ought_v to_o know_v by_o the_o drum_n 1._o a_o call_n 2._o a_o march_n 3._o a_o troop_n 4._o a_o charge_n 5._o a_o retreat_n 6._o a_o battalion_n 7._o a_o battery_n 8._o a_o relief_n for_o when_o the_o commander_n voice_n can_v extend_v to_o the_o hear_n of_o the_o company_n the_o drum_n denounce_v &_o express_v the_o same_o the_o next_o chapter_n show_v what_o the_o distance_n of_o file_n and_o rank_n be_v which_o soldier_n must_v know_v chap._n xiii_o what_o the_o distance_n in_o file_n and_o rank_n be_v which_o soldier_n must_v know_v there_o be_v five_o sort_n of_o distance_n in_o file_n say_v somme_fw-fr and_o they_o be_v these_o that_o follow_v fiâ—es_n distance_n in_o fiâ—es_n the_o first_o be_v close_a the_o second_o be_v close_o the_o three_o be_v order_n the_o forth_o be_v open_a order_n the_o five_o double_a distance_n which_o be_v pouldron_n to_o pouldron_n a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a three_o foot_n six_o foot_n twelve_o foot_n there_o be_v five_o sort_n of_o distance_n in_o rank_n say_v they_o rank_n distance_n in_o rank_n the_o first_o be_v close_a the_o second_o be_v close_o the_o three_o be_v order_n the_o four_o be_v open_a order_n the_o five_o double_a distance_n which_o be_v to_o the_o sword_n point_n three_o foot_n six_o foot_n twelve_o foot_n four_o &_o twenty_o foot_n although_o they_o be_v thus_o set_v down_o to_o be_v five_o in_o number_n yet_o most_o commander_n observe_v and_o teach_v as_o most_o proper_a only_o three_o viz._n close_o order_n and_o open_v order_n antiquity_n have_v no_o more_o yet_o the_o rest_n must_v not_o be_v casher_v or_o slight_v for_o some_o time_n a_o commander_n must_v do_v that_o in_o a_o double_a distance_n which_o can_v be_v do_v in_o a_o single_a therefore_o soldier_n be_v bind_v to_o know_v all_o distance_n in_o file_n and_o rank_n that_o they_o may_v the_o better_o execute_v what_o their_o captain_n command_v the_o next_o chapter_n show_v how_o a_o file_n and_o a_o rank_n be_v distinguish_v for_o a_o soldier_n to_o know_v chap._n xiiii_o how_o a_o file_n and_o a_o rank_n be_v distinguish_v for_o a_o soldier_n to_o know_v a_o file_n be_v a_o number_n of_o man_n begin_v at_o one_o leader_n and_o contynue_v in_o order_n of_o follower_n to_o the_o last_o man_n fiâ—e_n a_o distinction_n of_o a_o fiâ—e_n aelian_a chap._n 4._o or_o thus_o a_o file_n be_v a_o sequence_n of_o man_n stand_v one_o behind_o another_o back_n to_o belly_n and_o consist_v common_o of_o ten_o or_o eight_o in_o depth_n suidas_n suidas_n the_o depth_n be_v no_o other_o than_o a_o file_n for_o rank_n stretch_v forth_o in_o length_n file_n in_o depth_n a_o rank_n be_v a_o number_n of_o man_n side_n to_o side_n in_o a_o right_a line_n stretch_v out_o in_o length_n from_o one_o end_n of_o the_o body_n unto_o the_o other_o and_o be_v term_v the_o length_n because_o it_o run_v along_o the_o front_n unto_o each_o wing_n aelian_a chap._n 7._o rank_n a_o distinction_n of_o a_o rank_n or_o thus_o a_o rank_n be_v a_o row_n of_o man_n stand_v one_o by_o another_o pouldron_n to_o pouldron_n or_o shoulder_n to_o shoulder_n their_o face_n be_v direct_v all_o one_o way_n this_o distinction_n of_o file_n and_o rank_n a_o soldier_n must_v know_v that_o when_o he_o be_v bid_v to_o double_a file_n he_o may_v not_o rank_n and_o when_o he_o be_v bid_v to_o double_a rank_n he_o may_v not_o file_n the_o next_o chapter_n show_v what_o the_o fight_n be_v which_o soldier_n must_v be_v expertin_n chap._n xv._o what_o fight_v they_o be_v which_o soldier_n must_v be_v expert_a in_o the_o fight_v necessary_a for_o all_o soldier_n to_o be_v expert_a in_o be_v six_o first_o to_o fight_v advance_v upon_o a_o enemy_n this_o be_v when_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o vanguard_n enemy_n to_o fight_v advance_v upon_o a_o enemy_n and_o they_o by_o two_o rank_n a_o piece_n march_v from_o the_o body_n ten_o pace_n and_o give_v fire_n at_o the_o place_n appoint_v or_o when_o the_o first_o rank_n give_v fire_n march_v still_o on_o with_o the_o body_n and_o the_o next_o rank_n pass_v through_o by_o their_o right_a hand_n give_v fire_n stand_v still_o before_o they_o and_o so_o still_o successive_o all_o the_o rest_n in_o order_n this_o be_v like_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v to_o gain_n ground_n second_o to_o fight_v retire_v from_o a_o enemy_n this_o be_v when_o the_o last_o rank_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n give_v fire_n enemy_n to_o fight_v upon_o a_o march_n retire_v from_o a_o enemy_n march_v up_o to_o the_o front_n and_o place_n themselves_o before_o their_o file_n leader_n but_o if_o you_o will_v maintain_v a_o set_a fight_n with_o the_o enemy_n to_o gain_v a_o better_a ground_n than_o it_o be_v requisite_a you_o teach_v they_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v make_v your_o file_n leader_n to_o face_n about_o and_o stand_v the_o rest_n to_o pass_v through_o by_o the_o right_a hand_n place_v themselves_o behind_o their_o leader_n and_o so_o meet_v