resorted thither to contend therein hee againe maketh manifest in these Verses of the same Hymne For after hee hath spoken of the Delian Dance of the Women hee endeth their praise with these Verses wherin also he maketh mention of himselfe But well let Phoebus and Diana bee Propitious and farewell you each one But yet remember me when I am gone And if of earthly men you chance to see Any toyl'd Pilgrim that shall aske you Who O Damsels is the man that liuing here Was sweet'st in Song and that most had your eare Then all with a ioynt murmur thereunto Make answer thus A man depriu'd of seeing In th'lle of Sandie Chios is his beeing So much hath Homer witnessed touching the great meeting and solemnity celebrated of old in the I le of Delos And the Ilanders and the Athenians since that time haue continued still to send Dancers along with their Sacrificers but the Games and things of that kind were worne out as is likely by aduersity Till now that the Athenians restored the Games and added the Horse-race which was not before The same Winter the Ambraciotes according to their promise made to Eurylochus when they reteyned his Armie made Warre vpon Argos in Amphilochia with three thousand men of Armes and inuading Argia they tooke Olpae a strong Fort on a Hill by the Sea-side which the Acarnanians had fortified and vsed for the place of their common meetings for matters of Iustice and is distant from the Citie of Argos which stands also on the Sea-side about twenty fiue furlongs The Acarnanians with part of their Forces came to relieue Argos and with rest they encamped in that part of Amphilochia which is called Crenae to watch the Peloponnesians that were with Eurylochus that they might not passe through to the Ambraciotes without their knowledge and sent to Demosthenes who had beene Leader of the Athenians in the expedition against the Aetolians to come to them and bee their Generall They sent also to the twenty Athenian Gallies that chanced to be then on the Coast of Peloponnesus vnder the Conduct of Aristoteles the sonne of Timocrates and Ierophon the sonne of Antimnestus In like manner the Ambraciotes that were at Olpae sent a messenger to the Citie of Ambracia willing them to come to their ayde with their whole power as fearing that those with Eurylochus would not bee able to passe by the Acarnans and so they should bee either froced to fight alone or else haue an vnsafe Retreat But the Peloponnesians that were with Eurylochus as soone as they vnderstood that the Ambraciotes were come to Olpae dislodging from Proschion went with all speede to assist them And passing ouer the Riuer Achelous marched through Acarnania which by reason of the aydes sent to Argos was now disfurnished on their right hand they had the Citie of Stratus and that Garrison on the left the rest of Acarnania Hauing past the Territory of the Stratians they marched through Phytia and againe by the vtmost limits of Medeon then through Limâ—aea then they went into the Territory of the Agraeaâ—â— which are out of Acarnania and their friends and getting to the Hill Thiamus which is a desart Hill they marched ouer it and came downe into Argia when it was now night and passing betweene the Citie of the Argiues and the Acarnans that kept watch at the Welles came vnseene and ioyned with the Ambraciotes at Olpae When they were all together they sate downe about breake of day at a place called Metropolis and there encamped And the Athenians not long after with their 20. Gallies arriued in the Ambracian Gulfe to the aide of the Argiues To whom also came Demosthenes with 200. Messenian men of Armes and threscore Athenian Archers The Gallies lay at Sea before the Hill vpon which the Fort of Olpae standeth But the Acarnanians and those few Amphilochians for the greatest part of them the Ambraciotes kept backe by force that were come already together at Argos prepared themselues to giue the Enemy Battell and chose Demosthenes with their owne Commanders for Generall of the whole League Hee when hee had brought them vp neere vnto Olpae there encamped There was betweene them a great Hollow and for fiue dayes together they stirred not but the sixth day both sides put themselues into array for the Battell The Armie of the Peloponnesians reached a great way beyond the other for indeed it was much greater but Demosthenes fearing to bee encompassed placed an Ambush in a certaine hollow way and fit for such a purpose of armed and vnarmed Souldiers in all to the number of 400. which in that part where the number of the Enemies ouer-reached should in the heate of the battell rise out of Ambush and charge them on their backes When the Battels were in order on either side they came to Blowes Demosthenes with the Messenians and those few Athenians that were there stood in the right Wing and the Acarnanians as they could one after another bee put in order and those Amphilochian Darters which were present made vp the other The Peloponnesians and Ambraciotes were ranged promiscuously except onely the Mantineans who stood together most of them in the left Wing but not in the vtmost part of it for Eurylochus and those that were with him made the extremity of the left Wing against Demosthenes and the Messenians When they were in fight and that the Peloponnesians with that Wing ouer-reached and had encircled the right Wing of their Enemies those Acarnanians that lay in Ambush comming in at their backes charged them and put them to flight in such sort as they endured not the first brunt and besides caused the greatest part of the Armie through affright to runne away For when they saw that part of it defeated which was with Eurylochus which was the best of their Armie they were a great deale the more affraid And the Messenians that were in that part of the Armie with Demosthenes pursuing them dispatched the greatest part of the execution But the Ambraciotes that were in the right Wing on that part had the Victorie and chased the Enemie vnto the Citie of Argos but in their Retreat when they saw that the greatest part of the Armie was vanquished the rest of the Acarnanians setting vpon them they had much adoe to recouer Olpae in safety and many of them were slaine whilest they ranne into it out of array and in disorder Saue onely the Mantineans for these made a more orderly Retreat then any part of the Armie And so this Battell ended hauing lasted till the Euening The next day Menedaius Eurylochus and Macarius beeing now slaine taking the Command vpon him and not finding how if hee staid hee should bee able to sustaine a Siege wherein hee should both bee shut vp by Land and also with those Attique Gallies by Sea or if hee should depart how hee might doe it safely had speech
Demosthenes of one side and Styphon the sonne of Pharax on the other side For of them that had Command there Epitadas who was the first was slaine and Hippagretes who was chosen to succeed him lay amongst the dead though yet aliue and this man was the third to succeed in the Cōmand by the Law in case the others should miscarry Styphon and those that were with him said they would send ouer to the Lacedaemonians in the Continent to know what they there would aduise them to but the Athenians letting none goe thence called for Heralds out of the Continent and the question hauing beene twice or thrice asked the last of the Lacedaemonians that came ouer from the Continent brought them this Answer The Lacedaemonians bid you take aduice touching your selues such as you shall thinke good prouided you doe nothing dishonourably Whereupon hauing consulted they yeelded vp themselues and their Armes and the Athenians attended them that day and the night following with a watch But the next day after they had set vp their Trophie in the Iland they prepared to bee gone and committed the prisoners to the custody of the Captaines of the Gallies And the Lacedaemonians sent ouer a Herald and tooke vp the bodies of their dead The number of them that were slaine and taken aliue in the Iland was thus There went ouer into the Iland in all foure hundred and twenty men of Armes of these were sent away aliue three hundred wanting eight and the rest slaine Of those that liued there were of the Citie it selfe of Sparta one hundred and twenty Of the Athenians there dyed not many for it was no standing fight The whole time of the siege of these men in the Iland from the fight of the Gallies to the fight in the Iland was 72. dayes of which for 20. dayes victuall was allowed to bee carried to them that is to say in the time that the Ambassadours were away that went about the Peace in the rest they were fed by such onely as put in thither by stealth and yet there was both Corne and other food left in the Iland For their Captaine Epitadas had distributed it more sparingly then hee needed to haue done So the Athenians and the Peloponnesians departed from Pylus and went home both of them with their Armies And the promise of Cleon as senselesse as it was tooke effect For within twenty dayes he brought home the men as he had vndertaken Of all the accidents of this Warre this same fell out the most contrary to the opinion of the Grecians For they expected that the Lacedaemonians should neuer neither by Famine nor whatsoeuer other necessity haue bin constrained to deliuer vp their Armes but haue dyed with them in their hands fighting as long as they had beene able and would not beleeue that those that yeelded were like to those that were slaine and when one afterwards of the Athenian Confederates asked one of the prisoners by way of insulting if they which were slaine were valiant men hee answered that a Spindle meaning an Arrow deserued to bee valued at a high rate if it could know who was a good man Signifying that the slaine were such as the Stones and Arrowes chanced to light on After the arriuall of the men the Athenians ordered that they should be kept in bonds till there should bee made some agreement and if before that the Peloponnesians should inuade their Territory then to bring them forth kill them They tooke order also in the same Assembly for the settling of the Garrison at Pylus And the Messenians of Naupactus hauing sent thither such men of their own as were fittest for the purpose as to their natiue Countrey for Pylus is in that Countrey which belonged once to the Messenians infested Laconia with Robberies and did them much other mischiefe as being of the same Language The Lacedaemonians not hauing in times past beene acquainted with robberies and such Warre as that and because their Helotes ranne ouer to the Enemie fearing also some greater innouation in the Countrey tooke the matter much to heart and though they would not be knowne of it to the Athenians yet they sent Ambassadours and endeuoured to get the restitution both of the Fort of Pylus and of their men But the Athenians aspired to greater matters and the Ambassadours though they came often about it yet were alwayes sent away without effect These were the proceedings at Pylus Presently after this the same Summer the Athenians with 80. Gallies 2000. men of Armes of their own City and 200. Horse in boats built for transportation of Horses made War vpon the Territory of Corinth There went also with them Milesians Andrians and Carystians of their Confederates The Generall of the whole Army was Nicias the sonne of Niceratus with 2. other in Commission with him Betimes in a morning they put in at a place betweene Chersonesus and Rheitus on that shore aboue which standeth the Hill Solygius whereon the Dorians in old time sate downe to make Warre on the Corinthians in the Citie of Corinth that were then Aeolians and vpon which there standeth now a Village called also Solygia From the shore where the Gallies came in this Village is distant twenty furlongs and the Citie of Corinth sixtie and the Isthmus twenty The Corinthians hauing long before from Argos had intelligence that an Armie of the Athenians was comming against them came all of them with their forces to the Isthmus saue onely such as dwelt without the Isthmus and fiue hundred Garrison Souldiers absent in Ambracia and Leucadia all the rest of military age came forth to attend the Athenians where they should put in But when the Athenians had put to shore in the night vnseene and that aduertisement thereof was giuen them by signes put vp into the ayre they left the one halfe of their Forces in Cenchrea lest the Athenians should goe against Crommyon and with the other halfe made haste to meete them Battus one of their Commanders for there were two of them present at the Battell with one Squadron went toward the Village of Solygia being an open one to defend it and Lycophron with the rest charged the Enemie And first they gaue the onset on the right wing of the Athenians which was but newly landed before Chersonesus and afterwards they charged likewise the rest of the Armie The Battell was hot and at hand-stroakes And the right wing of the Athenians and Carystians for of these consisted their vtmost Files sustained the charge of the Corinthians and with much adoe draue them backe But as they retyred they came vp for the place was all rising ground to a dry Wall and from thence being on the vpper ground threw downe stones at them and after hauing sung the Poean came againe close to them whom when the Athenians abode the Battell was againe at hand-stroakes But a certaine Band of Corinthians that came
