at one and the same signe hands were laid vpon those within and those without were cut in peeces and some of the Barbarian hors-men scouring the Plaine killed all the Grecians they lighted vpon free and bond The Grecians perceiuing these things out of the campe maruelled at their manner of riding vp and downe and doubted of the sequell till Nearchus the Arcadian came running with his entrailes in his hands after a wound receiued and told what had happened in the campe of Tissaphernes Hereupon all the Grecians affrighted snatched vp their armes imagining the Persians would presently inuade their campe But there came no more than Ariaeus Artoasus and Mithridates men of chiefest credit with Cyrus The interpreter of the Grecians said He saw and knew Tissaphernes his brother amongst them About three hundred Persians followed them in Curaces These when they came neere willed if there were amongst the Grecians any Coronell or Captaine he should come forth and heare the Kings pleasure Thereupon after assurance giuen Cleanor the Orchomenian and Sophenetus the Stymphalian both Grecian Coronels issued out and with them Xenophon the Athenian to learne what was become of Proxenus Cherisophus chanced then to be absent being gone to a certaine village to make prouision Comming within hearing Ariaeus said Clearchus ô Grecians hauing falsified his Oath and broken the truce hath his iudgement and is dead Proxenus and Menon are in great honour because they reuealed his treason and the King demandeth of you your Armes He saith they are his because they belonged to Cyrus his Seruant The Grecians answered hereto by the mouth of Cleanor O Ariaeus the most execrable of men and all ye that were Cyrus his friends Blush you not before the gods and men that hauing sworne to vs to haue the same friends and enemies you now seeke to betray vs with Tissaphernes a most godlesse and faithlesse man and after you haue made away them to whom you gaue your Oath you goe about to destroy the rest and come with our enemies against vs. Ariaeus answered Clearchus sought first to entrap Tissaphernes and Orontes and all of vs that were with them Hereunto Xenophon replied If Clearchus haue against his Oath broken the truce he hath his iudgement For it is iust to punish periured men But Proxenus and Menon hauing behaued themselues towards you as friends being our Coronels let them be restored vnto vs. For being friends to both no doubt they will aduise you and vs for the best The Barbarians hauing long conferred together departed without giuing answer hereto but the Coronels so caught in the snare were deliuered ouer to the King and ended their daies being made shorter by the head Of whom Clearchus by consent of all that had acquaintance with him was held a man of martiall disposition and extremely desirous of warre For as long as warre continued betwixt the Lacedemonians and Athenians he remained at home Peace being made he perswaded his Citie that the Thracians wronged the Grecians And vsing all meanes he could obtained of the Ephori a Commission to be General to goe against them and shipped himselfe with purpose to inuade those Thracians which inhabit aboue Cherronesus and Perinthus But after his departure the Ephori changed their mindes and sent to call him home from Istmos which message of theirs he obeied not but continued his nauigation to Hellespont Whereupon the Magistrats of Sparta condemned him as a disobedient Subiect vnto death Being now a banished man he iournied to Cyrus whose friendship after what sort he gained I haue written else-where Cyrus gaue him 10000 Daricks which he spent not in idlenesse but waging an Army therwith made warre against the Thracians And first he vanquished them in a battell afterward harried spoiled their Countrey and continued that warre till Cyrus stood in need of his Armie Then he departed with intent to follow the seruice of Cyrus These therefore were the actions of a man that delighted in warre who when he might haue liued in peace without shame or dammage chose to be in warre might haue rested in idlenesse gaue himselfe to labour and warre might without danger haue enioied riches plenteously bestowed them rather vpon warre Such was his disposition to warre and he spent as willingly vpon warre as if it had been vpon loue or other pleasures It appeared also that he was of a warlike inclination because he loued danger and led his people as well by night as by day against the enemie and demeaned himselfe wisely and circumspectly when he was in perill as all that followed him confesse Besides he was said to be an excellent Commander according to his manner For if any man else Clearchus knew how to make necessarie prouision for his army and to supply the wants thereof in time of need and how to breed an opinion in his Souldiers that Clearchus his command was not to be disobeied This he effected by his sourenesse and austeritie being sterne in visage and harsh in voice and alwaies vsing extremitie in punishment and somtimes with choler so that the time was when he repented of his hastinesse He chastised his Souldiers of set purpose thinking an Armie vnpunished to be of no vse This saying of his is also reported That a Souldier ought rather to feare his Commander than his Enemie in case he were to stand well to his guard or to abstaine from spoiling his friends or to goe without refusall against an enemie Therefore the Souldiers heard him willingly and required no other Commander in time of danger They said that sternenesse then seemed cheerfulnesse in his countenance and sourenesse a kind of strengthening against the enemie So that now it was no more austeritie but as it were a preseruatiue When they were out of danger might follow other Commanders many forsooke him For he had nothing in him to win fauour but was alwaies soure and cruell so that Souldiers affected him as children doe their Schoolemaster Neither had he any man that followed him for loue but whosoeuer were put vnder his command either by the citie or else by necessitie and want they were wonderfully obedient to him after they had ouercome the enemy vnder his leading his meanes were great to make his Souldiers seruiceable For they marched against the enemy with great assurance and the feare of punishment kept them in good order Such a Commander was Clearchus It was said he had no great desire to be vnder an other mans command Hee was about fiftie yeares old when he died Proxenus the Boeotian sought euen from his childhood to become a man fit for great employments and out of this desire he gaue entertainment and addicted himselfe a scholar to Gorgias the Leontine and after he had conuersed with him a time thinking himselfe now both able for gouernment and also that being in estimation with the greatest he should not faile of meanes to
preferre himselfe he went and ioyned with Cyrus in the same actions imagining thereby to purchase a worthy name and great power and plentie of riches and albeit his desires were such notwithstanding it appeared euidently in his carriage that he wished not by ill meanes but fairely and iustly and no otherwise to come vnto them He was able to manage matters of importance and worth but yet could neither raise reuerence nor feare in his Souldiers mindes toward him Nay rather he reuerenced them than they him and shewed cleerely he more feared their hatred than not to haue them obedient to him He thought it sufficient to be and seeme to be to praise a well-deseruing souldier not to commend him that did amisse The honester therefore and better sort of Souldiers were well affected toward him the other sought to circumuent him as being easie to be ouertaken He was about thirtie yeares old when he lost his life Menon the Thessalian made open shew that he greedily coueted riches and coueted rule thereby to waxe worthier and coueted honour to bring in gaine He insinuated himselfe into great mens fauour to shelter his faults from punishment To forsweare to lie and deceiue he held the next way to effect his desires simplicitie and truth he accounted all one with dulnesse and want of vnderstanding It could not be perceiued that he loued any man To whom he made most shew of loue him he sought to beguile In his common discourse he vsed not to deride an enemie but scoffed alwaies at them with whom he conuersed He neuer lay in wait for enemies goods because he iudged it hard to finger that which was kept but imagined that he alone knew that because the goods of friends were vnder no streight custodie they might easily be surprised Periured and wicked folke he feared as men armed and abused at his pleasure vpright and well-minded men scarce esteeming them for men Menon no otherwise reioyced in deceit forging of lies and deriding his friends than another man would in godlinesse truth and iust dealing He esteemed him that was no circumuenter to be vnnurtured and to want education In seeking great mens fauour he thought there was no other way than by accusing them that stood in their speciall grace He endeuoured to make his Souldiers obedient with societie of villany He looked for respect because in many things he had abilitie and will to doe wrong If any man forsooke him he said he dealt kindly with him for that he had not made him away But the things concerning him that are not so openly knowne may seeme to be fained Euery one knowes these that follow Being in the flower of his age he obtained of Aristippus the leading of the strangers in the army and in the flower of his age he grew into the familiaritie with Ariaeus who was a Barbarian and delighted in young boyes and hauing yet no haire on his face he fell in loue with Tharipus that had a beard When the other Coronels were made away because they bore armes with Cyrus against the King he scaped being in that same fault Yet after the death of the other Coronels was he punished and put to death by the King not losing his head as Clearchus and the other which seemeth to be the fairest and most honourable kinde of death but he is reported to haue come to his end as a wicked man being put to continuall torments by the space of a whole yeare Agias the Arcadian and Socrates the Achaean lost their heads at the same time whom no man euer scorned as slacke and sluggish Souldiers nor blamed as disloyall and vntrue friends They were each of them about fortie yeares old Finis Libri Secundi THE THIRD BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF XENOPHON TOVCHING THE Ascent of CYRVS the younger out of Asia the Lesse into the Higher COVNTREYS WHat was done by the Grecians in their Ascent with Cyrus vntill the battell fought and what befell them after the death of Cyrus returning homeward in the companie of Tissaphernes according to the truce is declared in the former discourse After the Coronels were apprehended and as many of the Captaines and Souldiers as followed them slaine the Grecians were forced into great streights