Selected quad for the lemma: enemy_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
enemy_n	city_n	great_a	siege_n	1,089	5	8.9397	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A11863	Honor military, and ciuill contained in foure bookes. Viz. 1. Iustice, and iurisdiction military. 2. Knighthood in generall, and particular. 3. Combats for life, and triumph. 4. Precedencie of great estates, and others.	Segar, William, Sir, d. 1633.; Rogers, William, b. ca. 1545, engraver.	1602 (1602)	STC 22164; ESTC S116891	203,415	258

the second then Pope sent vnto the Captaines a white Crosse with commandement that all the souldiers should weare the like calling that enterprise La cruciata It is sayd that the Christians as such time as this warre was proclaimed in Cleirmont a citie of Auergna indeuoured themselues vniuersally to animate the souldiers and ioyned in generall prayer for their good successe giuing them meat apparel and furniture vnasked or required Moreouer those that were indebted were forgiuen and such as had beene banished were pardoned The women also contrary to their custome willingly and with much ioy consented their husbands and sonnes should passe in this enterprise and for their furniture gaue them their Iewels Chaines and money The French King likewise sent them great treasure and gaue priuiledges to the souldiers lands and wiues in their husbands absence And many great Princes and other Lords sold and impawned their Patrimonies to further this action So as the Armie assembled for this holy enterprise amounted vnto three hundred thousand footmen and one hundred thousand horse who presently marched towards Constantinople where they passed the Strait called Bosphoro Thracio landed at Calcedonia For the first enterprise they besieged Nicea in Bithynia which within fiftie dayes was yeelded and the fouth of Iuly at the foote of certaine mountaines neere vnto that citie the Christians fought a battell with a Turkish Armie which in number exceeded ours and thereat was present Solyman the Emperour of Turkie but the Christians had victory with the losse of two thousand men of the Enemies were slaine fourtie thousand This victorie gained the Christians following their enterprise within short time wonne an hundred cities and townes of accompt and among them the great Antiochia before which they begun the siege the twentieth of October and tooke it the last of May following where they found Corbona King of Persia and Cassiano Lord of Antioch Neere vnto that place in one other conflict were slaine more then one hundred thousand Turkes with the losse of foure thousand of ours The cause of this victory was in that time of superstition imputed to the vertue of a bloody Lance found in Antiochia which they supposed to bee a speare wherewith Christ was wounded on the Crosse. It was also sayd that the Turkes did see or imagine another great Armie comming against them from the mountaines conducted by three Captaines mounted vpon three white horses the beholding wherof occasioned their flight This victory being had a Nauie arriued from Genoa and from Venice Also with them came certaine ships conducted by one Vymer of Bullein in Picardie a notable Pirate who repenting his former like determined to follow that honourable Action The Christian forces thus increased they marched towards Ierusalem and besieged it notwithstanding the city was of great force yet by Gods helpe and the valorous aduenture of the Christians it was assaulted and in the end yeelded Anno 1099. This Citie thus conquered the sayd Peter as the chiefe procurer of the enterprise was highly honoured and Godfrey Duke of Lorayn elected King of the Holy land But to returne to the Original of these Knights I say that somewhat before the Christians conquered the Citie of Ierusalem they had obteined of the Saracens leaue to dwell neere vnto the Sepulchre of Christ and there builded an house calling it the Hospital of Christians whither all other Christians dayly resorted After that the number of Christians increasing they builded another houses for women calling it S. Mary Magadelens And at length they made a third house calling it S. Iohn Baptists where for the keeping of good order they appointed an officer whom they called Rector Some time after was elected to that fellowship a gouernour called Gerardus who commanded that he with al others of that house should weare a white Crosse vpon a blacke garment which was the originall of the Order and euer since hath bene vsed Afterwards one other Rector or great Master was elected whose name was Raimondus to whom authority was giuen that he should gouerne and command all Knights of this Order where soeuer they were dispersed Many yeeres after these Knights conquered the Isle of Rhodes holden by the Turkes Anno 1308. which was the cause they were commonly called Knights and diuers princes seeing them martially inclined gaue vnto them great lands and possessions and they became