your_o enemy_n in_o the_o rear_n with_o your_o best_a man_n three_o to_o fight_v front_n and_o rear_n with_o the_o enemy_n this_o be_v when_o the_o middle_a man_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n enemy_n to_o sight_n front_n &_o rear_n with_o a_o enemy_n and_o all_o the_o musketeer_n fall_v in_o the_o division_n between_o both_o four_o to_o fight_v with_o both_o flank_n against_o a_o enemy_n stand_v this_o be_v when_o the_o outward_a file_n of_o each_o flank_n be_v command_v to_o face_n have_v give_v fire_n enemy_n to_o fight_v stand_v both_o plank_n against_o a_o enemy_n each_o file_n devide_v itself_o into_o two_o part_n one_o half_a march_n up_o to_o the_o front_n and_o place_n itself_o in_o a_o right_a line_n before_o the_o first_o file_n of_o pike_n the_o other_o half_a march_n to_o the_o rear_n and_o place_n itself_o in_o a_o right_a line_n behind_o the_o bringer_n up_o of_o the_o same_o file_n of_o pike_n the_o like_a do_v all_o the_o rest_n on_o the_o contrary_a flank_n exercise_n captain_n bingham_n his_o exercise_n so_o continue_v half_o the_o shot_n will_v be_v in_o the_o front_n the_o other_o half_o in_o the_o rear_n then_o do_v but_o face_v they_o to_o the_o right_n and_o leave_v by_o division_n and_o each_o flank_n will_v be_v a_o battle_n for_o the_o enemy_n five_o to_o give_v fire_n by_o flank_n upon_o the_o enemy_n march_v this_o be_v when_o both_o their_o outward_a file_n next_o to_o the_o enemy_n make_v ready_a enâ—mie_n to_o fight_v march_v both_o flank_n against_o a_o enâ—mie_n face_n to_o either_o hand_n give_v fire_n at_o command_n stay_v till_o the_o rest_n of_o all_o the_o file_n be_v clear_a of_o they_o then_o march_v up_o by_o the_o pike_n till_o all_o the_o rest_n do_v the_o like_a bring_v they_o again_o to_o their_o first_o place_n or_o when_o they_o give_v fire_n and_o stand_v and_o be_v as_o it_o be_v in_o two_o file_n the_o body_n of_o pick_v march_v a_o officer_n come_v and_o gather_v up_o the_o wing_n &_o join_v they_o again_o in_o equal_a front_n with_o the_o pike_n enemy_n to_o fight_v against_o horse_n in_o a_o set_a battle_n for_o the_o purpose_n against_o a_o enemy_n six_o to_o fight_v against_o horse_n in_o a_o set_a battle_n for_o that_o purpose_n this_o be_v when_o they_o countermarch_n their_o wing_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o be_v empale_v round_o with_o pike_n and_o so_o draw_v forth_o on_o either_o side_n under_o the_o shelter_n of_o they_o in_o these_o six_o fight_n your_o soldier_n must_v be_v very_o expert_a that_o they_o may_v avoid_v all_o confusion_n and_o thus_o much_o shall_v suffice_v for_o the_o twelve_o chapter_n before_o mention_v ☞_o ☞_o the_o next_o two_o chapter_n declare_v what_o quality_n they_o be_v which_o befit_v marshal_n man_n and_o how_o requisite_a it_o be_v for_o they_o to_o be_v wise_a and_o politic_a to_o preserve_v the_o life_n of_o their_o man_n and_o how_o politic_a wisdom_n may_v be_v attain_a with_o a_o brief_a summarie_n thereof_o chap._n xvi_o what_o quality_n they_o be_v which_o befitt_a marshal_n men._n the_o quality_n which_o befit_v marshal_n man_n be_v many_o but_o i_o will_v at_o this_o time_n treat_v but_o of_o eight_o and_o they_o be_v these_o viz._n silence_n obedience_n secrecy_n sobriety_n valour_n loyalty_n freedom_n from_o bribe_n moderation_n in_o expense_n i_o begin_v with_o the_o first_o silence_n silence_n silence_n silence_n be_v of_o such_o veneration_n among_o the_o egyptian_n that_o they_o make_v thereof_o a_o god_n which_o with_o they_o be_v call_v harpocrates_n and_o according_a to_o the_o greek_n sigaleon_n he_o they_o portrature_v in_o the_o likeness_n of_o a_o young_a child_n 5._o august_n de_fw-fr civet_n dei_fw-la li._n 18._o cap._n 5._o who_o close_o to_o his_o lip_n
have_v express_v full_o both_o by_o precept_n and_o example_n now_o it_o remain_v that_o i_o show_v you_o four_o other_o thing_n first_o by_o what_o word_n of_o command_n it_o may_v be_v do_v second_o in_o what_o order_n three_o with_o which_o leg_n come_v forward_o four_o how_o to_o reduce_v all_o this_o by_o way_n of_o document_n or_o observation_n shall_v be_v declare_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n follow_v chap._n xix_o observation_n for_o face_v show_v the_o manner_n how_o to_o perform_v the_o action_n with_o many_o other_o circumstance_n appertain_v to_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n mention_n be_v make_v of_o facing_n in_o this_o chapter_n be_v certain_a observation_n positive_o set_v down_o for_o the_o exact_a performance_n thereof_o they_o be_v in_o number_n four_o the_o first_o observation_n be_v for_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o leg_n the_o second_o for_o reducement_n to_o its_o first_o posture_n the_o three_o for_o distance_n to_o grace_v the_o action_n the_o four_o for_o word_n of_o command_n either_o to_o face_n and_o march_n or_o to_o face_n and_o stand_v express_v their_o use_n of_o these_o in_o order_n observation_n the_o first_o observation_n first_o then_o