Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
enemy_n	city_n	great_a	siege_n	1,089	5	8.9397	5	false

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A09851	The preceptes of warre, setforth [sic] by Iames the erle of Purlilia, and tra[n]slated into englysh by Peter Betham; De rei militari. English	Porcia, Jacopo di, conte, 15th cent.; Betham, Peter.	1544 (1544)	STC 20116; ESTC S114959	68,223	210

done 18. To kepe thy frendes 19. Of quycknesse in battayle 20. Of the arraye to be kepte 21. Of a lytle multitude in a cytie 22. Of the hope and trust of sedicion 23. What is to be done in tyme of peace 24. Of fayned rumours 25. Of the offyce of the capitayne 26. To knowe whether a citie is thy frende or no. 27. Of coÌ„fidence assured hope in battayl 28 Of the situation of the citie to be searched and knowen by y e capitayne him selfe 29. Of libertie to be kept and encreased of all men 30. Of the doubtfull commyng of thyne enemyes 31. When the arraye of thyne ennemyes is troubled and out of ordre 32. Howe to make thyne Armye stronge and lustye 33. A pollicie to be vsed when thy men do for sake the. 34. To searche and boult out the counsayl of thyne enemyes 35. Of them that be besyeged 36. What is to be done whan two hostes do vexe and pursue the. 37. A crafte policie to take a cytye 38. A policie to encrease thyne armye wythoute great charges 39. Of an healthsome lawe to be made in the citye 40 Of excesse to ben eschewed 41. Of wantonnes to be cast of in welth 42. To throwe downe villages and castels vndefensed 43. Howe to pourchace frendes and to kepe the same 44. To abydesyege 45 Whan it is mete to fyght by eruption 46. To interclude y e passage of our enemyes by fyer 47. A policie to stoppe the flyeng of our ennemyes 48 Howe syege is to be layed to cities and castels and of them that be besyeged 49. To auoyde and escape traynes 50. Of hostages and pledges rather to be taken than to fyght in open battayle 51. To stoppe an hauen 52. To make hydde and false dyches to betraye thyne enemyes 53. To passe ouer a water wyth an army 54. To knowe whether thyne enemyes ben afrayde 55. To constrayne thyne ennemyes to fyght in open battayle and to come to handy strokes 56. A policie to flye 57. Whan thyne ennemyes snatche vp and destroye the laste warde 58. Of the notable falshod of the barbarouse people 59. When fewe muste make battayle wyth many 60 The offyce of the capitayne 61. To forbere holye thynges 62. Of the capytaynes liberalitye whan the battayle is wonne 63. Of reproche to ben eschewed 64. Of the capitayns offyce in ioynyng of y e battayle 65. Howe to entreate thyne enemyes the victorye obteyned 66. To kepe leage promysse of peace wyth our enemyes 67. Of the capitaynes office in accomplysshynge all thynges 68. Whan thyne enemyes armye prepareth passage ouer any water 69. Whan thy souldyours be astonysshed fearefull 70. Whan scarsitie of vytayles is amonge oure enemies 71. Battayle is not to be begonne but of necessitie and constraynte 72. To refrayne froÌ„ battayle before we haue deuised and layde our traynes 73. What is to be done that oure ennemyes maye be perswaded theyr capitayne to be slayne 74. To kepe whole and saufe territories and townes 75. That thyne armye is to be lodged kept in the marches of thyne enemyes 76. What is to be done whan in wynter we muste fyght 77 Of pleasures to ben eschewed of the capitayne and the hoste 78 To chose a place to fyghte in whan the sonne and the duste maye be noysome to thyne ennemyes and in theyr eyes 79 Of tyme not to be looste and vaynely spente 80. â— Of good and euell doynges semblable to be rewarded as punyshed 81. What is to be done wheÌ„ thy men be light and spedye 82. That examples do helpe to encowerage souldyours 83. That nothynge be done agaynst the capitayns commaundement 84. To restrayne thy souldiours somtyme 85 It is not tyme to fyght whan thyne enemyes doo despayre and be carelesse of theyr lyfe 86. What is to be done whan we mystruste oure souldyours to ben afrayde of the sowne of gonnes and noyse of them that wayle 87. What is to be done whan thyne ennemyes are moste parte archers 88. What is to be done before the syege of a citye 89. Of rasshenes to ben eschewed of a capitayne 90. A policie to take the fotemen 91. A policie to defeate and disapoynte the gunners that they stande in no steade and vse 92. Of the offyce of the capytayne iÌ„ ordryng the affayres of hys armye 93. To refrayne aswell from the empyre as from the treasures after y e victorye 95. To constrayne thy souldyers to fyght 96 To tame fyerce people 97. To dissemble retreate 98. Of exercyse 99. What is to be done whan our ennemyes be conquered 100 WhaÌ„ fewe must fyght agaynst many 101 Whan thy souldyours must sleape 102. To brynge suspicion of treason emonge thyne enemyes 103. Of outewarde helpe that be suspiciouse warely to be receyued 104. Of discention to be aswaged and appeased 105. What tyme townes and cities may be despoyled and taken 106 Howe muche the presence of the graunde capitayne dothe profyt 107. Of the multitude of enemyes 108. Of our enemyes that be humble and tractable 109. Â¶ Of daungerfulle and peryllouse battayle 110. It is mete for young men in theyr youth to practise martial feates 111. To encrease the noumbre of thyne ennemyes by a rumour 112 To preuent the wyles and traynes of a noble prince 113. Of them that haue longe heare and long berdes 114. Before we laye syege to cities good it is to possesse the vplande fyeldes 115. Of men wounded and kylled to be conueyed priuilye out of the way 116. Of the requestes of lowe and humble per sonages to be herde 117 To vse cruelnes in the begynnyng of the warres 118. Howe to kepe thy kyndome by boldenes and couragyousnes 119 Of chastitye in warre 120 Of cauillations to ben experiensed in ieo perdies by capitaynes 121. Of souldyers that do saye euyll by theyr capitayne 122. Wyth what thynges thy souldyours are to be encouraged 223. To pourchace the fauoure of a straunge countrey 124. A capytayne muste be liberall and therewyth praysynge the stoutenes of hys men 125. What is to be doone whan eruption is feared 126. What is to be done of the capitayn whaÌ„ hys armye is in extreme peryll and daÌ„ger 127 Wyth what thynge the mynde of the coÌ„ mynaltye is gotten 128. Of the fashion to sende letters 129. Howe to allure thyne enemyes to slyppe awaye and fayle theyr capitaynes 130. Of the badgeys of the souldiours 131. Of kynges and other princes that kepe not theyr faythe 132. Of the vyle condition of the coÌ„mon people 133. Of a certayne kynde of defence 134. Of the swetenes of aduauntage 135. Of a troublesome vnruly multitude 136 Of the dutye of a good capytayne 137. In a newe rendre 138. Of the punysshemente of the capytayne whyche forsaketh hys men 139 To abstayn from robbyng of teÌ„ples 140 To pursue thyne enemyes in y e chase 141. To dissemble retreate feare 142. What is to be done whan great ieoperdies ar to ben vndertaken 143. To abstayne from treason 144. Of

the sagenesse and eloquence of the capitayne in his orations 145. To refrayne from spoyle and pyllage before thine enemies be wholy subdued 146 To refrayne from burnyng 147. Of aide and succoure to be sende to thy neyghbours abbordryng on the. 148. What it is to do some valiaunt act in the syght and face of thyne enemyes 149. Of a lytle power not to be coÌ„temned 150. Of slouthfulness to be eschued of the capitayne and all other 151. To viewe and knowe the countryes before thou cary thyne armye there 152. Of the encrease of thyne empyre 153 The conditions of the capitayne 154. what is to be done iÌ„ y e besiege of cities 155 A pollicye to knowe yf thy souldyours be faythfull 156. Of the great and huge coueytousnesse of the barbarous people 157. Howe to carye an armye ouer a water thyne enemyes resystyng 158. The coÌ„fortable wordes of the capitayne when his souldyours be in despayre 159. Of thy souldiours worshypfully to be buryed 160. WheÌ„ y e power of thyne enemyes is moch stronger what is then to be done 161. Of hostages 162. To stint y e wepiges scrikes of womeÌ„ 163 To hyde and couer the slaughter 164. To pacifye a stronge and valyaunt warryour which is displeased 165. Wages ar not to be eraued when y e treasures be spent and wasted 166. To passe by lytle thinges y t be harde 167. what is to be done of y e chefecapitaiÌ„s 168 To kepe the possessyon of the thyng ones gotten 169. Of the nature and condition of the common people 170. Of a muititude of guÌ„ners and crossebow shoters 171. what is to be done when the walles be beaten downe 172. what is to be done in y e slackig of cities 173 To set vpon the campe of thyne enemyes not warely kepte 174. what is to be done in slow slak siege 175 Of title thynges not to be despysed 176. Of warre on the see 177. Of great perilles scaped and auoyded by rashnesse and foolehardynesse 178. Of a certayne kynde of defence 179. where thyne enemies pÌ„uayl iÌ„ horsmeÌ„ 180 To rayse the siege of any cytie 181. Of cyties yeldyng them selues 182 How necessary warly connyng is to souldyours 183. Great victories ben atchieued with fewe and expert souldyours 184. Of yonge men to be chosen 185. what men they shulde be to whome y e kepyng of couÌ„tries cities is coÌ„mytted 186. Of the maner of fyghtynge 187. In what places best it is to lodge thyne armye 188. Howe to make stronge thy campe w t fortresses thyne enemies assaultyng the. 189. To take our subiectes rather then strauÌ„gers for souldyours 190. What is to be done in the assemble and takyng of souldyours 191. To kepe thyne armye healthfull 192. what is to be done when waters can not be auoyded 193. To chastice and agrieue thyne enemyes hoste 194. To knowe yf any spyes lurke among thy souldyours 195. To kepe close thy counsayles 196. The oration of the capitayne to his hoste when they be marchyngforth to fight 197 To take thyne enemyes by wiles 198. what is to be done with captyues and prisoners 199. To fynde swete water and fresh 1000. Of nyght battayle 1001. Of the dutye of the capitayne in exercysyng hys souldyours 1002. Of the dutye of the graunde capitaynes in battayle 1003. Of the foretokeÌ„ and figne of battayl 1004. Â¶ The Chapiters of the seconde boke The proeme of the seconde boke vnto the lawes of warre 1. Of them that yelde theyr selues to theyr enemyes 2. Of an outstrayer 3. Of a spye or outryder 4. Of ronneawayes and landleapers 5. Of them that lose theyr harneys 6. Of them that do thynges prohybyted kepe not the lawes and decrees proclaymed 7. Of them that rayse vp sedition 8. Of a legion reculynge 9 Of banysshed personages 10. Of hym that is sendforth lyke a slaue 11. Of them that be iudged to dye 12 Of theÌ„ y t steale y e youth of chyualdry 13. Of hym y t maymeth a yong souldyer 14. Of hym that leaueth hys companye 15. Of them that rebell 16. Of disobedience and sturdines 17 Of hym that fleeth 18. Of spyes and scowtewatches 19. Of hym that woundeth hys felowe 20. Of runawayes and traytours 21. In what places the souldiours shall be forbydden to bye vytayles 22. Of them that leaue nyght watche 23. Of them that scape out of prison 24. Of a ronneagate and strydelande 25. Of y e tyme apoynted by y e capitayne 26. Of a disturber of the peace 27. WheÌ„ thy souldiers be iÌ„ theyr iourney 28. Of them y t skater owt of the coÌ„pany 29. Of a captyne 30. Of them that forsake the capitayne 31. Of gonners on horsebacke 32. Of gonnes called serpentines w t other 33 Of a profitable defence of the campe 34. To gyue thankes and prayse to god after the victorye 35. Whether it be lawful for christen men to make and styrvp battayle 36. They that go on warfare do leaue theyâ— iewels at home 37. To make the water noysome vnhealthsome to thyne enemyes 38 In what place y e battel is be to fought 39 To kepe the citye besyeged in faythe and constancie 40. To scape oute of a narrow place 41. Of bowes 42. Of y e outragious assaulte of thyne ennemyes 43. To forsee the place rounde abowt where battayle shall be 44 To setvpon thyne enemyes in theyr iourneye 45. What is to be done whan oure enemyes ouermatche vs in force 46. What is to be done whan we do fyghte in straytes 47. Of ouer muche confidence 48. Of the capitaines commaundement that no man take any prysoner 48. Not to depart froÌ„ the place apoynted 50 That the teÌ„tes be not left vndefensed 51. Of thyne enemyes fallynge in variaunce and stryfe 52 Let thy men be readye in harneys thyne ennemyes lyenge at hande 53. Of the besyege of cytyes 54. To make brydges wyth ropes 55. To reuenge our damages wyth lyke annoyaunce 56. Howe to conuaye the battayle from one place to an other 57 To relyue the scarsenes of water 58. To recouer cities and townes lost 59. What is to be done whan thow art ouer matched 60. To sette fyer on thyne ennemyes pauilyous 61. what is to be done whaÌ„ we can not scape out of a place wyth our army 62. To make an assemble and shewe of horsmen in the face of thyne enemyes 63. To refrayne from the besyege of such cities whych haue dayly newe succour 64. What is moste expedyent for the chyefe capytayne to do at the fyrst entrye into countryes 65. what is to be done in the syege of bygge cities 66 what is to be done whan oure ennemyes spyes be taken 67. Not to haue one espye alwayes 68. To knowe the feare and cowardyse of thyne ennemyes 69. Of the duty of bolde stowte felows 70 To recouer y e heath of thy souldiours 71. A policie to deceyue and defraude our ennemyes 72 To get the fauour of our souldyours 73. To haue fyer to burne in water 74. what is to be done whan the capytaynes do not agree in one sentence 75 Of falshode to be reuenged 76. A waye to laye syege to cities on the sea syde 77. where we haue onlye well water 78. To chose a place to fyght in 79 To mocke our ennemyes 80. when thyne host is in great ieoperdy 81. what is to be done when thyne enemies be at hande 82. To prouyde that thyne armye may haue suffisaunce of vytayle 83. To prouoke thyne enemyes to fyghte in ioyned battayle 84. Finis Â¶ Imprynted at London in the olde Iewery by Edwarde Whytchurche Cum priuilegio ad imprimenduÌ„ soluÌ„ Â¶ These bookes are to be solde at the weste dore of Pauls by William Telotson Â¶ The youth of EnglaÌ„de doth vse in theyre playiÌ„ges a warrelike sport and reseble of bat tayl whiche is called England and ScotlaÌ„s