greatly esteemed for their seruice chiefly against the sayd Turkes and the Soldan king of Egypt and Ierusalem The sayd Isle of Rhodes during those Knights inhabited there was foure times assaulted yet by Gods helpe and the valiancie of the Knights it was defended Then Mahomet Otoman Emperour of Turkie Anno 1480. with an excessiue force of men and an hundred Saile of Galleys conducted by a Bassa borne in Greece descended of the rase of Paleologi sometime Emperors of Constantinople did besiege it but after 89 dayes of continuall batterie they were forced to abandon the enterprise and for their farewell in the last assault the Knights slew more then fourtie thousand Turkes But in the yeare 1523. in the moneth of Ianuarie the Turkes againe inuaded the Island and after three moneths Siege preuailed for the rest of Christendome neuer vouchsafed them either aide or reliefe Since the losse of Rhodes these Knights haue remained in the Island of Malta and often defended it against the enemies of Christendome but chiefly in the yeere 1565. The first erector of Statures and Rules for the gouernment of these Knights was the sayd Raymondus calling himselfe Raimondo di Poggio Seruo dipoueri di Christo e custode dello spidalle di San Giouanni Battista di Ierusalem No man might be receiued into this Knighthood vntill he had proued his gentilitie in presence of the great Master and other Knights Nor no man descended of a Moore a Iew or Mahometan might be admitted although he were the sonne of a Prince And euery Knight of this order was sworne to fight for the Christian faith doe Iustice defend the oppressed relieue the poore persecute the Mahometans vse vertue and protect Widowes and Orphanes Diuers other Articles there be but for that they are full of superstition I omit them CHAP. 21. Knights of Calatraua They were called Knights of Calatraua of the prouince and place where they were made and setled which was where anciently the chiefe Church of Templars had bene who not being of power sufficient to resist the Saracens were forced to yeeld the place vnto these Knights The habit of these Knights is a blacke garment and vpon it in the breast is set a red Crosse. These Knights haue also exceeding great possessions and many commandries in diuers places of Spaine Alphonsus Rex C●stili● Institut●r Ord. Rubri Balt●i vulgo de la banda dict Fol. 98. CHAP. 22. Knights of the Band. THis order was first erected by Alphonso King of Spaine sonne to Ferdinando and Queene Constanza in the yeere 1268. And to giue the said Knighthood reputation and honour

French king all souldiers were inhibited to goe from the Armie without License It was also the Romane vse that euery souldier did aske leaue of his Captaine and the Captaine to haue License of the Generall of horse or Captaine general before he departed from the Armie also during his absence to leaue a sufficient man to supplie the place and he himselfe to returne at the time prefixed which done he receiued his whole pay without diminution as though hee had neuer bene absent As touching the limitation of time and the number of souldiers who were licensed to be absent we reade that Scipio in the warre of Carthage gaue license vnto three hundred Sicilian souldiers and put three hundred other men to serue in their places and Francis the French king commanded that more then thirty horsemen should not be licensed to go from the Armie at one time and they not to be absent longer then three moneths vpon paine to be checked of their whole wages William Rufus King of England did inhibit souldiers and all other subiects of reputation to depart the land without leaue which is yet obserued It seemeth by Pol. Virg. that rather the hand of God then the King punished this attempt for he was there slaine in the battell And Polydor Virgil writeth that one Edward Wooduile chiefe gouernour of the Isle of Wight for going forth of the Realme without license was put to death vnder King Henrie the seuenth But Zeno the Emperour punishing that offence more mildely ordained that if any souldier were absent one whole yere without license he should be put after tenne if he were absent two yeres he should giue place to twenty if three yeres then to be vtterly discharged from the Armie at his returne thither Theodosius and Valentinianus in that case would not vtterly discharge them the Armie vntill foure yeeres absence was complete If any souldier were sent vnto a Prince to performe any seruice and at his returne did signifie such employment together with his diligence to returne in that case he ought be excused because his absence was by commandement and in seruice of the State not for his owne profit or priuate commoditie But who so for his owne particular affaires is licensed and assigned a day of returne in failing thereof he shall be reputed a loyterer or a fugitiue vnlesse he be deteined or otherwise iustly excused To conclude therefore we say that no souldier departing from his