command_v in_o chief_a may_v order_v if_o his_o affair_n hut_n two_o soldier_n may_v quaâ—_n in_o one_o hut_n require_v it_o that_o in_o one_o row_n of_o fity_n hut_n a_o hundred_o soldier_n shall_v quarter_v it_o will_v be_v no_o prejudice_n to_o they_o but_o rather_o helpful_a provide_v they_o have_v no_o wife_n between_o the_o quarter_n of_o the_o foot_n and_o the_o fortification_n of_o the_o camp_n there_o be_v a_o void_a place_n of_o 200_o foot_n broad_a this_o the_o ancient_n call_v pomerium_fw-la we_o name_v it_o the_o alarm_n and_o parade_a place_n or_o place_n of_o arm_n and_o though_o as_o i_o tell_v you_o before_o many_o will_v have_v the_o colour_n and_o arm_n to_o stand_v in_o that_o sâ—reet_n which_o traverse_v the_o quarter_n behind_o the_o colonel_n tent_n yet_o assure_o in_o time_n of_o alarm_n the_o soldier_n run_v to_o their_o arm_n and_o the_o ensign_n to_o their_o colour_n arms._n place_v of_o arms._n can_v in_o so_o narrow_a a_o place_n but_o be_v much_o embarased_a beside_o they_o have_v not_o room_n to_o draw_v up_o therefore_o it_o be_v more_o fit_a to_o have_v the_o colour_n fix_v before_o the_o head_n of_o the_o quarter_n in_o this_o place_n of_o arm_n and_o to_o have_v the_o pâ—kes_v of_o every_o company_n lean_v on_o a_o tree_n lay_v across_o other_o two_o tree_n fix_v in_o the_o ground_n and_o in_o fair_a weather_n the_o musket_n also_o but_o in_o time_n of_o rain_n the_o soldier_n shall_v carry_v they_o into_o their_o hut_v and_o in_o that_o case_n i_o shall_v advise_v officer_n to_o cause_v the_o musqueteer_n to_o draw_v their_o ball_n because_o when_o a_o accidental_a fire_n come_v careless_a soldier_n and_o how_o many_o be_v there_o of_o these_o will_v be_v more_o ready_a to_o run_v out_o of_o their_o hut_v hut_v musket_n chaâ—ged_v with_o ball_n dangerous_a in_o hut_v and_o carry_v their_o knapsack_n and_o cloak_n with_o they_o than_o their_o musket_n and_o these_o be_v charge_v with_o ball_n render_v all_o endeavour_n to_o quench_v the_o fire_n exceed_o dangerous_a if_o not_o altogether_o impossible_a because_o the_o powder_n wherewith_o these_o musket_n be_v charge_v be_v fire_v send_v their_o bullet_n so_o extravagant_o at_o random_n on_o all_o quarter_n that_o man_n know_v not_o how_o to_o shelter_v themselves_o from_o they_o a_o experience_n whereof_o i_o once_o see_v in_o a_o transient_a leaguer_n which_o for_o that_o reason_n i_o speak_v of_o be_v well_o near_o burn_v to_o the_o ground_n and_o yet_o next_o day_n i_o hear_v of_o no_o order_n give_v to_o prevent_v the_o like_a mischief_n for_o the_o future_a which_o shall_v have_v be_v do_v after_o the_o regiment_n quartermaster_n have_v give_v the_o quartermaster_n and_o fouriers_n hut_v fourier_n aâ—â—_n to_o mark_v all_o the_o several_a hut_v their_o proportion_n of_o ground_n and_o that_o the_o four_o corner_n of_o each_o hut_n be_v mark_v with_o four_o twig_n or_o stick_n the_o soldier_n that_o be_v not_o work_v at_o the_o fortificaon_n fall_v to_o and_o make_v their_o hut_v but_o the_o officer_n must_v see_v it_o be_v do_v regular_o that_o none_o take_v more_o or_o less_o ground_n than_o what_o be_v allow_v they_o lest_o thereby_o they_o spoil_v the_o uniformity_n of_o the_o quarter_n if_o the_o general_n can_v spare_v none_o of_o that_o spacious_a ground_n allow_v for_o his_o lodging_n for_o a_o marketplace_n and_o a_o quarter_n for_o volunteer_n and_o stranger_n than_o the_o castrametator_fw-la must_v measure_v out_o ground_n for_o both_o not_o far_o from_o the_o proviant_a office_n for_o none_o of_o they_o must_v be_v neglect_v when_o all_o be_v do_v the_o quartermaster_n general_n or_o one_o of_o his_o engineer_n be_v to_o draw_v the_o fortification_n of_o the_o camp_n all_o the_o line_n whereof_o be_v to_o be_v mark_v by_o make_v a_o furrow_n in_o the_o earth_n half_o a_o foot_n deep_a and_o half_a a_o foot_n broad_a the_o whole_a trench_n be_v to_o camp_n soldier_n be_v to_o work_v at_o the_o fortificâ—on_n oâ—_n thâ—_n camp_n be_v wrought_v by_o the_o several_a regiment_n of_o foot_n according_a to_o their_o number_n of_o man_n because_o the_o retrenchment_n be_v for_o their_o own_o safety_n unless_o the_o prince_n general_n get_v they_o to_o be_v help_v by_o