Chapters ensuynge I wyll note and shewe the maners and coÌ„dycyons of capitaynes 3. Â¶ Of sufferaunce in warre Manye thynges are to be suffered in warre which were to be loked on in the pleasaunt tyme of peace For it is not expedient out of hande to reuenge all iniuryes and displeasures But to differ the punyshment to the ende of the battayle dissemblyng suche iniurious dedes left at that tyme we purchase so many our enemyes y t we be not able to beare theyr malyce and force For it is a lyght thyng to styrre vp battayl but to leaue of with glorye and renoume is an harde thyng And lytle sparkes whych nothynge we regarde somtyme kendle a great fyre 4. Â¶ Of the stoute and valiaunt mynde of the captayne A prouideÌ„t capitayne and expert in the knowledge of warre wyll neuer rest neyther in hys victorye ne yet subdued but in all states wyll beare hym selfe moost stoutly by whych meanes his enemyes shall dreade hym whether he haue y e vpper hande or vanquished and shal think hym both there and away to worke and imagine theyr discomfiture Whereby it shall chaunce suche a valiaunt captayne eyther to purchase honest couenauntes of peace or elles prayseable victoryes of hys enemyes 5. Â¶ Of the siege and assaulte of a cytye All cyties and townes for the mooste parte be more wynable on the one syde then on the other Wherfore cause all y e trompettes to blowe vp on y t side which is better defenced whereby thyne enemyes called vp and feared by the noyse of the trompettes maye runne thyther leauyng the other syde of the citie which is vndefenced and so the assaulte shal be the hygher For vndoubtedly wyth lytle slaughter we may scale and clymbe vpoÌ„ the walles where fewe be leafte to defende and leest hede is taken Also a lytle nombre is despysed of many shortly ouercomen But thyne enemyes gladly wyll leaue the parte defenced yf that they se the weaker and vndefenced parte to be assaulted Wherfore my counsayle is to take the strongest parte of thyne at mye and assaulte the syde of the cytye defenced and so leest doubted although y e captayne maye vse his owne aduyse according to the situation of the place and nombre of hys enemyes 6. Â¶ Of a great army of our enemies When the nombre of thyne enemyes is great then my aduyse is to encrease thyne Armye with maryners and shypmen yf thy Nauye be nere at hande or els shortly to pike some newe bande and garison of men to match thyne enemies both in power noÌ„bre of soldyours For many ben a greate feare to fewe and the multitude of enemies wil dismay a litle armye But when sodeynly they shall se thyne Armye renewed and well furnysshed theyr braggyng courage shall fall and they wyll not matche ne auaunce forwarde wyth suche gladnesse as they wolde haue done yf thy nombre had contynued the same Wherfore an experte capitayne wyll remembre sparyng for no costes sodeynlye and at a tryse to renue hys Armye Wherby he may be eyther egall or exceade hys ennemyes in strength and nombre of souldyours 7 Â¶ Of the reproche of the capitayne that houseth his Armye in the somertyme That capytayne is worthye greate blame and sclaundre which lodgeth hys Armye in houses in somer tyme when y e feates of Armes and martiall affayers are chefely to be put in vre And what other thyng is it I sweare by Hercules when your soldyours take vp theyr lodgyng and abyde in wynter tyme then to make them vnmete to battayle and vnsufferable of all labour Therfore let the capitayne diligentlye prouyde that hys Armye do not sloudge in slouthfull ydlenesse but wonte themselues to dayly labour wherby they shal take all the tyme of warfare to be a game and sporte For what is more then custome whych causeth al intollerable and harde paynes to seme lyght easye and gentle 8. Â¶ To spye and searche a place to fight in The capitayne before that he ioyne in battayle or fall in handegrypes wyth hys enemyes ought to viewe wyth hys eyes whyche be sure and faythfull iudges the place where the fyght shalbe therby shortly he shall perceyue what is profytable for hym and what no how to set his men in aray and ordre his battayle and how to worke by pollicye and craft whether hys enemyes can worke any wyles or craftye sleyghtes agaynst hym But a wyse captayne wyll remembre that he do not cary hys hooste to the felde before that hys spyes and scoutewatches haue surelye knowen that hys enemyes do not lye in wayte but that all thynges be sure and faulfe 9. Â¶ Of the apparell of the capitayne The capitayne ought to be felowlyke in hys garmentes wherby he shall purchase the fauour of the coÌ„mons And declare hys humblenesse auoydynge the name of arrogancie But in his vertues let hym surmount all other For it becoÌ„meth hym that coueyteth to beare rule euen as he is hygher in dignitie and honour so to blemysshe all other wyth hys vertues gentle behauyou Otherwyse he is vnworthy to be called a capitayne whych is more blameworthye then his souldiours and whose doinges be moch worse 10. Â¶ To knowe the maner and coÌ„dicioÌ„s of thyne enemies before thou make battayl To fyght hande to hande w t thyne enemies except thou surely know theyr maners before is very daungerfull great damage therby may chauÌ„ce to thy army For a captayne experte in the knowlege of warre wyll neuer make battayle before he knowe the maners of hys enemies For howe manye dyuerse countryes there be so many dyuerse sortes of fyghtyng there be And agaynste euerychone dyuersely we must set our arraye and be stowe our strokes And so a prudeÌ„t capitayne wyll aduyse and hede wyth hym selfe the harneys horsemen and fotemeÌ„ of hys enemyes and besyde that wyl rekon wyth hymselfe what is to be done and what thynges ben expedient 11. Â¶ Of the Germaynes and Frenchemen When thou hast battayle wyth the Germaynes and Frenchemen prolonge the tyme before thou come to handestrypes For theyr bodyes be nesshe and vnpaynefull by hungre and thyrst moche weakened that for werynesse they can neyther stryke other men ne yet defende themselues And thus whom by streÌ„gth thou canst not ouercome by pollicye and crafte thou shalte subdue And by thys sleygth the soldyours of the East parte shall vanquyshe and destroye the Italious men both strong and better harnessed then they be 12. Â¶ Of sedicion to be appeased amonge an Armye When any trouble or sedicion is in thyne Armye the captayne ought wyth geÌ„tle and fayre wordes to mitigate and aswage the fierce hertes of the soldiours And when the contention is ones appeated to punysh the authours of that factious sedicion or els to seÌ„de them on some busynesse that the correction of a fewe maye be an example to manye wherby other therby feared wyll not be bolde to styre vp and nourysh suche tumultuous sedicion lest

they haue lyke punyshment 13. Â¶ Howe to viewe the Armye of thyne enemyes A capitayne whiche wolde viewe the campe of hys enemyes must feyne and desyre peace And vnder that pretence sende some of hys souldyours experte in warres to searche and aduise the campe of hys enemyes the wayes to theyr pauylyons and in what parte euery capitayne doth lodge and howe greate theyr power is Then by nyght he maye sette vpon them and easely gyue a noble vyctorye For it is a lyght thynge to put to flyght and slee men vnwares and halfe deed in wyne and slepe 14 Â¶ Of peace to be pÌ„ferred before battayl A wyse captayne wyll not forsake any couenauntes and conditions of peace whych maye turne to hys honoure and profyte although the mastrye be in hys handes Lest fortune which now appeareth gentle and fauourable hereafter shewe her selfe vnkynde and straunge he y t eueÌ„ now reioyseth as victour shortly after vanquished may wayle sorow 15. Â¶ Of trompettes and other clamours in an hoste When the hoste of thyne enemyes is nere good it is to coÌ„maunde al the fewellers to buylde theyr fyres the troÌ„pets blowe vp alarum al the host to make an outcrye and brefelye to fyll heauen and earth wyth the noyse and sounde of troÌ„pettes and make all on a rore wherwith thyne enemyes may be afrayed thy freÌ„des gladdened takyng exaÌ„ple of PoÌ„peiê° y t through ignoraunce warned al his soldiours pryuily to go w tout any brute or noyse makyng which thyng was the destruction of all hys hoste 16. Â¶ Of the rerewarde Let the capitayne set in the last warde good strong men For yf that parte be kept hole and saulfe y e rest of the Armye may be defended yea oftentymes the victorie by that warde is atcheued gotteÌ„ bycause when other wardes do faynt waxe feble in fyghtynge this fresh desyrous to graple w t their enemies fierselye wyll fyght and as souldiours pyked out of y e whole host wyll renewe y e battayl more gredely then the other before them be like to ouercom their enemies weried w t longe trauayl coÌ„tinuauÌ„ce of fyght 17. Â¶ Of great cyties Great ryche and welthy cities caÌ„ not stande long among them selues in peace excepte they haue some outwarde enemyes Wherfore suche cities whyche be enryched wyth greate lordshyppes and haue yerely newe maiestrates do ê“uyde to haue some outwarde enemyes leste in longe reste and ydlenesse they growe to great rychesse and houge possessyons wherof all thynges that bene yll yssue and spryng When Carthage dyd with stande the people of Rome then thempyre dyd florysshe But when that Carthage was onerthrowen Rome wythered and fell to al kynde of noughtye lyuynge Wherfore what profyte is in outwarde feare the thinge doth shewe hymselfe 18. Â¶ In campyng thyne Armye what is to be done When the campe is measured the capitayne ought to kepe the stronger parte of hys men in harneys vntyl all the fortresses and fences be finyshed For it happeneth oftentymes when thyne Armye disordrely doeth wandre in measurynge of the campe thaÌ„ to be ouercome of their enemyes and vtterlye destroyed For what greate mastrye is it for an hooste harnessed and prepared to fyght to encountre wyth thy men which ben vnharnessed and bent to the measuryng of the campe and to chase them awaye wyth moost bloodssaughter The which thing euydentlye doeth appeare by the slaughter of the Trentes done by y e Venetians 19. Â¶ To kepe thy frendes When the capytayne neadye and poore can not be beneficiall and gyue rewardes to hys frendes yet at the leest let hym take punyshment of theyr aduersaryes wyth whome they bene agreed for that shall be a greate example and paterne that other wyll abyde faythfull and frendly and therwyth wyll gladly wythstande the wronges of hys enemyes 20 Â¶ Of quycknesse in battayle Castels and cytyes with fortresses wel defenced ben oftentymes cast downe to y e grounde by spedy quyknesse Wherfore after rype and quycke counsayle takynge it is profytable to vse all spedynesse For what goodnesse doeth ensue of forwardnesse experience doth shewe and men may playnlyse 21. Â¶ Of the arraye to be kepte The nerest way to atchyue y e victory is to kepe the souldiours in array wherfore the capitayne must warne his souldiours vnder great penalties not to breake theyr arraye chefely when we make battayle agaynst the east country souldyours Who dylygently kepe theyr arraye not straye out of ordre yf they be guyded by some expert warryour and others that be practysed in such warly feates For such men wyll be no lesse carefull to loke on all thiges then the graunde capitaynes wyll recouer of fresh the battayle agayne bringynge into arraye the whole hoste sparpled and disseuered abrode 22 Â¶ Of a lytle multitude in a cytye Where a lytle bande and company of men is in the cytye my counsayle is to coÌ„ passe and inuironÌ„e them about garlandwyse and holde them in fyght both daye and nyght incessauntly besiegyng them that through werynesse they shall be enforced to gyue vp For who is so lustye stronge that long can lyue without quiete and rest yea that is able to stande in fyght Wherfore the capitaynes in the assiege of cyties must aduysedlye searche what company of men be wythin the cytie and whether they ben able to defende the cytye daye and nyght yf he purpose to vanquysh them 23 Â¶ Of the hope and trust of sedicion When there is any semblauÌ„ce or hope of any sedicion to be in that cytye whych we purpose to besiege my counsayl is to leaue of and differ thassaulte for a tyme. For in suche sedicion the cytye is lyke to be taken wyth lytle laboure and greate prayse Therfore lette the capitayne be watchfull to foresee euery occation leste by hys vnwarynesse some mischaunce damage do ensue euer obseruynge thys not at any tyme to gyue battayle yf any hope or lykelyhode be that wrathfull sedicion is rysen amonge the cytizins 24 What is to be done in tyme of peace When the warres do surceasse suffre not thy souldiours to dispende theyr lyfe in ydlenesse but occupy them in husbandrye that by the profyte and fructe therof thou mayest both nourysh thyne army wyth wages and vytayles and by suche exercyse to kepe theyr bodyes strong and durable Also it shal not be vnprofytable at suche tyme to ouercome and fence the cytyes with trenches and bulworkes 25. Â¶ Of fayned rumours Fayned rumours in tyme of battayle bene both profytable and lykewyse hurtfull For whych cause a capitayne whych forecasteth manye thynges wyll cause false tales and vayne rumours to be spat pled abrode in the stede and place of true tydynges aswell amonge hys enemyes as in hys Armye For experyence doeth teache fayned rumours sometyme to do moche profyte 26. Â¶ Of the offyce of the capitayne Let neuer the capitayne commaunde any greater thynge then he hym selfe first wyll take in hande But let hym at thys