Ensigne without leaue can be excused nor his absence auowable but when the same is for seruice of the prince or common weale as Scoeuola in his militarie Ordinances hath written CHAP. 30. ¶ Of Ambassadours or Legats THe office of an Ambassador was by the Romanes accounted both honourable and sacred including as well power of commandement as dignitie Whensoeuer therfore any Ambassadour did come to Rome he was first brought vnto the Temple of Saturnus there to haue his name written before the Praefectiaerarij from thence he went to deliuer his legation vnto the Senate But first it ought be remembred that men meetest to be employed for Ambassadours are they indeed who are of most sagacitie and greatest skill how to discouer the counsels and designes of the enemy Scipio Africanus hauing occasion to send an ambassage to Syphax elected certaine Tribunes and Centurions and caused them to be basely apparelled Cato beholding certaine Ambassadors to be sent by the Senate to compound a peace betweene Nicomedes and Prusias the one of them had his headfull of skarres the second was impotent of his feet the third timersome said This Legation hath neither good head feet nor heart Ambassadours ought be in all countreys inuiolable in signe whereof they anciently caried about them the herbe Sagmen which we call Veruen to shewe they were sacred and that no man should dare to lay hold on them who so offred them violence was thought to haue done contrary to law of Nations Which moued Publius Mutius to command that whosoeuer did strike an Ambassadour should be deliuered vnto that enemy from whome the Ambassadour was sent And though the enemy receiued him not yet should he remaine an exile as if he were interdicted from fire and water according to the sentence of Publius Mutius Yet doe we read that Dioscorides and Scrapion Ambassadors sent from Caesar to Achillas so soone as they came within his sight and before he heard them or for what affaires they were sent commanded them to be taken and slaine Caesar likewise sent Marcus Valerius Porcillus vnto king Ariouistus who being there arriued was presently taken and put into prison notwithstanding he were a young man of great vertue and curtesie Likewise Comius Attrebas being sent by Caesar into Britane was cast into prison by the Britanes Laërtes Tolumnius king of Vients did ●lea foure Ambassadours of Rome whose portraitures remained long in the market place Such honour the Romanes vsed to giue vnto those men that dyed for their country Alexander the Great besieging a Citie called Tyrus sent Ambassadours vnto the inhabitants thereof who contrary to the lawe of Nations slewe them and from an high tower cast downe their bodies CHAP. 31. ¶ Of prisoners taken by the enemie WHo so is taken in the warre ought by the law of Nations to be reputed a lawfull prisoner yet if afterwards hee escape and returne home he recouereth his former estate They that are thus taken were by the Romanes called Serui quod seruantur as much to say as being taken they ought be kept not killed whereof may bee inferred it is vnlawfull to kill a man hauing yeelded himselfe because that acte is inhumane and all great Captaines haue forbidden it according to the saying of Horace Vendere cum possis captiuum occidere noli Herein also wee are to follow the example of ancient Princes and chiefe commanders in warre Alexander the Great tooke to wife Roxanes whom he had taken prisoner in the warre Henry the seuenth king of England hauing taken Lambert a king of Ireland together with his schoolemaster pardoned both their liues the one because he was a childe the other a person Ecclesiasticall and dedicated to God so sayth Polydor Virgil. Romulus made a law that cities taken by warre should not be vtterly demolished nor all beasts in the field slaine but setling there certaine Colonies they did participate of the commodities with the naturall people Yet true it is that some conquerors haue anciently vsed great crueltie For reade wee may that the Africans caused many Cathaginians their prisoners together with their Captaine Gestones to haue their hands cut off and their legs broken with a wheele Likewise Hasdrubal after Megarae was recouered from the Romanes caused their eyes their tongues secret parts to be torne with yron hookes he also cut off their fingers and flayed their bodies and before they were dead hung them vpon the walles We may also here remember the terrible custome of the Thuliti who vsed to