Rhaetium this now is in Hellespont But some of his Gallies put in at Sigeum and other places thereabouts The Athenians that lay with eighteene Gallies at Sestus knew that the Peloponnesians were entring into the Hellespont by the Fires both those which their owne Watchmen put vp by the many which appeared on the Enemies shore and therefore the same night in all haste as they were kept the shore of Chersonnesus towards Elaeus desiring to get out into the wide Sea and to decline the Fleete of the Enemie and went out vnseene of those sixteene Gallies that lay at Abydus though these had warning before from the Fleete of their friends that came on to watch them narrowly that they went not out but in the morning beeing in sight of the Fleete with Mindarus and chased by him they could not all escape but the most of them got to the Continent and into Lemnos onely foure of the hindmost were taken neere Elaeus whereof the Peloponnesians tooke one with the men in her that had run her selfe a-ground at the Temple of Protesilaus and two other without the men and set fire on a fourth abandoned vpon the shoare of Imbrus After this they besieged Elaeus the same day with those Gallies of Abydus which were with them and with the rest being now all together fourescore and sixe Sayle But seeing it would not yeeld they went away to Abydus The Athenians who had beene deceiued by their Spyes and not imagining that the Enemies Fleete could haue gone by without their knowledge and attended at leasure the assault of Eressus when now they knew they were gone immediately left Eressus and hasted to the defence of Hellespont By the way they tooke two Gallies of the Peloponnesians that hauing ventured into the Maine more boldly in following the Enemy then the rest had done chanced to light vpon the Flett of the Athenians The next day they came to Elaeus and stayed and thither from Imbrus came vnto them those other Gallies that had escaped from the Enemy Heere they spent fiue dayes in preparation for a Battell After this they fought in this manner The Athenians went by the shore ordering their Gallies one by one towards Sestus The Peloponnesians also when they saw this brought out their Fleet against them from Abydus Beeing sure to fight they drew out their Fleetâ— in length the Athenians along the shoare of Chersonnesus beginning at Idacus and reaching as farre as Arrhianae threescore and sixe Gallies And the Peloponnesians from Abydus to Dardanus fourescore and sixe Gallies In the right Wing of the Peloponnesians were the Syracusians in the other Mindarus himselfe and those Gallies that were nimblest Amongst the Athenians Thrasyllus had the left Wing and Thrasybulus the right and the rest of the Commanders euery one the place assigned him Now the Peloponnesians laboured to giue the first onset and with their left Wing to ouer-reach the right Wing of the Athenians and keepe them from going out and to driue those in the middle to the shore which was neere The Athenians who perceiued it where the Enemy went about to cut off their way out put foorth the same way that they did and out-went them The left Wing of the Athenians was also gone forward by this time beyond the point called Cynos-sema by meanes whereof that part of the Fleet which was in the middest became both weake and diuided especially when theirs was the lesse Fleet and the sharpe and angular figure of the place about Cymos-sema tooke away the sight of what passed there from those that were on the other side The Peloponnesians therefore charging this middle part both draue their Gallies to the dry Land and beeing farre superiour in fight went out after them and assaulted them vpon the shore And to helpe them neither was Thrasibulus able who was in the right Wing for the multitude of the Enemies that pressed him nor Thrasyllus in the left Wing both because hee could not see what was done for the Promontory of Cynos-sema and because also hee was kept from it by the Syracusians and others lying vpon his hands no fewer in number then themselues Till at last the Peloponnesians bold vpon their victory chasing some one Gally some another fell into some disorder in a part of their Armie And then those about Thrasybulus hauing obserued that the opposite Gallies sought now no more to go beyond them turned vpon them and fighting put them presently to flight And hauing also cut off from the rest of the Fleet such Gallies of the Peloponnesians of that part that had the victory as were scattered abroad some they assaulted but the greatest number they put into affright vnfoughten The Syracusians also whom those about Thrasyllus had already caused to shrinke when they saw the rest fly fled out-right This defeat being giuen and the Peloponnesians hauing for the most part escaped first to the Riuer Pydius and afterwards to Abydus though the Athenians tooke but few of their Gallies for the narrownesse of the Hellespont afforded to the Enemy a short retreat yet the Victory was the most seasonable to them that could be For hauing till this day stood in feare of the Peloponnesian Nauie both for the losse which they had receiued by little and little and also for their great losse in Sicily they now ceased eyther to accuse themselues or to thinke highly any longer of the Nauall power of their Enemies The Gallies they tooke were these eight of Chios fiue of Corinth of Ambracia two of Leucas Laconia Syracuse and Pellene one apiece Of their owne they lost fifteene When they had set vp a Trophie in the Promontory of Cynos-sema and taken vp the wreckes and giuen truce to the Enemies to fecth away the bodies of their dead they presently sent away a Gally with a Messenger to carry newes of the Victory to Athens The Athenians vpon the comming in of this Gally hearing of their vnexpected good fortune were encouraged much after their losse in Euboea and after their sedition and conceiued that their estate might yet keepe vp if they plyed the businesse couragiously The fourth day after this Battell the Athenians that were in Sestus hauing hastily prepared their Fleet went to Cyzicus which was reuolted and espying as they past by the eight Gallies come from Byzantium riding vnder Harpagium and Priapus set vpon them and hauing also ouercome those that came to their ayde from the Land tooke them Then comming to Cyzicus being an open Towne they brought it againe into their owne power and leauied a summe of Money amongst them The Peloponnesians in the meane time going from Abydus to Elaeus recouered as many of their Gallies formerly taken as remained whole The rest the Eleusians had burnt They also sent Hippocrates and Epicles into Euboea to fetch away the Fleet that was there About the same time also returned Alcibiades to Samos with his thirteene Gallies
In this place is a 〈◊〉 and aboue it further from the Sea the Cittie of Ephyre in that part of Thesprotis which is called Eleatis and neere vnto it disbogueth into the Sea the Lake Acherusia and into that hauing first passed through Thesprotis the Riuer Acheron from which it taketh the Name Also the Riuer Thyanis runneth heere which divideth Thesprotis from Cestrine betwixt which two Riuers ariseth this Promontory of Cheimerium To this part of the Continent came the Corinthians and encamped The Corcyraeans vnderstanding that they made against them hauing ready 110. Gallies vnder the conduct of Miciades Aesimides and Eurybatus came and incamped in one of the Ilands called Sybota And the tenne Gallies of Athens were also with them But their Land-forces stayed in the Promontory of Leucimna and with them 1000. men of Armes of the Zacynthians that came to ayde them The Corinthians also had in the Continent the aydes of many Barbarians which in those quarters haue beene euermore their friends The Corinthians after they were ready and had taken aboard three dayes prouision of victuall put off by night from Cheimerium with purpose to fight and about breake of day as they were sayling descryed the Gallies of the Corcyraeans which were also put off from Sybota and comming on to fight with the Corinthians Assoone as they had sight one of another they put themselues into order of Battaile In the right wing of the Corcyraeans were placed the Gallies of Athens and the rest being their owne were diuided into three Commands vnder the three Commanders one vnder one This was the order of the Corcyraeans The Corinthians had in their right wing the Gallies of Megara and of Ambracia in the middle other their Confederates in order and opposite to the Athenians and right wing of the Corcyraeans they were themselues placed with such Gallies as were best of Sayle in the left The Standard being on either side lift vp they ioyned Battell hauing on both parts both many men of Armes and many Archers and Slingers but after the old fashion as yet somewhat vnskilfully appointed The Battell was not so artificially as cruelly fought neere vnto the maner of a fight at Land For after they had once runne their Gallies vp close aboard one of another they could not for the number and throng be easily gotten asunder againe but relyed for the victory especially vpon their men of Armes who fought where they stood whilst the Gallies remained altogether without motion Passages through each other they made none but fought it out with courage and strength rather then with skill insomuch as the Battell was in euery part not without much tumult and disorder In which the Athenian Gallies being alwaies where the Corcyraeans were oppressed at hand kept the enemies in feare but yet began no assault because their Commanders stood in awe of the prohibition of the Athenian people The right wing of the Corinthians was in the greatest distresse for the Corcyraeans with twenty Gallies had made them turne their backes and chased them dispersed to the Continent and sayling to their very Campe went aland burnt their abandoned Tents and tooke away their Baggage so that in this part the Corinthians and their Confederates were vanquished and the Corcyraeans had the victory But in the left wing where the Corinthians were themselues they were farre superiour because the Corcyraeans had twenty Gallies of their number which was at first lesse then that of the Corinthians absent in the chase of the Enemie And the Athenians when they saw the Corcyraeans were in distresse now ayded them manifestly whereas before they had abstained from making assault vpon any But when once they fled out right and that the Corinthians lay sore vpon them then euery one fell to the businesse without making difference any longer and it came at last to this necessity that they vndertooke one another Corinthians and Athenians The Corinthians when their enemies fled staid not to fasten the Hulles of the Gallies they had sunke vnto their owne Gallies that so they might tow them after but made after the men rowing vp and downe to kill rather then to take aliue and through ignorance not knowing that their right wing had beene discomfited slew also some of their owne friends For the Gallies of eyther side being many and taking vp a large space of Sea after they were once in the medly they could not easily discerne who were of the Victors and who of the vanquished party For this was the greatest Nauall Battell for number of Ships that euer had beene before of Grecians against Grecians When the Corinthians had chased the Corcyraeans to the shore they returned to take vp the broken Gallies and bodies of their dead which for the greatest part they recouered and brought to Sybota where also lay the Land-forces of the Barbarians that were come to ayde them This Sybota is a desart Hauen of Thesprotis When they had done they re-vnited themselues and made againe to the Corcyraeans and they likewise with such Gallies as they had fit for the Sea remaining of the former Battell together with those of Athens put foorth to meete them fearing lest they should attempt to land vpon their Territory By this time the day was farre spent and the Song which they vsed to sing when they came to charge was ended when suddenly the Corinthians beganne to row a Sterne for they had descried twenty Athenian Gallies sent from Athens to second the former tenne for feare lest the Corcyraeans as it also fell out should bee ouercome and those tenne Gallies of theirs bee too few to defend them When the Corinthians therefore had sight of these Gallies suspecting that they were of Athens and more in number then they were by little and little they fell off But the Corcyraeans because the course of these Gallies was vnto them more out of sight descryed them not but wondred why the Corinthians rowed a Sterne till at last some that saw them said they were Enemies and then retired also the Corcyraeans For by this time it was darke and the Corinthians had turned about the heads of their Gallies and dissolued themselues And thus were they parted and the Battell ended in night The Corcyraeans lying at Leucimna these twenty Athenian Gallies vnder the command of Glaucon the sonne of Leagrus and Androcides the sonne of Leogorus passing through the middest of the floating Carkasses and wrecke soone after they were descryed arriued at the Campe of the Corcyraeans in Leucimna The Corcyraeans at first being night were afraid they had beene Enemies but knew them afterwards so they anchored there The next day both the thirty Gallies of Athens and as many of Corcyra as were fit for seruice went to the Hauen in Sybota where the Corinthians lay at Anchor to see if they would fight But the Corinthians when they had put off from the Land
