Horse and Foot vpon the mountaines ouer against the Army ordered in a Phalange For Spithridates and Rathines were come thither with forces sent from Pharnabazus When the enemy espied the Grecians they made Alt about 15 Furlongs off Hereupon Arexion the soothsayer of the Grecians sacrificed and the entrailes were faire at the very first Then said Xenophon I thinke it best ô Coronels to chuse out certaine Companies and to order them in the Reare of the Phalange for seconds that if need be there may be some to giue aid to the Phalange and that the enemy being disordered may fall vpon them standing in order and readie for fight All yeelded to this opinion You then quoth he lead on against the enemy that we make no stay after we see and are seene of them If you thinke good I will go take some of the Reare Companies and separate them for this seruice Hereupon they marched on leasurely But Xenophon taking three Companies of 200. apeece from the Reare sent one to follow the Phalange on the right hand about a Plethers distance Samolas the Achâ—â—â— was the leader thereof another he separated to follow in the middest the command whereof Pyrias the Arcadian had the third on the left hand vnder the command of Phrasias the Athenian As they marched they chanced vpon a great Forrest and hardly passable where they made Alt being ignorant whether they might get thorow it or no and the word was giuen for the Coronels and Captaines to come vp to the Front Xenophon maruelling at the sâ—ay of the march and hearing the word that was giuen galloped vp to the Front with all speed When they were come together Sophoâ—etus the eldest of the Coronels said he thought not fit that such a Forrest as that should be trauersed thorow Xenophon quickly answering him spake thus My coÌ„panions you know as I thinke that I neuer willingly brought you into any danger For I see that you need no glory that may be purchased with valour but rather stand in need of safetie alone The case now standeth thus that we cannot depart hence without fight For if we goe not against the enemy he will follow and charge vs in our retreat Consider then which of the two is the better to goe against them with armes in our hands or facing about to see them fall vpon our Reare You cannot be ignorant that to dismarch from an enemy was euer held dishonourable by a man of valour as contrariwise that to pursue giueth courage euen to a coward For my part I had rather follow with halfe the number we haue than dismarch with twice so many I know also that there is none of you feareth they will stand our first charge if we seeke them Whereas no man is ignorant that they dare and will be readie to follow vpon vs if we retire If any man conceiue it a matter of danger to haue the Forrest behinde vs in our fight I hold it rather an aduantage to be sought for To the enemies I could wish that all places might seeme easie to shift away that they may haue occasion to turne their backes For you you ought to learne of the place it selfe that there is no saâ—etie but in victory But I should not a little maruell if any of you could once imagine that this Forrest is more fearefull for vs to trauerse than other places which wee haue alreadie passed For how could we haue gone thorow the plaine countrey if we had not ouercome the enemies Horse or ouer the mountaines if so many Peltasts had pressed vs Admit now we come safe to the Sea how gâ—eat a Forrest is the Sea Where if we remaine we shall finde neither shipping to transport vs nor victuall to nourish vs. And we shall no sooner arriue there but we must immediately issue out of our Campe to seeke prouision Is it not therefore better to fight with the enemy now we haue dined than to morrow fasting The sacrifice is faire and the presage of the euent fortunate and the entrailes of the beasts portend good lucke Let vs march against them and since we are come into their sight let vs not giue them leaue either to sup with content or to sleepe where themselues are disposed Hereupon the Captaines willed him to lead on and no man gainsaid it Leading on hee gaue the word that euery man should passe the Forrest in the very place where he was For he conceiued that the Army should more easily passe singling themselues as the way fell out than if they clustrâ—d and thronged at a Bridge which might be in the Forrest When all were thorow hee rid along the Phalange and said Remember ô Souldiers what battels you haue by the helpe of the gods gained together against your enemies and what they haue suffered that fled from the enemy and withall call to minde that you are at the gates of Greece Follow Hercules your guide and exhort one another by name It will be a pleasure for him that doth or speaketh any thing worthy of a braue minde to leaue a memorie of his worth in any place where hee will These words he spake riding in haste along the Front and withall led on the Phalangâ— and ordered the Peltasts on either wing thereof and so went against the enemy He also commanded them to carry their pikes on their right shoulders till he gaue a signe with the trumpet then charging them to follow leisurely and no man to giue chase running Then was the word giuen Iupiter the sauiour and Hercules the guide The enemy kept his ground trusting to the strength of the place When they came neere one to another the Grecian Peltasts giuing a shout ran forth against the enemy without command and were encountred and put to flight by the Bithynian horse and foot But when the Phalange of the armed marching speedily came vp and the trumpet sounded and they sang the Paean and afterward gaue a shout and charged their pikes the enemy forsooke the place and fled and Timasian with his horse which were not many in number killed as many as he could So the left wing of the enemy vpon which the Grecian horsmen followed was quickly dispersed but the right being not so muâ—h pressed in the chase stood still vpon a hill Whom when the Grecians saw remaining in the field they thought they might safely charge them and without all danger Singing therefore the Paean they aduanced against them But the enemy presently tooke themselues to their feet The Peltasts gaue chase till that wing was also scattered Few of them were slaine because of the multitude of the enemies horse who put the Peltasts in feare of following too farre The horsemen of Pharâ—abaziâ— stood yet vnited together to whom the Bithynian horsemen gathered and from a hill beheld what was done in the field Which when the Grecians saw albeit they were sore trauelled
a Citie This Cities name was Mesphila the Medians sometimes inhabited it The foundation was of hollow carued stone and had 50 foot in bredth 50 foot in heighth Vpon it was raised a stone wall 50 foot broad and 100 foot high The circuit of the wall was 6 Parasangs It is said that Media the Kings wife fled hither when the Persians wrung the Empire out of the Medians hands and that the Persian King could not take it either by time or force till Iupiter sent a madnesse amongst the inhabitants and so it was ouercome From thence they marched 4 Parasangs in one encamping Here Tissaphernes appeared with his owne horse with the forces of Orontes who had with him â—he Kings daughter with the Barbarians that ascended with Cyrus with those that the Kings brother brought to the Kings aide and with as many other as the King gaue him So that the Armie seemed huge and mighty When he came neere he ordered some of his troopes against the reare of the Grecians some against the flanks yet durst he not charge nor had in minde to hazard battell He commanded only his Souldiers to sling and shoot When the â—hodians that were here and there dispersed amongst the Grecians began to sling and the Archers after the Scythian manner to shoot and no man missed his marke for he could not though he would in such a multitude both Tissaphernes quickly retired out of danger and his troopes likewise The rest of the day the Grecians marched on and the Persians followed but yet forbore to skirmish any more For the Rhodians slinged further than the Persians could sling and further than most of their archers shot The Persian bowes are great so that the arrowes that were gathered vp serued the Cretans to good purpose For they vsed them much and endeuoured by raising their compasse to send them a great distance In the villages thereabouts both many Bow-strings were found much Lead which they conuerted to the vse of slings And so this day after the Grecians had quartered in the villages which they happened vpon the Barbarians departed hauing the worst in the skirmish The next day they sate still and made prouision of victuals for there was plenty in the villages The next day after they marched forward thorow the Champeigne and Tissaphernes followed skirmishing Here they perceiued that a Plaesium or hollow battell with equall sides was no good forme to march in the enemy following in the reare For in case the wings of the Plaesium thronged together either by reason of the straight way or compulsion of mountaines or of a bridge the armed foot must needs be brought out of order and march at small ease being partly thronged partly forced out of the place they held and in this disarray there would be no great vse of them And when the wings were againe opened they that were so disordered must needes be broken asunder and the middest of the wings emptie the souldiers discomforted especially the enemy being at their heeles And if a Bridge were to be passed or some such straight euery man would haste desiring to be ouer first So that the enemy had then a faire opportunity to giue on The Coronels perceiuing this framed six Companies euery one consisting of an hundred men and appointed Captaines ouer them and Penteconters and Enomotarches These Captaines when the wings closed and thronged too neere in marching staid behinde and kept without the wings for feare of disordering them When the sides of the square battell opened too wide they filled the middest if the space were narrow by Companies if a little wider by fifties if very wide by Enomoties So that the middest was alway shut vp and full If a bridge or other straight were to be passed there was no disorder because the Captaines euery one led ouer his Company apart and when a Phalange was needfull sleeued vp one by another In this manner they marched foure encampings the fifth brought them to the sight of a Palace and of many villages about it The way leading to it was ouer high hills which began from a mountaine vnder which a village was situate The Grecians were glad to see the hills as was reason the most part of the enemies forces being Hors-men But when marching out of the Champeigne they had gained the first hill and descending from thence raised their battell vp against the second the Barbarians were forth with at hand and cast weapons at them downe from the higher ground being compelled with stripes to sling and shoot and they wounded many and had the better of the Grecian light armed and shut them vp within the battell of the armed so that this whole day the Slingers and Archers did little or rather no seruice being glad to hide themselues amongst the vnarmed multitude And when the Grecian armed being hardly laid vnto sought to fall out they had much adoe to climbe the hill in their armour whereas the enemy retired with ease Againe when they retired to the rest of the armed their danger was as great Whereupon the Coronels thought good not to moue the army from the third hill Notwithstanding they led certaine Targetiers from the right flanke of the square battell toward the mountaine After these had gotten aboue the heads of the enemy the enemy forbore to presse vpon such as descended fearing to be cut off by our Souldiers that enclosed them on both sides Thus marched the Grecians the rest of the day some by the way vpon the hills other some right ouer against them on the side of the mountaine till they came to the villages where they appointed eight Physicians because many of the Souldiers were hurt Here they staied three daies both to fauour the wounded and also for that much victuall was found meale wine and barley which last was laid vp for horses in abundance All these things were stored and laid vp for the ruler of the Prouince The fourth day they descended into the Champeigne where when Tissaphernes had ouertaken them with his forces he taught them by necessitie to encampe in the first village they reached vnto and to march no more fighting For many were vnfit to fight by reason of their wounds many by carrying the wounded and no lesse they that had the armes of both charged vpon their backes After they had taken vp their lodging the Barbarians comming to the village offered skirmish in which the Grecians had a great deale the better For it was much easier to sally and so represse the enemy than to march fighting with them as they followed at their backes When it was night the enemy was to depart For the Barbarians fearing to be assailed by night neuer encampe lesse than sixtie furlongs from the Grecians Their manner of encamping is dangerous also in the night Their Horse are tied and for the most part fettered left being loose they might happen to run away And