the soldiers should receiue pay out of the common treasurie for saith he vntill that time euery man prouided for himselfe Howsoeuer these payments began sure it is as Thucydides writeth that in the warre of Peloponesus to euery footman two drachmae was daily giuen which in the moneth amounted vnto 60. How that pay may be compared to ours or the entertainement of souldiers in this part of Europe I know not Omitting therfore to say more therof let vs see how those payes were anciently bestowed Antoninus the Emperor decreed that in his reigne no wages nor donatiue should be giuen to any souldier for the time he did remaine with the enemie although at his returne he were allowed Postliminium It therefore seemeth strange that Modestinus holdeth that if a souldier taken by the enemy and hauing serued his full time doe returne home he ought not to be intreated as an old souldier and receiue reward as an Emeritus Whereunto Arrius Menander in his booke de re Militari assenteth yet here is to be noted that to receiue a donatiue and to receiue wages are diuers For Donatiues are bestowed onely on those men that haue performed their full time of seruice and called Emeriti but wages or ordinarie pay is due as a yeerely or monethly entertainement To me therefore it seemeth not necessarie that donatiues should be giuen vnto any man being a prisoner nor that he can challenge pay to be due during his absence vnlesse the same be granted by speciall grace and fauour of the Prince For who so is a prisoner in the enemies hand may be reputed a dead man and who can say a dead man deserueth pay Moreouer as he who without lawfull leaue absenteth himselfe ought to be checked so those souldiers that are slouthfull or lazie doe woorthily merite to lose their wages according to the censure of Antoninus Pius the Emperour saying That nothing was more vnreasonable then slouthfull folke to deuoure the common weale when by their labour they did not encrease the commoditie thereof Yet reason it is that sicke men should receiue their pay because they are supposed to serue although they be by want of health impeached neither ought they be abridged of pay that are imployed in their owne particular affaires so long as they depart not from the Armie nor the seruice receiueth preiudice CHAP. 19. ¶ Restitution of Souldiers goods THe Romanes and other free people made Lawes whereby such lands or goods as were taken from them by the enemy should be restored For what is lost in the warre or by meane of the warre the same was redeliuered vnto the owner by force of the said Law called Postliminij ius and it seemeth a course of naturall equitie that whatsoeuer hath bene taken and kept by force in absence the same should bee restored vnto the owner when he returneth As therefore by going out of our confines a man looseth his lands and goods so by entring againe hee may claime his owne This grace is granted not onely vnto men able for fight but also to all others that with counsell seruice or otherwise may stand the State in stead Likewise if a sonne be taken by the enemy and during his imprisonment the father dieth he may at his returne home enter into the possessions of the father Or if a mother were taken and her sonne yet vnborne in her body when he is borne he may be ransomed for the prise of one souldier and returne to the lands hee is to inherit yet true it is that freemen may not enioy the benefit of this Law vnlesse they returne with intention to abide in their countrey which was the reason that Attilius Regulus could not be admitted to receiue his owne hauing sworne to go againe vnto Carthage and not continue at Rome The same titles also haue they that bee owners of great ships and Galleys fit for the warre but Fishers and watermen are denied that aduantage because their vessels are made onely for profit or pleasure and not for the warre Neither may any fugitiue receiue this fauour for he that leaueth his countrey with intent to do euill or become a traitour must be accounted among the number of enemies But if a man doe goe vnto another countrey that is in league with vs and then returne albeit that countrey be distant from ours he shall not need to be restored by vertue of this Law but enioy his owne as if he had neuer gone from home Yet true it is that sometimes in peace a man may claime the benefit of Postliminium as when a freeman is deteined by force and made a captiue yet can hee not be said taken by the enemy because those violences which are vsed before the warre is published are not properly called actions of the warre though the difference seemeth small when they take from vs and we from them But if a captiue doe flee from vs and returne he shal not be allowed Postliminium Whoso is taken prisoner during his absence may be reputed as dead for so the law doth account him which reason percase mooued Caius Cotta returned home frō prison to say he was twise borne But here is to be remembred that no prisoner returned can by the lawe of Postliminium receiue wages or donatiue for the time of absence vnlesse it be by grace If a Citizen of Rome did goe from the Citie without licence of the Senate vnlesse he were taken by the enemy he lost the priuiledges of Rome but being taken and returned hee might recouer his citie and libertie It was also decreed by the Romanes that if a father or the people did giue or sell a man and the enemy receiue him he might not after be allowed Postliminium but if the gift