and perpiexitie especially when they considered that they were at the Kings Gates and round about them both Nations and Cities enemie and from thenceforward no man would store them with prouision and that their distance from Greece was more than 10000 Furlongs that they had no guide of the way that their returne was shut vp betwixt vnpassable Riuers and were betraied also by those Barbarians that ascended vp with Cyrus and left alone hauing not so much as a Hors-man on their side so that it was manifest that albeit they gained the victorie they should not be able to slay an enemie in case they were beaten no one of them should remaine aliue weighing these things in their mindes and thereby being full of griefe few of them tasted Food that euening few kindled Fires and not many tooke Armes the whole night and euerie man laid himselfe downe to rest there where he chanced to stand being vnable to sleepe for sorrow and for desire of his Countrey Parents Wife and Children which he made account neuer to see againe In this distresse they reposed themselues There was in the Armie one Xenophon an Athenian who followed the Campe being neither Coronell nor Captaine nor Souldier but was sent for from home by Proxenus that was his guest of old He promised Xenophon if he would take the paines to come to make Cyrus his friend who as he esteemed would be more to be prised of him than his owne Countrey Xenophon reading the Letter conferred with Socrates the Athenian about the iourney and Socrates misdoubting that to be Cyrus his friend would turne him to displeasure with the Citie because Cyrus seemed to ioine willingly in warre with the Lacedemonians against Athens aduised Xenophon to repaire to Delphos and aske counsell of the god concerning his iourney Xenophon therefore going thither demanded of Apollo to which of the gods he should offer praiers and sacrifice that thereby he might prosper and doe well and be preserued from all dangers in the iourney which he conceiued in his minde Apollo answered he should sacrifice to the gods to whom he ought to sacrifice After his returne to Athens he communicated the Oracle with Socrates who when he heard it blamed Xenophon because he demanded not whether it should be better for him to trauell or to stay at home but as though he had alreadie resolued to goe demanded how he might best accomplish his iourney But seeing you haue propounded your question in this forme quoth Socrates you are to doe that which the god commandeth you Xenophon therefore sacrificing as the god had commanded tooke shipping and sailed away and found
from whence if we be disposed we may retire with most ease Then Cherisophus and Xenophoâ— and Callimachus the Parrhasian Captaine for he had the leading of the Captaines of the Reare that day began to aduance The rest of the Captaines remained in safetie in the place where they were Then about 70 Souldiers got to the trees not thronging together but one by one each of them heedfull to auoid the danger as he could Agasias the Sâ—ymphalian and Aristonymus the Methydrian who were also Captaines in the Reare and some other stood behinde the trees for it was not safe for more than a Company to shelter themselues there Here Callimachus put in practise a deuice of his owne Hee ranne two or three steps from the tree behinde which hee stood and when the stones came rowling downe hee quickly retired Vpon euery stepping forth of his were spent more than ten waggons of stones When Agasias saw what Callimachus did and that it was in the sight of the army fearing he would be the first that should enter the hold neither signifying any thing to Aristonymus that stood next him nor yet to Eurylochus the Lusian who were both his Companions nor to any other he put forward and outwent all the rest Callimachus seeing him passe by caugâ—t hold of the circumference of his Target In the meane time Aristonymus the Methydrian and Eurylochus the Lucian came by for all these were at contention and strife amongst themselues which of them should be esteemed the most valiant in this emulation they entred the place No sooner had one of them entred but the tumbling downe of stoâ—es was staid A grieuous spectacle was thence-forth there to be beheld The women after they had cast downe their children from the Rocke threw themselues after and so did the men There also Aeneas the Stymphalian Captaine seeing one that had on a faire garment running to cast himselfe downe laid hold vpon him to saue him But the other drawing him on both tumbled headlong downe together and immediately died of the fall In this place were few men but multitudes of Oxen Asses and Sheepe taken From thence they marched thorow the Chalybiaâ—s Countrey 50 Parasangs in seuen encampings That Nation was the valiantest of all that the Grecians passed thorow and such as durst come to handie blowes with them They bore Linen Curaces that reached downe to their bellies and in stead of wings had thicke ropes wound and fastened together They had besides Greaues and Head-peeces and on their Girdle a short Sword like a Lacedemonian Cemiterie wherewith they slay them whom they ouercome and cutting off their heads returne to their friends singing and dancing especially if it be in the enemies sight They haue furthermore a Pike of about fifteene Cubits long armed at one end with a head of Yron They remained in Townes and when the Grecians passed by they followed them still skirmishing Afterward they remoued into strong places and conueighed their prouision thither So that the Grecians could get nothing there but were faine to feed vpon the cariage-beasts which they tooke from the Tacchans From thence they departed to the Riuer Harpasus a Riuer of foure Plethers bredth and then thorow the Scythinians Countrey 20 Parasangs in foure encampings It was a plaine Countrey and in it they found villages in which they remained three daies making prouision of Corne. From thence they proceeded in foure encampings 20 Parasangs and came to a great wealthy and well inhabited Citie named Gymnias The Lieutenant of the Country sent the Grecians a guide to leade them thorow the enemies Countrey Himselfe comming vnto them told them that he in person would within fiue daies bring them to a place from whence they should see the Sea if not he refused not to be put to death When he was come into his enemies Countrey he willed them to burne and destroy the Land Whereby appeared that no good affection he bare them but the losse of the enemie was the only cause he came vnto the Grecians The fifth day they came to the holy Mountaine which was called Theches Assoone as they first came to the top of the Mountaine and saw the Sea there was much shouting and hollowing Xenophon and the Reare hearing it imagined that some enemie gaue vpon the Vant. For there were that followed them out of the Countrey which they had fired and of them some were taken others slaine by the Reare which laid an ambush for them and they got besides 20 wicker Targets couered with raw and hairie hides of Oxen. When the cry grew more and more and those that came after still ran with all speed to the other that cried in the Vant and as more trooped together the cry the more increased Xenophon conceiued it was not without great cause Therefore getting to hors-backe and taking with him Lucius and the Horse he speeded on to succour They heard streight way the voices of Souldiers comforting one another crying The Sea the Sea whereupon they ran all forward both they that came in the Reare and also the cariage-beasts and Horses When all were come to the top of the Mountaine they fell to embracing both of one another and also of the Coronels and Captaines and that not without teares and presently it is not knowne by whose commandement the Souldiers caried together stones and raised vp a great heape and laid thereon a number of Targets couered with raw Oxe hides and of staues and of wicker targets taken from the enemy The guide himselfe cut asunder the wicker targets perswaded the rest to do the like After this the Grecians sent away their guide hauing giuen him a Horse a siluer bowle a Persian sute of apparell 10 Daricks Aboue all other things he desired the rings they wore had a great many giuen him by the Souldiers And so shewing them a village wherein they might lodge and the way that led to the Macrons assoone as the euening approched he departed holding on his iourney by night From thence the Grecians marched forward thorow the Macrons Countrey 10 Parasangs in three encampings The next day they came as far as the riuer that diuideth the territories of the Macrons of the Scythinians on their right hand they had a very steep mountaine hard to ascend on their left another riuer into which the riuer that diuideth the countries did run and thorow that riuer they must needs passe It was beset with thick trees albeit not standing very closely together These trees the Grecians cut down when they came to the riuer side making as great diligence as they could to rid themselues out of the Countrey The Macrons armed with wicker targets with pikes and coats made of haire stood imbattelled on the aduerse side of the riuer incouraging one another and casting stones into the riuer which notwithstanding reached not the Grecians nor hurt any man There