was determined with his Gallies to make ouer to the Hauen of Calpe perswaded him to keepe his owne forces by him and to iourney apart and further counselled him to conceale it from the rest to the end that they and their Souldiers alone might be transported in the Gallies and Cherisophus partly discontented with that which had passed and partly out of a hatred against the Army gaue him liberty to doe as he thought best From that time forward Xenophon sought to saile away and to depart from the Army But sacrificing to Hercules the Guide and asking of him counsell whether it should be better for him to follow the warre with the remnant of Souldiers vnder his command or to depart the god signified by the sacrifice that he should continue his command and not depart So the Army was diuided into three parts The Arcadians and Achaeans being more than 4500. all heauie armed Cherisophus hauing 1300. armed and 700. Peltasts who were the Thracians that followed Clearchus Xenophon 1700. armed and 300. Peltasts and he alone had horse amounting to the number of fortie The Arcadians getting shipping of the Heracleans sailed away first of purpose that falling suddenly vpon the Bithinians they might preuent the rest and make the greatest prey They landed at the Hauen Calpe which lieth in a manner in the middest of Thrace Cherisophus marched on foot thorow the Countrey beginning at Heraclea and as soone as he entred into Thrace he led along by the Sea-coast for he was now sicke Xenophon taking shipping landed in the confines of Thrace and of the Heraclean Countrey and marched thorow the middest of the Land Thus therefore haue we declared in what manner the command of Cherisophus was wholy dissolued the army of the Grecians distracted into parcells The course that euery one held was this The Arcadians after they had landed by night at the Hauen of Calpe aduanced forthwith to the next villages situate about fiftie Furlongs from the Sea When day-light appeared euery Coronell led his Diuision or Regiment to a village If the village seemed any thing great the Coronels allotted two Diuisions to it They agreed also vpon a hill to which they were all to retire and because they fell vpon the Country suddenly they tooke many prisoners and brought in many sheepe The Thracians that escaped assembled together and many being taken prisoners shifted out of the Grecians hands because they were Peltasts the Grecians armed and being now gathered together in good number they first charged the Diuision of Smicretes one of the Arcadian Coronels as he was retiring to the place appointed being heauie laden with prey The Grecians both marched and fought at the same time till they came to a hollow bank't brooke where in their passage they were put to flight by the Barbarians Smicretes and his whole band were slaine Another regiment of one of the ten Coronels whose name was Hegesaâ—der had but 8. only left aliue by the Barbarians which 8. were saued with Hegesander himselfe The rest of the Captains came to the hill some with much ado some easily The Thracians encouraged with this good hand sell made outcries one to another flocked together in multitudes by night as soone as it was day they ordered many horse and Pelâ—asts in a circle about the hill where the Grecians encamped and still more and more came running together and without danger to themselues charged the Grecian armed for the Grecians had neither Archer nor Darter nor Horse but the Thracians running forth and spurring their horse close vp to the Grecians cast darts at them and being charged retired and easily saued themselues by flight and some of them gaue on in one place some in another so that many of the Grecians were wounded no one of the enemies hurt Being thus not able to moue out of the place where they stood they were also at last debarred from water by the Thracians and reduced to that extremitie that they were faine to sue for composition In the treatie all other things were easily agreed vpon but the Thracians would giue no pledges as the Grecians required which was the stay of further proceeding In this plight were the affaires of the Arcadians Cherisophus marching forward along the Sea coast without danger was by this time come to the Hauen of Calpe But Xenophon held on thorow the middest of the Countrey and as he marched his Hors-men scouting before chanced vpon Embassadors going it was not knowen whither who being brought to Xenophon he asked them whether they could tell him tidings of any Grecian Armie els-where They related vnto him all that had hapned and that at this instant they were assaulted and hardly laid vnto vpon the hill and that all the Thracians of the countrey had encompassed them round The Ambassadors were put in safe custodie to the end to vse them for Guides when need required Afterward setting out 10 Scouts he called the Souldiers together and thus spake vnto them The Arcadians O Souldiers are some of them slaine the rest being retired to a hill besieged and assaulted For my part I am of opinion if they perish we can finde no safety the enemy being so many and so much incouraged with the happinesse of this successe It is therefore best to giue them aid with all speed that if they be aliue wee may ioyne with them in fight against the enemie and not be left to runne the danger alone And for the present let vs march on till supper time and then set downe with our Campe. And while we march let Timasion with the horse scout before casting an eye toward vs alwaies and giuing aduertisement of all occurrence that we be ignorant of nothing that may concerne vs. He sent out likewise some of the best footmen of his light-armed toward the flanks of the Armie and the tops of the hils willing them to giue intelligence of what they saw Hee commanded also to set fire vpon all that was apt to take fire For quoth he we cannot escape any way the distance backe againe to Heraclea being great and the march forward to Chrysopolis great and the enemie neere at hand The way is shortest to the Hauen of Calpe whither we imagine that Cherisophus is come at least if he be in safety And yet are we not to hope for any shipping to carry vs from thence and resting there wee shall not finde so much as a daies prouision Now in case those that are besieged were lost it would be more dangerous for vs to hazard with Cherisophus his Souldiers alone But if they be succoured and freed from this danger and all of vs assembled together we shall in common dispute our safety the better You are therefore to march on with resolution either now honourably to die or else to performe a most noble act and worthy of eternall memory namely to saue so great a number of Grecians
by Clearchus on the right hand and all the Targetiers of the Grecians On the left hand of the whole Phalange Arieus Cyrus his Lieutenant Generall and the remnant of the Barbarians Cyrus himselfe held the middest with 600 Hors-men which were armed with great Curaces and tases and all of them with Caskes except Cyrus alone Cyrus stood waiting the fight with his head vnarmed It is said that other Persians also when they hazard battell fight with their heads vnarmed All the Horse that serued vnder Cyrus had both Frontlets and Brest-plates the Hors-men had Grecian Swords also It was now mid-day and the enemie was not yet come in sight but when mid-day was past first a dust appeared like vnto a Cloud and a little while after a kinde of blacknesse spread ouer the whole Plaine When they came somewhat neerer a man might discerne the shining of Brasse and their Speares and array were easily discouered And on the left Wing of the enemie were placed Hors-men armed with white Curaces who were reported to be vnder the command of Tissaphernes next to whom were placed the Wickar Targetiers and hard by them armed Foot that caried long Woodden Targets reaching downe to their feet They were said to be Aegyptians then other Hors-men and other Archers all according to their Nations and euerie Nation was cast into a Plesium or square battell full of men and before them the Sythed Chariots distant a good space one from another These Chariots had on the sides Sythes prominent and bearing straight forth from the Axeltrees and some from the former Seat of the Chariot with their points turned toward the ground to the end to cut a peeces whatsoeuer they met and strooke vpon The Kings purpose was to send them with high speed against the rankes of the Grecians to breake and rent them in peeces Cyrus in a speech heretofore deliuered exhorting and encouraging the Grecians gaue them to vnderstand it should be enough only to endure the cry and shout of the Barbarians But he was therein greatly deceiued for they aduanced not with a cry but with as great silence and quietnesse as was possible continuing still in an equall and slow pace Cyrus at this time galloping vp to the right Wing with Pigres his Interpreter and with three or foure more cried out to Clearchus to lead the Grecians against the middest of the enemies battell because the King was there for if it be ouercome quoth he there is no more for vs to doe Clearchus seeing the middest of the battell and hearing from Cyrus that the King was farre without the point of the left wing of the Grecian Phalange for the king so abounded in multitude that all the middest of his battell stretched and was extended without the left Wing of Cyrus his Troopes would not for all that draw away the right Wing from the Riuer fearing to be ouerfronted and incompassed on both sides but answered Cyrus He would haue a care that all things should goe well In the meane time the Barbarians Army aduanced equally but the Grecians remaining in the same place increased still and ordered their Troops as they came on And Cyrus putting forth a little before the rest viewed both Armies at a good distance casting his eyes sometimes vpon the enemie sometimes vpon his friends whom when Xenophon the Athenian being amongst the Grecians perceiued he spurred his Horse to meet him and when he was come vp asked if he would command any thing Cyrus pausing a little said Tell all your people that the beast sacrifâ—ced and the inwards promise vs good lucke In speaking this he heard a murmuring that ran along cleane thorow