observe_v that_o in_o face_v upon_o a_o stand_n the_o motion_n must_v and_o aught_o to_o be_v perform_v with_o the_o right_a leg_n that_o be_v the_o left_a leg_n must_v stand_v firm_a the_o right_n must_v either_o remove_v forward_o or_o backward_o forward_a when_o you_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n backward_a when_o you_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n be_v it_o to_o the_o right_n about_o or_o to_o the_o leave_v about_o the_o left_a leg_n stand_v firm_a only_o you_o move_v the_o foot_n upon_o the_o heel_n or_o toe_n but_o in_o the_o march_n it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v march_v how_o to_o face_n march_v sometime_o with_o the_o right_a leg_n sometime_o with_o the_o left_a leg_n with_o the_o right_a leg_n when_o it_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n with_o the_o left_a leg_n when_o it_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n for_o you_o must_v gain_v ground_n and_o not_o lose_v observation_n the_o second_o observation_n in_o the_o second_o place_n observe_v or_o take_v notice_n how_o to_o reduce_v unto_o the_o first_o posture_n this_o must_v be_v thus_o perform_v when_o you_o face_n to_o the_o right_n return_v back_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n posture_n how_o to_o reduce_v unto_o your_o first_o posture_n when_o you_o face_n to_o the_o left_a return_v back_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n have_v face_v about_o to_o the_o right_n return_v about_o to_o the_o left_a have_v face_v about_o to_o the_o left_a return_v about_o to_o the_o right_n for_o still_o the_o contrary_n must_v be_v do_v observe_v it_o and_o forget_v it_o not_o observation_n the_o three_o observation_n in_o the_o three_o place_n observe_v or_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o distance_n appropriate_v to_o facing_n these_o distance_n be_v of_o three_o sort_n to_o wit_n open_v order_n order_n close_o order_n the_o first_o for_o exercise_n the_o two_o last_o for_o service_n no_o captain_n must_v be_v so_o absurd_a as_o to_o face_n upon_o a_o enemy_n in_o open_a order_n the_o enemy_n come_v to_o push_v of_o pike_n the_o grecian_n will_v never_o face_n to_o receive_v the_o charge_n of_o a_o enemy_n but_o in_o their_o close_a order_n their_o close_a order_n be_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a from_o file_n to_o file_v and_o three_o foot_n from_o rank_n to_o rank_n this_o we_o common_o use_v with_o pike_n but_o our_o musketeer_n be_v never_o to_o be_v close_o than_o the_o second_o distance_n of_o three_o foot_n in_o square_n because_o they_o be_v to_o have_v a_o free_a use_n of_o their_o arm_n if_o then_o they_o be_v at_o a_o close_a distance_n they_o will_v much_o throng_v and_o trouble_v one_o another_o and_o be_v subject_a to_o fire_v in_o the_o last_o place_n observe_v how_o to_o give_v the_o word_n of_o command_n observation_n the_o four_o observation_n either_o to_o face_n and_o march_n or_o to_o face_n and_o stand_v that_o you_o may_v do_v it_o orderly_o and_o proper_o i_o have_v fit_v they_o to_o your_o mouth_n thus_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n march_n march_n word_n of_o command_n to_o face_n and_o march_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n march_n face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n about_o march_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n about_o march_n thus_o you_o may_v set_v upon_o your_o enemy_n as_o you_o see_v advantage_n or_o prevent_v he_o where_o he_o will_v charge_v you_o to_o your_o disadvantage_n or_o shun_v a_o dangerous_a ground_n prepare_v for_o you_o as_o alexander_n do_v when_o darius_n will_v have_v entrap_v he_o thus_o much_o to_o face_n &_o march_n and_o of_o the_o word_n of_o command_n for_o it_o now_o to_o face_n and_o stand_v with_o the_o word_n of_o command_n for_o that_o motion_n the_o word_n of_o proper_a direction_n for_o it_o be_v these_o stand_v word_n of_o command_n to_o face_n &_o stand_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n be_v hand_n if_o you_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n you_o be_v to_o say_v as_o you_o be_v thus_o if_o the_o enemy_n have_v encompass_v your_o right_a flank_n you_o be_v ready_a for_o he_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n thus_o if_o the_o enemy_n have_v encompass_v your_o left_a flank_n you_o be_v ready_a for_o he_o face_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n by_o division_n thus_o if_o the_o enemy_n have_v encompass_v both_o the_o wing_n of_o your_o battle_n be_v unable_a to_o avoid_v it_o division_n it_o they_o face_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a by_o division_n you_o face_v thus_o to_o resist_v he_o face_n to_o the_o right_n and_o about_o thus_o if_o the_o enemy_n have_v sudden_o make_v his_o approach_n upon_o your_o rear_n you_o be_v ready_a for_o he_o and_o resist_v he_o in_o a_o instant_n middle_a man_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n about_o