Lacedaemonians appeared to be the greater But what the number was either of the particulars of either side or in generall I could not exactly write For the number of the Lacedaemonians agreeable to the secrecy of that State was vnknowne and of the other side for the ostentation vsuall with all men touching the number of themselues was vnbeleeued Neuerthelesse the number of the Lacedaemonians may be attained by computing thus Besides the Sciritae which were 600. there fought in all seuen Regiments in euery Regiment were foure Companies in each Company were foure Enomatiae and of euery Enomatia there stood in Front foure but they were not ranged all alike in File but as the Captaines of Bands thought it necessary But the Army in generall was so ordered as to be eight men in depth and the first Ranke of the whole besides the Sciritae consisted of 448 Souldiers Now when they were ready to ioyne the Commanders made their hortatines euery one to those that were vnder his owne command To the Mantineans it was said That they were to fight for their Territory and concerning their liberty and seruitude that the former might not be taken from them and that they might not againe taste of the later The Argiues were admonished That whereas anciently they had the leading of Peloponnesus and in it an equall share they should not now suffer themselues to be depriued of it for euer and that withall they should now reuenge the many iniuries of a City their neighbour and enemy To the Athenians it was remembred how honourable a thing it would be for them in company of so many and good Confederates to be inferior to none of them and that if they had once vanquished the Lacedaemonians in Peloponnesus their owne Dominion would become both the more assured and the larger by it and that no other would inuade their Territory hereafter Thus much was said to the Argiues and their Confederates But the Lacedaemonians encouraged one another both of themselues and also by the manner of their Discipline in the Warres taking encouragement being valiant men by the commemoration of what they already knew as being well acquainted that a long actuall experience conferred more to their safety then any short verball exhortation though neuer so well deliuered After this followed the battell The Argiues and their Confederates marched to the charge with great violence and fury But the Lacedaemonians slowly and with many Flutes according to their Military Discipline not as a point of Religion but that marching euenly and by measure their Rankes might not be distracted as the greatest Armies when they march in the face of the Enemy vse to be Whilest they were yet marching vp Agis the King thought of this course All Armies doe thus In the Conflict they extend their right Wing so as it commeth in vpon the Flanke of the left Wing of the enemy and this happeneth for that that euery one through feare seeketh all he can to couer his vnarmed side with the Shield of him that standeth next him on his right hand conceiuing that to be so locked together is their best defence The beginning hereof is in the leader of the first File on the right hand who euer striuing to shift his vnarmed side from the enemy the rest vpon like feare follow after And at this time the Mantineans in the right Wing had farre encompassed the Sciritae and the Lacedaemonians on the other side and the Tegeates were come in yet farther vpon the Flanke of the Athenians by as much as they had the greater Army Wherfore Agis fearing lest his left Wing should be encompassed supposing the Mantineans to be come in farre signified vnto the Sciritae and Brasidians to draw out part of their Bands and therewith to equalize their left Wing to the right Wing of the Mantineans and into the void space he commanded to come vp Hipponoidas and Aristocles two Colonels with their Bands out of the right Wing and to fall in there and make vp the breach Conceiuing that more then enough would be still remaining in their right Wing and that the left Wing opposed to the Mantineans would be the stronger But it happened for he commanded it in the very onset and on the sodaine both that Aristocles and Hipponoidas refused to go to the place commanded for which they were afterwards banished Sparta as thought to haue disobeyed out of cowardise and that the enemy had in the meane time also charged And when those which he commanded to goe to the place of the Sciritae went not they could no more reunite themselues nor cloze againe the empty space But the Lacedaemonians though they had the worst at this time in euery point for skill yet in valour they manifestly shewed themselues superior For after the fight was once begun notwithstanding that the right Wing of the Mantineans did put to flight the Sciritae Brasidians and that the Mantineans together with their Confederates and those 1000 chosen men of Argos falling vpon them in Flanke by the breach not yet clozed vp killed many of the Lacedaemonians and put to flight and chased them to their Carriages slaying also certaine of the elder sort left there for a guard so as in this part the Lacedaemonians were ouercome But with the rest of the Army and especially the middle battell where Agis was himselfe and those which are called the 300 horsemen about him they charged vpon the eldest of the Argiues and vpon those which are named the fiue Cohorts and vpon the Cleonaeans and Orneates and certaine Athenians aranged amongst them and put them all to flight In such sort as many of them neuer strooke stroake but as soone as the Lacedaemonians charged gaue ground presently and some for feare to be ouertaken were trodden vnder foot As soone as the Army of the Argiues and their Confederates had in this part giuen ground they began also to breake on either side The right Wing of the Lacedaemonians and Tegeates had now with their surplusage of number hemmed the Athenians in so as they had the danger on all hands being within the circle pend vp and without it already vanquished And they had been the most distressed part of all the Army had not their horsemen come in to helpe them Withall it fell out that Agis when he perceiued the left Wing of his owne Army to labour namely that which was opposed to the Mantineans and to those thousand Argiues commanded the whole Army to goe and relieue the part ouercome By which meanes the Athenians and such of the Argiues as together with them were ouerlaid whilst the Army passed by and declined them saued themselues at leasure And the Mantineans with their Confederates and those chosen Argiues had no more mind now of pressing vpon their enemies but seeing their side was ouercome and the Lacedaemonians approaching them presently turned their backs Of the Mantineans the greatest part
the Campe of the Athenians yet after seeing the Athenians came not out against them they retired againe and crossing to the other side of the Helorine high-way stayed there that night The next day the Athenians and their Confederates prepared to fight and were ordered thus The Argiues and the Mantineans had the right Wing the Athenians were in the middle and the rest of their Confederates in the other Wing That halfe of the Army which stood foremost was ordered by eight in File the other halfe towards their Tents ordered likewise by eights was cast into the forme of a long square and commanded to obserue diligently where the rest of the Army was in distresse and to make specially thither And in the middest of these so arranged were receiued such as carried the Weapons and Tooles of the Army The Syracusians arranged their men of Armes who were Syracusians of all conditions and as many of their Confederates as were present by sixteene in File They that came to ayde them were chiefly the Selinuntians and then the Horse-men of the Geloans about two hundred and of the Camarâ—naeans about twenty Horsemen and fifty Archers The Cauallery they placed in the right point of the Battell being in all no lesse then a thousand two hundred and with them the Darters But the Athenians intending to begin the Battell Nicias went vp and downe the Army from one Nation to another to whom and to all in generall he spake to this effect THE ORATION OF NICIAS to his Army WHat neede I sirs to make a long exhortation when this Battell is the thing for which we all came hither For in my opinion the present preparation is more able to giue you encouragement then any Oration how well soeuer made if with a weake Armie For where we are together Argiues Mantineans Athenians and the best of the Ilanders how can we choose amongst so many and good Confederates but conceiue great hope of the victory especially against tagge and ragge and not chosen men as wee are our selues and against Sicilians who though they contemne vs cannot stand against vs their skill not being answerable to their courage It must bee remembred also that wee be farre from our owne and not neere to any amicable Territory but such as we shall acquire by the sword My exhortation to you I am certaine is contrary to that of the enemy For they say to theirs You are to fight for your Countrey I say to you You are to fight out of your Countrey where you must either get the victory or not easily get away For many Horsemen will be vpon vs. Remember therefore euery man his owne worth and charge valiantly and thinke the present necessity and streight we are in to be more formidable then the enemy Nicias hauing thus exhorted the Army led it presently to the charge The Syracusians expected not to haue fought at that instant and the Citie being neere some of them were gone away and some for haste came in running and though late yet euery one as he came put himselfe in where was the greatest number For they wanted neither willingnesse nor courage either in this or any other battell being no lesse valiant so farre forth as they had experience then the Athenians But the want of this made them euen against their wils to abate also somewhat of their courage Neuerthelesse though they thought not the Athenians would haue begun the battell and were thereby constrained to fight on a sudden yet they resumed their Armes and came presently forward to the encounter And first the Casters of Stones and Slingers and Archers of either side skirmished in the middest betweene the Armies mutually chasing each other as amongst the Light-armed was not vnlikely After this the Southsayers brought forth their sacrifices according to the Law of the place and the Trumpets instigated the men of Armes to the battell And they came on to fight the Syracusians for their Countrey and their liues for the present and for their liberty in the future On the otherside the Athenians to win the Country of another and make it their owne and not to weaken their owne by being vanquished The Argiues and other free Confederates to helpe the Athenians to conquer the Countrey they came against and to returne to their owne with Victory And their Subiect-confederates came also on with great courage principally for their better safety as desperate if they ouercame not and withall vpon the by that by helping the Athenians to subdue the Countrie of another their owne subiection might be the easier After they were come to handstroakes they fought long on both sides But in the meane time there hapned some claps of Thunder and flashes of Lightning together with a great showre of Raine insomuch as it added to the feare of the Syracusians that were now fighting their first battell and not familiar with the Warres whereas to the other side that had more experience the season of the yeere seemed to expound that accident and their greatest feare proceeded from the so-long resistance of their enemies in that they were not all this while ouercome When the Argiues first had made the Left Wing of the Syracusians to giue ground and after them the Athenians also had done the like to those that were arranged against them then the rest of the Syracusian Army was presently broken and put to flight But the Athenians pursued them not farre because the Syracusian Horsemen being many and vnvanquished whensoeuer any men of Armes aduanced farre from the body of the Army charged vpon them and still draue them in againe but hauing followed as farre as safely they might in great troopes they retyred againe and erected a Trophie The Syracusians hauing rallyed themselues in the Helorine way and recouered their order as well as they could for that time sent a guard into Olympieum lest the Athenians should take the treasure there and returned with the rest of the Army into the Citie The Athenians went not to assault the Temple but gathering together their dead laid them vpon the funerall fire and stayed that night vpon the place The next day they gaue Truce to the Syracusians to take vp their dead of whom and of their Confederates were slaine about 260. and gathered vp the bones of their owne Of the Athenians and their Confederates there dyed about fifty And thus hauing rifled the bodies of their dead enemies they returned to Catana For it was now Winter and to make War there they thought it yet vnpossible before they had sent for Horsemen to Athens and leuyed other amongst their Confederates there in Sicily to the end they might not bee altogether ouer mastered in Horse and before they had also both leuyed mony there and receiued more from Athens and made League with certaine Cities which they hoped after this Battell would the more easily hearken thereunto and before they had likewise prouided themselues of victuals and other things
the Fleet conceiuing it to be impossible with their present forces to make Warre both against Perdiccas and the Townes reuolted set saile againe for Macedonia against which they had beene at first sent out and there staying ioyned with Philip and the brothers of Derdas that had invaded the Countrey from aboue In the meane time after Potidaea was revolted and whilest the Athenian Fleet lay on the Coast of Macedonia the Corinthians fearing what might become of the Citie and making the danger their owne sent vnto it both of their owne Citie and of other Peloponnesians which they hired to the number of 1600. men of Armes and 400. light armed The charge of these was giuen to Aristaeus the sonne of Adimantus for whose sake most of the Voluntaries of Corinth went the Voyage for hee had beene euer a great Fauourer of the Potidaeans And they arriued in Thrace after the reuolt of Potidaea forty dayes The newes of the reuolt of these Cities was likewise quickly brought to the Athenian people who hearing withall of the Forces sent vnto them vnder Aristaeus sent forth against the places reuolted 2000. men of Armes and 40. Gallies vnder the Conduct of Callias the Sonne of Calliades These comming first into Macedonia found there the former thousand who by this time had taken Therme and were now besieging the City of Pydna and staying helped for a while to besiege it with the rest But shortly after they tooke composition and hauing made a necesary League with Perdiccas vrged thereto by the affaires of Potidaea and the arriuall there of Aristaeus departed from Macedonia Thence comming to Berrhoea they attempted to take it but when they could not doe it they turned backe and marched towards Potidaea by Land They were of their owne number 3000. men of Armes besides many of their Confederates and of Macedonians that had serued with Philip and Pausanias 600. Horse-men And their Gallies 70. in number sayling by them along the Coast by moderate Iournies came in three dayes to Gigonus and there encamped The Potidaeans and the Peloponnesians vnder Aristaeus in expectation of the comming of the Athenians lay now encamped in the Isthmus neere vnto Olynthus and had the Market kept for them without the Citie and the leading of the Foot the Confederates had assigned to Aristaeus and of the Horse to Perdiccas for hee fell off againe presently from the Athenians and hauing left Iölaus Gouernour in his place tooke part with the Potidaeans The