the Grecian Troopes and asked what noise it might be and what it meant Xenophon told him the Word was now giuen the second time He mâ—ruailed who had betraied the Word and asked what the new Word was Xenophon answered Iupiter the Sauiour and Victorie which Cyrus hearing I accept it said he and let it be so After he had thus spoken he returned to his owne plaâ—â— And now the two Phalanges were not aboue three or foure Furlongs one from another when the Grecians sang the Paan and set forward against the enemie The part of the Phalange which aduanced swelled toward the Front as it had been a waue of the Sea and the hinder part began to follow apace and all shouted as they are wont in a Furie Martiall and all ran on at once Some also report that they beat their Pikes vpon their Targets to the end to scare the Horses Before they came within an Arrowes shot the Barbarians turned their Horses and fled The Grecians followed the chace with all speed and cryed one to another not â—o run and haste too much but to follow in good order The Chariots void of guides were caried some vpon the enemies themselues some vpon the Grecians who vpon a forecast opened and let them passe thorow yet were there some that were ouerthrowne for feare as it is wont to happen in a Horse race who notwithstanding were reported to haue had no harme nor yet any other Grecian in this whole fight one only excepted who was strucken with an Arrow in the left side Cyrus seeing the Grecians haue the victorie against their aduersaries and hotly pursuing them reioiced much and was now worshipped of those that were about him as King Notwithstanding he brake not out to follow the câ—ace but keeping by him his Troope of 600 Horse close serred he obserued what the King had in intention to doe For he knew well that his place was in the middest of the Persian Phalange as it is the manner of all the Persian Commanders to leade in the middest of their Troopes conceiuing that they are there in greatest safetie both because their strength is equally diuided on both sides of them and in case of Commands the Armie may receiue directions in halfe the time it should if they were else-where placed So the King being then in his Station in the middest of his Phalange and yet without the point of Cyrus his left Wing and seeing no man to fight against him on the contrarie part nor yet against the Troopes that were ranged before him he wound and turned his battell to the left hand to the intent to ouerwing and encompasse in his aduersaries which Cyrus perceiuing and fearing lest comming on the backes of the Grecians he should cut them in peeces he galloped forth and met him in Front and charging with his 600 ouercame and put to flight the 6000 that were ordered before the King and with his owne hands as the report goeth slew Artagerses one of the Generals of the King They were no sooner put to flight but Cyrus his 600 pursuing hotly were dispersed here and there except a few that were left with him who were for the most part such as vsually sate at his Table being accompanied with
him than any one man of that age whatsoeuer All these he distributed especially amongst his friends hauing consideration of euery mans manner of life and of their need The things that were sent him for ornament of his bodie or else foâ— warre or for other trimmings and beautifyings of these he is reported to haue said that his owne body could not vse them all and that his opinon was that friends well adorned were a mans greatest ornament But it is no maruell that being of greater ability he ouercame his friends in kindnesse This rather seemeth a maruell that he went beyond them in care to gratifie and doe them good For Cyrus oftentimes when he happened vpon extraordinary pleasant wine would send them flaggons with this message Cyrus hath not tasted more pleasant wine a long time he hath therfore sent this to you and desireth you to day to drinke it out with those that you loue best Oftentimes also he sent halfe geese and halfe loaues and such like willing the messenger to say the taste of these pleased Cyrus and therefore he would haue you also to taste them If at any time there were small store of fodder it was easie to him to furnish himselfe by reason of the multitude and diligence of his seruants Being then so furnished he vsed to â—end part vnto his friends and willed them to giue that fodder to the beasts vpon which they rid lest they might suffer hunger after they had trauelled in carrying his friends If he iournied any whither in the sight of many he would call his friends to him and finde talke with them of purpose that it might appeare who they were that he honoured Out of which I may truely coniecture that no man was beloued of more either Grecians or Barbarians than hee Let this also be a testimony hereof that no man sought to flye from Cyrus who was but a seruant vnto the King that was Master of all except only Orâ—â—â—es who also found the man whom he thought his sure friend more friend to Cyrus than to himselfe but many after the enmitie brake out betwixt the two Brothers yea some whom the King loued best left him and came to Cyrus beleeuing the rewad of Vertue was greater with Cyrus than with the King That he was both good himselfe and could giue true iudgement who were faithfull louing and constant it is a great argument that chanced at the end of his life For when he died all his friends and such as were partakers of his Table died fighting ouer his body sauing onely Ariaeus he was Commander of the Horse on the left Wing and when he perceiued that Cyrus was fallen fled with the whole Troopes vnder his command There the head and right hand of Cyrus were cut off But the King and his folke following the chace chanced vpon the Campe of Cyrus The Troopes of Ariaeus made stand no where but fled out of the Campe to the place where they last before quartered The way thither was accounted foure Parasangs in distance But the King and his Armie spoiled both other things and tooke Cyrus his Phocean Concubine called the Wise and Beautifull For the Milesian younger in yeeres than the other being in hand to the Kings people escaped away naked to the Grecians that stood armed by the Baggage who hauing put themselues in order for fight flew many of the Spoilers though some of them also were slaine Notwithstanding they fled not but saued hir and saued all whatsoeuer both goodâ— men that were within their custodie Here the King and the Grecians were 30 Furlongs asunder thâ—se last giuing chace to those enemies that stood against them as if they had been Conquerors of the whole Armie enemie the other rifling the Campe of the Grecians as if their whole Armie had gained the victorie But when the Grecians vnderstood that the King and his Armie were amongst their Baggage and the King heard by Tissaphernes that the Grecians had ouercome those that were opposite against them and that they proceeded forward giuing chace he gathered together his dispersed Troopes and put them in order of battell And Clearchus calling to him Proxenus for he was the next vnto him consulted whether it were better to send away some few or whether with their whole Forces they should go to succor the Campe. In the meane time the King appeared againe aduancing forward as it seemed vpon the reare of the Grecians the Grecians wheeling about their battell prepared themselues to march on and to receiue the Kings charge that way But the King aduanced not but as before he passed by without the left Wing so he returned backe againe the same way taking with him those that fled to the Grecians during the time of sight as also Tissaphernes and his Troopes for Tissaphernes fled not in the first encounter but gaue vpon the Grecian Targetiers by the Riuer side yet killed he no man in giuing on for the Grecians opening their battell speedily left a passage for Tissaphernes striking and darting at him and his as they passed thorow Episthenes the Amphipolitan was Captaine of the Targetiers esteemed a man of good direction therefore Tissaphernes departed as hauing the worst and making toward the Grecian Campe met the King there and both ioining againe their Forces aduanced forward After they were now come as far as the left Wing of the Grecians the Grecians feared the enemie would charge their Wing and so wrapping in their battell on both sides cut it in peeces They therefore thought fit to draw out that Wing in length and to apply and set their backes against the Riuer Whilest they were in this consultation the King changing the forme he was in ordered his Phalange against them as at first aduancing as though he meant to charge And the Grecians seeing the enemie at hand and ordered for fight began the Paean againe and moued forward with much more alacritie than in the first fight The Barbarians receiued them not but fled with greater speed than before They followed the chace vnto a certaine Village where they made Alt. For aboue the Village was a hill vpon the which the Kings Forces were rallied and stood with their faces toward vs being no Foot but Horse alone and so many as couered the hill A man could not see what was to be done some said they discerned the Kings Standard a golden eagle with her wings displaied as on a little Target fixed to the end of a long woodden staffe When the Grecians aduanced thither also the Horse forsooke the Hill not in Troopes but dispersedly some scattering here some there in the end all vanished away Clearchus therefore ascended not the hill himselfe but making Alt with the Armie at the foot of the hill sent Lucius the Syracusian and another willing them to get vp the hill and to discouer and make report to him of that they saw Lucius galloped vp the hill and after
to whom we gaue and from whom we tooke assurance by oath not to betray one another he also neither fearing gods nor men nor reuerencing Cyrus that is dead being most of all other whilest he liued respected and honoured by him reuolting to his greatest enemies goeth about to worke vs mischiefe who were Cyrus his friends But the gods will reuenge our wrongs vpon such men It behoueth vs hauing these things before our eyes to be no more ouerreached by them but with our Swords in hand and fighting valiantly to expect whatsoeuer it shall please the gods to lay vpon vs. Then Xenophon stood vp hauing apparelled himselfe as brauely as he could for the warre conceiuing if God gaue victorie that the fairest furniture was most befitting victorie if he should be slaine it would not be amisse to end his daies in his best ornaments He spake in this manner Cleanor hath discouered vnto you the periurie and faithlesnesse of the Barbarians which I thinke is also well knowne to your selues If therefore we purpose againe to treate with them by way of friendship we must needs doe it with great distrust setting before our sight the miserable case of the Coronels who vpon trust permitted themselues to their hands But if we seeke reuenge by Armes for that wherein they haue wronged vs and hereafter prosecute all manner of warre against them we haue by the fauour of the gods many and faire hopes of safetie Whilest he was speaking these words one of the Souldiers neesed which when the rest heard all of them at one instant worshipped god and Xenophon said Seeing whilest we were speaking of safetie a good foretoken of Iupiter the sauiour presented it selfe vnto vs I hold it fit to make a vow to that god that when we come into a Country that is friend we offer a health-offring vnto him and sacrifice withall to other gods according to our abilitie You that are of the same minde hold vp your hands They held vp their hands euerie man and made a vow and sung the Paean After all things appertaining to the worship of