this_o form_n be_v call_v phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la describe_v by_o aelian_a chap._n 38._o and_o be_v of_o excellent_a use_n to_o resist_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n assault_v we_o in_o front_n and_o rear_n man_n observe_v the_o form_n of_o this_o face_n be_v ten_o in_o depth_n this_o be_v the_o pâ—inthium_n full_a of_o man_n the_o three_o last_o rank_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n the_o three_o first_o rank_n in_o the_o front_n stand_v as_o you_o do_v the_o rest_n in_o the_o midst_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a by_o division_n thus_o if_o the_o enemy_n have_v environ_v you_o about_o on_o all_o side_n on_o all_o side_n you_o be_v ready_a to_o resist_v he_o aemilius_n plutarch_n in_o the_o life_n of_o paulus_n aemilius_n this_o be_v the_o last_o remedy_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n oppose_v against_o paulus_n aemylius_fw-la in_o his_o battle_n with_o perseus_n which_o distress_v the_o roman_n and_o have_v gain_v the_o victory_n have_v it_o not_o be_v break_v for_o want_n of_o ground_n thus_o much_o for_o facing_n now_o if_o in_o stead_n of_o facing_n you_o will_v command_v charge_v give_v the_o word_n thus_o charge_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n charge_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n charge_v both_o to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n charge_v to_o the_o front_n charge_v to_o the_o rear_n charge_v both_o front_n and_o rear_n charge_v every_o way_n caution_n a_o caution_n when_o you_o charge_v upon_o a_o stand_n fall_v back_o with_o the_o right_a leg_n when_o you_o charge_v to_o go_v on_o come_v forward_o with_o the_o left_a leg_n this_o be_v to_o charge_v march_v thus_o much_o for_o this_o chapter_n chap._n xx._n of_o the_o use_n of_o wheeling_n wheel_v be_v of_o the_o same_o use_n with_o facing_n both_o may_v be_v do_v upon_o the_o sudden_a approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n whether_o he_o show_v himself_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a flank_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o your_o battle_n wheeling_n the_o excellency_n of_o wheeling_n if_o he_o show_v himself_o in_o the_o right_n or_o left_a flank_n wheeling_n will_v have_v the_o pre-eminence_n of_o facing_n for_o it_o will_v oppose_v he_o with_o thy_o front_n which_o be_v thy_o best_a man_n if_o he_o show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n wheeling_n will_v yet_o have_v the_o pre-eminence_n and_o oppose_v he_o there_o with_o thy_o fileleader_n or_o best_o man_n as_o it_o do_v before_o in_o the_o flank_n but_o wheeling_n but_o of_o the_o prehemincie_n of_o face_v over_o wheeling_n if_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o in_o front_n and_o rear_n or_o in_o more_o than_o these_o place_n at_o once_o sudden_o to_o charge_v thou_o facing_n will_v then_o have_v the_o pre-eminence_n and_o wheeling_n will_v do_v more_o harm_n then_o good_a therefore_o be_v in_o this_o straight_o the_o best_a remedy_n be_v to_o turn_v face_n and_o so_o receive_v he_o but_o have_v sufficient_a place_n and_o fit_a occasion_n to_o wheel_n
the_o face_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o be_v bring_v forth_o to_o battle_n chap._n four_o how_o soldier_n must_v be_v arm_v soldier_n must_v be_v arm_v in_o every_o kind_n according_a as_o they_o be_v divide_v pikeman_n the_o dragon_n be_v light_a horse_n man_n otherwise_o call_v harqnebusier_n arm_n of_o a_o pikeman_n soldier_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o kind_n foot_n and_o horse_n the_o foot_n again_o be_v of_o two_o kind_n pikeman_n and_o musketeir_n the_o horse_n man_n again_o into_o two_o kind_n curassier_n and_o dragon_n the_o arm_n of_o pickeman_n be_v a_o gorget_n cuirass_n headpiece_n pike_n sword_n g_o rdle_n and_o hanger_n muskateire_n arm_n of_o a_o muskateire_n the_o arm_n of_o muskateir_n be_v a_o musket_n a_o rest_n bandeleire_n headpiece_n sword_n girdle_n and_o hanger_n curassier_n arm_n of_o a_o horseman_n curassier_n the_o arm_n of_o a_o horseman_n curassier_n be_v a_o gorget_n cuirass_n cutase_n pondrons_n vambrace_n a_o lefthand_n gauntlet_n taces_fw-la cush_n a_o cask_n a_o sword_n girdle_n and_o hanger_n a_o case_n of_o pistol_n firelock_n saddle_n bridle_n bite_v petrell_n crupper_n with_o the_o leather_n belong_v to_o fasten_v his_o pistol_n and_o his_o necessary_a sack_n of_o carriage_n and_o a_o good_a horse_n to_o munt_fw-la on_o the_o arm_n of_o a_o dragpm_fw-mi which_o have_v succeed_v in_o the_o place_n of_o alight_v horseman_n be_v a_o good_a harquebus_n or_o dragpm_fw-mi dragon_n the_o arm_n of_o a_o dragon_n fit_v with_o a_o iron_n work_v to_o be_v carry_v in_o a_o belt_n a_o belt_n with_o a_o flask_n prime_a box_n key_n and_o bullet_n bag_n a_o open_a headpiece_n with_o cheek_n a_o buff_n coat_n with_o deep_a skirt_n sword_n girdle_n and_o hanger_n a_o saddle_n bridle_n bite_v petrell_n crupper_n with_o strap_n