purpose of Aristaeus was to haue the body of the Armie with himselfe within the Isthmus and therewith to attend the comming on of the Athenians and to haue the Chalcideans and their Confederates without the Isthmus and also the 200. Horse vnder Perdiccas to stay in Olynthus and when the Athenians were past by to come on their backs and to encloze the Enemie betwixt them But Callias the Athenian Generall and the rest that were in Commission with him sent out before them their Macedonian Horsemen and some few of their Confederates to Olynthus to stop those within from making any sally from the Towne and then dislodging marched on towards Potidaea When they were come on as far to as the Isthmus and saw the Enemie make ready to fight they also did the like and not long after they ioyned Battell That wing wherein was Aristaeus himselfe with the chosen men of the Corinthians and others put to flight that part of their Enemies that stood opposite vnto them and followed execution a great way But the rest of the Army of the Potidaeans and Peloponnesians were by the Athenians defeated and fled into the Citie And Aristaeus when hee came backe from the Execution was in doubt what way to take to Olynthus or to Potidaea In the end hee resolued of the shortest way and with his Souldiers about him ranne as hard as hee was able into Potidaea and with much adoe got in at the Peere through the Sea cruelly shot at and with the losse of a few but safety of the greatest part of his company Assoone as the Battell beganne they that should haue seconded the Potideans from Olynthus for it is at most but 60. Furlongs off and in sight aduanced a little way to haue ayded them and the Macedonian Horse opposed themselues likewise in order of Battell to keepe them backe But the Athenians hauing quickly gotten the Victory and the Standards being taken downe they retyred againe they of Olynthus into that Citie and the Macedonian Horsemen into the Armie of the Athenians So that neither side had their Cauallery at the Battell After the Battell the Athenians erected a Trophie and gaue truce to the Potideans for the taking vp of the bodies of their dead Of the Potideans and their friends there dyed somewhat lesse then 300. and of the Athenians themselues 150. with Callias one of their Commanders Presently vpon this the Athenians raised a Wall before the Citty on the part towards the Isthmus which they kept with a Garrison but the part to Pallene-ward they left vnwalled For they thought themselues too small a number both to keepe a guard in the Isthmus and withall to goe ouer and fortifie in Pallene fearing lest the Potidaeans and their Confederates should assault them when they were deuided When the people of Athens vnderstood that Potidaea was vnwalled on the part toward Pallene not long after they sent thither 1600. men of Armes vnder the Conduct of Phormio the Sonne of Asopius who arriuing in Pallene left his Gallies at Aphytis and marching easily to Potidaea wasted the Territory as hee passed through And when none came out to bid him Battell hee raised a Wall before the Citie on that part also that looketh towards Pallene Thus was Potidaea on both sides strongly besieged and also from the Sea by the Athenian Gallies that came vp and rode before it Aristeus seeing the Citie enclosed on euery side and without hope of safety saue what might come from Peloponnesus or some other vnexpected way gaue aduice to all but 500. taking the opportunity of a Wind to goe out by Sea that the prouision might the longer hold out for the rest and of them that should remaine within offered himselfe to bee one But when his counsell tooke not place beeing desirous to settle their businesse and make the best of their affaires abroad hee got out by Sea vnseene of the Athenian Guard and staying amongst the Chalcideans amongst other actions of the Warre laid an Ambush before Sermyla and slew many of that Citie and sollicited the sending of ayd from Peloponnesus And Phormio after the Siege laid to Potidaea hauing with him his 1600. men of Armes wasted the Territories of the Chalcideans and Bottieans and some small Townes he tooke in These were the Quarrels betweene the Peloponnesians and the Athenians The Corinthians quarrelled the Aâ—heniâ—ans for besieging Potidaea and in it the
these are now they invade chiefly vpon confidence of their strength But they that are much the fewer must haue some great and sure designe when they dare fight vnconstrained Wherewith these men now amazed feare vs more for our vnlikely preparation then they would if it were more proportionable Besides many great Armies haue beene ouercome by the lesser through vnskilfulnesse and some also by timorousnesse both which we our selues are free from As for the battaile I will not willingly fight it in the Gulfe nor goe in thither seeing that to a few Gallies with nimblenesse and art against many without art streightnesse of roome is disaduantage For neither can one charge with the beake of the Gallie as is fit vnlesse hee haue sight of the enemy a farre off or if he be himselfe ouer-pressed againe get cleere Nor is there any getting through them or turning to and fro at ones pleasure which are all the workes of such Gallies as haue their aduantage in agility but the Sea-fight would of necessitie be the same with a battaile by Land wherein the greater number must haue the better But of this I shall my selfe take the best care I am able In the meane time keepe you your order well in the Gallies and euery man receiue his charge readily and the rather because the enemy is at Anchor so neere vs. In the fight haue in great estimation order and silence as things of great force in most Military actions especially in a fight by Sea and charge these your enemies according to the worth of your former Acts. You are to fight for a great wager either to destroy the hope of the Peloponnesian Nauies or to bring the feare of the Sea neerer home to the Athenians Againe let mee tell you you haue beaten them once already and men once ouercome will not come againe to the danger so well resolued as before Thus did Phormio also encourage his Souldiers The Peloponnesians when they saw the Athenians would not enter the Gulfe and Streight desiring to draw them in against their willes weighed Anchor and betime in the morning hauing arranged their Gallies by foure and foure in a ranke sayled along their owne Coast within the Gulfe leading the way in the same order as they had lien at Anchor with their right wing In this wing they had placed 20 of their swiftest Gallies to the end that if Phormio thinking them going to Naupactus should for safegard of the Towne sayle along his owne Coast likewise within the Straight the Athenians might not be able to get beyond that wing of theirs and auoyd the impression but be enclosed by their Gallies on both sides Phormio fearing as they expected what might become of the Towne now without guard as soone as he saw them from Anchor against his will and in extreme haste went aboord and sayled along the Shoare with the Land forces of the Messenians marching by to ayde him The Peloponnesians when they saw them sayle in one long File Gally after Gally and that they were now in the Gulfe and by the Shoare which they most desired vpon one signe giuen turned suddenly euery one as fast as he could vpon the Athenians hoping to haue intercepted them euery Gallie But of those the eleuen formost auoyding that wing and the turne made by the Peloponnesians got out into the open Sea The rest they intercepted and driuing them to the Shoare sunke them The men as many as swamme not out they slew and the Gallies some they tyed to their owne and towed them away empty and one with the men and all in her they had already taken But the Messenian succours on Land entring the Sea with their Armes got aboord of some of them and fighting from the Deckes recouered them againe after they were already towing away And in this part the Peloponnesians had the victory and ouercame the Gallies of the Athenians Now the 20 Gallies that were their right wing gaue chase to those eleuen Athenian Gallies which had auoyded them when they turned and were gotten into the open Sea These flying toward Naupactus arriued there before the enemies all saue one and when they came vnder the Temple of Apollo turned their beake heads and put themselues in readinesse for defence in câ—se the enemy should follow them to the Land But the Peloponnesians as they came after were Paeanizing as if they had already had the victory and one Gallie which was of Leucas being farre before the rest gaue chase to one Athenian Gallie that was behind the rest of the Athenians Now it chanced that there lay out into the Sea a certaine Ship at Anchor to which the Athenian Gally first comming fetcht a compasse about her and came backe full butt against the Leucadian Gallie that gaue her chase and sunke her Vpon this vnexpected and vnlikely accident they began to feare and hauing also followed the chase as being victors disorderly some of them let downe their Oares into the water and hindred the way of their Gallies a matter of very ill consequence seeing the enemy was so neere and staid for more company And some of them through ignorance of the Coast ranne vpon the Shelues The Athenians seeing this tooke heart againe and together with one clamour set vpon them who resisted not long because of their present errours committed and their disarray but turned and fled to Panormus from whence at first they set forth The Athenians followed and tooke from them sixe Gallies that were hindmost and recouered their own which the Peloponnesians had sunke by the Shoare and tyed a sterne of theirs Of the men some they slew and some also they tooke aliue In the Leucadian Gally that was sunke neere the ship was Timocrates a Lacedaemonian who when the Gally was lost runne himselfe thorow with his sword and his body draue into the Hauen of Naupactus The Athenians falling off erected a Trophy in the place from whence they set forth to this victory took vp their dead and the wracke as much as was on their own shore and gaue truce to the enemy to doe the like The Peloponnesians also set vp a Trophy as if they also had had the victory in respect of the flight of those Gallies which they sunke by the Shoare and the Gally which they had taken they consecrated to Neptune in Rhium of Achaia hard by their Trophy After this fearing the supply which was expected from Athens they sayled by night into the Crissaean Gulfe and to Corinth all but the Leucadians And those Athenians with twenty Gallies out of Crete that should haue beene with Phormio before the battaile not long after the going away of the Gallies of Peloponnesus arriued at Naupactus And the Summer ended But before the Fleet gone into the Crissaean Gulfe and to Corinth was dispersed Cnemus and Brasidas and the rest of the Commanders of the Peloponnesians in the beginning of Winter instructed
done amongst them So that this Kingdome arriued thereby to great power for of all the Nations of Europe that lye betweene the Ionian Gulfe and the Euxine Sea it was for reuenue of money and other wealth the mightiest though indeed for strength of an Army and multitudes of Souldiers the same be farre short of the Scythians For there is no Nation not to say of Europe but neither of Asia that are comparable to this or that as long as they agree are able one Nation to one to stand against the Scythians and yet in matter of counsell and wisdome in the present occasions of life they are not like to other men Sitalces therefore King of this great Countrey prepared his Armie and when all was ready set forward and marched towards Macedonia First through his owne Dominion then ouer Cercine a desart Mountaine diuiding the Sintians from the Paeonians ouer which he marched the same way himselfe had formerly made with Timber when he made Warre against the Paeonians Passing this Mountaine out of the Countrey of the Odrysians they had on their right hand the Paeonians and on the left the Sintians and Maedes and beyond it they came to the Citie of Doberus in Paeonia His Army as hee marched diminished not any way except by sicknesse but encreased by the accession of many free Nations of Thrace that came in vncalled in hope of Booty Insomuch as the whole number is said to haue amoūted to no lesse then 150000. men Wherof the most were foot the Horse being a third part or thereabouts And of the Horse the greatest part were the Odrysians themselues and the next most the Getes And of the Foot those Sword-men a free Nation that came downe to him out of the Mountaine Rhodope were most warlike The rest of the promiscuous multitude were formidable onely for their number Being all together at Doberus they made ready to fall in from the Hilles side into the lower Macedonia the dominion of Perdiccas For there are in Macedonia the Lyncestians and the Helimiotes and other High-land Nations who though they bee Confederates and in subiection to the other yet haue their seuerall Kingdomes by themselues But of that part of the now Macedonia which lyeth toward the Sea Alexander the Father of this Perdiccas and his Ancestors the Temenidae who came out of Argos were the first possessors and raigned in the same hauing first driuen out of Pieria the Pierians which afterwards seated themselues in Phagres and other Townes beyond Strymon at the foot of Pangeum From which cause that Countrey is called the Gulfe of Pieria to this day which lyeth at the foot of Pangeum and bendeth toward the Sea and out of that which is called Bottia the Bottiaeans that now border vpon the Chalcideans They possessed besides a certaine narrow portion of Paeonia neere vnto the Riuer of Axius reaching from aboue downe to Pella and to the Sea Beyond Axius they possesse the Countrey called Mygdonia as farre as to Strymon from whence they haue driuen out the Eidonians Furthermore they draue the Eordians out of the Territory now called Eorda of whom the greatest part perished but there dwell a few of them yet about Physca and the Almopians out of Almopia The same Macedonians subdued also other Nations and hold them yet as Anthemus Grestonia and Bisaltia and a great part of the Macedonians themselues But the whole is called Macedonia and was the Kingdome of Perdiccas the sonne of