were not accepted then he might because there is no giuer where a receiuer wanteth CHAP. 20. ¶ Of Donatiues or Rewards THe ancient Emperours and before them the Consuls and other commanders in the warre had in vse to bestow vpon Captaines and Souldiers certaine giftes to encourage them to serue well Those great Magistrates did also vse after or before any action of much importance to assemble their armie and then selecting out of the whole number some fewe men of most merite did giue vnto them notable commendation They likewise vsed to bestow a launce or sword vpon him that had wounded an enemie or some such weapon To him that had vnhorsed or spoiled an enemie if he were a footeman was giuen a pot of gold or other piece of plate If hee were a horseman he receiued an ornament or fauour to be set on his crest Hee that mounted first vpon the wall of an enemies towne receiued a crowne of gold These donations or fauours did not only encourage men to valour but also made them much honoured at home for besides glory and fame they were also receiued into their countreys with much pompe and applause which incited others to attempt the like Octauius Caesar after the Philippian

sacrifice the bodies of men taken in warre as an oblation to the gods most acceptable Howsoeuer these people handled the matter it is no doubt lawfull for men that are victorious peaceably to rule and command those that are victored And Ariouistus answering Caesar sayd that the people of Rome vsed to command nations conquered according to their owne discretion not the d●rection of others Who so therfore falleth into the hands of an enemy becommeth his captiue neither can he be owner of any thing when he himselfe is possessed by another This only remaineth that in him there resteth a right and title to his owne notwithstanding possession be lost Here we may also remember that all places taken by the enemy doe cease to be sacred or religious yet being deliuered from that calamity they returne to their former estate Iure postliminio Therefore seeing the graues of the enemy are not to vs sacred the violation of them do beare no action CHAP. 32. Of rescuing and ransome of Prisoners IF any souldier be taken and by aide of others rescued he ought not remaine prisoner to the rescuers but shall forthwith be restored to liberty and enioy his former estate for souldiers must be defenders of fellowes in Armes not their masters Likewise if any stranger do redeeme a prisoner from the enemy the souldier redeemed shall not be accounted the strangers prisoner but remaine with him as a pledge vntill the ransome be paid for so was it decreed by Gordianus the Emperour If a woman prisoner be redeemed from the enemy and marieth with him that redeemeth her in that case she and her children shall be discharged both of bondage and paiment of money If any man shall redeeme a prisoner taken by the enemy the prisoner is forthwith at liberty and the redeemer shall be compelled to accept the price offered without further question If a man contracteth marriage with a woman his prisoner hee shall be iudged to haue forgiuen her ransome Yet if a dishonest woman redeeme her daughter from the enemie and knowing her to be honest shall deliuer her to be dishonoured and the daughter to preserue her chastity fleeth to her father in that case the mother maketh her selfe vnworthy to receiue the prize in respect of her lewd intention and the daughter shal be restored freely to her liberty This is also a rule generall that a freeman taken by the enemy and redeemed so soone as his ransome be paid or his body by other meane set at liberty he thereby recouereth his former estate in the meane space although the ransome is not fully satisfied yet may he challenge his right of succession so as thereby hee shall in time be able to discharge the debt Moreouer if he who redeemeth a prisoner shall remit the bondage of his pawne yet is not the redeemed at libertie from his redeemer albeit he be restored to that freedome which formerly he had lost but hee shall not be compelled to doe seruice vnto the children of the redeemer The first beginning to giue ransome for redeeming of captiue Souldiers was after the defeate of Canna at which time Hannibal did grant leaue that the Romanes might ransome themselues The price then of a horseman was fiue hundred pieces of money a footman three hundred and for a seruant one hundred And if any moneys or other goods were left in deposito or giuen to redeeme a captiue they might be lawfully demanded during an hundred yeeres after Neither ought it be thought strange that a part or an whole inheritance belonging vnto a captiue and left vnto persons vnknowne ought be bestowed to redeeme him For heretofore the Emperours moued with pitie and compassion of poore Souldiers misaduentures haue by Law decreed that an whole inheritance may be giuen to ransome captiues because nothing should be withholden from redeeming men that haue endured