When the citie begynneth to slacke it must be vanquyshed with the sworde 174. Â¶ To set vpon the campe of thyne enemyes not warely kepte Best it is thyne enemyes negligentlye kepynge watche and warde not by daye tyme but by nyght to set vpon and inuade them For then without questioÌ„ the fyght shall not be harde when thyne enemyes ouerthrowen and halfe deed with sleape and wyne whyther to go or what to do sodaynlye wakened shall not knowe ne yet shall perceyue the cause of that brute and disturbaunce before they be strycken downe taken and slayne 175 Â¶ what is to be done in slowe and slacke siege When thy souldyours cowardly and wyth hollowe hertes nothynge freshlye fyght plucke the standart from the standart bearer and flynge it amonge thyne enemyes then after exhorte and desyre them not to suffre suche a shame and reproche that theyr enemies shal kepe thier standart Then take thou a weapon and commaunde the best warryours to folow the to wynne agayne theyr standarte ma kyng a lane wyth moche violence 176 Â¶ Of lytle thynges not to be despysed Nothyng is of so lytle valewe which in warre wyll not do some seruyce Therfore an expert capitayne wyll contempne nothyng although it be lytle worth 177. Â¶ Of warre on the see In warre on the see the full wynde is the great parte of the victorie 178 Â¶ Of great perylles scaped and auoyded by rashnesse and foolehardynesse It sometome chaunceth thyne armye to be in greate ieopardye and so enclosed and set aboute y t vnpossible it is to scape away Then the capitayne must vse some sodayne and vnaduysed meane that by rashnesse the victorye may be ieoparded wheÌ„ wittinesse can not helpe whichthing hath luckely chaunced to many capitayns discoÌ„fited with vttermost perilles Such force is in rashnesse 179. Â¶ Of a certayne kynde of defence When thy campe can not be wel defeÌ„ded for the open barenesse of y e place mine aduise is to make the fortresses of fardels whyche kynde of defence although it be not good yet it maketh a face and shewe wherby thyne enemyes for a tyme feared wyth the noueltie of the thynge wyll recule and not hastelye marche forewarde 180 Â¶ where thyne enemyes preua yle in horsemen Yf thyne enemyes be wel horsed and thou woldest gladlye make a fraye wyth them moued eyther by some profyte or elles constrayned by nede this is my best counsayle that eche of the horsemen haue wyth them swyfte and nymble fote men which quycklye can mount vpon an horse and so lyuerly lyght downe so that whych to other men appeareth harde is to them through custome lyght and but a tryffle This kynde of fyght was begonne at the siege of Capua 181. Â¶ To rayse the siege of any cytye Yf thou purpose to rayse and moue the siege from thyne owne cytyes then fierselye laye siege to some cytie of thyne enemye For when they endeuour to succoure and rescue theyr owne cytye they wyl sone departe from thyne And so they then that be not able to kepe ayde theyr owne cytyes by strength do saue them well by siege made to the cytyes of theyr enemyes 182 Â¶ Of cyties yeldynge them selues Those cyties whych wyllyngly yelde and gyue vp theÌ„selues vnto vs although we be not able to defende them it is not conuenyent to spoyle and pylle them or to vexe them with any wronges but rather with bountyfulnesse and humanitie to entreate and vse them that althoughe that great gentlenesse shall not moue and tendre theyr stomake yet that deede worthye the memorie of men shall be further knowen By whyche other cyties moued hereafter wyll yelde the soner 183. Â¶ How necessarye warly connyng is to souldyours The knowledge of martial feates doth moche imboldeÌ„ and encourage both souldyours and their capitaynes For suche men do knowe to helpe theyrselues and can take tyme to strycke theyr ennemyes wythoute hurte And except theyr enemyes be skylfull and experte as they be the battayle not ioyned they be assured of the vyctorye in whose bolde hertes strength so moche encreaseth and they styfly stande in fight to obtayne the victorie But this science as it is gotten and assured by exercyse so is it lost by negligence 184 Â¶ Great victories ben eschued with fewe and expert souldiours Yf thou endeuoure thy selfe to do famous and valiaunte actes take to the a fewe and those pyked souldyours wel exercised in warre and hardened in laboure with whome thou mayest discomfyte at thy pleasure the vnskylfull multitude of thyne enemyes But yf thou trust to do y e same thyng with an huge garrisoÌ„ which be rude and hauing no skyll thou shalt be trapped of thy purpose and shamefullye destroyed and therewith taken in thyne owne trayne 185 Â¶ Of yonge men to be chosen Yonge men ought to be chosen for soldyours which be tall and stronge whych can suffre hungre thyrste and lye on the grounde whiche also haue a pleasure to handle weapons to fyght takyng it for a sporte and game Suche fellowes lustye and stronge be lyke to become valiaunte and expert warryours whose helpe thou mayest be assured to vse in great ieopardyes and all thynges shal chaunce to thy desyre and mynde Therfore diligent care and wysedome is requyred in chosynge takyng vp souldyours 186. Â¶ What men they shoulde be to whome the kepynge of countries and cities is commytted We must warely foresee to what men we coÌ„myt the kepyng of prouinces and cityes and whome we make our lieufetenauntes and that they be ryche and auncyent cytizins of our owne cytie hauyng chyldren thryfty and disposed to vertues For such men vndoubtedly wold be fayth full and loyall in whome no suspition of treason is to be feared which wolde be reprocheable and shamefull to them and theyr posteritie ne yet any falsehode is to be demed or mistrust in them 187. Â¶ Of the maner of fyghtynge Cause thy souldyours to foyne contynually and not lay on downryght which force of fyghtynge is moche dreaded of thyne enemyes cheifelye yf the foynes be cast at the face These woundes ben vncurable and the wounded haue more nede of a preeste then of a surgyon But yf thy men haue bastarde swordes or twohanded swordes vsed in the ast partyes lette them gyue downryght strokes For those swordes be so deedlye that lyghtlye they wyll stryke of the heed cleaue the bodye and dismembre all partes 188. Â¶ In what place best it is to lodge thyne armye Campe thy souldyours so nere as thou canst in places where fodder water and fewel is abundaunt that thy souldiours maye haue plentye withoute any stop or entercourse of theyr enemyes Beware al so to pitche thy pauilyons and tentes vnder an hyll lest thyne enemyes vnwares to the take and occupye the hylle to thy greate discomfyture Do thou also forsee that thyne armye be not lodged in places whyche wyth raynes and brookes wyll be shortly ouerflowed or where the bankes maye be cutout to drowne thyne armye or at the