the gods were duly ended he thus began againe I was euen now saying that many and faire hopes of safetie presented themselues vnto vs. For first we haue performed our Oathâ—s which we made before the gods whereas our enemies as periured persons haue broken both the Truce and their Oathes Which being so there is no question but we shall finde the gods who are of power sufficient both to humble the mightie and on the suddaine to preserue the lowly in what danger soeuer they be aduersaries to our enemies and assistants to vs. Next I will put you in remembrance of the noble acts of your ancestors that you may know it behooueth you by their example to be valiant and that valiant men are by the gods preserued from all dangers and distresse For when the Persians and their alies came with a mightie Armie to destroy Athens the Athenians being not afraid to meet them fought with them and had the victorie And making a vow to Diana to offer vnto her so many Goats as they killed enemies when there were not so many to be found they made a Decree to offer yeerely 500 which number they offer also at this present Afterward when Xerxes raising an Host without number came against Greece euen then also our Ancestors ouercame their Ancestors both by Sea and Land whereof the Trophees erected are tokens But the greatest testimonie is the freedome of the Cities in which you were borne and bred For you worship no man as Lord but the gods alone of such Ancestors are you descended I speake not this as though you degenerated from them For many daies are not past since ordering your selues in battell in the Field against these their posteritie by the fauour of the gods you ouercame them being many more in number than your selues And at that time you shewed your selues valiant to the end to make Cyrus King Now when the fight is for your owne safetie you ought to be much more forward and resolute Besides you ought to be more confident now than at that time for then hauing had no triall of them albeit you saw their number infinite yet you durst charge them with braue Grecian mindes now finding by experience that though their number were neuer so great yet they had not the heart to abide you why should you be afraid of them And let it not trouble you that Cyrus Souldiers haue forsaken you that before tooke your part They are greater cowards than the other you haue alreadie beaten It is true they haue left you and are fled to them and for my part whosoeuer beginneth first to run I had rather see them with the enemie than on your side But if any of you faint in minde because the enemy hath many you haue no horse let him consider that ten thousand horse are no more than ten thousand men For no man was euer slaine in battell by the biting or stroke of a horse Men they are that performe whatsoeuer is done in fight As for vs our mounting is much more firme and stedfast than theirs They hang vpon their horse and are not only in feare of vs but to be shaken off also from their horses and fall to the ground We contrariwise haue sure footing and shall be able with more assurednesse to strike any man that approcheth vs to direct our aime with more certainty One aduantage the hors-men haue that they may more securely run away than we But in case you feare not to fight but mislike only that Tissaphernes will not be your guide nor the King prepare a market for you you shall doe well to consider whether is better to haue Tissaphernes your guide who euery where seekes to entrap you or to take guides of your owne choice who if at any time they proue false offend against their owne soules and bodies As for prouision whether is it better to buy a poore pittance for much mony which now being out of pay will grow scant amongst vs out of a market which they shall furnish or hauing the victory to vse what measure euery man thinketh fittest for his owne turne But if you know these things to be so and feare notwithstanding the passage of riuers thinking it will be deceitful and dangerous for you consider if the Barbarians haue not herein also notably plaid the fooles For all riuers albeit farre from their springs they haue hard passage yet at their heads a man may go ouer without wetting his knees But say we can neither passe the riuers nor finde guides yet are we not to despaire For we know the Mysians whom we cannot esteeme better than our selues inhabite many and great and rich cities in the Kings territorie and that in despight of the King As much we know of the Pisidians As for the Lycaonians our selues haue seene that
you shall not sinke you will easily perceiue in that euerie budget will be able to beare vp two men and the Rise earth wil keepe the budgets from tottering and make them lie firme stable When the Coronels heard this the inuention seemed witty but the thing it selfe not possible to be performed by reason there were many hors-men on the other side of the riuer who would hinder the formost not suffer them to proceed in their worke Therefore they retired the next day in the way they came which led to Babylon to the vnburnt villages setting afire the villages where they last quartered so that the enemie offered not to charge but became lookers on wondring what way the Grecians meant to take what their purpose was The Coronels captaines assembled again calling together the captiues enquired of the countries round about what they were of their nature qualitie They reported that toward the South the way led to Babylon to Media and was the way by which they came toward the East to Susa Ecbatana where the king was said to passe the summer spring ouer the riuer to Lydia and Ionia ouer the mountaines towards the north to the Carduchans who they said inhabited the mountaines were a warlike people and refused to obey the king and that the king somtimes sent against them an army of 12 Myriades of men of whom none escaped returned back by reason of the roughnesse of the countrie that since the Satrapa or ruler of the next Prouince made truce with them they had free entercourse of trade one with another The Coronels hearing this set apart by themselues those that tooke vpon them seuerall knowledge of these things not declaring what way they meant to hold But their resolution was to passe ouer the mountaines against the Carduchans For the captiues said after they were come beyond the mountaines they should enter into Armenia a large and rich countrey of which Orontes was ruler and from thence finde the way open readie to goe whither a man would This conclusion being had they sacrificed to the gods that they might haue no impeachment when it was fit to set forward for they feared the tops of the mountaines might be anticipated and commanded assoone as supper was past that euerie man should haue his things in a readinesse and giue himselfe to rest and after follow in the iourney according to direction Finis Libri Tertij THE FOVRTH BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF XENOPHON TOVCHING THE Ascent of CYRVS the younger out of Asia the Lesse into the Higher COVNTREYS WHat happened in the Ascent of Cyrus till the battell and what after the battell in the truce which the King and the Grecians that ascended with Cyrus had concluded and after that the King and Tissaphernes had broken the truce what warre was made vpon the Grecians an Armie of Persians still pursuing them is alreadie discoursed Now when they had proceeded thus farre and found that the Riuer Tygris was vnpassable by reason of his depth and greatnesse and that there was no other way to follow because the Carduchan Mountaines being abruptly steepe lay directly hanging ouer the same Riuer It seemed good to the Coronels to continue their march ouer those Mountaines For they vnderstood by the Captiues that after they had once trauersed the Carduchan Mountaines they might passe ouer the Fountaines of Tygris in Armenia if they list if not they might fetch a compasse about them and the Fountaines of Euphrates were said to be not farre off from the Fountaines of Tygris and that there were some straights in the way Therefore they marched toward the Carduchans partly in hope to steale away vnespied partly to preuent the enemie in case he went about to seise vpon the tops of the Mountaines and stop their march It was now about the last watch and so much night left as would giue space to passe ouer the Plaine The Grecians euen then rising and vpon a signe beginning their march came by breake of day to the Mountaines foot Cherisophus led the Vaunt taking with him his accustomed Troopes and all the light Armed Xenophon and the Reare-Commanders brought vp the Reare with the Armed alone hauing neuer a light-armed man with them For it seemed the reare was without danger to be charged in the ascent Cherisophus attained the top of the hill before any enemy perceiued it and he leading on the rest of the armie followed towards the villages which were situate in the vallies and windings of the mountaines The Carduchans forsaking their houses and taking with them their wiues and children fled to the mountaines Great plentie of prouision was found here and the houses garnished with many brasen vessels which the Grecians left vntouched Besides they gaue chace to none of the Carduchans of purpose to see if they might gaine a friendly passage thorow the Countrey especially seeing both the Carduchans and Grecians were enemies to the King Yet being in necessitie they spared not the prouision which euery man fortuned to finde The Carduchans albeit kindly entreated would neither heare of parley nor yet shewed any other token of friendship Whilest the reare of the Grecians descended from the height of the mountaines to the villages it being now darke for by reason of the straitnesse of the way the whole day was spent in ascending the hill and descending to the villages some of the Carduchans albeit but a few for the Grecians fell vpon them at vnawares gathering together charged the Grecians and killed some of them and hurt other some with stones and arrowes and if many of them had beene assembled they had no question cut off the most part of the army That night therefore they lodged thus in the villages The Carduchans on the other side lighted many fires in a circle on the mountaines and so they looked one vpon another By day breake the Coronels and Captaines of the Grecians came to counsell and decreed that the carriage-beasts necessary and such as were best able to endure the hardnesse of the way should be led on by their owners the rest left behinde and that the slaues lately taken and remaining in the army should all be cast off For the carriage and captiues being many made the march very slow and cumbersome And many of them that rode were such as fought not and the multitude of people being great double prouision and carriage was requisite in comparison of that they should otherwise haue needed These things being so decreed proclamation was made for the execution Hauing dined they marched forward and the Coronels staying in a straight of the way wheresoeuer they found any of these things not cast off tooke it away The Souldiers were very obedient vnlesse any man being in loue with a boy or a woman of the fearest fashion conueied them away by stealth And so for that day they proceeded