whether there be any good in them to serue our purposes Duties extend to Guards Ministeries Workes and to those things whereof I haue intreated at large For Guards wee haue some shew and that not ill digested Yet doe I beleeue that in time past there haue beene better or safer as the Stations before the gates of the campe the Guard-tallies the continuall Round the relieuing of Guards the differences and diuâ—sion of houres and such like which an industrious Generall may marke and put in practise Ministeries are either out of date amongst vs or else voluntarie and without law Yet who can deny but that such like may with comelinesse be vsed towards the Coronels and Commanders without vexation of the Souldiers being parted amongst them by turnes But Workes are the chiefe and most profitable yea the most necessarie part not only for victorie but also for safetie And yet why is entrenching of the Campe altogether cast off Wee set downe open and without any certaine order and when we will seeme more circumspect we inclose our selues with our carriage both an inuention and terme Barbarous But see me the Roman Campe so formed so quartered out how beautifull is it in sight apt for vse strong against all incursion and force of the enemy How many of our owne and stranger-armies haue beene cut in peeces or put to flight by carelesnesse herein And euen of late those gallant Christian forces at the Donaw whom the most cruell enemy surprised on the sudden Say I beseech you if the Roman Campe and Guards had beene there would this haue happened But they like not or rather are ashamed to be Labourers Should a Souldier put his hand to the Spade It is an ignominy Away hire them that list to fall to such drudgerie These be their words But whose You would thinke them of the blood Royall at the least or else men of great riches Yet looke vpon them you shall perceiue them most abiect of all other whom Need and Despaire haue compelled to seruice My fellow art thou ashamed to doe that which many excellent men yea Senators haue done This pettie conceit wherewith they couer their sloth will packe away with one onely warning or Proclamation of a Prince No man will hold that reproachfull which shall be done in common which shall be done by the better sort and sometimes by commanders themâ—elues for example sake Polybius commeth to my minde who writeth that a man is counted Most wise of all liuing creatures but hee esteemeth him most foolish Because other things if they once offend take heed The Fox will hardly bee brought againe to the snare nor the Woolfe to the piâ—-fall nor the Dog to the staffe Onely man from age to age doth faile almost in the same things Let mee apply this to vs and our affaires What profit is more apparant than of these Workes What more common in Writings and Bookes Yet wee neglect them and had rather cast away our selues than our opinions And concerning Workes how profitable are they without the Campe being the only meanes and remedie neuer deceiuing against great Ordinance and to make your approches without perill to any Citie Workes are of wonderfull effect to blocke vp Townes to defend your selfe in them against the enemy and with Workes you may performe that which otherwise is not to bee done with great Bands of men They haue likewise their place in the battell either to fortifie your selfe suddenly on any side against the enemy or to traine and draw him on or else to make an orderly retreat You shall reade that trenches were cast by Sylla against the sudden circumuention of Mithridates huge Armie and infinite multitude of Horse And that the like was done by Caesar vpon another reason and occasion What need words The effect will proue the saying of Domitius Corbulo true that An enemy is to be ouercome with the spade that is with Workes Would God we had mindes to trie and to lead the Souldier hither by little and little and that one would not be faultie herein by the example of another The second thing in Discipline is Exercise That also is neglected of vs. Where are our Field-teachers Where is our daily meditation of Armes And when no man professeth an Art which he hath not learned men thinke they perfect in warre alone as soone as they come to it The Drum is strucke they runne together their names are entred in the muster-booke they disguise themselues in apparell they looke grim vpon the matter they play the Ruffians and bouse it out in drinke streight way they are become Souldiers Are these things to be laughed at or pitied Goe goe you that be wise to our forefathers and by their example fashion your Souldiers in all manner and kinds of Armes For neither the length of age as Vegetius saith nor number of yeeres doe teach the Art of Warre but continuall meditation of exercise An vnexercised Souldier is alwaies raw though he haue serued neuer so long The Lawes are last Come hither my Commanders shew me your Lawes that I may match them with the Roman Lawes Why are you so silent Haue you none or few Those that you haue are they voide and without effect Truly this is our life Lust ruleth in stead of Law and the Sword challengeth the place of Right Who at this day punisheth Theft Who Rapes Nay who Murther For Whoredome and Adulterie are now counted braue exploites and worthy to be rewarded with a Crowne If I speake of abstinence and frugalitie in Diet I shall be scorned with the tongue out of swearing or periurie I shall be thrust out of dores by the head and shoulders Shamefastnesse and honour whither are you gone How are you banished from the most part of our Europe-seruice I protest againe my complaint and accusation is not against the good I write against you you spots and wems of noble Mars which make the warres a refuge and sanctuarie for your villanies I haue sufficiently declared that the Romans held another course There Iustice Chastitie and Innocencie dwelt in Campe and their Souldiers were in no place fierce and violent but against the enemie I rip not vp those things which I a while agoe spake of But truly they are such as albeit many will debase in speech yet can they not but extoll them in minde And yet who is so haire-braind that dares controll them They doe not so but say that those times are gone that this age requires other manners O good and sweet conceites As though men were other now then they were wont or another reason gouerned and that which is iust not iust in all ages and so that which is vniust The matter is they are hardly laid vnto being enioined to abstinence from outrage and vices to turne their hands against Enemies not Citizens to reserue their strength for Mars not for Venus in summe not to consume their entertainment or pay in
1200 Foot Resolution to goe by Sea 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Intention of planting a Colonie A Daricke a peece of mony with Darius image vpon it the value of the peece 13. s. A slight of those of the contrary opinion Timasions speech that desired to goe to his owne countrey A Cyzicenâ— is 18. s. Thorax the Boâ—otian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Xenophons speech 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Beanes they vsed for voices to absolue or condemne in many Cities The Thracian daunce The Aeâ—ian and Mâ—â—netian dance 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Mysian dance The Persian dance The Mantinaean dance The Pyrrhice It was a Lacedemonian dance in armes inuented by one Pyrrhicus a Lacedemonian Athenaeus 630. E. The Grecians take ship Sinope A Mâ—dimne is about a bushel â—mphâ—ra a meâ—surâ— of 30 gallons or thereabouts One Generall The affection of the Army to Xenophon Iupiter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bird-gazers Iupiters answer Xenophon refuseth to be Generall Peninsula that is ioined to the continent with a neck of Land only A Medimne is about one of our bushels Amphora was a vessel that contained thirtie gallons and a halfe 200. Foot A Cyzicen was in value about 18. s. Sedition of the Arcadians and Achaeans Their number was 4500. The Army diuided 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Euery one had 450 vnder his command Xenophons zeale without knowledge The Hauen Calpe The seuerall marches of the army being seueâ—ed Of the Arcadians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Thraâ—ians besiege the Aâ—cadians Of Cherisophus Of Xenophon Xâ—nophon hath newes of the distâ—esse of the Arcadians His counsell for their releefe Furning the enemies countrey to make shew of a great Armie Fiue mile The siege raised Xenophon ouertaketh the Arcadians They ioyne in marching There are two Thraces one in Europâ— the other in Asia In European Thrace standeth Constantinople in the other was the Hauen of Calpe The barbarous cruelty of the Thraâ—tans A description of Calpe 40 yards 400 foot The Hauen Two mile and a halfe The quality of the Grecians that followed this warre A decree not to separate their Forces hereafter The death of Cherisophus A meanes to still suspicion Neons rashnesse And ill successe Pharnabazus Lieutenant in Phrygia to the King of Persia. A difference of age in Souldiers The enemy beats in the Grecian guards Fortification of the Campe. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Grecians issue out of the Campe. They bury the dead 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Two mile well-neere Seconds Ordering of the seconds 100. Foot that is 20 paces Geometricall A doubt to enter a wood Xenophons resolution Passing a Wood. The Grecians moue against the enemy 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The demeaning of their pikes Their Peltasts repulsed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A charge A second charge Chace giuen by the Peltasts 7 mile and a halfe Cleander Gouernour of Byzance now Constantinople Dexippus his fraud and wrong He laieth hold vpon a Souldier Rescous of the Souldier Cleanders feare and threatning Agasias The Souldiers contemne Cleander Xenophons speeâ—h to the contrary The Souldier rescued and the rescuer yeelded vp to Cleander Agasias in his owne defence Exceptions against Dexippus Violence not to be vsed Intercession of the Armie for the prisoners Cleander releaseth the prisoners Accepteth the place of Generall The sacrifice gaine say it Anaxibius the Lacedemonian Admirall Draweth the Armie ouer to Byzance Xenophons purpose to leaue the Armie Seuthes King of Thrace sendeth to Xenophon The Armie at Byzance Anaxibius seeketh to deceiue the Armie The Army goeth out of Byzance The Army findeth the deceit of Anaxibius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Returneth to Byzance discontented Breake open a gate The feare of the Citie 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Xenophon stilleth the commotion Messengers to 〈◊〉 â—â—â—otades oâ—feâ—eâ—h himselfe Generâ—ll The army goeth out of the Citie and followeth him Xenophon departeth from the Army Cyrotades his prouision too scant He renounceth his command The Coronels of diuers mindes Cruelty of Anaxibius and Arâ—starchus against the Souldiers The faithlesnesse of Pharnabazus Anaxibius sendeth Xenophon to the Army againe Seuthes desireth to haue the seruice of the Army The Army at Perinthus a Citie in Thrace Aristarchus hindereth their passage into Asia Xenophons danger His sacrifice He posteth into Thrace 6 Mile and a quarter Fires before the Guards The Thynes Xenophon with Seuthes His propositions to Seuthes Why Seuthes desired the army The offers of Seuthes to the army Aristarchus sendeth for the Coronels who refuse to come The army goeth to Seuthes Seuthes meets the army 18 Shillings Seuthes to the Armie Reasons why the Armie should follow Seuthes They agree to follow him Hee inuiteth the Coronels and Captaines to supper Gifts to the King The manner of sitting and seruice at supper See Iul Poll. pag. 187. lin 12. The Watch. Surprising the enemie The order of matching in the night Pallas is in Greeke Athenaea From hence did Athens take the name and Seuthes was of the blood of the Athenians by Progue whom Tercus King of Thrace one of Seuthes his ancestors maried Choice of souldiers by the age 〈◊〉 speed The prey The cold of the Countrey Seuthes executeth his rebels Episthenes Spies of the enemy A Camisado by the Thynes The Thracians Peltasts Fit Hostages Constantinople which lieth in the European Thrace Want of pay Heraclides his calumniations The credit of Xeâ—â—phon with the Coronels 6 Mile and more The Army displeased with Xâ—nâ—phon about pay The Generall of the Lacidemonians in Asia the lesse The Army waged by the Lacedemonians 13. Shillings Seuthes his opinion of Xenophon 13. Shillings Xenophon accused for the pay due to the Souldiers Xenophons defence Charminus excuseth Xâ—nophon Heraclides the with-holder of the pay Xenophon in danger from the Lacedâ—monians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Medosades angry with the Grecians complaineth Xenophons answer The two Lacedemonians are meanes to recouer the Souldiers pay Xenophon sent to Seuthes about the pay His words to Seuthes A Talent is valued at 175 li. sterling and 50 Talents are 875â— li. sterling Seuthâ—s assenteth to pay the Souldiers The pledges of the Thracians that gaue the Camisado to Xenophon before The Armie satisfied Xenophon banished his countrey for following Cyrus who was a friend to the Laâ—edemonians Lampsacus a Citie in Asia the lesse Xenophon not greedy of riches An Epithet giuen to Iupiter signifying fauourable or gentle A Citie in the countrey Troas Xenophons horse released being pawned 32 li. 10 s. Xenophon vpon an exploit Sapping of a Castle A signe for succour 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Xenophons retreat A Ring 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Assidates taken prisoner Xenophon rewaâ—ded with a large portion 4281 mile and more Musters Ordo Arma. Tragula Arrowes Armour The Target Pikes Acies Discipline Duties Guards Ministeries Workes Exercise Lawes Rewards Punishment