of water we ben enforced to occupye wel water great hede is it to be taken that suche welles be not poysoned by some crafte to the vtter destruction of theyr whole hoste whyche sone maye chaunce yf we take not moost dyligent care and hede 79. Â¶ To chose a place to fyght in When our enemyes doo preuayle in force and nombre of men and we can not auoyd but gyue battayl best it is to chose a narrowe and strayte place lest our enemyes enclose and compasse vs rounde about wherby we shalbe sone vanquyshed and ouercomen 78. Â¶ To mocke our enemyes Yf we be dryuen to flyght on the hye see for that we be not able to matche our enemyes and they make sayle after vs verye swyftly and ben euen in our tayle it shalbe good to mocke them thus Fyrste to cause our nauye to stryke sayle and make a bragge as we wolde fyght that done wyll the maryners at a sygne gyuen to hoyse vp the sayles to be readye to flye agayne the whych thynge when thyne enemyes shall perceyue shortly wyll they shyppe theyr ores and take them to theyr harneys couerynge theyr heedes wyth theyr sallettes and brefely prouydyng all thynges whych shall be thought necessary for battayle TheÌ„ when we shal se our enemyes harnessed and readye to fyght the sygne gyuen our nauye maye make awaye with all haste and flye And they loden wyth harneys shall not recouer to ouertake vs. 81. Â¶ When thyne hoste is in great ieopardye When thyne armie is in great ieoperdie my couÌ„sayl is y t chiefe capitayne yea al y t capitaynes to lyght downe from theyr horses therby to encourage the hertes of their souldiours by their bold adueÌ„ture lyke daunger and that more stoutlye and gredely they maye fyght seing theyr capitaynes beinge in lyke peryll and fierselye encountrynge wyth theyr ennemyes and so the souldyours castynge of all hope to flye may cousydre this with them selues eyther to vanquysh theyr enemyes or els to dye with glorye and prayse 82 Â¶ what is to be done when thyne enemyes ben at hande When the hostes ben in ioynynge and both partes redye to fyght it is the parte of a pollityke and wyttie capitayne to pmesse greate rewardes vnto hys men yf they beatdowne and subdue his enemies wyth whyche hope they greatly gladdened wyll be more prest to set vpon theyr enemyes and purpose wyth them selfe neuer to gyue ouer ne turne theyr faces vntyll they haue atchyeued the vyctorye whych assured opynyon hath ben y e cause of many victoryes 83. Â¶ To prouyde that thyne armye maye haue suffysaunce of vytayle The dutye of a carefull capitayne is to foresee that hys armye haue suffycyent vytayles For yf they be sterued for huÌ„gre vnpossible it is that they shoulde do anye thynge vyliauntly when not onlye men but also horses famysshed doo lose theyr strength and lustynesse whereby they be not able to stryke theyr enemye ne yet to defende theyr selues 85. Â¶ To prouoke thyne enemyes to fyght in ioyned battayle Yf thou desyre to ioyne in battayl wyth thyne enemyes and to come to handstrokes eyther for the greate commoditie of thyne armie or for some great nede myne aduyse is to dispeople the countries wast and destroye the fieldes rounde about to cause thyne outryders to raunge harde to the pale of thyne enemyes or vse some other kynde of displeasure wherhy they prouoked rashly wyll gyue battayle and so accordyng to thy desyre thyne enemies shall come forth But yet remembre neuer to ioyne in battayle except thou haue before vsed some pollicie or layed thy traynes to entrappe thyne enemyes or doo preuayle in an excedyng nombre of men and force of souldyours whiche be bothe act yue and puissaunt Then vndoubtedlye wythoute anye sleyghtes in playne fielde saufely thou mayest encountre and ioyne in battayle with them Â¶ Thus endeth the boke of James the Erle of Purlilie dedicated to kynge Ferdinandus in the peare of our Lorde M. D. xxvii I Wyll be bolde moost gentle readers to put to this one precept of warre In whiche I wyl somewhat to my poore iudgement shewe the nature of Englysh men that the capitaynes of Englande may knowe and be warned which thynge without my warnyuge they do well followe and kepe although I shal do no great hurt to leaue that in wrytynge whiche they to theyr hygh prayse forsee in theyr warres that Engysh men be not able to continue war neither at home ne yet in forayne royalmes without vytayles Wherfore all capitaynes ought to prouyde that theyr souldyours maye haue meate and drynke ynough to fylle theyr bellye or els they can not so fiersely and gredelye contynue warre as they dyd begynne For Englyshmen of our nature be not content with so lytle meate and scarce foode as other men borne in the hye countryes be For whych cause theyr strength is weakened when that they lacke feedyng accordyng to the saying of Polidore which sayth that none armye neuer so great is able to withstande a garrison of Englyshe men at the fyrst brounte and begyunynge of theyr warres Whych saying maye thus way be true yf they haue not suche plentie of vytayles to suffyce theyr appetyte and hungre as they had at the begynnyng For by hungre theyr force and fiercenesse doeth slake Also all you capitaynes remeÌ„bre to prayse set forth w t moost gentle wordes the doynges of youre sould yours and sometyme to rewarde them freelye when wyth prayse they ben encouraged and harted to take in hande any great enterprice and for hope of rychesse at the deuysion of the pyllage and bothe they wyll not feare to ieoparde theyr lyues Wherfore they must be coÌ„maunded at the wynnynge of all townes and cyties fyrste manlye to fyght and delyuer them selues out of al feare of theyr enemyes and then frelye euery man to get what they canne and gather all prayes to theyr owne vse and profyte Wyth whyche hope they wyll be so encouraged that the power of anye prince is not able to be are theyr force and violence For by nature men of the east countrie be sharpened to fyght and encouraged by hope and aduauÌ„tage FINIS Â¶ A table contaynynge the chapiters of the fyrste booke To chose the capitayne Cap. 2. Of sufferaunce in warre ca. 3. Of the stowte and valyaunt mynde of a capytayne 4. Of the assyege and assault of a citie 5. Of a gret army of our enemyes 6. Of the reproche of that capytayne which howeseth hys armye in the sommer tyme. 7. To spye and serch a place to fyght in 8. Of the apparell of the capitayne 9. To knowe the maners and condicions of thyne enemyes before thowe make Battayle 10. Of the Germaynes Frenchmen 11. Of sedition to be appeysed amonges an armye 12. Howe to viewe the armye of thyne ennemyes 13. Of peace to be pÌ„ferred before batayle 14. Of tempestes and other clamours in an hoste 15. Of the rerewarde 16. Of great cities 17. In campyng thyne armye what is to be

oftentymes admonyshyng them to remembre theyr couÌ„trye lawe whyche is eyther to kylle or to be kylled to slee or to be slayne therwyth warnynge them nothynge to be more prayseworthy in a good warryour then manlye fyghtynge and for to obtaynethe victorie fearynge not to dye 41. Â¶ Of excesse to be eschued Excesse in apparel meate and drynke doth make feble the vertue of thy mynde and causeth the strength of the bodye to decaye Wherfore wyse men haue purposed to flye mistemperaunce as a pestiterous and deedly disease 42. Â¶ Of wantonnesse to be cast of in wealth Let not the capitayne be wanton and proude in good chaunce and luckynesse but rather beware and remeÌ„bre that in suche luckynesse men falle to ryot to their great reproche and the vtter damage of y e whole hoste Therfore lette not the capytayne swell and waxe proude in happynesse ne yet yelde and be discouraged in aduersitie but for y e time in both fortunes kepe ane gall vniforme state of mynde 43 Â¶ To throwe downe villages and castels vndefenced In countryes be many vyllages and castelles whyche be not defenced at all Wherfore my counsayl is to throwe theÌ„ downe and sette them on fyre that thyne enemyes may haue there no vytayles neother thynges necessary to succour them selues and theyr horses Fyrste yf we do leaue them standynge we gyue to our enemyes a greate occation to trouble vs by warre Also it is expedyent to waste all the fodder and corrupte the fountaynes of waters yf there be many so that theyr commynge towarde vs shall be to theyr great charges and anoyauÌ„ce to the whole armye For a garison of men can not longe soiourne and tary in one countrye wythoute vytayles and other thynges necessary for theyr lyuyng 44. Â¶ How to purchase frendes and to kepe the same Euerye wyttye capitayne ought earnestly to trauayle to labour fyrst to gette frendes and longe to retayne the same For by frendes realmes be mayntayned and preserued and great succour staÌ„deth in them yf they be true Suche vertue force is in frendshyppe which is the only nourysher of mankynde and releue of sorowe Wherfore worse it is for a capytayne to be wythoute frendes then to lacke treasure 45. Â¶ To abydesiege All thynges yea be they neuer so greuous are to be suffered in a sore siege before we yelde ourselues to our enemyes For nothyng is so prayse worthy in men as vnfayned fayth the whyche ones being defyled what is in those men prayseable Wherfore honest it is for theÌ„ that are besieged to kepe theyr foretresses to the ende and extremitie of theyr lyues neuer to put theyr bodyes to moost harde paynes For fortune manye tymes doeth lyft vp men vnwares Therfore do they abyde in one mynde and fayth that be besieged and gyue theyr bodyes for the saulfetie of theyr lorde For a valyaunte man can do nothyng more worthy euerlastyng renoum then to fynishe hys lyfe by kepyng his fayth and boundeÌ„ dutye 46 Â¶ when it is mete to fyght by eruption It happeneth oftentymes for y e greate assaulte of our enemyes to appoynt our selues sodeynly to burst out In whyche case let euery valyaunt capitayne know y t it is not good to fight by eruptioÌ„ but in extreme nede For y t kynde of fyght is to be refused but in great ieopardy at low downefall and when no hope is leaft to defende our tentes or when our souldyours be whole weryed in battayle The same thyng is to be marked in thassault of cytyes 47 Â¶ To enterclude the passage of our enemyes by fyre Fyre is a great succour and ayde to an hoste For when our enemyes ben at haÌ„d that wythout great daunger we can not leaue the tentes my counsayle is to conueye woodde betwene both the hoostes and to sette it on fyre and then wyth all haste to departe into some other places better defenced For the flame and smoke wyll let the prospecte and foreseinge of our enemyes that they can not sykerlye pursue and folowe vs wherfore before that the fyre be vtterly quenched the capitayne maye haue space to goo farre of wyth hys Armye 48. Â¶ A pollicie to stoppe the flying of thyne enemyes When thyne enemyes do faster flye then thou canst well folowe wyth thyne Armye then sende forth thy horsemen to let theyr flyght whych may snatch vp and trouble the laste warde vntyll the fotemen shall approche For then the battayle more sykerly and egallye shall be foughten and tryed on bothe sydes and the victorie more easelye shall be gotten withoute greate losse and slaughter of men 49 Â¶ How siege is to be layed to cytyes and castels and of them that be besieged My counsayle is when thou doest be liege any cytye or castell to caste fyrste a trenche then bulworkes and aboue that buylde many turrettes that no man can come out of the cyty ne yet any man may haue free passage into the cytie Other wayes you shall neuer take any citye or castell whych is wel fortifyed For elles they maye cal vnto them outwarde ayde and succour and therwith may certify and admonysh theyr lordes and princes in what estate they be what vytayles be in the cytye and howe longe they maye abyde and contynue thassaulte And yf thyne enemyes obstynatlye do defende the cytye my counsayle is when the cytye is ones taken eyther by sleygth or rendrevp cutte of the handes of them that kepte the citye so toughly that theyr greuous punyshment maye be an example to other not so frowardlye to stande in theyr owne conceyte and contynue theyr assaultes 50. Â¶ To auoyde and escape traynes Traynes and wyles maye be eschued aswell by chaungynge of the place as by appoyntynge of capitaynes For in tyme of rest men haue oportunitie to inuente wycked counsayle and the same immedyatly to put in execution 51. Â¶ Of hostages and pledges rather to be taken then to fyght in open battayle Better it is and more for thy saulfegarde to take hostages of noble meÌ„ and so to haue thyne enemyes to yelde and rendre vp all theyr landes then in cruell fyght to proue the doubtfull chaunce of battayle whych oftentymes is varyable and wauering and causeth them to haue the vpper hande whome ye wolde haue iudged to haue bene subdued And then tyme it is to take hede wheÌ„ that fortune doeth flatter vs. For she is false and deceytfull Wherfore let vs folowe this coÌ„mune saying Assured peace is worthy to be preferred before doubtfull and hoped victorye 52. Â¶ To stoppe our hauen Yf thou wylt stoppe an hauen my cost sayle is to fyll a shyppe full of greate stones and then to drowne the same shyp ouerth warte in the hauen wherby other shyppes can not well arryue at anye strounde ne yet go out of the hauen 53. Â¶ To make hydde and false dytches to betray thyne enemyes They that ccueyte to conueye leade theyr enemyes into couerte and hyd dytches my counsayle is to sette a bande of