Alexander when Sitalces came to inuade it The Macedonians vnable to stand in the Field against so huge an Armie retired all within their strong Holds and walled Townes as many as the Countrey afforded which were not many then but were built afterwards by Archelaus the sonne of Perdiccas when he came to the kingdome who then also laid out the high wayes straight and tooke order both for matter of Warre as Horses and Armes and for other prouision better then all the other 8. Kings that were before him The Thracian Army arising from Doberus invaded that Territory first which had beene the Principality of Philip and tooke Eidomene by force but Gortynia Atalanta and some other Townes he had yeelded to him for the loue of Amyntas the sonne of Philip who was then in the Armie They also assaulted Europus but could not take it Then they went on further into Macedonia on the part that lyes on the right hand of Pella and Cyrrhus but within these into Bottiaea and Pieria they entred not but wasted Mygdonia Grestonia and Anthemus Now the Macedonians had neuer any intention to make head against them with their Foot but sending out their Horsemen which they had procured from their Allyes of the higher Macedonia they assaulted the Thracian Armie in such places where few against many they thought they might doe it with most conuenience and where they charged none was able to resist them being both good Horsemen and well armed with Brestplates but enclosed by the multitude of the Enemies they fought against manifold oddes of number so that in the end they gaue it ouer esteeming themselues too weake to hazard Battell against so many After this Sitalces gaue way to a conference with Perdiccas touching the motiues of this Warre And forasmuch as the Athenians were not arriued with their Fleet for they thought not that Sitalces would haue made the Iourney but had sent Ambassadours to him with Presents he sent a part of his Army against the Chalcideans and Bottiaeans wherewith hauing compelled them within their walled Townes he wasted and destroyed their Territory Whilest he stayed in these parts the Thessalians Southward and the Magnetians and the rest of the Nations subiect to the Thessalians and all the Grecians as far as to Thermopylae were afraid he would haue turned his Forces vpon them and stood vpon their guard And Northward those Thracians rhat inhabite the Champaigne Countrey beyond Strymon namely the Panaeans Odomantians Droans and Dersaeans all of them free-States were afraid of the same He gaue occasion also to a rumour that hee meant to leade his Army against all those Grecians that were enemies to the Athenians as called in by them to that purpose by vertue of their League But whilest hee stayed hee wasted the Chalcidean Bottiaean and Macedonian Territories and when hee could not effect what he came for and his Army both wanted victuall and was afflicted wtih the coldnesse of the season Seuthes the sonne of Spardocus his cousin German and of greatest authority next himselfe perswaded him to make haste away Now Perdiccas had dealt secretly with Seuthes and promised him his Sister in marriage and money with her and Sitalces at the perswasion of him after the stay of full thirty dayes wherof he spent eight in Chalcidea retyred with his Army with all speed into his owne Kingdome And Perdiccas shortly after gaue to Seuthes his Sister Stratonica in marriage as hee had promised
against them they tooke Sanctuary in the Temples to the end the summe being great they might pay it by portions as they should be taxed But Pithias for he was also of the Senate obtained that the Law should proceed These fiue being by the Law excluded the Senate and vnderstanding that Pithias as long as he was a Senator would cause the people to hold for friends and foes the same that were so to the Athenians conspired with the rest and armed with Daggers suddenly brake into the Senate house and slew both Pithias and others as well priuate men as Senators to the number of about sixty persons onely a few of those of Pithias his faction escaped into the Athenian Gallie that lay yet in the Harbour When they had done this and called the Corcyreans to an Assembly they told them that what they had done was for the best and that they should not be now in bondage to the Athenians And for the future they aduised them to be in quiet and to receiue neither party with more then one Gallie at once and to take them for enemies if they were more And when they had spoken forced them to decree it accordingly They also presently sent Ambassadors to Athens both to shew that it was fit for them to doe what they had done and also to disswade such Corcyreans as were fled thither of the other faction from doing any thing to their preiudice for feare the matter should fall into a relapse When these arriued the Athenians apprehended both the Ambassadors themselues as seditious persons and also all those Corcyreans whom they had there preuailed with and sent them to custody in Aegina In the meane time vpon the comming in of a Gallie of Corinth with Ambassadours from Lacedaemon those that mannaged the State assayled the Commons and ouercame them in fight And night comming on the Commons fled into the Citadell and the higher parts of the Citie where they rallyed themselues and encamped and made themselues Masters of the Hauen called the Hallaique Hauen But the Nobility seazed on the Market place where also the most of them dwelt and on the Hauen on the side toward the Continent The next day they skirmished a little with shot and both parts sent abroad into the Villages to solicite the slaues with promise of liberty to take their parts And the greatest part of the slaues tooke part with the Commons and the other side had an aide of 800 men from the Continent The next day but one they fought againe and the people had the Victory hauing the oddes both in strength of places and in number of men And the women also manfully assisted them throwing Tyles from the houses and enduring the tumult euen beyond the condition of their Sexe The Few began to flie about twilight and fearing lest the people should euen with their shout take the Arsenall and so come on and put them to the sword to stoppe their passage set fire on the houses in circle about the Market place and vpon others neere it Much goods of Merchants was hereby burnt and the whole City if the wind had risen and carried the flame that way had been in danger to haue been destroyed When the people had gotten the Victory the Corinthian Gallie stole away and most of the auxiliaries gat ouer priuily into the Continent The next day Nicostratus the sonne of Diotrephes an Athenian Commander came in with 12 Gallies and 500 Messenian men of Armes from Naupactus and both negotiated a reconciliation and induced them to the end they might agree to condemne ten of the principall authors of the Sedition who presently fled and to let the rest alone with Articles both betweene themselues and with the Athenians to esteeme friends and enemies the same the Athenians did When he had done this he would haue been gone but the people perswaded him before he went to leaue behind him fiue of his Gallies the better to keepe their aduersaries from stirring and to take as many of theirs which they would man with Corcyreans and send with him To this he agreed and they made a List of those that should imbarke consisting altogether of their enemies But these fearing to be sent to Athens tooke Sanctuary in the Temple of Castor and Pollux But Nicostratus endeauoured to raise them and spake to them to put them into courage but when hee could not preuaile the people arming themselues on pretence that their diffidence to goe along with Nicostratus proceeded from some euill intention tooke away their Armes out of their houses and would also haue killed some of them such as they chanced on if Nicostratus had not hindred them Others also when they saw this tooke Sanctuary in the Temple of Iuno and they were in all aboue foure hundred But the people fearing some innouation got them by perswasion to rise and conueying them into the Iland that lyeth ouer against the Temple of Iuno sent them their necessaries thither The Sedition standing in these termes the fourth or fifth day after the putting ouer of these men into the Iland arriued the Peloponnesian Fleet from Cyllene where since their voyage of Ionia they had lyen at Anchor to the number of three and fiftie saile Alcidas had the command of these as before and Brasidas came with him as a Counsellour And hauing first put in at Sybota a Hauen of the Continent they came on the next morning by breake of day toward Corcyra The Corcyraeans being in great tumult and feare both of the Seditious within and of the inuasion without made ready threescore Gallies and still as any of them were manned sent them out against the Enemie whereas the Athenians had aduised them to giue leaue to them to goe forth first and then the Corcyraeans to follow after with the whole Fleet together When their Gallies came forth thus thinne two of them presently turned to the Enemie and in others they that were aboord were together by the eares amongst themselues and nothing was done in due order The Peloponnesians seeing their confusion opposed themselues to the Corcyraeans with twenty Gallies onely the rest they set in array against the twelue Gallies of Athens whereof the Salaminia and the Paralus were two The Corcyraeans hauing come disorderly vp and by few at once were on their part in much distresse but the Athenians fearing the Enemies number and doubting to bee invironed would neuer come vp to charge the Enemie where they stood thicke nor would set vpon the Gallies that were placed in the middest but charged one end of them and drowned one of their Gallies and when the Peloponnesians afterwards had put their Fleet into a circular figure they then went about and about it endeuouring to put them into disorder which they that were fighting against the Corcyraeans perceiuing and fearing such another chance as befell them formerly at Naupactus went to their ayde and vniting themselues came vpon
one with such Armes as he had being all that rowed except only the Thalamij eight hundred Arâ—hers Targuetiers as many all the Messenians that came to aide them and as many of them besides as held any place about Pylus except onely the Garrison of the Fort it selfe Demosthenes then disposing his Army by two hundred and more in a company and in some lesse at certaine distances seazed on all the higher grounds to the end that the enemies compassed about on euery side might the lesse know what to doe or against what part to set themselues in battel and be subiect to the shot of the multitude from euery part and when they should make head against those that fronted them be charged behind and when they should turne to those that were opposed to their flancks be charged at once both behind and before And which way soeuer they marched the light-armed and such as were meanliest prouided of Armes followed them at the backe with Arrowes Darts Stones and Slings who haue courage enough afarre off and could not be charged but would ouercome flying and also presse the enemies when they should retyre With this designe Demosthenes both intended his landing at first and afterwards ordered his forces accordingly in the action Those that were about Epitadâ—s who were the greatest part of those in the Iland when they saw that the formost guard was slaine and that the Army marched towards them put themselues in array and went towards the men of Armes of the Athenians with intent to charge them for these were opposed to them in front and the light-armed Souldiers on their flancks and at their backs But they could neither come to ioyne with them nor any way make vse of their skill For both the light-armed Souldiers kept them off with shot from either side and the men of Armes aduanced not Where the light-armed Souldiers approached neerest they were driuen backe but returning they charged them afresh being men armed lightly and that easily got out of their reach by running especially the ground being vneasie and rough by hauing been formerly desert so that the Lacedaemonians in their Armour could not follow them Thus for a little while they skirmished one against another a farre off But when the Lacedaemonians were no longer able to run out after them where they charged these light-armed Souldiers seeing them lesse earnest in chasing them and taking courage chiefly from their sight as being many times their number and hauing also been vsed to them so much as not to thinke them now so dangerous as they had done for that they had not receiued so much hurt at their hands as their subdued mindes because they were to fight against the Lacedaemonians had at their first landing pre-iudged contemned them and with a great cry ran all at once vpon them casting Stones Arrowes and Darts as to euery man came next to hand Vpon this cry and assault they were much terrified as not accustomed to such kind of fight and withall a great dust of the woods lately burnt mounted into the ayre so that by reason of the Arrowes and Stones that together with the dust flew from such a multitude of men they could hardly see before them Then the battell grew sore on the Lacedaemonians side for their Iackes now gaue way to the Arrowes and the Darts that were throwne stucke broken in them so as they could not handle themselues as neither seeing before them nor hearing any direction giuen them for the greater noyse of the enemy but danger being on all sides were hopelesse to saue themselues vpon any side by fighting In the end many of them being now wounded for that they could not shift their ground they made their retreat in close order to the last guard of the Iland and to the watch that was there When they once gaue ground then were the light-armed Souldiers much more confident then before and pressed vpon them with a mighty noyse And as many of the Lacedaemonians as they could intercept in their retreat they slew but the most of them recouered the Fort and together with the watch of the same put themselues in order to defend it in all parts that were subiect to assault The Athenians following could not now encompasse and hemme them in for the strong situation of the place