o pronounce_v it_o