discomfyte thyne ennemyes and they not lyke wyse the. Yf therfore an Armye laden with harneys pursue the thou doest not nede gretly to care that thy men shall be oppressed by them when on the other partye thou mayest nowe and then assaulte and kylle them when they be weryed yet quycklye thou mayest retrace backe and skape It is therfore profytable for the Italyons to fetche manye horses oute of the east partye whych be to them a great helpe to destroye theyr enemyes 83. Â¶ That examples do helpe to encourage souldyours Howe moche examples do moue and encourage souldiours Sertorius coÌ„men of the stocke of Senatours a valiaunt capitayne doth wytnesse which when he was not able to brydle and rule the fierce violeÌ„ce of the barbarous aliens whome then he dyd leade in battayle after that many of them were slayne of the Romaines and mo wounded endeuourynge to comfort theyr sorowfull and heauye hertes and restore theyr olde strength caused two horses to be brought into the opeÌ„ fielde of the whole armye of whyche the one was leane and the other was fatte lustye commaundyng also a stronge maÌ„ to plucke of the tayle of the leane horse a weake man to plucke of the tayle of the fatte horse But the stronge man went aboute to plucke the whole tayle awaye at one plucke and yt nothinge auayled And the weake man that laboured to plucke awaye heere by heere made all bare to y e stompe Then the army which dyd not knowe what that example dyd meane had the thynge declared to them of theyr capitayne And so by that wyttye example he had them euer after buxome and obedient at his commaundement 84. Â¶ That nothyng be done agaynst the capitaynes commaundement In the Armye neyther meate ne drynke ought to be taken without the coÌ„sente of the capitayne But all thynges must be done by his aduertysemente By thys waye theyr busynesse shal more happely come to passe 85. Â¶ To refrayne thy souldyours sometyme It is a poynte of wysdome somtyme to holde backe thy souldyours from battayle whyche pollicye is not vnprofytable For afterwarde they wolde be more gladde to fyght and more fiercelye wyll go vpon theyr enemyes 86. Â¶ It is not tyme to fight when thyne enemyes do dispayre and be carelesse of theyr lyues When we perceyue our enemyes nothyng to regarde the pleasure of theyr lyues but lyke brute beastes headlynge to come vpon vs. It shalbe profytable somwhat to gyue place to theyr woodnesse Yea although we be able to ouermatche them in nombre and force of men Also yf they were closed and enuyroned on euery syde best it were to open way and make a glade for them For nothing is more folysh and vayne then to fyght with them that wyllyngly wolde dye 87. Â¶ What is to be done when we mistrust our souldyours to be afrayed of the sowne of guÌ„nes and noyse of them y t wayle Yf any lykenesse be or mistrust that thy souldyours bene afrayed of the gunshote and otherwyse whereby theyr hertes be lyke to fayle it is a good pollicye to stop their eares with some thing and so with out feare they shall fyght neyther hearyng the wofull waylynges of them that be wounded ne yet the noyse of gunnes Whych pollicye wyl serue at these dayes agaynst the Almaynes that vse a greate nombre of gunnes in theyr armyes 88. Â¶ What is to be done when thyne enemyes be moost parte archers When our enemyes be for the mooste part archers then set aganyst them men fenced with tergates whych sort of souldyours be sometyme in the hostes of the East partie And by this pollicie thyne army shalbe out of theyr daunger 89. Â¶ What is to be done before the siege of a cytye Before we begynne to lay siege to any cytie my counsayle is fyrst gently to fall into some entreatie with them and therwyth to prouoke and entyse them to rendre vp theyr cytie by large gyftes fayre promysses chiefelye yf that people be naturallye desyrous of ryches For the renoume of that capitayne whych without bloodsneddyng doth atchyue the victorye is vnmatche able besyde that hys men wyth fierce stomakes wyl auenture their lyues for hys sake 09. Â¶ Of rashnesse to be eschued of a capitayne It is a thynge vnsittyng to se a capytayne or an armye trauayled in warres to vse any violence or vnaduysed heedynesse Suche a braynsyke and hopeloste capitayne is worthye to be forsaken lest that by hys follye the whole hoste be destroyed of theyr enemyes lyke shepe 91. Â¶ A pollicye to take the fotemen Yf thou purpose to brynge forthe the fotemen of thyne enemies then cause thy horsemen to retreate and gyue backe by lytle and lytle dissemblyng feare flyght that therby the fotemen maye be entysed to raunge and runne abrode which kepe them selues in strayte hyllye and roughe couertes where the horsemen can haue no easye entrie to them By which meane the fotemen shall be taken and slayne 92 Â¶ A pollicie to diffeate and dispoynt the gunners that they stande in no stede and vse The Frenchemen and Almaynes at these dayes haue in theÌ„yr armies a great nombre of gunners which sore trouble hyndre theyr enemies Wherfore my couÌ„ sayle is that armye which hath no suche souldyours to sette vpon them in mooste raynye wether For at those tymes they be vnseruyable and can do no good 93. Â¶ Of the offyce of the capitayne in orderyng the affayers of hys armye The graund capitayne ought discrete ly to deuyde and poynt in good ordre the busynesse of his army among his peticapi taynes Wherby he may be dispatched depeched of al other businesse but only to searche the counsayle and attemptates of hys enemyes and therewyth he maye ouerse that enery man attentyuelye perfourme hys worke and taske 94. Â¶ To refrayne aswel from the empyre as from the treasures after the victorie Our auncestours noble men of godlye lyuynge thought it ynoughe to ouerthrowe theyr enemyes and only content with the conquest dyd earnestly refrayne from the empyre lest they shoulde be iudged rather to fyght for vayne rychesse which be the very cause of deathfull battayle then for euerlyuyng renoume These were men whose doinges ar worthye to be fresshe and flouryshynge in the memorie of man whose names are worthye to be spred immortall in euery age whose fame shoulde not be shutte vp or hydde in any posteritie These maye be a patent and president to all other and the shynyng ymage of vertue whom al men may beholde and loke for the enforcemeÌ„t of theyr prowesse in suche lyke affayers But alas the chrystian princes and kynges of this age be of an other sort and coÌ„dition the whyth thing vnneth I can rehearce without teares whyche ought to cast downe theyr eyes with blushing couÌ„tenaunce when they reade or heare the Ethnike princes so farre to passe them in theyr doinges and in all other kyndes of vertue 95. Â¶ To constrayne thy souldyours to fyght When

discention be styred amonge thy souldyours whyche oftentymes may happen for diuisions rysyng amoÌ„g theÌ„ my couÌ„sayl is to set all thynges in quyet staye and brynge them agayne to concorde coÌ„strayne them by othes makynge to forget suche wronges and become good frendes and felowes agayne coÌ„maundyng also that from thenceforth they do not shewe anye token or remembraunce of that varyaunce in deede ne worde 106. Â¶ what tyme townes and cities maye be despoyled and taken That capitayne is worthie to be hyghly praysed of hys owne men and greatly feared of his enemyes that by his wytte and conueyaunce goth about to take and despoyle townes without bloodsheddig of hys armye and endeuoureth by pollicie to conquere countries That capitayn shall euer haue his souldyours redye and at hande to ieoparde on thynges harde daungerous wherfore it becommeth a prouident capitayne to proue and assaye all thynges rather by conueyaunce and pollici then by force of armes For greater victoryes be wonne and gotten by pollicye then strength Therfore by nyght when rayne falleth cytyes and townes are to be taken and despoyled 107 Â¶ Howe moche the presence of the graunde capitayne doeth profyte How necessary the presence of y e grauÌ„d capitayn is in the battayl al men whose wyttes be not on batfoulyng may clerelye perceyue and se For the souldyours yea and theyr capitaynes aswel for feare of shame as specyallye for the presence of the graunde capitayne wyll bestyrre theÌ„selues moost valyauntly Manye also for trust of rewarde and chefely to purchasse the Emperours fauour attentyuely wyll exploite and furnysh all thynges Oftentymes also the battayle slowlye and cowardly foughten is renued and restored manfully by the presence of the graund capityne whych doeth not leaue anye feate or trayne vnprouyded encouragyng hys men now with me nacies and now with gentle and comfortable wordes By whyche meane the souldyours wyll contende one to passe an other in prowesse so that in the Emperours syght they maye do some thynge notable and prayse worthye Therfore nothynge worthie perpetuall memorie can be done yf the Emperour or graund capitayne be not at hand 108. Â¶ Of the multitude of enemyes Yf it chaunce any great prince to be besette on euery parte wyth many enemies so that he is not able to beare theyr force and vyolence myne aduyse is that wyth some he do make a leage of frendshyppe and wyth other he do entreate of peace And so he shall escape and auoyde y e daungerfull destruction of his countrye For when so many go about to get thy kyngdome it is a lyght thyng to put of some of them eyther with great promyses or w t money chefely in this tyme wheÌ„ meÌ„ do not stryue somoche for renoume as they do for ryches and all the world doth gape for golde and syluer 109. Â¶ Of enemyes that be humble and treatable Somtyme for a lyght cause greate battayles be begonne amonge men wherfore yf they agaynste whome we make our preparauÌ„ce shewe them selues geÌ„tle and tractable it were not honeste on the other partye to shewe our selues vnmercyful For what can chaunce more shame full to any man in hys lyfe then to be noted and attached wyth tyrraÌ„ny What caÌ„ make vs more worthye to be lykened to the wylde beastes and also more doeth hurte the aduauncement of our renoume the encrease of our honour and the wele publike of our realmes then horryble tyrannie Wherfore suche crueltie ought to be eschued no lesse then the wylde beastes 109 Â¶ Of daungerfull and peryllous battayles Greuous and daungerfull battayles do chaunce oftentymes amonge men For whych cause a sage capitayne ought to prouyde for all thynges with ernest labours and cheifely that he haue olde and beaten souldyours For they knowynge the vse of battayle doo not feare naked swordes ne yet for strypes no although they take many depe woundes they styfly wyl abyde and stande to all ieopardies for the kepyng of theyr old men Also they being practysed in warly knowledge can discerne what is profytable and what is not euer decreing this with them selues eyther to conquere and ouercome theyr enemyes or els manfullye to dye whyche is the trne token and argument of a noble herte and lustye blood 111 Â¶ It is mete for yonge men in theyr youth to practyse martiall feates They whyche wyll become good and experte warriours ought in theyr youth dilygently to applye and folowe y e same For yf a yongeman wonte hym self quyely to bestryde and mount vpon his horse and lykewyse to lyght downe to takevp his horse with the spurres that he maye praunse trauerse and flyng wyth the heles then surelye he shall become a good warryour Let hym also practise to shote in hande gunnes and crossebowes to cast dartes and chargegunnes to cary swerd and tergate and somtyme with his marrowes to raunge lyke a man of armes to resemble a battayle âœš that when he commeth to mans stature greate experyence shall shyne and appeare in hym To such one all labours whyche be to other men intollerable be lyght easye as to lodge on the earth to suffre famyne and abyde all other mooste sowre and trauaylous paynes Wherfore it is greate profyte to brynge vp youth in suche exercyse to harden them in greater thynges 112 Â¶ To encrease the nombre of thyne enemyes by a rumour When a rumoure is sparpled that a myghtye hoste of men commeth agaynst the augment the same rumoure amonge thy souldyours affyrmynge the same to be true by the reporte and acknowledgig of thyne outryders Therby thou mayest be assured with what stomacke and herte they wyll buckle and bende them selues to withstande and receyue such an huge nombre of enemyes yf the nombre were so great in dede When they shal come to fyght and se the shewe to be abated and diminisshed forthwyth they wyll gather theyr hertes with moche more force and vyolence whych before doubtyng of the victorye now as victours wyll boldelye fyght steppynge forwarde wyth cherefull courage to whome nothynge is ieoperdsome agaynste theyr conceipt and opinion of the victorie 113 Â¶ To preuent the wylies and traynes of a nobler prince When thou doest feare and not wythout a cause the trappes and deceiptes of some noble man leste that he wyll come vpoÌ„ the sodaynly and bereft y e of thy kyngdome dispoyle thy cyties and townes and thruste thy lyue It is not the worste in preuentynge hym to waste hys kyngdome spoyle hys cyties and ymagyn his death And so suche traynes which were prouyded for the thou shalte vse to ouerthrowe and disceyue hym and shalt catch hym in the same nettes and snares that were layde and sette for the. For God his lawes the lawe of man and nature suffre well this that a man maye turne that to the vndoinge of other men whyche they layed for hym 114. Â¶ Of them that haue longe heere and longe beerdes Men in some countryes vse longe berdes and longe heere whyche in battayle be troublesome