forward they chanced vpon a hill hanging ouer the way which was held by the enemy by reason whereof they were driuen to a necessitie either by force to dislodge the enemy from the place and cut him off or else to be secluded from the rest of the army The souldiers might haue followed the way that the rest held so haue freed themselues from danger but the carriage could be led no other way Exhorting therefore one another they charged vp the hill ordering their Companies euery one in File not incompassing the enemy but giuing them roome to flie if they were so disposed The Barbarians seeing them ascend each one as he could make shift for himselfe did neither shoot nor sling at them as they approched the way but presently forsooke the Hill This Hill the Grecians tooke and seeing another before them held likewise by the enemie they resolued to goe against that also Notwithstanding Xenophon reputing in his minde that if he should leaue the Hill alreadie gained without a Guard the enemie seising againe vpon it might distresse the cariage in passing by for the cariage by reason of the straights were extended into a great length he left vpon the Hill the Captaines Cephisodorus the Sonne of Kephisophon an Athenian and Archagoras a banished Argiue himselfe with the rest continued his march against the second Hill which also was taken after the same manner There remained yet another Hill more steepe than the two former euen the same that the night before was by the first ascenders won from the enemies Guards that sat by the fire to which when the Grecians approched the Barbarians forsooke it without fight which made the Grecians wonder and imagine they feared to be round encompassed and charged on all sides but the truth was that descrying from the top what was done behinde they hasted away to fall vpon the Reare Xenophon and the youngest sort of Souldiers had gotten vp the Hill and he commanded the rest to follow till the last Captaines were come vp and then he willed them to march forward in the way and when they came to euen ground to lay downe their Armes At this instant came Archagoras the banished Argiue and brought newes that they whom Xenophon left behinde were beaten from the first Hill and that Cephisodorus Amphicrates and as many other as leaped not from the Rocke and saued themselues amongst the rest of the Reare were slaine The Barbarians hauing wrought this feat conueied themselues toward the Hill opposite against the top where Xenophon was and he by an Interpreter treated with them about truce and about recouering the dead bodies out of their hands They answered they were readie to deliuer them vpon condition the Villages might be spared from fire to which Xenophon accorded In the time while this parley was in hand the rest of the Armie passed by and were freed from danger of the place The enemie staied there and when the Grecians began to descend from the top to the place where the formost had laid downe their Armes they in great number and tumult ran vpward and hauing gained the height from whence Xenophon descended rolled downe stones and broke a leg of one of the Souldiers Xenophons Target-bearer was then away with his target which Eurylochus the Arcadian borne at Lusium a heauy armed Souldier perceiuing came running vnto him and retiring by little and little protected both himselfe and Xenophon with his Target So they all came vp to the vant which stood in order of battell Now were all the Grecians come together and they quartered in many faire houses hauing large prouiâ—ion and plentie of all things There was much Wine kept in Cisternes plaistered with morter Afterward Xenophon and Cherisophus so wrought with the Barbarians that they recouered the bodies of the dead in exchange for the Guide whom they deliuered vp and they buried them with as great honour as was possible to be giuen to worthy and valiant Souldiers The next day we marched on without a Guide The enemie fighting with vs and taking the straights which lay in our way endeuoured to hinder and shut vp our march But when they opposed against the Vant Xenophon from the Reare ascending the Mountaines and gaining the vpper ground remoued all the impediments the enemie could cast vpon the way when against the Reare Cherisophus ascending tooke the vpper ground likewise and freed the way for them that came behinde So they alwaies succoured and had mutuall care one of another Sometimes also the Barbarians after the Grecians had got vp to the heights annoied them spightfully in their descent They were light-Armed and comming close vp they might easily shift away at their pleasure because they caried no other furniture then Bowes and Arrowes and Slings They were excellent Archers and had Bowes well nigh three Cubits Arrowes more than two Cubits long When they shot they drew the string applying their hand somewhat toward the nether end of the Bowe and â—etting their left foot forward With their Arrowes they pierced both Curaces and Targets The Grecians putting thongues to the middest of them sent them backe againe at the enemies in stead of Darts The Cretans were verie vse-full in these places Stratocles the Cretan was their Commander They quartered that day in the Villages which lay vpon the Plaine neere the Riuer Centrites the bredth whereof is 200 Foot and this Riuer parteth Armenia and the Carduchans Countrey Here the Grecians rested The Riuer is distant from the Carduchan Mountaines about some six or seuen Furlongs They quartered here with great pleasure both in regard of the plentie of all things which they found and also because they gladly remembred their trauell ouergone For in seuen whole daies in which they marched thorow the Carduchans Countrey they were put to continuall fight and suffered more distresse than whatsoeuer the King and Tissaphernes could worke them Being therefore freed from that danger they slept and tooke their rest with great content Assoone as it was day they might discerne beyond the Riuer Armed horse that seemed readie to hinder their passage and Foot-men ordered vpon the bankes aboue the Horse to stop their entry into Armenia These were Armenians Mygdonians and Chaldeans Mercenaries to Orontes and Artuchus The Chaldeans were said to be a free Nation and warlike Their Armes were long wicker Targets and Speares The banks vpon which they were embattelled were distant some three or foure Plethers from the Riuer and no way ouer but one could be discerned which led vp to the higher ground and seemed to be made with hand The Grecians sought to passe that way But making triall and finding the water to reach vp aboue their breasts and the Riuer rough with many great and slipperie stones and perceiuing that they could not hold their Armes in the Riuer which by reason of the swiftnesse and violence of the streame would
force them out of their hands and in case a man caried them on his head he should remaine naked against the enemies missiue weapons they returned and encamped neere the Riuer The place where they rested the night before they might easily see to be full of Armed Carduchans It caused great melancholy amongst them both because they saw the hard passage of the Riuer and the enemie opposing against their passage and also the Carduchans prest to fall vpon their Reare Remaining therefore in great anguish of spirit this day and the night following they spent in the place Xenophon is the meane time dreamed that he was bound in fetters and that they broke and fell off of their owne accord so that being loose he was at libertie to goe where he list Earely in the morning he went to Cherisophus and told him he hoped all should be well and communicated his dreame with him who was much delighted therewith and as day appeared all the Coronels assembled and offered sacrifice and at the verie first the sacrifice promised good successe and the Coronels and Captaines departing to their quarters commanded the Souldiers to dine Whilest Xenophon was at dinner there came running vnto him two young men for euerie man knew they might haue free accesse vnto him both at dinner and supper and that they might in sleepe awake him and impart any thing that should seeme to tend to the good of the march and told him they chanced to be a gathering sticks for firing and that amongst the Rocks on the other side the Riuer they espied an old man and a woman and young maids laying vp as it were bundles of Clothes tied together in a hollow Caue of the Rocke Which when they saw and conceiued withall there was no danger in the passage considering the enemies Horse could not by any meanes come there they pulled off their Clothes and taking their drawne Daggers in their hands they entred into the Riuer in purpose to swim ouer if they could not otherwise passe But going on they found themselues ouer before they had wet their priuities so that taking with them the garments which were hidden they returned and came safe to this side back againe Xenophon hearing this dranke a health and commanded the Cup should be filled to the two young men and to pray to the gods who had reuealed the dreame and passage to finish the remnant of all that should appertaine to the good of the iourney Assoone as the health was ended he led the young men to Cherisophus and declared vnto him the newes which they brought Who hearing these things drunke also a health after which commanding the Souldiers to trusse vp their baggage and calling the Coronels together they aduised about the best meanes of passage and of repulsing them that opposed the Front and of auoiding the danger of those that were like to fall vpon the Reare The resolution was that Cherisophus should leade the Vant passe ouer first with halfe the Armie the other halfe should remaine behinde with Xenophon and the cariage and vnarmed multitude should be conueied in the middest When these things were thus determined they began to march The young men led the way hauing the riuer on their left hand The way which tended to the Foord was about foure Furlongs in length As they marched forward on one side the enemies Hors-men embattelled marched against them on the other After they were come to the Foord and bancks of the riuer they laid downe their armes and first Cherisophus crowning himselfe and stripping off his apparel tooke vp his armes and commanded the rest to do the like and directed the Captaines euery one to cast their companies into a file to march some on his right some on his left hand The South saier offered sacrifice at the riuers side and the enemy albeit they plied vs with bowes slings yet could they not reach ouer vnto vs. The sacrifice was faire the Grecians sang the Paean gaue a shout The women also shouted for there were many whores in the campe So Cherisophus passed ouer and they with him Then Xenophon taking to him the lightest of the Reare ran back againe with all speed to the passage which led to the Ascent of the Armenian Mountaines making countenance as if he meant to passe ouer there cut betwixt the horse that guarded the banks the rest of their companions But the enemy seeing Cherisophus his forces easily wade thorow the Riuer and Xenophon with his Souldiers speedily returning backe fearing to be shut in betwixt both fled as fast as they could from the riuer to the way that led vpward as soone as they came there held on toward the mountaine Lucius that commanded the horse Aeschines that led the targetiers about Cherisophus when they saw them so cowardly run followed hard and gaue chace The Souldiers cried out to them not to giue ouer but to ascend the mountaine together with the enemy After Cherisophus had gained the passage he followed not the horse but presently vpon the bankes side led against the foot that held the higher places who being aboue on the higher ground and seeing their horse flying and the armed Grecians making head against them forsooke also their ground by the riuers side When Xenophon perceiued now all things on the other side of the riuer to be in good plight he returned speedily to the forces that were passing ouer For the Carduchans were seene by this time to descend the mountaines and to come into the Plaine as though they purposed to charge the Reare By this time had Cherisophus taken the higher ground and Lucius following the chace with a few won the carriages of the Reare of the enemy and withall rich apparell and much plate The carriage and vnarmed multitude of the Grecians passed ouer the riuer with all diligence And Xenophon turning toward the Carduchans opposed his armed against them and directed his Captaines euery one to order his Companie into Enomoties and to face to the left hand and to lead vp and to ioyne the Enomoties together in front and that the Captaines and Enomotarchs should make head against the Carduchans the bringers vp be behinde next to the riuer The Carduchans when they saw the Reare left by the vnarmed multitude and making shew but of few singing certaine songs after their countrey manner fell on and charged In the meane time Cherisophus hauing set his owne affaires in safetie sent the Peltasts and Slingers and Archers ouer to Xenophon willing them to doe what he commanded When Xenophon perceiued they passed the riuer hee dispatched a message to stay them where they were till they saw him and his troopes enter into the water and then to meet him on both sides and make as though they purposed to returne ouer againe the Darters with their fingers in the thongs of their darts the Archers with their arrowes