for_o his_o sack_n of_o necessary_n and_o a_o horse_n of_o less_o force_n and_o less_o price_n than_o the_o curassier_n as_o soldier_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o kind_n so_o be_v their_o arm_n into_o two_o fort_n defensive_a and_o offensive_a offensive_a arm_n be_v such_o as_o they_o endeavour_n to_o wound_n and_o kill_v arm_n offensive_a arm_n withal_o as_o musket_n hargabuse_n or_o dragon_n pistol_n pike_n sword_n and_o rapier_n etc._n etc._n defensive_a arm_n arm_n defensive_a arm_n be_v such_o as_o they_o wear_v to_o resist_v the_o force_n and_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n of_o this_o sort_n be_v the_o headpiece_n gorget_n cuirass_n vambrace_n gauntlet_n and_o taces_fw-la etc._n etc._n defensive_a arm_n be_v prefer_v before_o the_o offensive_a aelian_a captain_n bingham_n in_o aelian_a in_o that_o they_o bring_v safety_n to_o he_o that_o bear_v they_o whereas_o the_o other_o be_v employ_v in_o annoy_v the_o enemy_n only_o these_o defensive_a arm_n shall_v be_v make_v strong_a fit_a and_o with_o all_o comely_a strong_a to_o protect_v or_o annoy_v fit_n to_o sit_v close_o to_o the_o body_n and_o be_v manageable_a comely_a to_o grace_v such_o as_o wear_v they_o when_o soldier_n be_v thus_o provide_v of_o arm_n let_v they_o be_v careful_a to_o wear_v they_o for_o by_o often_o wear_v they_o their_o body_n will_v be_v strong_a and_o their_o armour_n will_v be_v no_o more_o cumbersome_a unto_o they_o than_o the_o clothes_n on_o their_o back_n the_o roman_n do_v so_o inure_v their_o body_n to_o bear_v arm_n 20._o example_n vegetius_n lib._n 1._o chap._n 20._o that_o as_o vegetius_n do_v report_n of_o they_o they_o will_v both_o wrestle_v and_o run_v raze_n in_o their_o armour_n and_o be_v so_o strong_a of_o body_n by_o continual_a use_n thereof_o that_o they_o make_v nothing_o of_o it_o but_o when_o field_n exercise_n through_o negligence_n and_o sloth_n be_v give_v over_o armour_n begin_v to_o grow_v heavy_a because_o it_o be_v seldom_o put_v on_o their_o body_n be_v weaken_v by_o idleness_n they_o make_v suit_n to_o the_o emperor_n that_o they_o may_v wear_v no_o more_o cataphract_n nor_o corslet_n afterward_o that_o they_o may_v lay_v away_o their_o helmet_n and_o so_o when_o they_o shall_v go_v to_o fight_v against_o the_o goathe_n be_v naked_a on_o their_o breast_n &_o have_v nothing_o for_o their_o head_n they_o be_v oftentimes_o by_o the_o multitude_n of_o archer_n vanquish_v and_o overcome_v therefore_o let_v soldier_n still_o accustom_v themselves_o to_o wear_v their_o armour_n and_o when_o want_n of_o employment_n bid_v they_o cast_v they_o off_o let_v they_o not_o forget_v to_o use_v exercise_n at_o home_n to_o keep_v their_o body_n still_o in_o strength_n so_o when_o they_o shall_v reasume_v their_o arm_n again_o their_o body_n will_v be_v strong_a and_o able_a to_o bear_v they_o the_o next_o chapter_n show_v what_o exercise_n they_o shall_v use_v when_o they_o want_v employment_n chap._n v._o what_o exercise_n soldier_n shall_v use_v at_o idle_a time_n when_o they_o want_v employment_n because_o soldier_n may_v want_v employment_n and_o want_v of_o employment_n may_v breed_v idleness_n and_o idleness_n procure_v a_o stiffness_n in_o the_o joint_n therefore_o they_o must_v use_v at_o idle_a time_n such_o exercise_n as_o may_v put_v life_n into_o they_o which_o may_v make_v they_o strong_a and_o healthful_a 2._o vegetius_n lib._n 3._o chap._n 2._o for_o exercise_n be_v more_o available_a than_o physician_n the_o body_n by_o idleness_n engender_v many_o gross_a and_o cold_a humour_n which_o will_v be_v very_o painful_a to_o lazy_a soldier_n but_o moderate_a exercise_n take_v in_o time_n will_v not_o only_o prevent_v it_o but_o when_o they_o be_v come_v expelle_fw-fr they_o soon_o and_o give_v they_o ease_v therefore_o let_v soldier_n use_v exercise_n and_o such_o exercise_n as_o have_v in_o they_o the_o token_n of_o courage_n and_o feat_n of_o activity_n as_o run_v leap_v vault_a and_o swim_v the_o use_n of_o they_o follow_v in_o the_o 6._o 7._o 8._o and_o 9_o chapter_n chap._n vi_o why_o soldier_n must_v use_v run_v the_o ancient_a roman_n do_v exercise_v their_o young_a soldier_n to_o run_v that_o so_o with_o great_a violence_n they_o may_v set_v upon_o their_o enemy_n gain_v the_o commodious_a place_n from_o the_o enemy_n or_o prevent_v they_o if_o they_o will_v do_v the_o like_a 9_o vegetius_n lib._n 1._o chap._n 9_o for_o this_o cause_n say_v vegetius_n they_o be_v often_o exercise_v to_o run_v that_o so_o be_v set_v out_o for_o scout_n they_o may_v more_o cheerful_o go_v forward_o more_o ready_o return_v and_o more_o easy_o overtake_v their_o enemy_n when_o they_o flee_v we_o that_o do_v imitate_v the_o roman_n in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v useful_a do_v love_o incite_v our_o soldier_n at_o vacant_a time_n to_o use_v run_v that_o so_o they_o may_v be_v the_o better_o breathe_v and_o the_o more_o able_a to_o help_v we_o when_o we_o call_v for_o it_o the_o enemy_n be_v