and vnprofytable For they be good stayes to holde a man hard and fast Wherfore it shalbe good to clap them shorte For lytle thynges somtymes do moche hurte And in suche case al thynges whyche be hurtfull to vs and profytable to our faes are to be put awaye and not vsed 115. Â¶ Before we laye siege to cytyes good it is to possesse the vplande fieldes It is not best to laye siege to any cyties before that we haue brought the whole demeanes of the cytye into our handes For yf the citizins kepe parte of theyr feldes in theyr possessyon harde it shalbe to get them without the great losse of tyme. When other cyties in that tyme mought haue ben subdued Whych pollicie y e women called Amazones being of a manlye spyrite and bolde stomake dyd put in vre whych wolde neuer assaulte any citie before that the y had taken the vplande villages 116. Â¶ Of men wounded and kylled to be conueyed priuily out of the waye Men wounded and kylled do moche bolden thyne enemyes and therwith cast downe the hertes of thyne owne men Wherfore the capitayne must diligentlye prouyde that he conuey away and sente hys flayne men with those that be wounded to some out place aswell vnwares to hys enemyes as also to hys owne host For Philip of Macedon was moch hyndred therby wheÌ„ he left y e slayne men in y e sight of his owne army and ther w t plainly to be viewed of the outryders of y e Romaynes wherby the host conceyued suche a feare when they sawe the wyde dennes and deyntes of the woundes of theyr felowes that they had rather suffre anye distresse thaÌ„ to haue any mo bickerynges wyth the Romaynes In this thynge the kynge was blamed for hys ygnoraunce whyche after he dyd acknowledge The Turkes that beÌ„ in these dayes men most expert in warre know this pollicy which do burne theyr slayne men lest their own men shulde haue any discomforte or their enemyes any courage therof 117 Â¶ Of the requestes of lowe and humble peronages to be herd A mercyfull capitayne ought not to dis dayne the prayers and peticions of huÌ„ble personages but gentlye to hearken theyr behestes and desires For what is somoch prayse worthye in a capitayne as lowlynesse and humanitie wherby he shal purchase both the fauour of hys owne men and also of hys enemyes Scipio Africanus warryng in Spayne agaynst the Carthaginenses subdued more by hys vnspekeable huÌ„blenesse then by y e sworde Also the vnprocheable humanitie of Cesar dyd moche more lyfte vp and auaunce hys renoume then all his noble actes dyd make hym wonderfull and merueyled at of all the worlde Embrace therfore and folowe gentlenesse which is the lodge of manhode 118 Â¶ To vse cruelnesse in the begynnyng of the warres It is not vnhonest in the begynnyng of thy warres to vse crueltie whyche is the verye cause that cytyes and townes well defenced many tymes be yelded vp whych yf they had not feared suche crueltye wolde haue taryed tryed the doubt full chaunce of warre whereby moche hinderaunce mought haue chaunced and ensued to the capitayne and his Armye This pollicye the wyse Romayne capytayn Metellus vsed agaynst Iugurth in Numidia But why speake I of Metellê° when all wyse capitaynes vsed this pollicye and wyll vse it so longe as they be in deedly warres 119. Â¶ How to kepe thy kyngdome by boldnesse and couragyousnesse Brefelye we haue tolde in our boke of the gouernement of an empyre howe kyngdomes ought to be guyded But now I wyll recyte one reason not vnprofytable bycause it happeneth oftentymes kyngdome to be ruled by lineall discent of heyres and bycause yongemen which be tendre of age sometyme doo possesse the royall authoritie and themperiall estate whych for theyr youth sake ben assaulted of theyr neyghbours nygh ioynyng and borderynge on them Therfore my counsayle is at the begynnyng of theyr gouernaunce to shewe them selues sterne and stoute of mynde therby to encourage the hertes of theyr subiectes and put theyr enemyes in feare That thyng was well perceyued of Alexandre of Macedon conquerour of all the worlde which beynge yonge and tendre of age takynge the empyre of Philip kept it agaynst them that rebelled by hys lusty courage braggyng porte and greatnesse of mynde although he was otherwayes enfourmed of hys counsaylours 120. Â¶ Of chastitie in warre Chastitie of all wysemen is hyghlye praysed without whych no man is worthye to be called or to haue the name of a capitayne For how can he well guyde other men that is ruled and led by pleasures and lustes which be to man moost enuyfull foes Therfore lette suche capitaynes folowe Alexander the moost dradde kynge of Macedon whych not onlye abstayned from the steshlye pleasure of the beautyfull doughters of the kyng of Persia but also from the syght of them Also Scipio Africanus the luckie Emperour of the Romaynes for his moost passyng chastitie deserued euerlyuing name And also this worde Castra whiche we call an armye hath his signification bycause men there shoulde lyue chaste I wyll not speake of the sclaundre whyche therby capitaynes do gette but do you loke on the profytes Doeth not lecherye make feble and weaken the strength murther the wytte hurte the memorie dasel blynde the syght and perysh the hearyng which all howe necessarye they be in battayle and els where iudge you 121 Â¶ Of cauillations to be experiensed in ieopardyes by capitaynes Wyse capitaynes are wonte in great ieopardyes to vse cauillations to delyuer theyr souldyours out of care For in so doinge they appeare lytle to regarde that thynge whyche theyr men chefelye feare Wherfore the souldyours in suche case cast away al feare through the brag and confidence of the capitayne plucke vp theyr herte and courage Anniball of Carthage what tyme he rose in battayle agaynst the Romaynes in Italie vsed cauellations Alexandre of Macedon vsed also suche tryfelynges in the greate battayles with the king of Persia For wheÌ„ his frende asked of him why in so ieoperd some a battayle he went to slepe he gaue hym this answere merely Dost thou not know y t we haue ouercoÌ„meÌ„ our enemies whych saying was blowen throughoute all the host wherby they conceyued sure trust of the victorie 123. Â¶ Of souldyours that do saye yll by theyr capitayne It chaunceth oftentymes the souldyours yea those that be valyaunte warryours to speake yll and backbyte theyr capytayne when they be not taken and rewarded as they deserue by their doinges But yet the capitayne must take no dyspleasure therwyth but rather shewe hym selfe liberall and gentle that afterwarde they maye the more wyllynglye followe hym at nede then any other Yea gladly to runne through fyre and water wyth hym yf the cause shall requyre Therfore a forecastynge capytayne wyll not cast of hys stronge souldyours for lyghte causes and tryffelles but rather by all meanes he wolde entertayne and entreate them gentlye 123. Â¶ Wyth what thynges thy

souldyours ar to be encouraged Marius the happye capitayne of the Romayne people doth shewe hym selfe a paterne and example that souldyours ar to be encouraged by y e doinges of the capitayne and not by vyolence Which Marius dyd swete in all sorte of labours and toke great paynes trauaylyng therby rather then by violence to call vp and quycken the courage of his men For wheÌ„ they sawe theyr capitayne to take on him such intollerable paynes they were ashamed that they dydde not abyde suche lyke labours yea and moche more vnsufferable Whych doing of Marius was worthye to be praysed For how can a capitayne y t gyueth hym selfe to gluttonye and slepe kendle agd styrre vp the dulnesse of hys men to any bolde enterprise to watching or suche lyke thynges The souldyours wyl also scorne suche a capitayne that rebuketh other men of such faultes as chefelye appeare in hym worthye to be blamed That capitayne therfore that wyll guyde gouerne other men must learne to master his owne affections whych yf he do no doubt there is but that the hole armye with glad mynde wyl folowe his instructions and obeye hys decrees 124. Â¶ To purchace the fauour of a straunge countrye The capitayne that weareth the apparell and vseth the maners of the couÌ„trye where he is wonderfullye shall come in theyr fauour when he shall appeare as a countryeman there borne and of the same people Which policie Alexandre of Macedon vsed after he had subdued the king of Persia and obtayned the empyre For he dyd inure and accustome hym selfe to theyr maners and fashyons And so he by wearynge theyr kynde of rayment and by kepynge theyr vsuall customes dydde bynde as true liege men whom before he had conquered in battayle 125. Â¶ A capitayne must be liberal and therwith praysynge the stoutnesse of hys men A capitayne ought to be liberal to hys men accordyng to theyr desertes therwyth to gyue them hye thankes for their famous enterprices And when they setheyr actes well rewarded and taken thaÌ„ all labours seme to them easy and lyght and that they may please theyr capitayne they wyll not feare to shedde and spende theyr blood Therfore nothynge doth soner purchase the fauour and true hertes of thy souldyours then liberalite thankesgyuyng which two be nouryshers of valyauntnesse For whych purpose a bouÌ„tyfull capitayne wyll not spare for anye cost to ioyne the hertes of hys souldiours that thereby he maye haue them readye and forwarde in all ieopardyes 126. Â¶ what is to be done when eruption is feared When we be afrayed of eruption eyther of our enemyes or oute of any cytye best it is to cast bulworkes wyth turrettes of wood that our armye maye be defenced and kept in saufetye on euery syde For sodayne outbrastes do moche discom fyte and trouble oure armye when our enemyes vnloked for do sette vpon vs. Suche is the violence of sodayne eruptioÌ„ which maketh the downeman to become vyctour and gyueth the victorye to hym that is vnlyke and nye subdued 127. Â¶ what is to be done of the capitayne when hys arme is in extreme peryl and daunger A venturous capitayne in thextreme distresse ieopardy of his meÌ„ must neglect his owne safetie casting hym selfe in ieopardye and put hys lyfe in hasarde For the souldyours seing the great and daungerous peryll of theyr capitayne wyl be imboldened to pluck vp theyr force afresh contemning theyr priuate lyfe For what comforte can they haue when theyr capitayne is loste and slayne Wherfore they then past hope wyll fyght in hope and destitute of all hope wyll moost desperatlye and lyke hopelostes runne on theyr enemyes whych is sometyme the recouerye of an whole hoste 128 Â¶ Wyth what thynge the mynde of the coÌ„munaltie is gotten The hertes and good wyll of the rude people is chefelye gotten by bankettynge and rewardes wherwyth they be moche pleased iudgyng theyr selues not to be regarded ne yet sethy excepte they be called to deyntye feastes and bankettes For the coÌ„meners do not seke what is honest but what is profytable and yf no profyte do ensue theyr frendshyp and good wyll decayeth Which thynge was not folowed of Salust that dyd bestowe and employ hys labour rather to wryte the historyes of the Romaynes then to seke and hunt for theyr fauour by feastmakyng and ban kettynge 129. Â¶ Of the fashyon to sende letters Letters maye be conueyed to thy frendes in cyties campes or elles where by byndynge them to arrowes 130. Â¶ To allure thyne enemyes to slyppe awaye and fayle theyr capitaynes A wytfull capitayne wyll sende some of hys souldyours that be subtyle wyttye to proue and tempt the mynde of his enemies and by al meanes to allure some of the capitaynes or experte warryours to forsake and fayle theyr master in tyme of nede promysyng to them great rewardes makyng large profers and therwith settyngforth and practisyng thaffabilitie and lowlynesse of theyr capitayne cessing not to graunt any demaunde and also to promysse what thyng soeuer shalbe pleasaunt or acceptable to them 131. Â¶ Of the badgies of the souldyours All the souldyours ought to be knoweÌ„ by some badge that the better they maye be discerned from thyne enemyes lest indifferentlye they beate downe and stryke theyr freÌ„des as foes Whych may chauÌ„ce where there is no difference of armature and where thy men can not be distinctlye knowen from theyr enemyes by theyr apparell and cognisaunce 132. Â¶ Of kynges and other princes that kepe not theyr feyth Kynges and other princes do somtymes abuse the conditioÌ„s of the lawes of warre and peace to theyr owne commoditie Yea rather to theyr priuate lust and pleasure and haue not theyr eyes vpoÌ„ iustice which only they ought to haue in reuerence and also worshyppe For what kynge or prince is there now on dayes so iust and vncorrupted whyche wolde not seuen tymes in the day breake the leage of peace whyche ought to be vndefyled surely trustyng therby to occupy and enioye the demaynes of hys enemyes or at the lest the best parte of hys lordshyppes wherfore euer haue thy frendes as well as thy foes suspected chefely when thy kingdom is in stryfe For no man is soner deceyued then he whych hath affyaunce in all men Wherfore that prince which is wyse wyll not commyt hys secretes to an other prince but only for his safegard The priuities in the herte can not be searched Also he wyll not suffre anye other prince to entre into his castelles and holdes whych he hath fenced that they may viewe and marke them 133 Â¶ Of the condicion of the common people The conditions of the common people be very hatefull whyche couet alwaye to resorte to them where they trust to haue mooste aduauntage whych do not set by ne regarde any man for his excellent and hygh vertues yf there be no hope of profyte to ryse by hym Whyche thynge is shamefull to be spoken of but chefelye to be done But