nocked yet should they not come much further than they were in the riuer And he gaue order to his owne people that as soone as they were within the reach of slings and had beaten with their pikes vpon their targets to sing the Paean and run forth against the enemy And when the enemy was put to flight and the trumpet sounded a charge from the riuer the bringers vp facing about to the pike should leade and the rest follow and with all speed get the passage euery one in the order he held to the intent they hindred not one another And added he would account him the best Souldier that first could gaine the other banke The Carduchans seeing but a few now left behinde for many appointed for the Reare were shifted away some being carefull of the carriage-beasts some of the baggage some of their whores fell on boldly and began to sling and shoot But when the Grecians singing the Paean ran out against them they forsooke their ground For they were armed as the mountaine fashion is sufficiently to skip vp and downe and run away but not to come to hands in a stedfast fight The trumpet now gaue the signe which made the enemy flie the faster and the Grecians facing about to the contrarie side hasted all they could to passe the riuer which some of the enemies seeing came running againe to the riuer and hurt a few with their arrowes but the most of them might be discerned to continue their flight a good while after the Grecians had gained the other banke Some of our people that first charged the enemy and being too valiant following on further than at that time was fit got ouer a good while after the other that were with Xenophon and some of them also were wounded The Grecians being all passed ouer about noone-tide put themselues in order and marched thorow Armenia no lesse than fiue Parasangs the countrey being all plaine and arising sometimes in little hillockes There was no village neere the riuer by reason of the warres against the Carduchans The first village they came to was both great and had also in it a royall Palace for the Vice-roy of the countrey and the houses for the most part were built with Turrets and were stored with plentie of prouision From thence they iourneied forward ten Parasangs in two encampings till they came ouer the springs of the riuer Tigris From thence they continued marching 15 Parasangs in 3 encampings as farre as the riuer Teleboas which is a faire riuer but not large About this riuer are many villages and the place is called West Armenia Teribazus the Kings fauourite was gouernor of this country who if he were present no man else might set the King on horsebacke but he This man came riding forth vnto vs hauing hors-men about him and sending an interpreter before signified that he desired to parley with the Commanders The Coronels resolued to heare what he would say So they came and met him and being within hearing they asked what he would haue with them He said his desire was to make truce with the Grecians to the end that neither he should wrong them nor yet they burne the houses of the countrey but onely take such victuall as they needed in their march The Coronels agreed hereunto and so the truce was concluded From thence they marched thorow the plaine countrey 15 Parasangs in 3 encampings Teribazus followed with his forces keeping aloofe about ten furlongs They came to a Palace which had many villages about it full of large prouision While they encamped there fell abundance of snow by night It was therefore decreed in the morning that the Companies and Coronells should quarter in the villages For they neither saw enemy and it seemed to be good and safe against the snow Here they had all things fit for vse namely sacrifice wheat old wine of excellent sauoâ—r raysons and all kinde of pulse Some that wandred from the Campe reported they saw an army and many fires kindled in the night Therefore it seemed good to the Coronels not to suffer the souldiers to lie here there dispersed but to bring them together againe into one campe So they came together again and thought it best to lie in the field Whilest they held this course the snow fell so vehemently in the night that both armes and men were couered with it The cariage-beasts also seemed as though they had bin fettered with the snow and had much ado to arise and the Souldiers that lay vpon the ground vpon whom the Snow fell and slid not off became miserably distressed Now when Xenophon arising vp vnarmed began to cleaue wood streight wayes one and then another stood vp and taking the hatchet from him fell a cleauing likewise Hereupon other in semblable manner arising kindled the fire and anointed themselues For they found much matter of oyntment there which they vsed in stead of Oyle Oliue as namely Hogs grease Oyles of Sesamin of bitter Almonds and of Turpentine There was found also sweet oyntments made of the same stuffe After this it seemed best and most conuenient to quarter againe in villages vnder the roofe of houses and the Souldiers with cheerefull cries and great delight entred into the houses and there tooke their prouision onely those that at the last dislodging out of houses had set them on fire were punished with lying abroad in hutts and with such other ill lodging From hence Democrates the Temenite hauing Souldiers with him was by night sent out to the mountaines where the straglers reported they saw fires For in former imployments he was thought to bring certaine newes concerning things discouerable either that they were or were not He going forth and returning said he could descry no fires but he brought in a prisoner hauing a Persian bowe and a quiuer and a weapon called Sâ—garis such as the Amazons beare This prisoner being demanded what country-man he was said he was a Persian and came from Teribazus his Campe to seeke prouision Being asked againe how great the Armie was and why assembled he answered that Teribazus was there in person with his owne Armie and with the mercenary Ghalibians and Taochans and was determined to set vpon the Grecians in the streights that were on the mountaine tops where there was but one way The Coronels hearing these things found it good to assemble their troopes and leauing sufficient guards for the Campe and Sophonaetus to be their commander they forthwith marched on taking the prisoner for their guide They had now passed the mountaine when the Peltasts aduancing first and discouering the enemy gaue a shout and ran in vpon their Campe not staying for the armed The Barbarians hearing the noyse forsooke the place wherein they were and â—led immediatly notwithstanding some of them were slaine and 20 horses taken and withall
Villages they saw euery one went and tooke possession of his owne Polycrates an Athenian Captaine asked leaue to goe before and taking with him the light-armed and hasting to the Village that fell to Xenophons lot found within it all the inhabitants and the Comarch or chiefe Ruler of the Village and 17 Colts that were fed as a tribute for the King and the daughter of the Gouernour who had beene maried some nine daies before whose husband was then absent hunting the Hare and so came not to be taken in any of the Villages The houses were vnder ground and the doore of them like the mouth of a Well but broad and large beneath The entry for cariage beasts was digged men ascended by ladders In the houses were goats sheepe oxen and birds with their young ones by them All the beasts were fed within doores with fodder There was besides wheat and barley and pulse and wine in great vessels made of barley The barley filled the vessels to the very top and there lay vpon it Reeds without knots some great some little If a man were thirsty these Reeds were to be taken into the mouth and sucked and it was a strong drinke if vnmingled with water and very pleasant to them that were acquainted with it Xenophon tooke the Comarch vnto him and that night set him at his owne table and willed him to be of good cheere assuring him he should not lose his children and that if he would shew himselfe a friend to the Grecians in leading and directing their Army till they came to another Countrey he would at his departing fill his house with all things fit for vse The Comarch promised he would and in token of loue shewed the place where wine was stored vnder the earth So the Souldiers being thus lodged passed the night in abundance of all things they could desire hauing the Comarch in their custody and his children before their eyes The next day Xenophon taking the Comarch with him went to Cherisophus and passing thorow the Villages in his way visited them that were lodged there and found them banqueting and merry in euery place neither would they suffer him to depart vntill they had set dinner before him and in all houses the tables were furnished with lambe kid porke veale fowle and with much bread some made of wheat some of barley If any man of curtesie would drinke to another he drew him to the vessell to which he was to stoope and drinke supping like an Oxe They gaue the Comarch leaue to take what he list yet tooke he nothing vnlesse he espied by chance any of his kinsmen whom hee caried away with him When they came to Cherisophus they found all the Souldiers in the houses crowned with hay garlands and Armenian boyes clad in Barbarian apparell waiting vpon them to whom when they would haue any thing done they were faine to make signes as to deafe men After Cherisophus and Xenophon had beene merry together they asked the Comarch by an Interpreter what the Countrey was He answered it was Armenia Againe they asked him for whom those horses were bred and kept he answered they were the Kings tribute The next Countrey he said was the Chalybians countrey and shewed them the way that led thither After this Xenophon brought him home to his house and the old horse which he had taken he gaue him to be reserued for a sacrifice For he heard that he was consecrated to the Sunne and feared he would die because he fainted in the iourney He himselfe tooke to him one of the Colts and distributed the rest to the other Coronels and Captaines The horse of that Countrey are lesse than the Persian horse but much more deedy and full of metall The Comarch also taught them as often as their horse or cariage-beasts were to be driuen thorow the Snow to binde little bags about their feet for without these bags they fell vp to the belly in Snow When the eight day was come Xenophon deliuered