but assaulting them in the face sought onely how to put them from the wall And thus they held out a long time the better part of a day either side tyred with the fight and with thirst and with the Sunne one endeauouring to driue the enemy from the top the other to keepe their ground And the Lacedaemonians defended themselues easilier now then before because they were not now encompassed vpon their flancks When there was no end of the businesse the Captaine of the Messenians said vnto Cleon and Demosthenes that they spent their labour there in vaine and that if they would deliuer vnto him a part of the Archers and light-armed Souldiers to get vp by such a way as he himselfe should find out and come behinde vpon their backes hee thought the entrance might bee forced And hauing receiued the Forces hee asked hee tooke his way from a place out of sight to the Lacedaemonians that hee might not be discouered making his approach under the Cliffes of the Iland where they were continuall In which part 〈…〉 the naturall strength therof they kept no watch and with much labour and hardly vnseene came behinde them And appearing suddenly from aboue at their backes both terrified the Enemies with the sight of what they expected not and much confirmed the Athenians with the sight of what they expected And the Lacedaemonians being now charged with their shot both before and behind were in the same case to compare small matters with great that they were in at Thermopylae For then they were slaine by the Persians shut vp on both sides in a narrow path And these now being charged on both sides could make good the place no longer but fighting few against many and beeing weake withall for want of foode were at last forced to giue ground and the Athenians by this time were also Masters of all the entrances But Cleon and Demosthenes knowing that the more they gaue backe the faster they would bee killed by their Armie staid the fight and held in the Souldiers with desire to carry them aliue to Athens in case their spirits were so much broken and their courage abated by this miserie as vpon Proclamation made they would bee content to deliuer vp their Armes So they proclaimed that they should deliuer vp their Armes and themselues to the Athenians to be disposed of as to them should seeme good Vpon hearing heereof the most of them threw downe their Bucklers and shooke their hands aboue their heads signifying their acceptation of what was proclaimed Whereupon a Truce was made and they came to treat Cleon and
this Countrey of yours when a forraine enemy comes against you to fight with him both on your owne and on your neighbours ground alike but much more you ought to doe it against the Athenians when they be borderers For liberty with all men is nothing else but to be a match for the Cities that are their neighbours With these then that attempt the subiugation not onely of their neighbours but of estates farre from them why should we not try the vtmost of our fortune We haue for example the estate that the Euboeans ouer against vs and also the greatest part of the rest of Greece do liue in vnder them And you must know that though others fight with their neighbours about the bounds of their Territories wee if we be vanquished shall haue but one bound amongst vs all so that wee shall no more quarrell about limits For if they enter they will take all our seuerall states into their owne possession by force So much more dangerous is the neighbourhood of the Athenians then of other people And such as vpon confidence in their strength inuade their neighbours as the Athenians now doe vse to bee bolde in warring on those that sit still defending themselues onely in their owne Territories whereas they be lesse vrgent to those that are ready to meete them without their owne limits or also to beginne the Warre when opportunity serueth We haue experience hereof in these same men for after wee had ouercome them at Coronea at what time through our owne sedition they held our Countrey in subiection wee established a great security in Boeotia which lasted till this present Remembring which wee ought now the elder sort to imitate our former acts there and the yonger sort who are the children of those valiant Fathers to endeuour not to disgrace the vertue of their Houses but rather with confidence that the God whose Temple fortified they vnlawfully dwell in will bee with vs the Sacrifices wee offered him appearing faire to march against them and let them see that though they may gaine what they couet when they inuade such as will not fight yet men that haue the generosity to hold their owne in liberty by battell and not inuade the state of another vniustly will neuer let them goe away vnfoughten Pagondas with this exhortation perswaded the Boeotians to march against the Athenians and making them rise led them speedily on for it was drawing towards night and when he was neere to their Army in a place from whence by the interposition of a Hill they saw not each other making a stand he put his Armie into order and prepared to giue Battell When it was told Hippocrates who was then at Delium that the Boeotians were marching after them he sends presently to the Armie commanding them to bee put in array and not long after hee came himselfe hauing left some 300. Horse about Delium both for a guard to the place if it should be assaulted and withall to watch an opportunity to come vpon the Boeotians when they were in fight But for these the Boeotians appointed some Forces purposely to attend them And when all was as it should be they shewed themselues from the toppe of the Hill Where they sate downe with their Armes in the same order they were to fight in being about seuen thousand men of Armes of light-armed Souldiers aboue tenne thousand a thousand Horsemen and fiue hundred Targettiers Their right Wing consisting of the Thebans and their partakers In the middle battell were the Haliartians Coronaeans Copaeans and the rest that dwell about the Lake In the left were the Thespians Tanagraeans and Orchomenians The Horsemen and light-armed Souldiers were placed on either wing The Thebans were ordered by twenty fiue in File but the rest euery one as it fell out This was the preparation and order of the Boeotians The Athenian men of Armes in number no fewer then the enemy were ordered by eight in File throughout Their Horse they placed on either Wing but for light-armed Souldiers armed as was fit there were none nor was there any in the City Those that went out followed the Campe for the most part without Armes as being a generall expedition both of Citizens and Strangers and after they once began to make homeward there stayed few behind When they were now in their order and ready to ioyne battell Hippocrates the Generall came into the Army of the Athenians and encouraged them speaking to this effect THE ORATION OF HIPPOCRATES to his Souldiers MEN of Athens my exhortation shall be short but with valiant men it hath as much force as a longer and is for a remembrance rather then a command Let no man thinke because it is in the Territory of another that we therefore precipitate our selues into a great danger that did not concerne vs. For in the Territory of these men you fight for your owne If wee get the victory the Peloponnesians will neuer inuade our Territories againe for want of the Boeotian Horsemen So that in one battell you shall both gaine this Territory and free your owne Therefore march on against the enemy euery one as becommeth the dignity both of his naturall Citie which he glorieth to be chiefe of all Greece and of his Ancestors who hauing ouercome these men at Oenophyta vnder the Conduct of Myronides were in times past Masters of all Boeotia Whiles Hippocrates was making this exhortation and had gone with it ouer halfe the Army but could proceed no further the Boeotians for Pagondas likewise made but a short exhortation and had there sung the Paean came downe vpon them from the hill And the Athenians likewise went forward to meet them so fast that they met together running The vtmost parts of both the Armies neuer came to ioyne hindred both by one and the same cause for certaine currents of water kept them asunder But the rest made sharpe battell standing close and striuing to put by each others Bucklers The left wing of the Boeotians to the very middle of the Army was ouerthrowne by the Athenians who in this part had to deale amongst others principally with the Thespians For whilest they that were placed within the same wing gaue backe and were circled in by the Athenians in a narrow compasse those Thespians that were slaine were hewed downe in the very fight Some also of the Athenians themselues troubled with inclosing thē through ignorance slew one another So that the Boeotians were ouerthrowne in this part and fled to the other part where they were yet in fight But the right wing wherein the Thebans stood had the better of the Athenians and by little and little forced them to giue ground and followed vpon them from the very first It hapned also that Pagondas whilst the left wing of this Army was in distresse sent two Companies of Horse secretly about the hill whereby that wing of the Athenians which was victorious apprehending vpon
could not send an Army against it without breach of the Truce and vpon Brasidas his word challenged the City to belong vnto them offering themselues to the decision of Law But the Athenians would by no meanes put the matter to iudgement But meant with all the speed they could make to send an Army against it Being angry at the heart that it should come to this passe that euen Ilanders durst reuolt trust to the vnprofitable helpe of the strength of the Lacedaemonians by Land Besides touching the time of the reuolt the Athenians had more truth on their side then themselues alleadged For the reuolt of the Scioneans was after the Truce two dayes Whereupon by the aduice of Cleon they made a Decree to take them by force and to put them all to the Sword And forbearing Warre in all places else they prepared themselues onely for that In the meane time reuolted also Menda in Pallene a Colony of the Eretrians These also Brasidas receiued into protection holding it for no wrong because they came in openly in time of Truce And somewhat there was also which he charged the Athenians with about breach of the Truce For which cause the Mendaeans had also beene the bolder as sure of the intention of Brasidas which they might guesse at by Scione in as much as he could not be gotten to deliuer it Withall the Few were they which had practised the reuolt who being once about it would by no meanes giue it ouer but fearing lest they should bee discouered forced the multitude contrary to their owne inclination to the same The Athenians being hereof presently aduertised and much more angry now then before made preparation to Warre vpon both and Brasidas expecting that they would send a Fleet against them receiued the women and children of the Scionaeans and Mendaeans into Olynthus in Chalcidea and sent ouer thither 500 Peloponnesian men of Armes and 300 Chalcidean Targettiers and for Commander of them all Polydamidas And those that were left in Scione and Menda ioyned in the administration of their affaires as expecting to haue the Athenian Fleet immediately with them In the meane time Brasidas and Perdiccas with ioynt forces march into Lyncus against Arrhibaeus the second time Perdiccas led with him the power of the Macedonians his subiects and such Grecian men of Armes as dwelt among them Brasidas besides the Peloponnesians that were left him led with him the Chalcideans Acanthians and the rest according to the Forces they could seuerally make The whole number of the Grecian men of Armes were about 3000. The horsemen both Macedonians and Chalcideans somewhat lesse then 1000 but the other Rabble of Barbarians was great Being entred the Territory of Arrhibaeus and finding the Lyncesteans encamped in the field they also sate downe opposite to their Campe. And the Foot of each side being lodged vpon a hil and a Plain lying betwixt them both the horsemen ran downe into the same and a skirmish followed first betweene the Horse onely of them both but afterwards the men of Armes of the Lyncesteans comming downe to aide their Horse from the hill and offring battell first Brasidas and Perdiccas drew downe their Army likewise and charging put the Lyncestians to flight many of which being slaine the rest retired to the hill top and lay still After this they erected a Trophy and stayed two or three dayes expecting the Illyrians who were comming to Perdiccas vpon hire and Perdiccas meant afterwards to haue gone on against the Villages of Arrhibaeus one after another and to haue sitten still there no longer But Brasidas hauing his thoughts on Menda lest if the Athenians came thither before his returne it should receiue some blow seeing withall that the Illyrians came not had no liking to doe so but rather to retire Whilest they thus varied word was brought that the Illyrians had betrayed Perdiccas ioyned themselues with Arrhibaeus So that now it was thought good to retyre by them both for feare of these who were a warlike people but yet for the time when to march there was nothing cōcluded by reason of their variance The next night the Macedonians and multitude of Barbarians as it is vsuall with great Armies to be terrified vpon causes vnknowne being suddenly affrighted and supposing them to be many more in number then they were and euen now vpon them betooke themselues to present flight went home And Perdiccas who at first knew not of it they constrained when he knew before he had spoken with Brasidas their Campes being farre asunder to be gone also Brasidas betimes in the morning when hee vnderstood that the Macedonians were gone away without him and that the Illyrians and Arrhibaeans were comming vpon him putting his men of Armes into a square forme and receiuing the multitude of his light-armed into the middest intended to retire likewise The youngest men of his Souldiers he appointed to run out vpon the enemy when they charged the Army any where with shot and he himselfe with three hundred chosen men marching in the Rere intended as he retyred to sustaine the formost of the enemy fighting if they came close vp But before the enemie approached hee encouraged his Souldiers as the shortnesse of time gaue him leaue with words to this effect THE ORATION OF BRASIDAS to his Souldiers MEN of Peloponnesus If I did not mistrust in respect you are thus abandoned by the Macedonians and that the Barbarians which come vpon you are many that you were afraid I should not at this time instruct you and encourage you as I doe But now against this desertion of your companions and the multitude of your enemies I will endeuour with a short instruction and hortatiue to giue you encouragement to the full For to be good Souldiers is vnto you naturall not by the presence of any Confederates but by your owne valour and not to feare others for the number seeing you are not come from a Citie where the Many beare rule ouer the Few but the Few ouer Many and haue gotten this for power by no other meanes then by ouercomming in fight And as these Barbarians whom through ignorance you feare you may take notice both by the former battels fought by vs against them before in fauour of the Macedonians and also by what I my selfe coniecture and haue heard by others that they haue no great danger in them For when any enemy whatsoeuer maketh shew of strength being indeed weake the truth once knowne doth rather serue to embolden the other side whereas against such as haue valour indeed a man will bee the boldest when hee knoweth the least These men here to such as haue not tryed them doe indeed make terrible offers for the sight of their number is fearefull the greatnesse of their cry intolerable and the vaine shaking of their weapons on high is not without signification of menacing But they are not