refrayne from spoyle and pillage before thyne enemies be wholye subdued Do thou gyue to thyne hooste a generall commaundement that they refrayne from spoyle and robberye vntyll thyne enemyes be coÌ„quered and wholy brought vnder and a greate penaltie must be sette to the contrarye For when thy men fall to spoyle and be gyuen to vauÌ„tage thyne enemyes maye recouer and restore theyr strength and euen now subdued and lost men ryght agayne become vyctours Wherfore so longe as one lyueth and any parte of theyr strength remayneth for bydde thy men to gape after praye leste the myrth of the vyctorie be turned to an heuye and sodayne sorowe 147 Â¶ To refrayne from burnyng After that the cities be taken and thyne enemyes vanquyshed and slayne it were vnprofytable to burne and waste all For thou mayest leaue those cyties to be inhabyted and kept of thy frendes and hereafter they wil be a great refuge and succour to the. Althoughe the capitayne consyderyng the tyme and place may folowe the aduertysement and rede of hys frendes 148 Â¶ Of ayde and succour to be sent to thy neyghbours abborderynge on the. Yf thy neyghbours be vexed and tourmoyled on euery syde with warres it is conuenyent and honest to sende them ayd y t the sorowful war may rather be bewayled of them then of the. For to quenche y e fyre of thy neyghbours house is the safegarde of thyne owne Therfore mete it is neyghbours to be freÌ„des when outward warres do noie them lest thy neighbours hurte and damage lyght also vpon the. 149 Â¶ what it is to do some valiaunt acte in the syght and face of thyne enemyes To shewe some token of puisauncie and do some valyaunt acte in the eyes of thyne enemies is a great helpe and moch vayleable to the gettyng of the victorye whether it be done by the capitayne or any other souldiours and also the enuy of hym shall enflame prouoke other of thy men to enterprice lyke thynges the courage of thyne enemies therby shalbe shaked and abated And so a fewe valyaunt men oftentymes haue ben the cause of all victories Therfore let the capitaine be sure to haue some man vaileable in feates and strength Whych in siguler stryfe and man to maÌ„ is bolde valiaunt and couragious 150. Â¶ Of lytle power not to be contemned A wyse capitayne wyll not be carelesse and despyse a lytle armye although it be but weake and a small power wheÌ„ of a lytle sparke whyche he wolde not thynke a great fyre doeth kendle Wherfore the fyre must be quenched before the flame flasshe out and all be set on fyre And lykewyse we muste quenche and ouercome that litle strength and puisauÌ„ce of our enemyes wyth all our endeuoure lest it waxe and growe bygger and then without more ieopardye it can not be w tstande Wherfore it is great follie to neglecte suche thynges and not in tyme to mete wyth lytle powers and vtterlye to discomfyte them 151. Â¶ Of slouthfulnesse to be eschued of the capitayne and all other All capitaynes souldyours and other oughte to flye from ydlenesse euen as froÌ„ the pestylence yea and rather more For ydlenesse doth destroye the body and the mynde whych is moost hyest of al thynges and drowneth the renoume of men when the pestilence destroyeth onelye the bodye wherfore all capitaynes and souldyours do you cast of that sluggyshnesse both in tyme of peace and warre and stye from it as from a wylde beast when she setteth on you in tyme of prosperitie gyuyng moost deedlye battayle For cytyes whych neuer coulde haue bene ouerthrowen in tyme of warre haue beÌ„ destroyed by slougthfulnesse in time of peace which bringeth with her this mischefe that not only fooles but also wyse men be choked vp wyth the stynkyng canells of that vice 152. Â¶ To viewe and know the countryes before thou cary thyne Armye thyther A good capitayne wyll be sure diligeÌ„tly to vewe wyth hys owne eyes the couÌ„tryes rounde aboute before that he carye hys armye thyther and he wyll surelye knowe what waye his men may iourney mooste saufelye and where that his enemyes may lye in wayte for hym or els he for them and what cyties and townes to destroye by the waye it shalbe profytable and expedient for him lest he be deceyued sometyme by espyes sometyme by ignoraunce sometyme trapped in theyr traynes and snares 153 Â¶ Of the encrease of thyne empyre The dutye of a soueraygne emperour is in tyme of blysfull peace to augment and fence his empyre with the procurement of newe frendes Asdrebal the wyse kyng of the people of Carthage was not vnknowen of this For after the fyrst battayle that he had in Affrike he enlarged and encreased the power of Carthage when he hooked in those that dyd bordre on hym and purchased theyr fauoure Whych thynge all wyse Emperours before this tyme and in this time also haue done and do 154 Â¶ The conditions of the capitayne The capitayne ought to be bolde in aduentures and therewyth wyttye and of moche counsayle For what coÌ„moditye is it to haue a capitayne bolde and the same foolysh and without counsayle wheÌ„ they both do ioyne and iumpe so nere togyther And also the one nedeth so the helpe of y e other that for the defaulte of the one no man is worthye to be called a capitayne but a verye loute and a lobre and vnworthye that honourable name whyche also is lyker to haue a master then to be a master 155 Â¶ What is to be done in the besiege of cyties It is very profitable in the assiege and beatynge downe of cyties to make thys proclamation amonge the mayne hooste by the commaundement of the graunde capitayne that all the pillage and prayes shalbe due to the souldyours Then they allured and enflamed wyth the swete desyre of vauntage and strengthened with the hope of ryches wyll not be put backe for anye violence thoughe it be neuer so great but they wyl surely take and beate downe the cytie Suche desyre and vnsaciable coueytosnes of vauntage raygneth amonge men 156. Â¶ A pollicie to knowe yf thy soldyours be faythfull Yf thy souldyous gently folowe the from place to place it is a greattoken and argumente of theyr faythfulnesse 157. Â¶ Of the great and huge couetousnesse of the barbarous people As the fyshes be taken wyth swete baytes so the barbarous aliens be plucked and hailed wyth golde yea moche soner For they esteme golde and syluer moche more then any prayse or renoume so that the Italions haue great hope to ouercome them for theyr gredye desyre of treasure although the commyng of warfare and prayse therof hath euer florished and yet doth amonge the same Italions 158 Â¶ How to cary an armye ouer a water thyne enemyes restynge It happeneth oftentymes that algates thou muste carye thyne armye ouer some ryuer where thyne enemies do resist and withstande thy passage in whyche case thou muste gette bootes yf matter and tyme want to make a

brydge But before that tyme farre from the campe of thyne enemyes aboue or beneth thou muste lye in embushment a bande of good warryours couertly which must come on thyne enemyes priuilye at theyr backes and lokyng for no suche thyng when they go about to stoppe and lette thy passage And this is the best pollicye to carye thyne armye ouer any water 159. Â¶ The comfortable wordes of the capitayne when hys souldyours be in dispayre when thy souldyonrs do despayre eyther of the victorie or of theyr iourneye A stoute capitayne wyll not ceasse dylygeÌ„tly to coÌ„fort them wherby y t heuynesse and feare maye be plucked oute of theyr myndes and they more prest and readye eyther to fyght or to go on theyr iourney 160 Â¶ Of thy souldiours worshypfully to be buryed Yf it happen thy souldyours to be slayne thou shalt swage and appeace the angrye hertes of the rest yf the deed bodyes be brought worshipfully to burying whereby they shall se by the funeralles that thou purpossed not theyr death and destruction but y e prayse of that battayle and victorie wherby they can not but loue and honour so gentle and mercyfull a capitayne that is of suche pytie then which nothynge is more prayse worthye ne yet draweth soner the myndes of men moost marueylously and enterelye to loue hym 161 Â¶ When the power of thyne enemyes is moche stronger what thynge is to be done Yf thyne enemyes preuayle both in noÌ„ bre and puisaunce of men by no meanes do thou come to hande grypes ne yet appoynt the to fyght hande to hande ne yet do thou gyue battayle in pyght fielde Neuerthelesse do thou not suffre them to lye quyet but nyght and daye assayle theÌ„ busyly wyth some pyked souldyours makynge roodes and assaultes vnto theyr pale continually renewyng skyrmyshies wyth them euer shonnynge ioyned battayle Myne aduyse also is when thyne enmyes be very many on the lande then to take the see where thou shalte eyther gette the better or els lose nothynge 162. Â¶ Of hostages Receyue hostages and pledges of great men from any countrie or cytie which eyther be sent frelye or by constraynte and chefelye where there is any feare of false dealyng and vntrustynesse whyche be the surest and moost fast bande of theyr loyaltie and faith For the great loue which they haue to the pledges wyl make them to stande to theyr promysse 163. Â¶ To stynt the weapynges and skrykes of women The sorowful weapynges of women within the cytie wyth diligence are to be stopped and stylled For suche owtecryes and waylefull lamentation of women lette the souldiours that they cannot take anye counsayle of thynges to be doone in suche vprore and wepynges 164. Â¶ To hyde and couer the slaughter A skylful capitayn wyl beare in minde to kepe close and layne to his power froÌ„ the reste of hys Armye the slaughter of hys men and tourne all to the best wyth gentle wordes burnynge them in the night priuyly and vnwares to his army therwyth sendyng those that be wounded and maymed to the cyties thereby which be frendfull to hym sparyng nothynge y t they maye be healed and may haue theyr strength restored And those men whych be nowe hardened he shall haue in other battayles forwarde and redye to ieoperd them selues moost boldlye at the request of so gentle a capitayne 165. Â¶ To pacify a stronge and valiaunt warryour which is displeased If it chaunce any of thy valiaunt souldyours to be wrongfully vsed or suffre any rebukefull reproche and therwyth to be displeased it is expedyent wyth fayre wordes to asswage hys angre lest as he hath ben valiaunt and wytty on thy part so styrred by displeasure and vnkyndnes worke moche hurte and harme agaynste the. 166. Â¶ Wagies are not to be craued when the treasures be spent and wasted The dutie of a faythfull capitayne is and also of the souldyours when they shall perceyue the treasure to be wasted to surcesse and not to desyre theyr wages For so doing they go about and endeuour them selues to betraye theyr lorde Wher fore they must leaue for a tyme to call for theyr moneye yf they couette and hunte to haue the fauour of theyr prince 167. Â¶ To passe by lytle thynges that be harde Lytle thynges euen as great thynges whyche be harde are to be passed by For the charges be lyke the praye vnlyke wherfore good it is to passe by such places where great labours with expenses must of necessitie be taken and the profyt therof is lytle or none 168. Â¶ what is to be done of the chiefe capitaynes Many thynges there be whiche are not to be taken in hande but after that y e enterpryse is begon and the assiege attempted by no meanes they must be leafte of The profe of whiche thynge is playne by the wyse Romaine Emperours whyche besieged the cytie Capua and ouercame it tarying there so toughly that they left the defence of theyr owne countrye to destroye and vanquish it Also the huge host of Annibal coulde not plucke them away although they wer brought to vttermost despayre yet nothynge doubtyng ne weryed wyth any labours wolde not gyue ouer thassaulte but constauntly continuyng dyd brynge home a famous victorie with immortall renoume 169. Â¶ To kepe the possessyon of the thyng ones gotten Yf thou haue gotten cities or countries by any meanes do not leue ne giue them ouer but kepe them with all diligence For greater reproch it is to lose lytle thin ges then at all not tohaue wonne them Also harde it is to wynne and destroye countryes Wherfore it were no poynt of wyttynesse vnaduysedly to redelyuer vp that whiche wyth so greate labours and charges was gotten 170. Â¶ Of the nature and condition of the common people The condition of the base and rude people is piuysh and mutable eyther wilye and boundely to serue or elles after a proude and haulte demeanours to be are rule Wherfore the multitude neuer iustly ne egally can beare rule and offyce thorough theyr arrogaunte stubburne and stately conditions whyche vse all kynde of crueltie temperyng and measuryng all thynges by theyr fancye and not by reason Therfore no kyngdome longe can stande guyded and gouerned by the commeners and vnskylfull people 171 Â¶ Of a multitude of gunners and crossebowe shoters When for the multitude of gunners and other shoters in crossebowes the soul dyours can not stande saulfely on y e walles myne aduyse is to make holes and so disturbe thyne enemyes with arrowes and dartes 172 Â¶ What is to be done when the walles be beaten downe It happeneth oftentymes the walles of cyties to be shaken and beaten downe wyth gunnes that deuilysh instrument then bulworkes wyth all spede to kepe backe our enemyes must be made wyth turrettes of wood and ouerthwarde trenches fylled vp with sharpe pyles wherby thassiege on that part may be more harde through the stronge munimentes then it was before 173. Â¶ What is to be done in the slackyng of cities