too_o strong_a in_o shot_n for_o we_o we_o command_v they_o to_o run_v ☜_o ☜_o that_o so_o we_o may_v join_v with_o he_o soon_o thereby_o avoid_v the_o inconvenience_n of_o play_v upon_o our_o battle_n he_o have_v liberty_n to_o dispose_v of_o his_o shot_n as_o he_o listen_v himself_o the_o enemy_n seek_v to_o gain_v some_o hill_n or_o strong_a place_n by_o we_o ☜_o ☜_o we_o command_v they_o to_o run_v that_o so_o he_o may_v be_v prevent_v the_o enemy_n fly_v we_o command_v they_o to_o pursue_v he_o run_v not_o in_o disorder_n but_o in_o good_a order_n for_o their_o safety_n thus_o must_v of_o run_v now_o of_o leap_v and_o the_o use_n chap._n vii_o why_o soldier_n must_v use_v leap_v soldier_n must_v use_v leap_v for_o pass_v of_o deep_a place_n that_o when_o such_o kind_n of_o difficulty_n happen_v they_o may_v go_v over_o without_o all_o manner_n of_o trouble_n pompey_n the_o great_a excel_v herein_o touch_v who_o sallust_n in_o this_o wise_a seem_v to_o make_v mention_n with_o the_o light_a in_o leap_v with_o the_o swift_a in_o run_v with_o the_o strong_a he_o strive_v in_o cast_v the_o bar_n our_o gracious_a sovereign_n king_n charles_n as_o a_o second_o pompey_n excel_v in_o this_o thus_o much_o of_o run_v and_o leap_v now_o of_o vault_a and_o the_o use_n chap._n viii_o why_o soldier_n must_v use_v vault_a soldier_n must_v use_v vault_a to_o make_v they_o ready_a nimble_a and_o quick_a on_o horseback_n the_o ancient_a roman_n say_v vegetius_n have_v horse_n of_o wood_n 1._o vegetius_n lib._n 1._o which_o in_o winter_n be_v set_v in_o a_o house_n in_o summer_n in_o the_o open_a field_n upon_o these_o the_o young_a soldier_n be_v compel_v to_o mount_v at_o the_o first_o without_o armour_n afterward_o with_o armour_n when_o be_v perfect_a they_o can_v with_o sword_n and_o long_a pole_n in_o their_o hand_n get_v up_o upon_o any_o side_n let_v soldier_n then_o use_v vault_v to_o make_v they_o ready_a nimble_a and_o quick_a on_o horseback_n that_o if_o it_o shall_v so_o chance_v that_o they_o be_v unhorse_v in_o
leisurely_o retreat_v and_o when_o they_o be_v distress_v make_v as_o though_o they_o will_v charge_v hold_v out_o a_o multitude_n of_o pike_n every_o way_n to_o the_o amazement_n of_o the_o roman_n who_o dare_v not_o approach_v they_o the_o like_a may_v be_v do_v by_o our_o within_o our_o that_o be_v the_o hollow_a square_n wheâ—e_v the_o pike_n be_v without_o and_o the_o musketeer_n within_o battle_n if_o it_o shall_v be_v charge_v as_o that_o be_v thus_o much_o to_o face_n one_fw-mi stand_v now_o to_o face_n and_o march_v march_v ☞_o off_o face_n and_o march_v when_o we_o face_n and_o march_v it_o be_v to_o show_v our_o soldier_n how_o we_o can_v upon_o deliberation_n as_o occasion_n serve_v prevent_v the_o enemy_n from_o fall_v on_o our_o right_n or_o left_a wing_n by_o bring_v it_o to_o some_o river_n or_o such_o like_a place_n of_o strength_n for_o succour_n whereby_o the_o enemy_n can_v have_v no_o way_n to_o encompass_v it_o which_o we_o do_v by_o bid_v they_o first_o to_o face_n then_o to_o march_v to_o the_o place_n afterward_o to_o face_n again_o and_o so_o they_o be_v reduce_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n and_o the_o front_n be_v as_o it_o be_v at_o the_o first_o this_o we_o continual_o use_v in_o our_o training_n at_o home_n to_o make_v ouâ—_n man_n fit_a for_o it_o in_o the_o face_n of_o the_o enemy_n howsoever_o some_o may_v be_v ignorant_a in_o the_o use_n of_o the_o motion_n yet_o they_o can_v be_v unskilful_a in_o the_o motion_n itself_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o practice_n no_o battle_n can_v well_o be_v without_o this_o motion_n especial_o in_o the_o field_n where_o the_o enemy_n do_v seek_v advantage_n let_v i_o therefore_o show_v you_o some_o other_o excellent_a use_n thereof_o that_o it_o may_v be_v the_o better_o esteem_v and_o the_o often_o practise_v this_o motion_n as_o it_o be_v perform_v march_v march_v the_o use_n of_o facing_n as_o it_o be_v perform_v march_v be_v of_o this_o singular_a use_n not_o only_o to_o give_v a_o assault_n upon_o the_o adverse_a wing_n of_o the_o enemy_n but_o to_o fail_v any_o way_n off_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o sudden_o again_o to_o turn_v upon_o he_o with_o a_o even_a front_n to_o his_o front_n that_o be_v pike_n to_o his_o pike_n shoot_v to_o his_o shot_n whereby_o he_o be_v prevent_v from_o fall_v either_o on_o the_o flank_n or_o on_o the_o rear_n come_v on_o with_o one_o main_a body_n many_o other_o use_v it_o have_v as_o partly_o this_o to_o 25._o captain_n binghâ—m_n in_o his_o note_n upon_o aelian_a chaâ—_n 25._o shun_v a_o dangerous_a ground_n on_o which_o a_o enemy_n have_v strew_v calthrop_n or_o lay_v a_o secret_a trap_n this_o be_v find_v practise_v by_o alexand._n the_o great_a when_o he_o fight_v with_o darius_n at_o arbela_n arrian_n describe_v it_o thus_o 17._o thus_o arrian_n lib._n 4._o &_o alexand._n 17._o say_v he_o alexander_n have_v imbattel_v his_o army_n to_o fight_v with_o darius_n have_v