and there to sell it that the Mariners disbarking might presently dine by the Gallies sides and quickly againe vnlooked-for assault the Athenians afresh the same day This aduice being liked they sent a Messenger and the Market was furnished And the Syracusians suddenly rowed a-sterne towards the Citie and disbarking dined there-right on the shore The Athenians supposing they had retired towards the Citie as vanquished landed at leasure and amongst other businesse went about the dressing of their dinner as not expecting to haue fought againe the same day But the Syracusians suddenly going aboord came towards them againe And the Athenians in great tumult and for the most part vndined imbarking disorderly at length with much adoe went out to meete them For a while they held their hands on both sides and but obserued each other But anon after the Athenians thought not fit by longer dallying to ouercome themselues with their owne labour but rather to fight as soone as they could and thereupon at once with a ioynt shout charged the Enemie and the fight began The Syracusians receiued and resisted their charge and fighting as they had before determined with their Gallies head to head with those of the Athenians and prouided with beakes for the purpose brake the Gallies of the Athenians very much between the heads of the Gallies and the oares The Athenians were also annoyed much by the Darters from the Deckes but much more by those Syracusians who going about in small Boats passed vnder the rowes of the Oares of the Enemies Gallies and comming close to their sides threw their Darts at the Mariners from thence The Syracusians hauing fought in this manner with the vtmost of their strength in the end gat the victory and the Athenians betweene the two Ships escaped into their harbour The Syracusian Gallies chased them as farre as to those Ships but the Dolphins hanging from the Masts ouer the entrance of the harbour forbad them to follow any further Yet there were two Gallies which vpon a iollity after victory approached them but were both lost of which one with her men and all was taken The Syracusians after they had sunke seuen Gallies of the Athenians and torne many more and of the men had taken some aliue and killed others retired and for both the battel 's erected Trophies and had already an assured hope of being farre superiour by Sea and also made account to subdue the Army by Land And they prepared to assault them againe in both kindes In the meane time Demosthenes and Eurymedon arriued with the Athenian supply being about 73 Gallies and men of Armes of their owne and of their Confederates about 5000. Besides Darters as well Barbarians as Greekes not a few and Slingers and Archers and all other prouision sufficient For the present it not a little daunted the Syracusians and their Confederates to see no end of their danger and that notwithstanding the fortifying in Decelea another Army should come now equall and like vnto their former and that their power should be so great in euery kind And on the other side it was a kind of strengthening after weakenesse to the Athenian Army that was there before Demosthenes when hee saw how things stood and thinking it vnfit to loyter and fall into Nicias his case For Nicias who was formidable at his first comming when he set not presently vpon Syracuse but Wintred at Catana both grew into contempt and was preuented also by the comming of Gylippus thither with an Army out of Peloponnesus The which if Nicias had gone against Syracuse at first had neuer been so much as sent for For supposing themselues to haue been strong enough alone they had at once both found themselues too weake and the City been enclosed with a Wall whereby though they had sent for it it could not haue helped them as it did Demosthenes I say considering this and that he also euen at the present and the same day was most terrible to the enemy intended with all speed to make vse of this present terriblenesse of the Army And hauing obserued that the Crosse-wall of the Syracusians wherewith they hindred the Athenians from enclosing the Citie was but single and that if they could be Masters of the ascent to Epipolae and againe of the Campe there the same might easily be taken for none would haue stood against them hasted to put it to triall and thought it his shortest way to the dispatching of the Warre For either he should haue successe he thought and so winne Syracuse or he would lead away the Army and no longer without purpose consume both the Athenians there with him and the whole State The Athenians therefore went out and first wasted the Territory of the Syracusians about the Riuer Anapus and were the stronger as at first both by Sea and Land For the Syracusians durst neither way goe out against them but onely with their Horsemen and Darters from Olympieum After this Demosthenes thought good to try the Wall which the Athenians had built to enclose the City withall with Engines but seeing the Engines were burnt by the Defendants fighting from the Wall and that hauing assaulted it in diuers parts with the rest of his army he was notwithstanding put backe he resolued to spend the time no longer but hauing gotten the consent of Nicias and the rest in Commission thereunto to put in execution his designe for Epipolae as was before intended By day it was thought impossible not to be discouered either in their approach or in their ascent Hauing therefore first commanded to take fiue dayes prouision of Victuall and all the Masons and Workmen as also store of Casting Weapons and whatsoeuer they might need if they ouercame for Fortification He and Eurymedon and Menander with the whole Army marched about midnight to Epipolae leauing Nicias in the Campe. Being come to Epipolae at Euryalus where also the Army went vp before they were not onely not discouered by the Syracusians that kept the Watch but ascending tooke a certaine Fortification of the Syracusians there and killed part of them that kept it But the greatest number escaping ranne presently to the Campes of which there were in Epipolae three walled about without the City one of Syracusians one of other Sicilians and one of Confederates and carried the newes of their comming in and told it to those 600 Syracusians that kept this part of Epipolae at the first who presently went forth to meet them But Demosthenes and the Athenians lighting on them though they fought valiantly put them to flight and presently marched on making vse of the present heat of the Army to finish what he came for before it were too late And others going on in their first course tooke the Crosse-wall of the Syracusians they flying that kept it and were throwing downe the Battlements thereof The Syracusians and their Confederates and Gylippus and those with him came out to meet them from
cry out on the contrary and say the Generals haue betrayed the State and come away for a bribe That hee would not therefore knowing the nature of the Athenians so well chuse to bee put to death vniustly and charged with a dishonourable crime by the Athenians rather then if he must needes doe one to suffer the same at the hand of the Enemy by his owne aduenture And yet he said the State of the Syracusians was still inferiour to their owne For paying much money to strangers and laying out much more on Forts without and about the Citie hauing also had a great Nauie a yeere already in pay they must needs want money at last and all these things faile them For they haue spent already two thousand Talents and are much in debt besides And whensoeuer they shall giue ouer this course and make pay no longer their strength is gone as being auxiliary and not constrained to follow the Warre as the Athenians are Therefore it was fit he said to stay close to the Citie and not to goe away as if they were too weake in money wherein they were much superiour Nicias when he spake this assured them of it as knowing the state of Syracuse precisely and their want of money and that there were some that desired to betray the Citie to the Athenians and sent him word not to goe Withall hee had now confidence in the Fleet which as being before ouercome he had not As for lying where they did Demosthenes would by no meanes heare of it But if the Armie might not be carried away without order from the Athenians but must needes stay in Sicily then he said they might goe to Thapsus or Catana from whence by their Land men they might inuade and turne much of the Countrey to them and wasting the Fields of the Enemies weaken the Syracusians and bee to fight with their Gallies in the maine Sea and not in a narrow which is the aduantage of the Enemy but in a wide place where the benefit of skill should bee theirs and and where they should not be forced in charging and retyring to come vp and fall off in narrow and circumscribed limits In summe he said he by no meanes liked to stay where they were but with all speed no longer delaying the matter to arise and be gone Eurymedon also gaue the like counsell Neuerthelesse vpon the contradiction of Nicias there grew a kind of sloth and procrastination in the businesse and a suspition withall that the asseueration of Nicias was grounded on somewhat that he knew aboue the rest and therevpon the Athenians deferred their going thence and stayed vpon the place In the meane time Gylippus and Sycanus returned vnto Syracuse Sicanus without his purpose at Agrigentū for whilest he was yet in Gela the sedition which had beene raised in the behalfe of the Syracusians was turned into friendship but Gylippus not without another great Army out of Sicily besides the men of Armes which hauing set-forth from Peloponnesus in Ships the Spring before were then lately arriued at Selinus from out of Africke For hauing beene driuen into Africke and the Cyreneans hauing giuen them two Gallies with Pilots in passing by the shore they ayded the Euesperitae besieged by the Africans and hauing ouercome the Africans they went on to Neapolis a Towne of traffique belonging to the Carthaginians where the passage into Sicily is shortest and but two dayes and a nights saile ouer And from thence they crossed the Sea to Selinus As soone as they were come the Syracusians againe presently prepared to set vpon the Athenians both by Sea and Land The Athenian Generals seeing them haue another Armie and their owne not bettering but growing euery day worse then other but especially as being pressed to it by the sicknesse of the Souldiers repented now that they remoued not before and Nicias being now no longer against it as he was but desirous onely that it might not be concluded openly gaue order vnto all as secretly as was possible to put forth of the Harbour and to be ready when the signe should be giuen But when they were about it and euery thing was ready the Moone hapned to bee eclipsed For it was full Moone And not onely the greatest part of the Athenians called vpon the Generals to stay but Nicias also for hee was addicted to superstition and obseruations of that kind somewhat too much said that it should come no more into debate whether they should goe or not till the three times nine dayes were past which the Southsayers appoint in that behalfe And the Athenians though vpon going stayed still for this reason The Syracusians also hauing intelligence of this were encouraged vnto the pressing of the Athenians much the more for that they confessed themselues already too weake for them both by Sea and Land for else they would neuer haue sought to haue runne away Besides they would not haue them sit downe in any other part of Sicily and become the harder to be warred on but had rather there-right and in a place most for their owne aduantage compell them to fight by Sea To which end they manned their Gallies and after they had rested as long as was sufficient when they saw their time the first day they assaulted the Athenians Campe and some small number of men of Armes and Horsemen of the Athenians sallyed out against them by certaine Gates and the Syracusians intercepting some of the men of Armes beat them backe into the Campe. But the entrance being strait there were 70 of the Horsemen lost and men of Armes some but not many The next day they came out with their Gallies 76 in number and the Athenians set forth against them with 86 and being come together they fought Eurymedon had charge of the Right Wing of the Athenians and desiring to encompasse the Gallies of the Enemies drew forth his owne Gallies in length more toward the shoare and was cut off by the Syracusians that had first ouercome the middle battell of the Athenians from the rest in the bottome and inmost part of the Hauen and both slaine himselfe and the Gallies that were with him lost And that done the rest of the Athenian Fleet was also chased and driuen ashore Gylippus when he saw the Nauy of the Enemie vanquished and carried past the Piles and their owne Harbour came with a part of his Armie to the peere to kill such as landed and to cause that the Syracusians might the easilier pull the Enemies Gallies from the shore whereof themselues were Masters But the Tuscans who kept guard in that part for the Athenians seeing them comming that way in disorder made head and charging these first forced them into the Marish called Lysimelia But when afterwards a greater number of the Syracusians and their Confederates came to helpe them then also the Athenians to helpe the Tuscans and for feare to lose their Gallies fought with them and hauing