capytayne maye gyue the sygne of praycatchynge 50. Â¶ Not to departe from the place appoynted Peticapitaynes be wonte oftentymes bycause they wolde be iudged valyaunte and skylfull to departe from the place appoynted in hope of some praye and pyllage whyche thyng hath ben the cause of great slaughter in many battayles and the losse of victorie wherfore the peticapi taynes must learne to be obeysaunt to the commaundement of theyr capitaynes not to seme more wytfull then they be 51. Â¶ That the tentes be not leafte vndefenced When the capitayne shal displaye and aduaunce his baners to battayl let hym beware that he leaue not his campe vndefenced and vnmaymed lest when he is mooste enforced to fyght his vytayles be despoyled his campe set on fyre as it is lyke to be and after he shall haue no such place so defenced vnto his great damage and hynderaunce 52. Â¶ Of thyne enemyes fallyng in varyaunce and stryfe Yf the capitaynes of thyne enemyes do not well agree it is then expedyent before they fall to an onement and concorde intermyttyng no tyme to assaulte them For the maystrye then wyll be lyghtlye wonne when not one of a stubburne stomake wyll consent and agree to thothers aduertysement But had leauer to be subdued of his enemyes then coÌ„quere by the pollicie of hys fooe 53. Â¶ Let thy men be redye in harneys thyne enemyes lying at hande Yf the campe of thyne enemyes be pytched nygh vnto the suffre by no meanes not for anye fayre woordes of thyne enemyes nor promysse of truce and alience that thy men ben out of harneys chiefely the best part ne yet y t thy souldours neglect watche and warde For not seldome tymes it chaunceth in leage of peace thy men to be beaten downe slayne and conquered by traynes and wyles whom ê“wesse and manlynesse coulde neuer haue subdued 54. Â¶ Of the besiegyng of cyties Let not thyne armye doubt to setvpon cytis warded with all kyndes of defences yf they shall perceyue dastardes and vnscylfull fellowes to kepe the defence For hygh towres stronge double walles can not defende those that be cowardes caytyfes and rude of all warlye knowledge Feare doth stoppe theyr eares and dasyll theyr syght Wherfore without taryauÌ„ce when thou shalt come to suche cytyes set vpon them rounde about thonderyng as heauen with noyse and outeryes whom it shall be easye to vanqnysshe wythoute moche blooudsheddynge But beware thou slacke not and abate thyne assaulte vntyll thou haue wonne the cytie leste theyr courages and force by sufferaunce encrease and so the siege shall be daylye more paynefull and harde 55. Â¶ To make brydges wyth ropes Auncient capitaynes were wonte to caryouer theyr armye bycause bootes and queres were scante daungerous wyth ioyned brydges made of wood But bycause stuffe doth somtyme want to make suche brydges and longe it is yer they caÌ„ be done mynd aduyse is to make brydges wyth stronge ropes cast ouer the water knytte fast to pyles and stakes of woodde and in the myddes of the streame vnderset with proppes and beames to make them styffe For the easye passage of thy men And suche ropes the armye maye alwayes carye with them that they be not stopped at any water 56. Â¶ To reuenge our enemyes with lyke anoyaunce It chaunceth oft tymes eyther for valyaunt prowesse of our enemyes or y e multitude of them that thy men doo sultayne great losse and dammage whych is to be reuenged moost fiersely with suche an other lyke and not to be forgotten and vn payed For by suche displeasures or vyolence shoulde ben enflamed to vengeauÌ„ce whereby we shall kepe oure dygnytye and purchasse the good opynyon of oure souldyours and also of the communaltie which shalbe a stay to kepe the same faith full and sothfast 57 Â¶ How to conueye the battayl from one place to an other Yf it be more daungerous and noyous vnto the to gyue battayle in thys place than in that vse thys remeadye Carye thyne armye vnto the other countryes of thyne ennemyes besyegynge theyr cities burnynge the villages spoylyng and wastynge the fyeldes and so cause them rather to followe the then thou to followe them But for all that do not leaue thyne owne countryes vndefensed desyryng to waste and destroye others 58. Â¶ To relyeue the scarcenes of water If cities and townes besyeged haue scarsitye of water thys remeadye is next Fyrste to sende out the base people weâ—n and vnprofitable and then to kyll all the cattell and laye them in salte for theyr sustenaunce that the water whych was so wasted by them may be kepte by whych meane they shal be able to contynue longer assaulte 59. Â¶ To recouer cities and. townes loste If we haue loste in sommer tyme oppressed wyth the multitude of enemies deceyued by the defaulte of oure men or vndermyned wyth some trecherye our cities or townes lette vs endeuour to restaure in winter tyme the same cities that the thynges lost by the slowthefulnes of oure souldyours in sommer tyme maye be recouered wyth spedynes and diligeÌ„s in wynter and that we wynne agayne restore the fame of chiualdrye by the agayne gettynge of oure losses For good fortune sometymes doeth ensue by the chaunge of tyme. 60. Â¶ What is to be done whan thou art ouermatched Yf thyne enemies gredely pursue the ne yet then thow arte not able to defende and wythstande theyr vyolence best it is to carye thyne armye to some cyties nigh vnto the sea bothe for the plentye and aboundance of vytayle and also to refresh theyr broken strengthe and wangled bodyes and chyefty to furnysshe thy numbre that thou mayste matche thyne ennenyes aswell in noumbre of men as also in valyantnes 91. Â¶ To set fyere on thyne ennemies pauylions If thyne enemyes pauilions be rered vp and made of dry stuffe trauayle with all haste to sette them on fyre and cheefe lye the wynde blowyng harde By which policie they shall be despoyled bothe of theyr cattayle and other necessary implementes For the fyer taken w t the wynde sodaynlye wyll ouerburne all the pauilions And than also thowe mayste haue a good tyme to sette vppon them For whaÌ„ they be doubtful what is to be done whether to resiste thy force or to saue theyr ryches whyche they set more by than their lyfe they maye easelye be put to flyghte and be slayne and so then shall atchyue the victory wythout much bloodshedyng 62. Â¶ What is to be done when we can not atcheue out of a place wyth our armye Â¶ We come somtymes by chaunce w t our armye into suche places where neyther long we can abyde ne yet saufely departe or yet retreate wythout great daunger than what is to be done in such trouble and vttermost discumfyture wyth all spede we muste take counsayle whaÌ„ that one waye of our sauftye dothe remayne that we take truce wyth them for a tyme and Promysse sure couenauntes of peace by wytfull aÌ„bassadours Wherby it shall be sure that thyne

enemyes more neglygentlye wyl kepe watche and ward And thy tyme spyed it shalbe lyght to passe by and escape eyther by nyght or els by day owt of that daungerous place But somtyme perforce thou must open a lane and make a waye by harde strokes and manfull fyghtynge 63. Â¶ To make an assemble and shewe of horsemen in the face of thyne enemyes Â¶ Myne aduise is that the numbre of our souldyours maye appere greate and huge to harneys the lacqueis of our horsmen and apoynte them to stande farre of lyke a garrison of men wyth the poyntes of theyr speres vpryght For so thyne ennemyes wyll iudge a bande of horsemen there to appere whyche shall moche affraye theym that we haue yet so greate a noumbre of souldyers at hande to succour and ayde vs yf nede requyre 64. Â¶ To refrayne froÌ„ the besiege of suche cities whych haue daylye newe succour Best it is to wythdrawe and leaue of the syege of suche cities whych fetch vnto them maugrye our teth and in spyte of our hertes daylye newe succour For the assaulte through theyr new ayde is hard yea almoste vnpossible when lustye and stronge men occupy the rowmes of them that be wouÌ„ded and theyr vytayles be so plentye that they fele no lacke nor skarsitye Wherfore we must all wayes fyght wyth fresshe men newe strengthes and plentye of vytayles But yet sodaynly to breke owte and besyege suche cities I do not muche dysalowe 65. Â¶ What is moste expedient for the chyfe capitayne to do at the fyrst entrye in to countreyes If we make entries in to any countrey wyth an armye myne aduise is bycause it were paynful harde to lay syege to euery towne and assaulte euery citie to sende sage and honest personages to promisse for a long tyme the release of their rentes and affyrme the same wyth fayth and many othes Yf wyllyngly they wyl yelde and become hys lyeges and trewe subiectes 66. Â¶ What is to be done in y e syege of bygge cities In the syege of greate cities takyng a bygge compasse rounde abowte we must wyth all laboure make and intercut not farre of the citte brode and depe trenches defensed wyth turrettes of woodde for feare of sodayne eruption owte of the citye whyche is the cause of many incommodities than brode wayes must be cast that thone parte of the hoste maye haue course and recourse to helpe the other yf nede be 67. Â¶ What is to be done whaÌ„ oure enemyes spyes are taken Yf the spyes of oure enemyes chaunce into our handes myne aduisement is to graunt them lyfe and gyue to them gret summes of money therby to knowe the counsayle of oure enemyes and their purpose and semblable to tell to them what thynges be mooste profytable for vs to knowe For nothynge is more necessary than to knowe the endeuours of our ennemyes whan lytle or nothyng they can hynder what we do pourpose But yf we shal sende theym awaye liberallye rewarded demaundynge nothynge of thaffayres of our enemies it shalbe a great argument of confydence assured boldnes in vs to the great feae of orur enemyes But the capitayne may take counsayle of thinges performe what he shal thinke necessarie 68. Â¶ Not to haue one espye alwayes Do we remembre thys that it is not conuenient ne yet necessarye to vse one espye styll For they allured and enuegled with y e hope of great rewardes do bring oure conueyaunces and affayres to the eares of our enemyes and recount to vs suche thynges as be false and nothynge necessarye wyth many false lyes wherefore we muste diligentlye forsee that neyther of the scoute watches the one know the other for feare of crafte and trechery whyche thyng ones knowen to hang theÌ„ is nexte remedye 69. Â¶ To knowe the feare and cowardise of thyne ennemies Whan the hostes bene at ioynynge yf we perceyue the speres of our ennemyes to mooue and beate to gyther that is a great sygne of theyr waueryng and hollowe hertes And it is good somtyme to know suche tokens of cowardnes 70. Of the duetye of bolde and stoute fellowes It becommeth not those that be balyaunt to feare any ieoperdye or to be broken wyth the doubtefull chaunge of fortune when nothynge is so vnweldable that by manlye prowes and sufferaunce maye not be conquered and vndertroden 71. Â¶ To recouer the health of thy souldyers If thyne armye be troubled wyth any dysease y u doest couet to recouer theyre wounte healthe it shall be the best to carye them to open and hyllye places 72. Â¶ A policie to disceyue and defraude our enemyes Easy it is to trifle wyth our enemyes and make them beleue that we be vnharneysed yf we couer oure harueys wyth some kynde of rayment vnder whych coloure and gyle they wyll come hedlynge to fyght and wyth fewe rashlye wyl set vppon vs. 73. Â¶ To gette the fauour of oure souldyers If the capytayne be dyligente to heale them that be wounded and also cherysshe the sycke folke shortleye he shall wynne the fauoure of hys souldiours so that for the encrease of his renowme they wyll not shrynke to bestowe and spende theyr lyfe 74. Â¶ To haue fyere to burne in water It shalbe very profitable iÌ„ warres on the sea to haue an artificiall fyer whych wyth water canne not be queanched by whyche policie the nauye of Sarracena was destroyed at Constantinople and the kynge therby payd yerelye a hundred poundes of golde for tribute 75. Â¶ What is to be done whan capytaynes do not a gree in one sentence It chauÌ„ceth oft times y t mindes of y t capitaynes to be diuerse variable about the besiege of cities where best it is fyrste to begyn and there chefely where the armie is furnyshed wyth lyke power of dyuers capitaynes But what is to be doone in suche a chaunge of myndes shortlye shall you knowe Wryte the names of the cytie and cast them into a potte and the cytye whych shal fyrst by chaunce be taken out set vpon that wholye togyther wyth one force and power whiche aduertysement is not the worste For through suche dyscorde the death of an whole armye maye ryse and come 76. Â¶ Of false hode to be reuenged Although other iniuryes maye be suffered and to forget them is a token of a noble mynde yet dissoyaltye by all meanes is to be reuenged and acquyted 77. Â¶ A waye to laye siege to cytyes on the see syde When we may arryue and cast anker by the walles of the cytye myne aduyse is to dryue thyne enemyes of the walles is this Fyrst hard fast to bynde the mastes of the shyppes togyther with the gable ropes nye some shore and so to make a brydge that the gunnes maye stande to beate thyne ennemyes from the walles whych ones dryuen away it shall be easy on that syde to sette ladders and scale the walles to the wynnyng of the cytie 78 Â¶ Where we haue onely welle water Yf for the greate scarcitie

Selected quad for the lemma: enemy_n

Text snippets containing the quad