intelligence_n that_o darius_n have_v strew_v the_o ground_n betwixt_o the_o two_o army_n with_o calthrop_n he_o command_v therefore_o the_o right_a wing_n which_o himself_o lead_v to_o turn_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o to_o follow_v he_o to_o the_o end_n to_o go_v round_o about_o and_o avoid_v the_o place_n that_o be_v strew_v with_o calthrope_n darius_n march_v against_o he_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n disjoin_v his_o troop_n of_o horse_n and_o alexander_n take_v the_o advantage_n and_o glue_v in_o quick_o betwixt_o the_o space_n put_v darius_n to_o flight_n here_o you_o see_v the_o event_n of_o it_o and_o what_o a_o victory_n alexander_n gain_v thereby_o if_o he_o have_v face_v and_o stand_v still_o what_o will_v it_o avail_v he_o have_v he_o march_v foreright_o he_o have_v fall_v upon_o the_o calthrope_n but_o by_o face_v and_o then_o march_v upon_o it_o he_o effect_v all_o first_o he_o avoid_v the_o ground_n where_o the_o calthrope_n lay_v by_o face_v and_o march_v forth_o than_o he_o reduce_v they_o again_o to_o their_o first_o posture_n by_o face_v they_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n afterward_o take_v his_o advantage_n he_o go_v on_o to_o the_o charge_n and_o so_o defeat_v the_o enemy_n why_o alexander_n make_v choice_n only_o of_o this_o motion_n be_v not_o to_o be_v wonder_v at_o because_o necessity_n make_v he_o to_o make_v use_n of_o this_o motion_n when_o no_o other_o will_v serve_v countermarch_v have_v be_v ridiculous_a so_o have_v double_v wheel_v have_v be_v in_o vain_a nay_o it_o be_v impossible_a for_o he_o to_o have_v wheel_v the_o ground_n be_v so_o scanty_a between_o he_o and_o the_o calthrope_n his_o phalange_n of_o so_o great_a a_o breadth_n and_o the_o enemy_n so_o nigh_o yet_o say_v he_o have_v wheel_v have_v have_v ground_n sufficient_a he_o must_v have_v be_v force_v have_v wheel_v to_o have_v face_v withal_o and_o march_v further_o out_o then_o wheel_v again_o or_o else_o to_o no_o purpose_n so_o have_v fail_v of_o his_o expedition_n thus_o you_o see_v how_o fit_a this_o motion_n serve_v alexander_n turn_n and_o by_o it_o may_v learn_v to_o make_v like_o use_n of_o it_o upon_o like_a occasion_n another_o singular_a use_n of_o this_o motion_n be_v to_o get_v the_o upper_a ground_n from_o the_o enemy_n this_o be_v find_v practise_v by_o philopaeman_n the_o achaean_n general_n when_o machanidas_n the_o lacedaemonian_a tyrant_n have_v put_v his_o left_a wing_n to_o flight_n yet_o he_o by_o this_o mean_v restore_v the_o battle_n and_o withal_o obtain_v the_o victory_n 634_o polybius_n lib._n 11._o 634_o polybius_n describe_v the_o manner_n of_o it_o thus_o the_o fight_n be_v begin_v between_o machanidas_n the_o lacedaemonian_a tyrant_n and_o philopaeman_n the_o achaean_n general_n it_o happen_v that_o machanidas_n have_v the_o better_a for_o he_o have_v put_v the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o achaean_n mercenary_n to_o flight_n follow_v hard_o the_o chase_n philopaeman_n as_o long_o as_o there_o be_v any_o hope_n endeavour_v to_o stay_v his_o man_n when_o he_o see_v they_o utter_o defeat_v he_o haste_v to_o the_o right_a wing_n and_o perceive_v the_o enemy_n busy_a in_o the_o chase_n and_o the_o place_n void_a where_o the_o fight_n have_v be_v command_v the_o first_o man_n first_o a_o merarchy_n consist_v of_o 2048_o man_n merarchy_n to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a â—â—and_n he_o lead_v they_o on_o with_o high_a speed_n not_o yet_o break_v the_o order_n of_o their_o imbattel_v and_o quick_o seize_v upon_o the_o forsake_a ground_n he_o both_o cut_v betwixt_o they_o that_o give_v chase_v and_o home_n and_o withal_o get_v the_o advantage_n of_o the_o upper_a ground_n against_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o arm_a whereby_o he_o obtain_v the_o victory_n â—5_n captain_n bingham_n upon_o the_o same_o motion_n aelian_a chap._n â—5_n if_o philopaeman_n have_v in_o this_o action_n use_v wheel_v of_o his_o battle_n which_o only_o be_v the_o other_o motion_n which_o will_v have_v serve_v his_o turn_n beside_o the_o troublesomnesse_n of_o the_o wind_a about_o he_o shall_v have_v be_v force_v to_o have_v use_v two_o wheeling_n and_o so_o fail_v of_o the_o celerity_n which_o be_v at_o time_n requisite_a face_n be_v turn_v in_o a_o trice_n and_o he_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o ground_n he_o desire_v before_o he_o can_v have_v wheel_v once_o his_o battle_n beside_o to_o have_v face_v and_o stand_v still_o have_v be_v to_o no_o purpose_n but_o face_v and_o march_v on_o be_v to_o some_o purpose_n as_o you_o have_v hear_v thus_o you_o see_v what_o facing_n be_v general_a of_o the_o use_n of_o face_v in_o general_a how_o it_o be_v the_o easy_a of_o all_o motion_n but_o of_o no_o less_o importance_n or_o necessity_n how_o it_o may_v be_v do_v in_o a_o trice_n though_o the_o enemy_n come_v very_o sudden_o upon_o we_o though_o he_o encompass_v both_o our_o wing_n though_o he_o environ_v