he being desirous to satisfie tooke a muster of the Grecians and Barbarians in the Plaine neere adioyning He commanded the Grecians to order and range themselues according to their wonted manner of embattailing euerie Leader directing his owne Souldiers They were therefore ordered foure in depth Menon those with him had the right Wing Clearchus and his Souldiers the left The other Commanders the middest Cyrus and the Queene he in his Chariot she in her Coach rid vp and downe and first viewed the Barbarians who passed by and aduanced in Troops and Companies and then afterward the Grecians They had euerie man a Brazen Head-peece a Scarlet Coat Greues and a polished and bright Target When he had passed by all staying his Chariot before the middest of the Phalange he sent Pigres his Interpreter to the Grecian Coronels willing them to command a Charge as if they were to giue vpon the Enemie and to moue forward with the whole Phalange who gaue warning hereof to their Souldiers No sooner therefore had the Trumpet sounded but they straightwayes aduanced holding out their weapons as in a Charge and then mending their pace and giuing a shout they fell of themselues into a Plaine running toward their Tents Both the other Barbarians were taken with sodaine feare and also the Cilician Queene forsooke her Coach and the Market-folke leauing their wares behind shifted away euerie one to saue himselfe The Grecians not without laughter held on forward to their Tents The Cilician Queene wondred not a little at the beautie and order of the Armie and Cyrus tooke as much pleasure to behold the Barbarians put into such a feare by the Grecians From hence in three encampings he marched 20 Parasangs and came to Iconium the last Citie of Phrygia He stayed there three dayes and from hence he marched in fiue encampings thorow Lycaonia 30 Parasangs He suffered the Grecians to spoile this Countrey as Enemie From hence Cyrus sent away the Cilician Queene by the neerest way to Cilicia and with her he sent Menons Regiment and Menon the Thessalian himselfe Cyrus with the rest marched thorow Cappadocia 25 Parasangs in foure encampings as farre as Dana a great wealthy and well peopled Citie Here he remained three dayes within which time he put to death Megaphernes a Persian the Kings Purple Dyer and another Ruler of great authority charging them with Treason against himselfe From hence they attempted to breake into Cilicia but the entrance was so narrow that more than one Chariot could not passe at once and withall exceeding steepe and vnpassable for an Armie in case resistance were made The fame was that Syennesis had planted himselfe in the highest of the Straights to defend the passage which was the cause that the Armie staid in the Plaine one day The next day there came a Messenger bringing tydings that Syennesis had left the Straights after he perceiued that Menons Troopes were alreadie beyond the Mountaines in Cilicia and heard that a Fleet of Lacedemonian Gallies and another of Cyrus were vnder saile to passe from Ionia to Cilicia vnder the leading of Tamon Cyrus ascended the Mountaines without resistance of any Man and found the Tents yet standing of those that were in guard of the Mountaines From thence he descended into a great beautifull and well watered Plaine and replenished with all manner of Trees and with Vines It beareth abundance of Sesamum and Panick and Millet and Wheat and Barley It is inuironed on euerie side from Sea to Sea with abrupt and high Mountaines Descending from this Mountaine in foure encampings he marched 25 Parasangs thorow Cilicia as farre as Tarsus a great and rich Citie of Cilicia In that Citie was the Palace of Syennesis King of Cilicia Thorow the middest of this Citie runneth the Riuer named Cydnus being 200 foot in breadth The Inhabitants thereof excepting such as bought and sold left the Citie and fled to the Mountaines with Syennesis But the Inhabitants of Solos and Issos which stand neere the Sea held themselues to their homes Epiaxa the Wife of Syennesis arriued at Tarsus fiue dayes before Cyrus But in the tops of the Mountaines that stretcht towards the Plain two 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Companies of Menons Regiment were lost Some say that being busie in pillage they were cut off by the Cilicians Other some that they were left behind not able to find the rest of the Troops nor the waies which they were to passe and were lost in wandring vp and downe Their number was about 100 armed Foot The rest comming to Tarsus sacked the Citie and the Palace in it in a rage for the losse of their Companions Cyrus entring the Citie sent for Syennesis who returned answer that as he neuer yet had committed himselfe to the hands of a Man better than himselfe so he would not now begin In which minde he continued till his Wife perswaded him to the contrarie and till he had taken assurance from Cyrus After that they met Syennesis gaue Cyrus great summes to vphold his Armie Cyrus againe gaue him gifts such as he thought honourable and much esteemed amongst Kings As namely a Horse with a golden bitt a Chaine of gold Bracelets a Sword decked with gold a Persian garment and freedome of his Land from spoile As also restitution of the Slaues which were taken in spoile by the Souldiers wheresoeuer he could find them Cyrus and the Armie remained here 20 dayes for the Souldiers plainly denied to goe any further imagining now they were led against the King which they said was no part of their agreement Clearchus was the first that went about to force his Souldiers to proceed but they as soone as he offered to goe forward cast Stones at him and at his carriage Beasts And surely he hardly escaped stoning But afterward perceiuing it was in vaine to vse force he called his Souldiers to an assembly and first he stood weeping a good time which they seeing wondred at and kept silence Afterwards he spake thus My fellow Souldiers wonder not that the present state of this businesse toucheth me to the quicke for Cyrus hath made himselfe mine Host being banished out of my Countrey and not only done me other honours but also giuen me 10000 Darickes which I taking hoorded not vp for mine owne priuate vse and pleasure but disbursed them vpon you And first I made warre vpon the Thracians and with your helpes reuenged the wrongs they did vnto Greece chasing them out of Cheronesus whilst they endeuoured to take that Land from the Grecians But when Cyrus called for me I tooke you with me and went to Cyrus to the end in his need to shew my selfe thankful for his former kindnesse and fauours towards me But since you please to goe no further I must of necessitie either forsake you and apply my selfe to his friendship or deceiue his hopes and remaine still with you
these he espied the King and the Troope that was about him and by and by after he had said I see the Man he flew out directly against him and strooke him on the Brest and wounded him thorow the Curace as Ctesias the Physitian reporteth who reporteth also that he cured the wound Whilest Cyrus was thus in fight one with a Dart hit him a sore blow vnder the eye The King and Cyrus and their Followers in defence of either of them thus coping together Ctesias for he was present telleth the number of those that died about the King and Cyrus himselfe was also slaine and eight of his best Followers lay dead vpon him Artapata one of the faithfullest of Cyrus Mase-bearers was said after he saw Cyrus fallen to haue alighted from his Horse and cast himselfe vpon him And some affirme that the King commanded him to be killed vpon Cyrus others report that he killed himselfe drawing out his owne Sword For he had a gilt Sword and wore a Chaine and Bracelets and such other Ornaments as the best of the Persians wore being of great esteeme with Cyrus for his loue and faithfulnesse towards him Thus died Cyrus a man by the opinion of those that had acquaintance with him of the most Kingly disposition and most worthy to beare rule of all the Persians that succeeded the Elder Cyrus For first being but a Child and brought vp with his Brother and other Children he was thought to surmount them all in all things For all the Children of the best sort of Persians haue their education at the Kings Gate where a man may learne much temperance and where no kind of filthinesse is to be heard or seene and the Children haue daily conuersant before their eyes those that are honoured or disesteemed of the Kings So that being yet but Children they learne to rule and to obey There Cyrus seemed to be the aptest to learne of all that were of his age and to be more obedient to the Elder sort than those that were farre his inferiours Besides to be a great louer of Horses and to vse them with great skill and to delight and be studious of warlike exercise and of shooting and darting When he was in the flower of his age he greatly loued hunting and shunned not danger when he came to encounter with wilde beasts And when on a time a Beare set vpon him he feared her not but buckling with her was pulled from his horse and receiued those wounds the skarres whereof he after carried about him and yet slew her at last The man that first came in to his rescue he rewarded with royall gifts and made him more happy than many others of his time Afterward when he was sent by his father and made Satrapa or Gouernour of Lydia and of the greater Phrygia and of Cappadocia and was declared Generall of the people that were to assemble and be mustred in