the Comarch to Cherisophus to be their guide but left all his houshold to him except only one of his sonnes who was lately come to mans estate Him he deliuered to Episthenes the Amphipolitan to be kept vpon condition that if he guided the Armie well he might take his sonne home with him at his returne Besides they conueighed into his house as many things as they could and so rising with their whole Campe they marched forward The Comarch guided them vnbound because of the Snow and now they were in the third encamping when Cherisophus waxed angry with the Guide because he conducted them to no Villages He answered that there were none thereabout Cherisophus beat him but bound him not by reason whereof he shifted away by night leauing his sonne behinde him This was the only difference and distaste betwixt Cherisophus and Xenophon during this whole iourney For the Guide was ill intreated and yet not looked vnto nor made fast Episthenes was in loue with the boy and carrying him home into Greece found him alwaies after exceeding faithfull and trustie After this they marched forward seuen encampings fiue Parasangs euery day euen as farre as the riuer Phasis which is a plether broad From thence they marched 10 Parasangs in two encampings The Chalybians Taochans and Phasians shewed themselues on the top of a hill from whence the descent into the Plaine lay Cherisophus after he perceiued the enemy on the height of the hill made Alt about thirtie furlongs off being loth to approach them with his army led in a wing he gaue the word that the following Companies should sleeâ—e vp by the first to the end the army might be formed into a Phalange or broad fronted battell When the Reare was come vp immediately he called a Court of Coronels and Captaines and spake thus â—he enemy as you see hath taken the top of the mountaine It is time for vs to aduise how we shall most commodiously come to fight with them Mine opinion is therefore that we first command the Souldiers to dine and then in the meane space consult whether it be best to passe ouer the mountaine to day or to morrow And mine opinion is said Cleanor that after dinner we presently arme and with all celeritie goe against them For if we linger this day the enemy that beholds vs now will wax bolder and other animated with their boldnesse will ioyne vnto them After him Xenophon spake and said I conceiue thus that if we must needs fight we are to prepare our selues to fight with the greatest aduantage we are able But if we desire to passe the hill with least trouble we ought to consider how to receiue fewest wounds and lose fewest men The hill which we see is more than 60 furlongs in length and men no where appeare to hinder vs but onely vpon the way of our march It is better therefore to endeuour
one of the targetiers came to Xenophon and told him that he had serued as a slaue in Athens added that he seemed to know the language of the enemy I thinke quoth he that this is mine own country and if you thinke good I would faine speake with them You may do it freely quoth Xenophon if you lift and know of them first what people they are They answered they were Macrons Aske them againe quoth he why they oppose against vs in armes desire to be our enemies They answered because you go about to inuade our countrey The Coronels willed the interpreter to say they came not to offer wrong but hauing made war against the king they returned into Greece and would faine come to the Sea The Macrons asked the Grecians againe whether they would giue assurance of that they said Who answered they were readie to giue take assurance Hereupon the Macrons gaue to the Grecians a Barbarian speare and the Grecians a Grecian speare to them For they said that this was the manner of assurance amongst them But both parties called the gods to witnesse After assurance giuen the Macrons helped the Grecians to cut down trees leuelled the way to further our passage came and conuersed with the Grecians furnishing out such a market as they were able and led them forward three daies iourney till they had set them vpon the Colchan mountaines There was in that countrey a high Mountaine but yet passable vpon which the Colchans had ranged themselues in battell At the first the Grecians ordered their troops against them in a Phalange as if they purposed to inuade the Mountaine in that forme Xenophon aduised them that laying aside the forme of a Phalange the best course would be to put themselues into single Companies drawne out in File For a Phalange said he will soone be broken by reason of the inequalitie of way which in some part of the Mountaine will be easie enough in other parts hard to ascend And it will quickly discourage the Souldiers to see the Phalange disordered in which they march Furthermore if we aduance in a large Front the enemie that exceedeth vs in number will ouer-front vs and vse his multitude to most aduantage if in a narrow Front it will be no maruell to see our Phalange cut in peeces with the number of missiue weapons and with multitude of men that will fall vpon it which comming to passe in any part the whole Phalange will be distressed Therefore as I said I hold it best to order our selues in companies stretched out in file or depth euery companie hauing such distance from other that the out-most companies may ouer-front and be without the points of the enemies wings So shall we both gain the aduantage of ouer-fronting their army marching on the companies being in file our best men shall first giue on vpon the enemie And let euerie companie make choise of the fittest way for ascent Now for the spaces betwixt each companie it will not be easie for the enemie to enter them the companies flancking euerie space nor yet to cut off a companie aduancing in such depth And if any companie chance to be distressed the next companie is to succour it And in case any one of the companies attaine the top of the Hill assure your selues no enemie will keepe his ground The aduice was approued by all and they drew their companies euerie one into a File Xenophon going from the right wing to the left said to the Souldiers These ô Souldiers whom you see are the only hindrance of our passage thither whither we haste with so great desire If it be possible we must deuoure them raw When euerie man was in his place and euerie companie in File the companies of the armed amounted to about 80 in number and euerie companie contained well-neere 100 men The Targetiers and Archers were diuided into three parts One part marched without the left Wing another without the right the third in the middest Then the Coronels commanded the Souldiers to pray When they had praied they sang the Pâ—an and so aduanced forward and the enemie made head against them Cherisophus and Xenophon and the Targetiers with them being without the points of the enemies battell marched on The enemie perceiuing it sought to meet them and some of them drawing to the right some to the left hand they rent their Phalange asunder and left much void space in the middest When the Arcadian Peltasts whose Captaine Aeschines the Acarnan was saw them distracted and seuered they imagined they fled and ran on with as much speed as they could They were the first that gained the Mountaine The armed Arcadians commanded by Cleanor the Orchomenian followed at their heeles The enemie stood firme in no place after they saw them come running on but fled some one way some another So the Grecians ascending the Mountaine quartered in many Villages replenished with all things necessarie In other things there was no cause of maruell only there were many Bee-hiues the Hony-combes whereof whosoeuer eat they became euerie man mad and scoured vpward and downeward and none was able to stand vpon their feet They that eat but a little were like drunken that eat much like mad and some like dead men and there lay so many vpon the ground that a man would haue thought an ouerthrow had been receiued from an enemie which caused much discouragement amongst the Troopes The next day there was no man found dead and they came to their right sense about the same houre they fel into their malady The third fourth day after they arose as if they had receiued some medicine From thence they marched seuen Parasangs in two encampings came to the sea side to Trapezond a Grecian city well inhabited which is situate vpon the Euxine Sea being a Colonie of the Sinopeans planted in the Colchan Countrey They remained about 30 dayes in the Colchan countrey spoiling preying it The Trapezuntines exhibited a Market to the Campe and gaue the Grecians gifts of hospitalitie viz. Oxen Meale and Wine entertaining them kindly They transacted likewise for the next neighbour Colchans especially for those that inhabited the Plaine from whom also were sent gifts of hospitalitie which were for the most part Oxen. Here the Armie prepared the sacrifice which they had vowed for a sufficient number of Oxen was sent vnto them to Iupiter the sauiour to Hercules who had so well guided and protected them in their whole iourney They praied likewise to other gods Besides they ordeined Games of exercise in the Mountaine where they encamped chose Dracontius the Lacedemonian who being yet a boy fled his Countrey for killing another boy with the stroke of a Cimitery against his will to order the running and to be president of the Games When the sacrifice was ended they gaue the beasts skins to Dracontius willed him to leade
against Seuthes They had besides a ship of thirtie owers ouer which they made Captaine Polycrates the Athenian Who when he tooke any ships brought them to the Campe where the merchandise was taken out and keepers set to preserue it safe for the owners The ships themselues were retained for the iourney Whilest these things were doing the Grecians went abroad to seeke the prey of the Countrey and some of them sped other some missed of their purpose Cleâ—netus leading forth his owne and another Company to a place rough and dangerous was slaine himselfe and many other with him When there was no more prouision to be got within such a distance as that the Souldiers going out a foraging might returne to the Campe the same day Xenophon taking guides from the Trapezuntians led out halfe the army into the Countrey of the Drylans the other halfe he left to guard the Campe. For the Colchans being driuen from their owne houses were many in number and sat downe on the top of the hills The Trapezâ—â—tians guided them not to the place where prouision might easily be made because that part of the Country was their friends but against the Drylans from whom they had suffered hostility against a mountainous country hard to passe thorow the inhabitants whereof are accounted the most warlike people of all that liue in Pontus After the Grecians were come into the high countrey the Drylans setting afire all the holds that seemed easie to be forced went their waies neither was any thing found in the country but a hog or an oxe or some such other cattel as escaped the fire There was a Fort that was called their mother Citie or Metropolis whither they all fled Round about it was a hollow bottome strongly deepe and the accesse to the Fort was hard The Peltasts speeding on some fiue or six furlongs before the armed passing the bottome and espying there many sheepe and other riches went on against the Fort and were seconded by many Speare-men that followed to make prouision for the Campe So that the number of those that passed ouer the bottome was more than two thousand men When they could not force the place for there was a deepe diâ—ch cast about it and sharpe stakes fixed on the ascent of the rampier and many woodden Towers raised they began to make their retreat and the enemy fell