the fortune of warre in defence of our countrey CHAP. 33. ¶ Of Enemies WE properly call those people enemies that publiquely do make warre vpon vs or against whom we make warre yet theeues and robbers cannot be named enemies neither may they be reputed captiues that are taken or kept by theeues and being set at liberty shall not need to be restored by Postliminium But who so is taken in the warre is a prisoner vnto his taker and being set at libertie by the Law of Postliminium shall recouer his former estate The people that moued warre against the Romanes were euer thereunto mooued either by ambition as the Parthians or by desire of libertie as the Germans by whom at length the Romane Empire was subuerted The Athenians vsed to contend with some enemies for victory but with the Barbarians they fought vntill death because they were reputed their greatest enemies to whom if any man did giue aide or meanes to spoyle the countrey he was burned aliue if he sold any port or hauen he deserued losse of life and he that furnished the enemy with hay or come was likewise capitally punished The Romanes would not receiue conditions from any enemy being in Armes because as Quintus Cicero said an enemie ought with hands and feete to be repulsed In Macedon a Law there was that whosoeuer did returne from the warre and had not slaine an enemie should be strangled with a cord The Scythians had an vse that at solemne feastes no man should drinke of the great cup which was caried about vnlesse he had slaine an enemy The Iberi had a custome to set about the tombe of euery dead man so many Pyramids as he had slaine enemies The Persians made a Law that Explorators and spies in consideration of the dangers they indured should be mainteined by publique contribution And albeit the hate which enemies haue one towards the other be great yet the Indians in time of warre did refraine to vse force against Plowmen or molest them being reputed ministers of common vtility Pomponius writeth that in Rome it was not lawfull for any man to passe out of the City by other way then the gates for otherwise doing he should be reputed an enemy which was the cause that moued Romulus to kill his brother Remus when he climed vpon the wall yet was hee no enemy Howsoeuer that was Martianus affirmeth resolutely that wheresoeuer a fugetiue is found there may he lawfully be killed as an enemy yet is he not so called CHAP. 34. ¶ Of immunities Militarie ALbeit vnfit it were that souldiers discontinuing the warre whom we formerly called Emansores or other men newly entred into that profession should be protected or excused from payment of debts or otherwise priuiledged yet meet it is that men of long and loyall seruice should be in some sort borne with and fauoured In that case therefore diuers immunities haue bene anciently granted vnto souldiers of great seruice or good merit as appeareth by diuers decrees made by the Emperours Seuerus and Antoninus who dispensed with an execution awarded against one man called Marcellus commanding that his pay

fell to the ground after the Combattants did enter into the Lists aswell from the Challenger as the Defender But all the rest appertained to the partie victorious whether he were Challenger or Defender The Barres Posts Railes and euery other part of the Lists were also the fees of the Marshall Certaine Combats granted by the Kings of England EDmund of the race of West Saxons fought in Combat with Canutus King of Denmark for the possession of the Crowne of England In which fight both the Princes being weary by consent parted the land betwixt them Anno 1016. Robert Mountfort accused Henry of Essex of treason affirming that hee in a iourney toward Wales neere vnto Colshill threw away the Kings Standerd saying the King was dead and turned backe those that went to the Kings succour Henry denied the accusation so as the matter was to bee tried by Combat The place appointed for fight was a little Isle neere vnto Reding In this Combat Henry was vaquished and fell downe dead and at the sute of friends license was obteined that his body might be buried by the Monks of Reding But it happened that the said Henry recouered and became a Monke in that Abbey Anno 1163. In the raigne of King Henry the second Henry duke of Hereford accused Thomas Mowbray duke of Norfolke of certaine words by him spoken as they rode betweene London and Braineford tending vnto the Kings dishonour Thomas duke of Norfolke denied to haue spoken any such word but Henry affirming his accusation the King granted the Combat to be performed at Couentry the seuenth of September 1398. Anno Rich. 2. but the combat was not performed for th' one and th' other party was banished the Realme A combat was fought at Westminster in the Kings presence betweene Iohn Ansley Knight and Thomas Catrington Esquier whom the said Knight had accused of treason for selling the castle of S. Sauiours which the Lord Chandos had builded in the Isle of