the Plaine of Castâ—lus he gaue all men to vnderstand that he esteemed nothing more than to keepe faith with whomsoeuer he made league agreement or promise Wherefore the Cities vnder his command beleeued him in all he spake and particular men euery where beleeued him And if an Enemie were to come in at any time vpon Cyrus his word he was easily perswaded of his assurance and safetie which was the cause when he moued warre against Tissaphernes that euery Citie willingly chose to take part with Cyrus rather than with Tissaphernes Milet onely excepted which feared him for that he would not forsake but gaue incouragement to the fugitiues of their Citie For he declared both in deed and word that after he had once receiued them into his friendship howsoeuer their number or fortune afterward fell out to be he would not cast them off Besides he made it euident that in case any man shewed him kindnesse or were malitious against him he would doe all he could to goe beyond him in either of both And there were that reported this wish of his namely to liue so long as to be able to ouercome his friends in kindnesses his Enemies in reuenge Therefore many men were content to giue vp their riches Cities and bodies into his hands rather than into any mans thaâ— liued in our age Neither could it be truly said that he suffered wicked and loose persons to scorne him For that kinde of people he punished seuerely and in the common waies were often to be seene men without feet and hands and eyes so that in Cyrus his gouernement both Grecians and Barbarians behauing themselues orderly might walke where they list without feare and carry such things with them as they thought fitting for their iourney By all mens confession he extraordinarily honoured men skilfull in the Art Military The first warre he had was against the Pisidians and Mysians Himselfe therefore leading an Army against those countries if he saw men willingly offer themselues to danger he made them gouernours of the Country which he conquered and honoured them besides with other gifts Whereby it appeared that valiant men were happiest and cowards accounted as it were their slaues And for this cause many willingly put themselues into and prouoked danger especially if they imagined that Cyrus should haue notice thereof Whosoeuer it was that shewed to the world any notable example of Iustice he much rather inriched him than those that fished for gaine out of vniust dealing Therefore both many other things were rightly administred by him and also he had an army that might truly be called an Army For the chiefe Commanders and Captaines resorted vnto him noâ— for monies sake but because they knew that the seruice of Cyrus was much more to be prised than their monthly pay Now his seruants that executed his commands with dexteritie and diligence he suffered not to goe vnrewarded Wherefore the â—ame went that there was no kinde of worke to be thought vpon wherein the seruants and workmen of Cyrus did not excell Ifhe found a man to be a good husband in augmenting his owne wealth without oppression or in garnishing the Prouince which he gouerned with new reuenewes he was so farre from taking from him that he gaue him more to that he had So that men gladly tooke paines and boldly held what they had gotten and none concealed from Cyrus the things he possessed For he seemed not to enuy them which in open shew were rich but would often vse the goods of such as concealed and kept them close What friends soeuer he chose and found well affected to him and iudged able to effect that which he desired by the confession of all men he vsed most obsequiously For as he needed friends to be fellow-workers of his designes as he conceiued so himselfe endeuoured to be to his friends the best fellow-worker of that which he thought euery one of them desired I haue many causes to thinke he had more presents made vnto
Proxenus and Cyrus at Sardes who were now readie to take their iourney vpward and was forthwith presented to Cyrus Proxenus earnestly requested him to stay and Cyrus did the like but added that as soone as the Armie was dissolued he would immediately giue him leaue to depart The iourney was noised abroad to be against the Pisidians Xenophon therefore followed the warre being thus deceiued not by Proxenus for neither he nor any other of the Grecians except Clearchus knew of Cyrus his intent against the King but when the Armie came into Cilicia there was no man so simple but he easily perceiued that they were led against the King And albeit they feared the length of the way and were vnwilling to proceed further yet the most part in regard of mutuall respect one to another and of the loue they bore to Cyrus continued on the iourney amongst whom Xenophon was one And being now in this distresse he was sorrowfull with the rest but yet taking a little nap he fell into a dreame It seemed to him that in a thunder the bolt fell vpon his Fathers House and that the whole House was therewith set on fire Being affrighted he started out of his sleepe iudging that the dreame was good in part because being in trauell and danger he saw a great light proceed from Iupiter In part he feared it because it seemed to come from Iupiter being a King and to shine in a circle imagining he should not be able to get out of the Kings Countrey but be inuironed on all sides with some one distresse or other Now what the signification and effect of such a dreame was might be easily perceiued by the sequell For it fell out that straight after that he awaked he entred into this cogitation with himselfe Why lie I here The night passeth away and it is likely that the enemie will fall vpon vs as soone as the day appeareth If we come into the Kings hands what shall hinder that hauing first seene with our eyes all manner of scornes and next felt all kinde of torments we die not afterwards a shamefull and villanous death Now no man maketh preparation for defence nor so much as once thinketh vpon it but we lie still as though we were in securitie What Commander therefore doe I expect out of any other Citie to direct vs Or what age doe I looke to attaine vnto If to day I betray my selfe to the enemie I shall neuer be an houre elder Hereupon he presently arose and first called together the Captaines of Proxenus his Regiment Then he spake thus Worthy Captaines the consideration of our estate will neither â—uffer me to sleep which I thinke is youâ— case as well as mine nor yet to lie still and giue my selfe to rest Our enemies vntill they imagined they had brought their designes to a wished end forbore to offer open hostilitie Of vs on the other side there is no man that casteth in his minde how we may best come to fight and defend our selues against the enemie For if we yeeld and subiect our selues vnto the Kings power what hazard shall we not incur He cut off the head and hand of Cyrus and fastened them to the Gallowes who was his Brother both by the same Father and Mother and alreadie dead We then who haue here no kinred who tooke vp armes against him who sought to establish his seruant in his Throne and to make away the King himselfe if it lay in our power we I say what may not we expect to suffer Will he not vse all meanes possible to lay vpon vs extremitie of punishment thereby to strike a feare into other that they presume not to warre against him Surely we are to trie our vttermost endeuours that we fall not into his hands For my part I ceased not euen while the truce endured to bemoane our case and to esteeme the King and such as followed him happie seeing with mine eyes how large and goodly a countrey they enioyed what plentie of prouision what a number of attendants how many carriage-beasts what quantitie of gold and of apparell they possessed and on the contrary side comparing the condition of our army that enioyed nothing of value but what was bought with mony which I knew but few had was debarred of other means of prouision by reason of their oath and agreement Casting I say these things in my minde I feared then the truce more than I doe now the warre And considering the enemy himselfe hath broken the truce I thinke that both their insolencie and our suspitions are come to an end For now all the aduantages whereof I spake are laid in the middest as it were betwixt vs both as rewards for those that shall behaue themselues most valiantly The gods are Iudges and giue successe to battells who in all reason will be on our side Our enemies in forswearing themselues haue broken their faith vnto them We contrariwise hauing many faire aduantages offered vs constantly forbore to take them for our oathes sake made to the gods So that me thinkes we ought to goe forth to battell with much more courage and assurance than they Further our bodies are more able to endure cold and heat and labours than theirs and by the fauour of the gods our mindes more noble Besides they will be more subiect to wounds and death than we in case the gods as they haue done heretofore vouchsafe to giue vs victory But it may be that other men harbour these cogitations as well as we For the loue of God let vs not expect that other come and encourage vs to be braue and resolute but let vs begin to excite other to valiance Shew your selues gallantest amongst Captaines and most fit to command amongst Coronels My selfe if you shall be pleased to leade me will follow if you appoint me a leader will not excuse my selfe by want of yeares but rather conceiue that youth may strengthen and preserue me from many mischances Thus much he spake All the Captaines hearing it willed him to proceed except one Apollonides a man that clattered rudely in the Boeotian idiome He said they spake idlely that sought to perswade that there was any other hope of safetie than in the Kings fauour if it might be gained and withall began to reckon vp the distresses we were in Xenophon in the meane time interrupting him replied O strange man that you are who neither seeing know nor hearing remember You were present when the King proud of his victory after the death of Cyrus sent vnto vs commanding to deliuer vp our armes When we refused and marched forward in armes and encamped close by him what did he not to procure truce sending Ambassadours and demanding cessation of hostilitie and offering to furnish the army with prouision But after the Coronels and Captaines as you now would haue vs in confidence of the truce went without armes to conferre with them are they not now