at this time of the yeere being now neere Autumne which further disheartened the Athenians who thought that also this did tend to their destruction Whilst they lay still Gylippus and the Syracusians sent part of their Army to raise a Wall at their backs in the way they had come but this the Athenians hindred by sending against them part of theirs After this the Athenians retiring with their whole Army into a more Champaigne ground lodged there that night and the next day went forward againe And the Syracusians with their Darts from euery part round about wounded many of them and when the Athenians charged they retired and when they retired the Syracusians charged and that especially vpon the hindmost that by putting to flight a few they might terrifie the whole Army And for a good while the Athenians in this manner withstood them and afterwards being gotten fiue or six Furlongs forward they rested in the Plaine and the Syracusians went from them to their owne Campe. This night it was concluded by Nicias and Demosthenes seeing the miserable estate of their Army and the want already of all necessaries and that many of their men in many assaults of the Enemy were wounded to lead away the Army as farre as they possible could not the way they purposed before but toward the Sea which was the contrary way to that which the Syracusians guarded Now this whole iourney of the Army lay not towards Catana but towards the other side of Sicily Camarina and Gela and the Cities as well Grecian as Barbarian that way When they had made many fires accordingly they marched in the night and as vsually it falleth out in all Armies and most of all in the greatest to be subiect to affright and terrour especially marching by night and in hostile ground and the enemy neere were in confusion The Army of Nicias leading the way kept together and got farre afore but that of Demosthenes which was the greater halfe was both seuered from the rest and marched more disorderly Neuerthelesse by the morning betimes they got to the Sea side and entring into the Helorine way they went on towards the Riuer Cacyparis to the end when they came thither to march vpwards along the Riuers side through the heart of the Countrey For they hoped that this way the Siculi to whom they had sent would meet them When they came to the Riuer here also they found a certaine guard of the Syracusians stopping their passage with a Wall and with Pyles When they had quickly forced this guard they passed the Riuer and againe marched on to another Riuer called Erineus for that was the way which the Guides directed them In the meane time the Syracusians and their Confederates as soone as day appeared and that they knew the Athenians were gone most of them accusing Gylippus as if he had let them go with his consent followed them with speed the same way which they easily vnderstood they were gone and about dinner time ouertooke them When they were come vp to those with Demosthenes who were the hindmost and had marched more slowly and disorderly then the other part had done as hauing been put into disorder in the night they fell vpon them and fought And the Syracusian Horsemen hemmed them in and forced them vp into a narrow compasse the more easily now because they were diuided from the rest Now the Army of Nicias was gone by this time 150 Furlongs further on For he led away the faster because he thought not that their safety consisted in staying and fighting voluntarily but rather in a speedy retreat and then onely fighting when they could not choose But Demosthenes was both in greater and in more continuall toyle in respect that he marched in the Reere and consequently was pressed by the Enemy And seeing the Syracusians pursuing him he went not on but put his men into order to fight till by his stay he was encompassed and reduced he and the Athenians with him into great disorder For being shut vp within a place enclosed round with a Wall and which on either side had a way open amongst abundance of Oliue trees they were charged from all sides at once with the Enemies shot For the Syracusians assaulted them in this kind and not in close battell vpon very good reason For to hazzard battell against men desperate was not so much for theirs as for the Athenians aduantage Besides after so manifest successes they spared themselues somewhat because they were loth to weare themselues out before the end of the businesse and thought by this kind of fight to subdue and take them aliue Whereupon after they had plyed the Athenians their Confederates all day long from euery side with shot and saw that with their wounds and other annoyance they were already tired Gylippus and the Syracusians and their Confederates first made Proclamation that if any of the Ilanders would come ouer to them they should be at liberty And the men of some few Cities went ouer And by and by after they made agreement with all the rest that were with Demosthenes That they should deliuer vp their Armes and none of them be put to death neither violently nor by bonds nor by want of the necessities of life And they all yeelded to the number of 6000 men and the siluer they had they laid it all downe casting it into the hollow of Targets and filled with the same foure Targets And these men they carried presently into the Citie Nicias and those that were with him attained the same day to the Riuer Erineus which passing he caused his Armie to sit downe vpon a certaine ground more eleuate then the rest where the Syracusians the next day ouertooke and told him That those with Demosthenes had yeelded themselues and willed him to do the like But he not beleeuing it tooke Truce for a Horseman to enquire the truth Vpon returne of the Horseman and word that they had yeelded he sent a Herald to Gylippus and the Syracusians saying That he was content to compound on the part of the Athenians to repay whatsoeuer money the Syracusians had laid out so that his Army might be suffered to depart And that till payment of the money were made he would deliuer them Hostages Athenians euery Hostage rated at a Talent But Gylippus and the Syracusians refusing the condition charged them and hauing hemmed them in plyed them with shot as they had done the other Army from euery side till euening This part of the Armie was also pinched with the want both of victuall and other necessaries Neuerthelesse obseruing the quiet of the night they were about to march But no sooner tooke they their Armes vp then the Syracusians perceiuing it gaue the Alarme Whereupon the Athenians finding themselues discouered sate downe againe all but 300 who breaking by force through the guards marched as farre as they could that night And Nicias when it was day led his
D. Hermione 111. C. Hermocrates banished 517. D. Hestiaeans put out of Euboea by the Athenians 59. C. Hirea Vulcans shop 192. B. Himera when and by whom built 352 C. inuaded by the Athenians 208. C. it aydeth Gylippus 414. B. Hipparchus brother to Hippias the Tyrant of Athens slaine by Harmodius and Aristogiton 12 D. solliciteth Harmodius for loue and is denyed 380 A. disgraceth Harmodius 381. C. how slaine 38â— B. why thought afterwards to haue beene the Tyrant 381. C. Hippias Tyrant of Athens 12. C. 380. E. eldest sonne of Pisistratus ibid. driuen out of Athens by the Lacedaemonians returneth with the Persians to Marathon 383. B. Hippias an Arcadian slaine by Paches contrary to faith 161. E. Hippocrates taketh Delium 261. B. Holy Warre 58. D. some Holiday or other at Athens continually 102. B. Homer 3. B. Hope 343. C. D. Horsemen 400. HorsemeÌ„ ordained by the Lacedaemonians 242. B. Horsemen a degree in estate at Athens 153. A. Hyccara 385. C. Hyperbolus 510. D. Hysiae of Attica 157. D. Hysiae of Argia taken by the Lacedaemonians 340. A. Hyperbolus 510. D. I IAssus taken by the Peloponnesians 489. B. Iâ—thys Promontory 96. E. Ida 241. A. Idomenae 206. B. Iëgas 414 E. Jllyrians betray Perdiccas 281. C. Jmages of Mercury at Athens defaced 365 B. Imbrians 148. A. Jmbros 128 D. Inarus a Rebell crucified 57. D. Inessa 200. C. Inessaeans 404. Inscription on the Tripode by Pausanias 69. E. by the Lacedaemonians 70. A. Jnvndation at Orobiae 192. D. at Atalanta 192 E. Iönia planted with Athenians 3. A. 8. E. Jsthmi taken by the building of Cities 5. B. Jsthmus of Pallene 30. D. Istone 191. B. Italy whence so named 350. D. Jthome 53. B. yeelded vp 54. A. Itonians 292. B. Iunoes Temple at Argos burnt 287. A. K KIng of Lacedaemon had but one Vote in Councell 12. D. Kingdomes with honours limited 11. D. L LAcedaemonians Lacedaemonian Noblemen plaine in their garments 4. A Lacedaemonians pulled downe the Tyrants of Greece 11. B. how they gouerned their Confederates 12. A. their disposition 37. D. slow to Warre without necessity 61. C. Pretend the liberty of Greece 86. C. they would haue no walled Cities without Peloponnesus and why 47. C. they are hindred from the inuasion of Atcica by an Earthquake 192. D. their gouernment alwayes seuere not alwayes iust 195. D. 400 Lacedaemonians put into the I le Sphacteria 215. D. they desire to treat for their men at Pylus with a priuate Committee 223 C. their men taken in Sphacteria put in bonds 235. B. they seeke Peace secretly 235 D their policy in destroying their Heâ—otes 256. D. they seeke Peace and why 298 A. their men taken in Pylus deliuered 304. C. they seeke League with the Argiues and why 312 A. their Ambassadors roughly vsed at Athens 316 B. they make League priuately with the Boeotian 314. B. they warre on Argos 325. C. their Army at Leuâ—tra 323. D. they are excluded from the Olymâ—ian Games 322. A. and fined in a Summe of money 321. C. their Discipline in charging the enemy 332. D. they fight long for a victory but follow the enemy not farre 334. D they make ready 100 Gallies for the Jonian warre 471. C. commodious enemies for the Athenians 527. D. Labdalum 406. A. Lada 478. D. Laestrigones 350. A. Lamachus his opinion touching the Conduction of the Sicilian Warre 377. C. slaine 408. D. Lampsacus 74. C. reuolteth from the Athenians 504 recouered againe ibid. Laotheca 287. B. Larissa 255. B. Latiâ—os the land 161. B. Lâ—aeâ—â—s 138 A. 〈◊〉 Two great Leagues in Greece 11. D. League defensiue betweene the Athenians and Corcyâ—â—â—â—ns 25. B. League betweene the Ambraciotes and Acarnanians 208. B. betweene the Athenians and Lacedaemonians 303. C. betweene the Argiues and Eleans c. 308. A. betweene the Aâ—giâ—es and Lacedaemonians 337. B. betweene the Lacedaemonians and Tissaphernes 479. A. againe 489. A. againe 502. B. 〈◊〉 reuolteth from the Athenians 479. D. Lecythuâ— 274. B 275. D. Lâ—mnâ—s 60. B. 148. A. 228. D. Leocorium 12. D. 〈◊〉 neere Syracuse 405. C Leortines ayded by the Athenians 191. D. Leontine Commons driuen out by the Few 291. B. the Leoâ—tine Nobility go to dwell at Syracusâ— 291. C. they seaze on certaine places of their owne Territory ibid. Leontium 351. C Leotychides Generall at Mycale 47. A. Lepreaâ—es quarrell with the Eleansâ—08 â—08 B. Lesbâ—s 148. A. receiued into the League of the Peloponnesians 152. C. reuolteth from the Athenians 472. A. Letter Letter of Nicias to the Athenian People 419. A. of Xexes to Pausanias 68 B. Leucas â—8 D. 26. B. 149. A. 196. A Leucâ—mna 18. D. 26. C. Leuconium 482. B. Leuctra of Arcadia 323. D. Lichas a Lacedaemonian whipped 322. A. sent with authority into Ionia 490. B. C. hated by the Milesians 517. C. Limnaea 126. D. Lipara 192. B. Lochagi 331. B. Locri Ozolae Theeues 4. C. Locris in Italy Confederate with Syracuse 191 C Locrians make Peace with the Athenians 292. B. Lycaeum 299. C. 323. D. Lynchestians 139. D 256 B. 257. D. M MAcedonia The beginning of the Raigne of the Temenidae 139· D. the discription of that Kingdome 140. B. Maedi 139. B. Maenalia 329. C. Magistracy A new Magistracy erected at Athens 470. C. Epidemiurgi Magistrates at Potidaea 31. A. Cytherodices a Magistracy 241. B. Magnesia of Asia 74 B. Magnetians 141. B. Maleu 147. E 148. D. Malocis Apollo 146. E. 147. B. Mantineans and Tegeates fight 287. B. their League with the Argiues 306. D. their League with the Lacedaemonians 338. D. Marathusa 486 D. Mecyberne taken from the Athenians 313 D Medeon 203. B. Megareans forbidden commerce in Attica 35 D. they reuolt from the Corinthians 54. B. they reuolt from the Athenians 59. B. they expect the euent of battell betweene Brasidas and the Athenians 251. A. Megarean Outlawes recalled 252. E. set vp the Oligarchy 253. B. they refuse to be comprehended in the Peace betweene the Athenians and Lacedaemonians 300. A. Megaris inuaded by the Athenians 98. E. Megara attempted by the Athenians 248. A. Treason in Megara discouered 250. B. Megara Hyblaea 404. B. when and by whom built 351. D. Melicis 194. C. Melij 292. B. their Dialogue with the Athenians 341. A. Meliteia 255. B. Melos 87. B. 193. E. besieged by the Athenians 346. B. taken and sacked 347. B. Menda reuolteth from the Athenians 280. B. Messana 193. C. reuolteth from the Athenians 211. D. Messanians inuade Naxus 225. C. Messana why called Zancle 352. C Messapians 199. C. Methone 96. C. 237. D. 354. C. Methymne 148. A. reuolteth from the rest of Lesbos 146. A. Methymnaeans Warre on Antissa 154. A. Methydrium 325. D. Miletus reuolteth from the Athenians 478 D. Mindarus General of the Peloponnesians 517. C. goeth into Hellespont 529. A. Minoa 248. B. taken by Nicias 172. A. Minos first that had a great Nauy 5 D 3. D. freed the Sea of Pirates 5. D. Master of the Sea 3. D. Mitylenians 147. B. why not