we_o round_o with_o foot_n and_o horse_n yet_o we_o may_v face_n upon_o he_o and_o make_v he_o resistance_n how_o that_o there_o be_v no_o battle_n but_o have_v need_n of_o this_o motion_n so_o that_o when_o we_o find_v our_o enemy_n to_o encompass_v our_o right_a wing_n we_o turn_v our_o face_n and_o weapon_n that_o way_n to_o receive_v they_o to_o the_o left_a when_o they_o come_v to_o charge_v we_o on_o that_o side_n if_o on_o both_o side_n than_o we_o turn_v face_n half_a to_o the_o right_n and_o half_a to_o the_o left_a hand_n but_o be_v to_o remove_v the_o battle_n from_o any_o of_o the_o flank_n we_o cause_v face_n to_o be_v turn_v to_o that_o flank_n so_o we_o lead_v on_o upon_o the_o enemy_n either_o to_o assault_v he_o or_o to_o prevent_v he_o where_o he_o will_v assault_v which_o if_o we_o can_v do_v we_o make_v a_o stand_n and_o so_o receive_v he_o all_o this_o i_o
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observe_v this_o if_o the_o word_n be_v for_o the_o right_a hand_n then_o step_v forth_o with_o the_o right_a leg_n and_o bring_v the_o left_a leg_n over_o if_o to_o the_o left_a then_o step_v forth_o with_o the_o left_a leg_n and_o bring_v the_o right_n over_o but_o if_o the_o word_n be_v to_o the_o right_n and_o maintain_v ground_n then_o stand_v fast_o with_o the_o right_a leg_n and_o bring_v the_o leave_v over_o thus_o much_o of_o countermarch_v now_o of_o double_v chap._n xxiii_o of_o the_o use_n of_o double_v there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o double_v the_o one_o of_o rank_n the_o other_o of_o fiâ—es_n the_o first_o do_v double_a the_o suidas_n the_o the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v the_o rank_n the_o depth_n be_v the_o file_n rank_n stretch_v forth_o in_o length_n file_n in_o depth_n say_v suidas_n length_n the_o second_o the_o depth_n of_o your_o battle_n the_o length_n of_o your_o battle_n may_v be_v double_v in_o place_n or_o number_n in_o place_n in_o double_v of_o the_o length_n of_o a_o battle_n in_o place_n place_n when_o every_o file_n do_v open_a from_o three_o foot_n to_o six_o foot_n which_o be_v your_o open_a order_n in_o file_n by_o this_o mean_v the_o front_n possess_v double_a ground_n to_o that_o it_o have_v before_o there_o be_v another_o way_n to_o double_a the_o front_n in_o place_n as_o you_o shall_v hear_v anon_o the_o length_n of_o your_o battle_n be_v number_n be_v double_v of_o the_o length_n of_o a_o battle_n in_o number_n double_v in_o number_n when_o of_o twenty_o in_o a_o rank_n it_o be_v make_v forty_o and_o of_o forty_o fourscore_o so_o that_o you_o have_v twice_o as_o many_o man_n in_o the_o front_n as_o you_o have_v before_o this_o double_n of_o the_o length_n of_o your_o battle_n by_o number_n may_v be_v do_v upon_o fit_a occasion_n either_o in_o open_a order_n or_o in_o order_n in_o open_a order_n by_o double_v of_o rank_n by_o middle_a man_n do_v the_o same_o by_o bringer_n up_o double_v the_o front_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n at_o discretion_n in_o order_n by_o middle_a man_n double_v of_o the_o front_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n entire_a or_o by_o devission_n to_o both_o which_o do_v likewise_o double_a the_o length_n of_o a_o battle_n not_o only_o in_o number_n but_o in_o place_n also_o as_o captain_n bingham_n do_v observe_v in_o his_o note_n upon_o aelian_a chap._n 29._o 29._o chap._n 29._o two_o cause_n be_v assign_v for_o the_o double_n of_o the_o length_n of_o your_o battle_n both_o in_o number_n and_o place_n the_o one_o to_o overw_v the_o enemy_n the_o other_o to_o avoid_v overw_v two_o way_n you_o may_v avoid_v overw_v one_o be_v by_o make_v choice_n of_o such_o a_o ground_n as_o may_v give_v you_o this_o advantage_n of_o the_o enemy_n that_o he_o can_v never_o compass_v you_o in_o behind_o 478_o pâ—â—tarâ—â—_n in_o the_o life_n of_o aâ—esâ—laus_n and_o s_o lla_o pag._n 630._o &_o 478_o nor_o flank_n you_o on_o the_o side_n now_o if_o you_o can_v find_v such_o a_o ground_n use_v art_n cast_v a_o trench_n upon_o each_o flank_n or_o wagon_n on_o either_o wing_n as_o syila_n and_o huniades_n do_v fear_v to_o be_v encompass_v by_o the_o multitude_n of_o their_o enemy_n the_o second_o way_n to_o avoid_v overw_v be_v by_o place_v of_o aide_n in_o the_o rear_n of_o your_o battle_n or_o by_o lay_v they_o in_o ambush_n aloof_o off_o that_o so_o upon_o a_o word_n give_v they_o may_v sudden_o start_v out_o upon_o the_o enemy_n as_o caesar_n make_v his_o to_o do_v at_o the_o battle_n of_o pharsalia_n where_o he_o put_v pompey_n the_o great_a to_o flight_n these_o aide_n must_v be_v of_o the_o most_o chief_a soldier_n you_o have_v with_o officer_n appoint_v for_o their_o conduct_n as_o be_v use_v by_o the_o ancient_a roman_n before_o and_o in_o vegetius_n time_n 17._o vegetius_n lib._n 3._o cap._n 17._o who_o do_v always_o res_fw-la rue_n many_o of_o these_o aide_n when_o their_o number_n be_v inferior_a to_o their_o enemy_n their_o 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