the Temple In case he neglect this the goddesse will take order for her owne From Cerasunt they that were before shipped held on their course by Sea the rest made forward by land When they were come to the borders of the Mosynecans they sent vnto them Timositheâ—s a Trapezâ—â—tâ—â—e who was their guest to demand whether they should passe thorow their countrey as friends or as enemies They trusting to the strength of their countrey answered It would be all one to them which they did Timositheos after this answer returned gaue the Grecians to vnderstand that there were other Mosynecans dwelling further off that were enemies to those whereupon it was thought good to send vnto them to see if they would enter into fellowship of warre with the Greciâ—â—s Timositheos being sent returned bringing with him the chiefe Magistrates After their arriuall they and the Grecian Coronels assembled together Xenophon began in this manner Timositheos being his Interpreter We ô Mosynecans because we want shipping are desirous to passe into Greece on foot They who hinder vs as we vnderstand are your enemies You haue now an opportunitie presented vnto you if you lift to imbrace it by entring into societie of war with vs to be reuenged of them for all the wrong they haue any time hereâ—ofore done you and to make them henceforth your vassals If you at this present let vs passe by without taking the opportunitie consider with your selues if euer hereafter you are like to haue the like forces ioine with you in league The chiefe Magistrate of the Mosynâ—cans answered he was desirous to effect the proposition and to ioyne in society of warre with the Greciâ—â—â— Goe to then quoth Xenophon wherein will yoâ— imploy vs if we become your confâ—derates and you what aide can you giue vs to further our passage They replied We are of strength enough to enter our common enemies countrey on the further side and to send you shipping and men both to assist you in the field and to be guides of your iourney Vpon this taking and giuing assurance they departed The next day they came with 300 boats euery boat made of one peece of wood In each boat were three men of whom two landing laid downe their armes in order one remained behinde in the boat And they which remained in the boats sailed away straightwaies the other staied behinde and embattelled themselues in this manner They stood a hundred deepe like as the stage-dancers are wont filing themselues one opposite to the other hauing all Wicker Targets couered with white hayrie oxe-hydes the Targets in forme like to an Iuie leafe In the right hand each man held a dart of about six cubits long armed with a head before the stele being round They had coats that couered their knees were as thicke as a hempen cord that you binde a couerlet withall VpoÌ„ their heads they had leather head-peeces like to them which the Paphlagonians weare in the middest whereof ariseth a Cone resembling the forme of a Tyara They bore iron hatchets besides After this one of them beginning all the rest sung and marched forward by measure and passing through the rankes and armes of the Grecians forthwith aduanced against the enemy toward a Fort which seemed easie to be won It lay before the Citie which is called the Metropolis or mother Citie and is held in chiefe estimation amongst the Mosynecans and for it they warred one against another For they who enioyed it had their feet vpon the neckes of the other Mosynecans They said that the present possessours had no right nor lawfull possession but being common to all they had done wrong in entring detaining it to themselues alone Some of the Grecians also followed them not by order or appointment of the Coronels but in greedinesse of pillage The enemy held himselfe coy a while but when he saw them neere the Fort he sallied out and putting them to flight killed a great number of the Barbarians and some of the Grecians thatascended with them and followed the chace till he might see the army of the Grecians ready to come to reskue Then turning about he retired and cutting off the heads of those that were slaine shewed them to the Grecians and to their enemies and withall danced singing a kinde of measure The Grecians were much grieued that by this action the enemy was emboldned and that the Grecians in good number were seene to flie which they neuer did before in all this iourney But Xenophon calling the Souldiers together spake vnto them in this sort Be not dismayed O Souldiers with that which is happened The good of it is as great as the euill For first of all you now know certainly that those that shall be our guides are enemies to them vnto whom of necessitie we must be enemies Then those Grecians that seemed to contemne our order and thinking themselues to be able to â—o as much with the Barbarians as with vs feele the smart of their owne folly will hardly hereafter be brought to leaue our company But you must prepare your selues to shew the Barbarians your friends that you are better men than they and to let the enemy know that they haue at this present to do with another sort of people than with those who fought disorderly with them of late This day therefore they rested The next day after they had sacrificed and the sacrifice portended good fortune they dined and ordering their companies in file and placing the Barbarians on the left hand they aduanced against the enemy hauing the Archers betwixt the companies that were in file somwhat more backward than the front of the armed For some of the light-armed of the enemy ran forth and cast stones which quickly were repressed by our Archers Peltasts The rest aduanced leisurely first toward the Fort from which the day before the Barbarians and Grecians were put to flight For there the enemie stood embattelled and made head against the Grecians And first they fought and made good the place against the Peltasts but when the armed approached immediatly they turned their backs The Peltasts followed with speed giuing chace vpward toward the mother City or Metropolis the armed moued forward in order When they were come vp to the houses of the Metropolis the enemies ioyned and fought all together and threw darts and hauing thicke and long pikes such as a man could hardly weild with those they endeuoured to defend themselues hand to hand When the Grecians gaue no ground but ioyntly pushed forward the Barbarians fled and all of them forsooke the Fort. Their King that was in a woodden Tower built in the Citadell whom in common they nourish as long as he remaineth there and guardeth the place sought not to escape away nor they that were in the Fort before taken in but were burnt together with the woodden houses The Grecians rifling and spoyling the place found
in the houses treasures of bread heaped and hoorded vp as the Mosynecans reported the last yeare according to the manner of the countrey The new corne with the straw lay by it selfe the most part whereof was eared There was found also peeces of Dolphins salted and laid vp in vessels and also the fat of Dolphins which the Mosynecans vse as the Grecians doe oyle and many and great chestnuts in garrets which haue no manner of cleft in them They boyle these and vse them in stead of bread Wine was found likewise which being vnmingled seemed sharpe by reason of the sowrenesse being mingled it had a good sauour and was pleasant in taste The Grecians hauing dined here marched forward deliuering vp the City to the Mosynecans their confederates Of other Forts belonging to the enemy which they passed by some of the weaker sort were forsaken other some willingly yeelded and gaue themselues into the Grecians hands The most part of them are of this kinde They stand distant one from another 80 furlongs more or lesse When the country people cry out one to another they heare it from City to City by reason of the height and hollownesse of the countrey After they were come to the borders of their confederate Mosynecans they shewed them boyes rich mens children that were fed and fatted with sodden Chestnuts which boyes were exceeding tender and white and not much lesse in bredth than in length hauing their backs various and all the foreparts rased and marked with diuers formes of flowers They sought also openly to vse the whores which the Grecians brought with them For that is their manner All both men and women are white of complexion They that were in this iourney held the countrey more barbarous and more differing from the Grecian rites of liuing than all the rest they passed thorow For they doe openly and before a multitude that which other men doe and dare not doe but in priuate and being alone they demeane themselues as if they were in company They speake to themselues laugh to themselues and dance wheresoeuer they become as though they sought to please other mens eyes Thorow this countrey both friend and enemy the Grecians marched in eight encampings and came to the Chalybes These are a people but few in number and in subiection to the Mosynecans and liue the most part of them vpon iron works From thence they passed to the Tibarenes whose countrey is more champaine and hath Forts situate by the Sea side that are not very strong The Coronels resolued to fall vpon this countrey to the end to gaine some riches for the Army Therefore they tooke not the hospital gifts which the Tibarens sent but bade them stay till they had taken counsell by the sacrifice which they offred After they had offred many at last all the Soothsayers told them plaine that the gods allowed not of the warre Therefore they accepted the gifts of hospitality and marching as thorow a countrey that was friend they came to Cotyora a Grecian Citie a colony of the Synopaeans situate in the Tibaren territory Thus far the Armie marched on foot The length of the descent of the way from the place in the Babylonian territory where the battell was fought to Cotyora was 122 encampings 620 Parasangs 10820 furlongs of the time eight moneths They staied at Cotyora 45 dayes During this abode they first sacrificed to the gods and then made shewes euery one according to the manner of his countrey and proposed games of exercise and tooke their prouision partly out of Paphlagonia partly out of the territory of the Cotyorites For they neither exhibited a market nor receiued the sicke within their gates About this time came Ambassadors from the Sinopaeans fearing the danger that might befall the Cotyorites both in regard of their City for it was theirs and paid them tribute and of their territory which as they heard was spoiled and comming into the Campe they spake thus by the mouth of Hecatonymus who was their Spokesman and reputed a good Orator The City of Sinopis ô Souldiers hath sent vs vnto you partly commending you that being Grecians you haue ouercome the Barbarians partly to congratulate with you that you are returned safe out of so many perils and dangers as we are informed you haue beene in But we that are Grecians desire of you that are also Grecians that your comming may bee profitable and not preiudicial vnto vs considering to this day we neuer did you any wrong These Cotyorites are our Colonie and we are the men that conquered their Territory from the Barbarians and gaue it to them to inhabite and manure For which cause they pay vs a tribute imposed vpon them as doe likewise the Cerasuntians and Trapezuntians so