out vpon them Now when they could not well retire for the descent from the Fort to the bottome was capable of no more than of one man at once they sent to Xenophon who led the Targetiers The messenger said that the Fort was replenished with much riches but they could neither take it by reason of the strength thereof nor yet come off without danger because the enemy was fallen out and fought with them and the place thorow which they were to come off was narrow Xenophon when he heard this leading on to the brinke of the hollow bottome commanded the armed to lay downe their armes Himselfe passing ouer with the Captaines aduised whether it were better to bring off those that were already in the Fort or to passe ouer the armed also which he led to try if the Fort might be won For the Captaines held that the retreat could not be made without the losse of many and that the Fort was not impregnable to whose opinion Xenophon assented the rather because of the sacrifice For the soothsayers signified that they must vndergoe a fight but the issue would be good and such as was to be desired Therefore he sent backe the Captaines to bring ouer the armed himselfe remained behinde and gathering together the Peltasts suffered none to send a missiue weapon at the enemy After the armed were come vp hee willed the Captaines to order their Companies euery one as they thought fittest for fight For the Captaines stood neere together betwixt whom there was alwaies an emulation about manhood and seruice The Captaines did accordingly and Xenophon gaue commandement to all the Peltasts to goe with their fingers inserted into the thongs of their darts and the Archers with their arrowes nocked and the light-armed with their leather bags full of stones that they might be readie when a signe was giuen and he chose out fit men to see these things executed When all were in readinesse and the Captaines and Lieutenants and they that accounted themselues nothing inferiour to them had taken their places and looked one vpon another for it was a gallant sight to behold the army standing so imbattelled in the field they began the Paan the trumpet sounded the army gaue a shout and the armed ran on with all speed Now the missiue weapons began to flie at all hands darts arrowes bullets and stones out of slings and many stones from hands There were also that threw fire The enemy oppressed with multitude of missiue weapons forsooke both the Rampier and the Towers so that Agasias the Stymphalian and Philoxenus the Pelenian laying downe their weapons ascended the Rampier in their coats alone and one drawing and helping vp another and many entring the Fort seemed now to be taken and the Peltasts and light-armed ranging vp and downe fell a spoiling all they could Xenophon stood at the gate keeping out the armed For there appeared other enemies vpon some strong heights of the mountaines Not long after a cry arose within and the Grecians fled some with things taken in the Fort some being wounded and the throng about the gate was great Those that ran out of the gates being asked what the matter was said There was a Citadell within and a multitude of enemies which fell out and charged the light-armed and Peltasts Wherupon Xenophon proclaimed by Tâ—lmides the crier that whosoeuer would haue his part in the prey of the Fort should enter Many therefore entred and beat backe those that salied out and again shut vp the enemy into the Citadell The Grecians spoiled and carried away all that was found without the Citadell But the armed laid downe their armes partly by the Rampier partly at the way that led to the Citadell Xenophon and the Captaines in the meane time cast their eies about to resolue whether the Citadell were possible to be taken or not For so all should be safe otherwise the retreat must needes be full of danger After they had viewed it they held it impregnable Thereupon they put themselues in order for retreat and euerie man pulled vp the stakes of the Rampier as they came in his way The vnseruiceable were sent out with the prey and most of the Armed euerie Captaine retaining only such as he trusted Assoone as they began to retreat a multitude of enemies armed with wicker Targets and Speares and Greeues and Paphlagonian head-peeces salied out of the Citadell Many other climed vp on the Houses which stood on either side the street that led to the Citadell whereby it grew dangerous to
cause of long marches Carmanda Boats for a shift Seditious Souldiers put all in danger 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Coronels marâ—hed by turnes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cyrus stilleth the contention 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A faire pretence of a traitor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The manner of proceeding in iudgement against Orontes His condemnation His execution 45 Mile 15 a day Ordering of the battell The largenesse of the Persian Kingdome Cyrus foot were 112800. a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 b Euery Myriade is 10000. The kingâ— foot 900000. A Fathome containeth two yards The order of Cyrus his battel The place of the Commanders Of the battell of Grecians Light armed of the Grecians Ariaeus is afterward called General of the Horse 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The order of the Persians The arming of the Aegyptians A Plesium Battalions The place of the Chariots See my Notes vpon the 11 ch of Aelian Plutarch accounteth this a fault in Clearchus in vita Artaxerxis Remedy against ouer-winging The Word A Militarie Song Alexander gaue direction to his souldiers to doe the like The victorie of the Grecians Cyrus warinesse in his good successe The place of the K. of Persia in a battell Horse in front An error in too â—arnest pursuit Cyrus his valor The death of Cyrus The praise of Cyrus His childhood The K. of Persiaes Gate His keeping of his word His thankfulnesse Strictnesse in punishment His esteeme of Souldiers Loue kindnesse to his seruants To his friends The loue that all men bore to Cyrus 15 Miles The Greâ—ian Caâ—pe taken by the King Three Mile three quarters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tissaphernes chargeth the Grecians Remedy against encompassing 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Grecians return to their Campe. Cyrus his prouision for the Grecians For Demaratus see Herodot lib. 6.175 Pausaniâ—s in Laconicis l. 3.171.30 Ariaeus his message to the Grecians A countrey of Asia the lesse Clearchus his answer Firing to dresse their meat The kings message to the Grâ—cians Answer of the Grecians Reply of Phalinus Xenophon Clearchus his answer The aduice of Phalinus The doubtfull answer of Clearchus 2000. Miles and aboue 382 Miles and a quarter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ariaeus his counsell for the way of their return A Panicall fear amongst the Graecians The King maketh an ouerture of Truce The Grecians accept the Truce The diligence and sufficiency of Clearchus in his command Palme nuts 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A dissembling speech of Tissaphernes The answer of the Grecians The conclusion of truce with the conditions annexed The assuraÌ„ce of truce Ariaeus practised to returne to the Kings obeysance Suspition of the Grecians Clearchus confident in the truce Ariaeus ioyneth with the Kings Forces Three miles three quarters The Wall of Media The height 33. yards The bredth 6. yards and more The length 75 miles or thereabout .30 Miles 15 mile a day Draineâ— of Tygris Sitaca A mile three quarters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ariaeus his message A practice of the Barbarians A true coniecture about the message A Bridge vpon Ships 75 miles euery day 18 more Fyscus a Riuer Opis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The army must take vp fiue mile in length being 10000 and betwixt euerie ranke six foot 112 miles euerie day 18 and more 75 miles euery day 15. Caenae a Citie Zabatus a riuer 400. footbroad Distrusts betwixt the Grecians and the Barbarians Conference betwixt Tissaphernes and Clearchus The speech of Clearchus Tissaphernes answer Tiara was an attire that the Persians wore on their heads Clearhus ouer-reached by the cunning of Tissaphernes Fiue Coronels The Coronels taken prisoners by Tissaphernes False pretences of a foule action The falsenesse discouered A description of Clearchus his naturall disposition The Island in Thrace bordering vpon Hellespont A towne lying vpon the same Sea The narrow Sea beside Constantinople Lacedemon His diligence His skill Seueritie Ambition Proxenus His industry being young His ends Modestie Remisnesse Menon His desire of wealth Impudencie Deceitfulnesse Calumniation Impudicitie Death About 1250 mile The distressed estate of the Grecians Xenophon Inuited to serue Cyrus Soâ—rates his counsell to Xâ—nophâ—n To the Oracle of Apollo Mispropounding his question Xenophons griefe His dreame His discourse in minde His resolution His speech to the Captaines of his owne Regiment Apollonides a harsh counseller Assembly of the army 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ierome the Eleans speech Xenophons speech Taxiarchs are the Captaines of the light armed Lochagi the Captaines of the armedfoot Cherisophus New Coronels 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cherisophus his exhortation 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cleanor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Xenophon The superstition of the Gentiles A warlike song which they vsed when they went to charge the enemie Braue exploits of ancestors a great incitement to valour Darius the Father of Xerxes sent his Generall Datis with a great Armie which was ouerthrowne by the Athenians at Marathon The Persians were slaine to the number of 6300. Herodotus lib. 6. But Iustin reporteth that there were slaine 200000. Herodotus lib. 7. A man is neerest to himself Experience of an enemie Horse in the field Scarcitie of prouision Passage of Riuers Seating in a strange countrey A goldeÌ„ bridge is to be made for an enemy to runne away See Diod. Sicul. l. 1.21 and the Lexicon in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the tree and fruit see Pliny l. 13. c. 17. pag. 234. The fruit is so pleasant that they that taste it are loth to retâ—rn to their owne countâ—y Vnnecessarie cariage Care of the Commâ—nders 〈◊〉 of Souldiers A square hollow battell fit for a march when it is feared the enemy will charge round about 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Commanders of the Front flanks reare Mithridates fained speech He discouers himselfe by accident Messengers from the enemie Zathe a riuer Order of march in an open country Faire words turned into a storme of hostilitie An errour of Xenophon Aduantage of missiue weapons Necessity mother of inuention The Rhodian slings Means to procure readinesse to serue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A vaine promise vpon an vnsure ground A â—ile Omnia repentina terrenâ— Larissa a Citie Bredth 8 yards one 25. part Height 33 yards one 100 part Circumference miles seuen a half 6 yards 2 foot 200 yards 400 yards 22 mile and a halfe Mesphila a city 16 yards three 50 parts 33 yards c. 22 miles and a halfe 15 miles Tissaphernes with horse Horse against the reare and flanks of the Plesium at once It is like they were heauier than the arrowes of the Cretans 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It is to be vnderstood that these new CoÌ„panies were led euery one in file and being ioyned together they made sixe files If then the breach in the Plaesium were small they inserted the sixe files rank-wile to make it vp if wider they