Constantine in France In which combat the Knight was victorious Anno 1374. Rich. 2. A combat was granted vnto an Esquier borne in Nauar to fight with an English Esquier called Iohn Welsh whom the Nauarrois accused of Treason But the true cause of the Nauarrois his malice was that the said Welsh had dishonoured his wife as being vanquished he confessed The King gaue sentence he should be drawne and hanged Anno 1344. Rich. 2. A combat was fought betweene sir Richard Wooduile and one other Knight borne in Spaine After the thirde blow giuen the King stayed the fight Anno 1441. Henrici 6. A combat was granted vnto Iohn Viscount borne in Cypres and Thomas de la Marsh Bastard sonne vnto Philip King of France in the raigne of king Edward the third at Westminster CHAP. 18. Of Triumphs Ancient and Moderne TRiumphs haue bene commonly vsed at the Inauguration and Coronation of Emperors Kings and Princes at their Mariages Entry of cities Enteruiewes Progresses and Funerals Those pompous shewes were first inuented and practised by the Romanes whom d●uers other Princes haue imitated though hard it was and happily impossible for any Prince to equal them in magnificence Yet reade we may that Xerxes Darius and Alexander the great were Princes of marueilous puissance and for triumphs admirable Howsoeuer those matters were handled certein it is that albeit our Princes of Europe in respect of Christian religion doe in some sort contemne excesse of Mundane glory yet haue they euer liued royally and at occasions triumphed with princely honour and greatnes according to the measure of their Empires as shall hereafter appeare But first we haue thought good to speake of Romane Triumphs and briefly to touch in what order they triumphed for to report them at large were a labour almost infinite CHAP. 19. Of Triumphes and their originall VArro saith That Princes and great Captaines being returned to Rome with victory were allowed to passe with their armie through the citie vnto the Capitall singing Io. Triumphe Io. Triumphe The first inuentour of Triumphes was Liber Pater as Pliny saith Yet certaine it is and so by lawe prouided that no man should be admitted to Triumph vnlesse he had vanquished full fiue thousand enemies Cato and Martius Tribunes of the people by law also decreed that who so vntruely reported the enterprize he had done should incurre punishement Therefore entring into the citie euery Triumpher did first come before the Questors and deliuer his actions in writing and sweare they were true It was likewise by law prouided and by custome also obserued that only for recouery of dominion no man should bee permitted to triumph Which was the cause that neither Publius Scipio for the recouery of Spaine not Marcus Marcellus for taking of Syracusa were suffered to triumph The first that imitated Liber Pater in triumphing was Titus Tatius when he triumphed for victory of the Sabini yet was that no full triumph but as they called it Ouante because his victorie was not great and without blood For the same reason the crowne he ware was made of Myrtel which euer after was the crowne of all Captains that triumphed for victories of meane reputation In that age also it was vnlawfull for any man to triumph vnlesse he were a Dictator a Consull or a Praetor Therefore L. Lentulus being Proconful although he had performed great seruices in Spaine yet was he not admitted to enter Rome but Ouante Afterwards Scipio most instantly required to triumph hauing deserued great glory but till that time no man without office had triumphed Likewise C. Manlius by the base people elected the first Dictator by their commandement also without allowance of the Patritij did triumph And Gneus Pompeius a Gentleman Romaine before he was of age to be Consull triumphed twise Another law or custome there was that no Captaine might triumph vntill he had brough backe the armie and therewith also deliuered the country of his charge quiet into the hand of his successour For Lucius Manlius the Consull hauing effected great victories in Spaine was in the Hall of Bellona denied to triumph because the countrey where he commanded was not in peace as Liuie reporteth CHAP. 20. The maner of triumphing and the habits of the Triumpher in Rome THe Prince or Captaine that triumphed was euer drawen in a chariot as appeareth by the Arke Triumphall of Titus and Vespatian and likewise by that of L. Verus Antoninus made of marble yet extant in Rome This Arke was drawen by foure white horses Others vsed in their chariots white Buls or Elephants As Pompei triumphing of Affrica had in his chariot Elephants onely But Caesar surpassing all others in pompe was drawen by forty Elephants and in the day time conducted to the Capitoll with torches when he triumphed ouer the Galli Some writers haue said that the Emperour Aurelianus was drawen with foure Harts or Stags and being come to the Capitoll he caused them all to be slaine and sacrificed to Iupiter Optimus Maximus