that what wrong soeuer you doe them we imagine we suffer it our selues We heare then that entring into the City by force some of you quarter in the houses other take what they thinke good out of the Country against the owners wills If you hold on this course we shall be forced to craue aid of Corylas and the Paphlagonians against you and of any else that we can make our friends Here Xenophon standing vp spake thus in the behalfe of the Souldiers We ô Sinopaeans are come into these quarters ioyfull and glad that out of so many perils we haue preserued our liues and armes For to bring away spoile enriching our selues and withall to fight with the enemy was impossible And now after we came to Grecian Cities in Trapezund wee bought such things as we stood in need of for they gaue vs a Market and whereas they honoured vs and sent vs gifts of hospitality we did our best to honour them and not only abstained from the Barbarians that were their friends but also harried and wasted to the vttermost of our power those Barbarians against whom they led vs. They whom the City sent in friendship with vs as Guides are present here aske them I pray how we behaued our selues toward them But whithersoeuer we come and haue no Market either in the Territorie of Barbarians or Grecians we take things necessary not out of insolency but forced by necessitie We accounted the Carduchans Chaldeans and Taochans enemies albeit no Subiects to the King and yet men to be feared because they gaue vs no Market and we could not want needfull prouision The Macrons albeit Barbarians in regard they furnished vs such a Market as they could we dealt friendly with and tooke nothing from them by force If the Cotyorites who you say are yours haue not the like friendship they may thanke themselues For they behaued themselues not as friends vnto vs but shutting their gates neither receiued vs into their City nor yet gaue vs a Market without The cause hereof they lay vpon your Gouernour But where you say that we entred and now lodge in the City by force the truth is we requested
notwithstanding they thought it conuenient to seeke them as they could lest haply taking heart they might be againe emboldned Therefore embattelling themselues they led against them The enemy seeing them comming cast themselues downe the steepe places no otherwise than if horsemen had followed them in chase A Forrest receiued them that fled which the Grecians were not acquainted with Wherefore night drawing on they returned and when they came to the place where the battels first ioyned they erected a Trophey and so about Sunne-set retired to the Sea for the Campe was about 60 furlongs off Henceforward the enemies began to looke to themselues and remoued as farre from thence as they could as well the inhabitants as their goods and substance The Grecians lay still expecting Cleander and the Gallies and Ships which they thought would come And going forth euery day without feare hauing with them their cariage-beasts and slaues they brought in wheat barley wine pulse-corne bucke and figs. For the Territorie bare all fruit plentifully Oliues only excepted And as long as the Armie kept within the Campe any man might goe forth to spoile and deteine that he found for his priuate vse But a decree was made that when the whole Armie went abroad whatsoeuer was taken by any man going apart it should be to the vse of the generalitie Now was there plenty of all things For prouision came from the â—recian Cities on euery hand and they that arriued there by ship came willingly on shore because they vnderstood a Citie was there planting and that it was a good Hauen and many of the enemies being neere borderers sent to Xenophon for they heard that he was the planter demanding vpon what conditions they might be receiued into his friendship whom Xenophon shewed to the Souldiers About this time Cleander came with two Gallies but with neuer a ship It fell out so that at his arriuall the Army was abroad and some gone into the plaine countrey to prey other to the mountaines and had gotten together many sheepe and fearing they would be taken away they spake to Dexippus who stole the ship of 50 oâ—res from the Armie when it lay at Trapezond and praied him to keep them and to retaine part for himselfe and restore the rest to them He presently beat away the Souldiers that stood thereabout albeit they told him that the prey pertained to the generality and imâ—ediaâ—ly went to Cleander and informed him that they sought to steale the sheepe Cleander commanded that whosoeuer he was that went about to take them away should be brought vnto him Dexippus laid hold vpon one and began to leade him toward Cleander whom Agasias by chance comming that way rescued because he was one of his company The rest of the Souldiers that were present cast stones at Dexippus calling him Traitor Many Mariners of the Gallies being affrighted ranne to the Sea and Cleander himselfe shifted away Xenophon and the other Coronels pacified the Souldiers and told Cleander it was no matter of danger and that the decree of the Armie was cause of that that hapned Cleander incensed by Dexippus and of himselfe discontented because it might be perceiued that he was in feare said he would saile away and cause proclamation to be made that no Grecian Citie should receiue them as being common enemies to all for at that time the Lacedemonians commanded all Greece This seemed a hard and dangerous thing to the Grecians and they desired him not to doe so He said he would relent vpon no other condition than that the caster of the first stone and the party that made the rescous should be deliuered into his hands Agasias was the man he sought who had beene a friend to Xenophon euen to the last which was the cause that Dexippus accused him The Commanders knowing not what to doe called an assembly of the Armie Many made small account of Cleander Xenophon thought the businesse to be of no meane consequence and arising spake thus Fellow Souldiers if Cleander departing hence carry that minde toward vs which hee professeth I take it to be a matter not to be contemned For now the Grecian Cities are at hand and the Lacedemonians are rulers of Greece and euery Lacedemonian of power sufficient to worke any City to what he list If therefore he first shut vs out of Byzantium and signifie to the rest of the Gouernours not to receiue vs into their Cities as being disobedient to the Lacedemonians and notto be gouerned this rumor will come to the eares of Anaxibius the Admirall so that it will be hard for vs either to stay here or to saile away For at this time the Lacedemonians haue the Souereigntie of Greece both by Sea and Land It is not fit therefore that for one or two mens sakes we the rest be debarred from Greece but we are rather to obey whatsoeuer they command For our Cities from whence euery one of vs is are vnder their subiection I therefore for I vnderstand that Dexippus informeth Cleander that Agasias would not haue done this vnlesse I had bid him I I say cleare both you and Agasias of this fault if Agasias will say that I am the cause thereof and I condemne my selfe and will willingly vndergoe all extremitie of punishment if it may appeare that I were the beginner either of casting of stones or of any other violence I say further if any man else be accused by Cleander he ought whosoeuer he be to yeeld himselfe to Cleanders iudgement So shall you be free from all fault But as matters goe now it will be hard if thinking to receiue praise and honour in Greece we in stead thereof shall not be in the case that other are but be excluded out of all Grecian Cities After this Agasias stood vp and said I ô Souldiers sweare by the gods and goddesses that neither Xenophon nor any other willed mee to take away the man but when I saw an honest and worthy Souldier of mine led away by Dexippus whose traiterous dealing toward you you well know I thought it a matter not to be suffered And albeit I confesse that I rescued him yet would I not that you should deliuer me vp I my selfe as Xenophon aduiseth will yeeld my selfe into the hands of Cleander to vse me at his discretion Neither would I for this cause haue you make warre with the Lacedemonians nor haue any man impeached to saue himselfe where he list Only I desire you to make choice of some of your selues to send with me to Cleander who in case I omit any thing may speake and doe what they thinke auaileable in my behalfe The Army gaue him leaue to choose whom he thought good and he chose the Coronels So Agasias and the Coronels and the man that was rescued went together toward Cleander to whom the Coronels vsed this speech The Army O Cleander hath sent vs vnto you and desire you if you thinke
Xenophon assented vnto In the meane time Seuthes the Thracian sent Medosades and desired Xenophon to be a meanes and furtherance to the transportation of the Armie adding he should not repent himselfe in so doing Xenophon answered that the Armie without all question was to come ouer and in regard thereof Seuthes need not giue any thing either to him or to any man else After the transportation quoth he I am to depart Let him therefore addresse himselfe in such sort as he thinketh best to those that remaine behinde and shall be most for his purpose So all the Armie came ouer to Byzantium Anaxibius gaue them not pay according to his promise but made proclamation that taking their Armes and baggage they should depart out of the Citie as if he had a purpose to send them away and to take muster of them Hereupon the Souldiers weâ—â— discoâ—tenâ— because they wanted money to make prouision for their iourney and they made no great haâ—â—e in trussing vp their baggage Xeâ—â—phâ—â— being become now a Guest to Cleander the Gouernour went to him and saluted him hauing in minde â—o take shipping presently You shall not doe so â—oth he If you doe you will be blamed For alreadie they lay the fault vpon you that the Armie is so slow in departing the Citie Yet am not I in fault quoth Xenophon For the Souldiers wanting victuall and money for their iourney are in that regard loth to leaue the Citie Yet would I counsell you quoth he to goe out as though you meant to march with them and when the Armie is out of the Gates to depart whither you list Let vs goe then to Anaxibius quoth Xenophon and take order accordingly Comming to him they told what they had resolued He willed them so to doe and that the Souldiers should presently issue with their baggage and further to signifie that whosoeuer appeared not at the musters and view to be taken should thanke himselfe if any thing fell out contrarie to his expectation Hereupon the Coronels first went out and after them the rest and now were all out but a few and Ereoâ—â—â—s stood at the Gates readie to shut them and put in the barre assoone as all were gone Anaxibius calling then the Coronels and Captaines to him said For prouision you may take it out of the Thracian Villages There shall you finde plentie of Barley and of Wheaâ— and other victuall After you are furnished march on to Cherronesus where Cynisous shall giue you your pay Some of the Souldiers ouer-heard these words or else some of the Captaines reported them to the Armie The Coronels asked Seuthes whether the Countrey were enemie or friend and whether they were to march ouer the holy Mountaine or in circle thorow the middest of Thrace During this conference the Souldiers snatching vp their Armes ran with full speed to the Gates minding to enter within the Wals. Etâ—onicus and those with him when they saw the armed come running shut the Gates and made fast the barre The Souldiers beat at the Gates crying they were extremely wronged thus to be thrust out to the enemie and threatned to breake the Gates asunder if they opened them not of their owne accord Other some ran along by the Sea side and climbed vp the wall by the great stones that were laid betwixt the Sea and the wall to breake the violence of the waues There were of the Souldiers that remained yet within the Citie who when they saw the stirre about the Gates cut asunder the barres with axes and set the Gates wide open Xenophon beholding what was done fearing left the Armie should fall to spoile and worke inestimable damage to the Citie to him and to themselues ran amongst the rest and in the crowd was carried within the Gates As soone as the Byzantians perceiued that the Armie had entred the Citie by force they fled out of the market-place some toward the ships some to their houses They that were within the Citie fled out and some put the Gallies afloat hoping to finde safetie in them All accounted themselues lost none otherwise than if the City had beene taken by the enemie Anaxibius fled to the Sea taking a Fisher-boat and recouered the Castle from whence out of hand he sent for succour to Chalcedon thinking the Garrison of the Castle insufficient to make the place good against the Armie The Souldiers when they saw Xenophon said to him Now ô Xenophon it is in your owne hands to make your selfe a man you haue a Citie you haue Gallies you haue riches you haue so many men now if you please you may doe vs good and we will make you great You say well quoth Xenophon and I will follow your counsell onely if this be your desire put your selues in order of battell without delay Both himselfe gaue this command and he willed the other Coronels to giue direction to imbattell the Souldiers thereby to still and appease the vproare They putting themselues in order the armed stood in short time fiftie deepe and the Peltasts ran to both wings The place was fit to embattell in called Thracium being void of houses and an euen plot of ground After they had laid downe their Armes and were still Xenophon called the army together and made this speech vnto them I maruell not ô Souldiers that you are angry thinke you haue cause of discontent in regard of the deceit that is vsed towards you But if we giue reines to our anger and seeke reuenge vpon the Lacedemonians that are present and put the Citie that is blamelesse to sacke cast in your mindes what will be the issue And what kinde of war this will be they may iudge that haue seene and remember the euents of things lately passed For we the Athenians entred into war against the Lacedemonians and their Allieâ— being owners of no lesse than foure hundred Gallies which were in part abroad in part in our Arsenall And albeit that the Citie had much riches and a yeerely reuenew arising from the Citizens and from strangers no lesse than 1000. talents and besides was mistresse of all the Ilands and possessed many Cities in Asia many in Europe and amongst the rest this Byzantium it selfe where we now are yet were we ouercome as you all know Now then what can we expect to befall vs the Lacedemonians and Achaeans being linked in societie and the Athenians and all their confederates that then were being of the partie Tissaphernes and the other Barbarians on the other side of the Sea our enemies and the great King most of all other whose kingdome we sought to bereaue him of and to take his life if we could All these things being so is any man so simple to conceiue that wee shâ—ll haue the vpper hand For Gods sake let vs not be franticke nor cast away our selues shamefully in becomming enemy to our fathers friends and kinsfolke For they liue
that as soone as they see vs they will gather together willingly This day so ended The next day Seuthes and Heraclides brought the Lacedemonians to the armie and the armie assembled together The Lacedemonians said Our City is resolued to make warre vpon Tissaphernes who hath wronged you If therefore you will goe with vs you shall both reuenge your selues vpon your enemy and also haue euery one of you a Daricke the month for your pay a Captaine twice a Coronell foure times as much The Souldiers gladly heard this newes and by and by there stood vp an Arcadian accusing Xenophon Seuthes remained there to heare what the issue would be and hee stood within hearing hauing an Interpreter with him albeit he also of himselfe vnderstood the most part of that which was spoken in Greeke Then the Arcadian said We ô Lacedemonians had beene with you long agoe if by Xenophons perswasion we had not beene brought hither where lying in the field this sore Winter we neither night nor day haue taken rest He in the meane time hath the fruit of our labour Seâ—thes hath priuately made him rich and defrauded vs of our pay So that if I that speake first If I said he might see him stoned to death and punished for leading vs into this countrey I should account my selfe satisfied of my pay and not be grieued hereafter with any thing that is past After him stood vp another and then another Hereupon Xenophon spake thus What may not a man expect when I am accused by you of that wherein my conscience witnesseth with me that I haue beene most desirous to doe you good I was now returning home when hearing that it was not well with you nay rather that you were brought to all extremitie I returned to doe you seruice and to assist you in any thing I could After my comming Seuthes sending many messengers vnto me and promising many things in case I perswaded you to come vnto him you know I refused and led you thither from whence I thought you might with most facilitie be transported into Asia For I held it the best course and knew you most desired it But when Aristarchus with his Gallies intercepted our passage I thereupon called you together as it was needfull to consult what was to be done You would not then heare Aristarchus that commanded you to march into Cherronesus but yeelded to Seuthes that desired to entertaine you and it was not one but all of you that desired to goe with Seuthes and all of you made the decree Say then wherein I haue wronged you hauing led you to the place whither you all desired to goe But when Seuthes began to defraud you of your pay if I then commended him or allowed of his dealing you haue good cause to accuse hate me But if before that time I was most in his fauour and now furthest out is it right that preferring you before him you should accuse me for that which is the cause that he and I are at difference But you will say now I haue gotten from Seuthes that which was yours I may cast a faire colour before your eies Is it not then manifest that if Seuthes haue giuen me any thing he hath so giuen it that hee meant not to lose it and yet pay you your due I should thinke that in bestowing on me the lesse his purpose was to hold the greater from you If your opinion be such you may if you please make the negotiation betwixt him and me void by demanding your pay For it is plaine that if I haue beene bribed he will demand the bribe againe in case I performe not the contract But my conscience telleth me that I am farre from intercepting any thing of yours For I sweare vnto you by all the gods and the goddesses that Seuthes hath not performed to me that he promised me for mine owne particular Hee is present and heares and knowes whether I forsweare my selfe or no. And that you may maruell the more I haue not receiued so much as other Coronels nor so much as some Captaines And why haue I done this Mine opinion was the more I suffered pouertie with him the more he would be my friend when his abilitie was greater Now I both see him in prosperitie and know what disposition he is of Some will say Shame you not to be so childishly deceiued Truly I should be ashamed if I were ouer-reached by an enemie But it is more shame for a friend to deceiue than to be deceiued And if there be any caution to be vsed toward a friend I know you all haue carefully endeuoured not to giue occasion of withholding from you that which he hath promised you We haue neither wronged him in any thing nor fore-slowed his affaires nor for feare left any thing vndone that he hath commanded But you will say assurance that he should not deceiue though he would was then to be taken Heare I pray you that which I would neuer say against him were not you too vniust and vnthankfull toward me For you may remember in what case you were when I led you to Seuthes If you were disposed to goe into Perinthus did not Aristarchus the Lacedemonian shut the gates against you and keepe you out of the Citie Encamped you not in the field Was it not the middest of Winter The market you had how was it furnished What monie had you wherewith to buy You must remaine in Thrace for the Gallies lay at anchor forbidding your transport Remaining there you must be in the enemies countrie where there were many Horse and Peltasts You had armed Foot indeed with which approching the village wee might haue seised vpon corne though not much but chace we could not giue nor take slaues nor cattle For I was with you and neither saw many Horse nor Peltasts In this necessitie if I ioined Seâ—thes vnto you who had both Horse and Peltasts when you wanted both had I not deserued well albeit I had procured you no pay For after you were assisted with them found you not more plentie of come in the villages because the Thracians were driuen to a speedie flight And you failed not of captiues and cattle nor saw we an enemie since we had Horse whereas before he followed vs boldly with Horse and Peltasts and suffered vs not to disperse in little troopes or to take prouision in any quantitie If therefore he that wrought this securitie for you had added no pay vnto it this would haue beene the greatest wrong you had suffered and for this were he in your iudgement vnworthy to liue But now how depart you Spent you not the Winter in plentie of all things And for ouer-plus had you not that which was giuen you by Seuthes You haue all this while liued vpon the enemie and neither seene any of the Armie slaine nor miscarrying aliue Besides if you haue done any thing praise-worthy against the Barbarians in Asia you