country_n people_n or_o pioner_n by_o what_o be_v say_v you_o see_v our_o quartermaster_n general_n shall_v be_v a_o person_n of_o strong_a intellectual_n and_o well_o see_v in_o the_o mathematics_n especial_o geometry_n which_o both_o fortification_n and_o castrametation_n acknowledge_v to_o be_v their_o mother_n for_o avoid_v infection_n noisome_a and_o contagious_a disease_n procure_v by_o the_o daily_a kill_n and_o slaughter_v beast_n in_o a_o plentiful_a and_o numerous_a leaguer_n it_o be_v convenient_a that_o deep_a pit_n be_v dig_v and_o that_o all_o that_o be_v not_o useful_a be_v cast_v into_o they_o about_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o pit_n there_o shall_v be_v a_o thick_a board_n lay_v fast_o through_o which_o a_o whole_a shall_v be_v cut_v and_o what_o be_v cast_v in_o the_o pit_n shall_v be_v let_v down_o through_o that_o hole_n and_o therefore_o a_o board_n shall_v be_v lay_v over_o that_o hole_n and_o then_o so_o much_o of_o the_o earth_n as_o be_v dig_v out_o of_o the_o pit_n shall_v be_v cast_v in_o till_o the_o mouth_n of_o it_o be_v make_v equal_a with_o the_o superfice_n of_o the_o ground_n and_o that_o earth_n may_v be_v take_v out_o as_o oft_o as_o you_o will_v till_o the_o pit_n be_v full_a of_o these_o noisome_a thing_n up_o to_o the_o board_n and_o then_o it_o shall_v be_v close_v up_o and_o if_o pit_n be_v use_v in_o this_o fashion_n it_o matter_n not_o if_o these_o pit_n be_v dig_v among_o the_o hut_v or_o in_o the_o street_n of_o the_o camp_n the_o carry_v these_o thing_n three_o or_o four_o hundred_o foot_n without_o the_o camp_n be_v exceed_o troublesome_a and_o the_o kill_v the_o beast_n so_o far_o without_o exceed_o inconvenient_a and_o of_o no_o consequence_n since_o thereby_o the_o air_n may_v be_v infect_v as_o well_o without_o as_o within_o the_o camp_n and_o that_o be_v all_o one_o matter_n whether_o pit_n may_v not_o be_v dig_v for_o soldier_n to_o do_v the_o work_n of_o nature_n in_o and_o some_o cloth_n canvas_n or_o some_o such_o thing_n put_v about_o it_o as_o the_o turk_n do_v or_o if_o it_o be_v best_a to_o continue_v the_o custom_n of_o go_v without_o the_o leaguer_n one_o hundred_o pace_n which_o shall_v be_v mark_v by_o a_o long_a pole_n and_o a_o wisp_n of_o straw_n at_o the_o top_n of_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v the_o subject_a of_o this_o discourse_n for_o assure_o the_o debate_n of_o it_o can_v be_v very_o savoury_a where_o there_o be_v no_o great_a danger_n of_o a_o visible_a enemy_n a_o general_n may_v quarter_v his_o army_n in_o two_o distinct_a body_n battle_n and_o reserve_n the_o distance_n between_o they_o be_v 4_o or_o 500_o ordinary_a pace_n the_o foot_n in_o the_o middle_n and_o the_o horse_n on_o both_o wing_n as_o the_o general_n think_v most_o expedient_a as_o to_o these_o oblong_n quadrangle_v wherein_o be_v encamp_v several_a body_n whereof_o i_o have_v so_o oft_o speak_v you_o may_v if_o you_o please_v call_v they_o as_o the_o french_a do_v park_n and_o that_o proper_o enough_o know_v likewise_o that_o custom_n have_v obtain_v that_o the_o outward_a line_n of_o fortification_n of_o camp_n that_o regard_v the_o enemy_n without_o be_v call_v circumvallation_n and_o the_o inward_a one_o towards_o the_o besiege_a place_n have_v the_o name_n of_o contravallation_n whereas_o in_o very_a deed_n and_o in_o common_a speech_n both_o of_o they_o be_v circumvallation_n nor_o be_v they_o so_o to_o be_v term_v in_o strict_a sense_n and_o proper_a language_n unless_o use_v be_v make_v of_o stake_n or_o pallisades_n which_o the_o old_a roman_n constant_o practise_v and_o be_v call_v in_o latin_a valli_n whereof_o i_o have_v speak_v large_o in_o another_o place_n chap._n xxi_o of_o guard_n watch_n parad_n sentinel_n round_n and_o patrovilles_n it_o be_v to_o little_a purpose_n to_o fortify_v either_o a_o camp_n or_o a_o castle_n unless_o man_n be_v appoint_v to_o maintain_v the_o fortification_n and_o because_o man_n can_v watch_v constant_o therefore_o they_o must_v watch_v by_o turn_n either_o according_a to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o man_n that_o be_v quarter_v within_o the_o fortify_v place_n or_o the_o danger_n the_o place_n may_v be_v in_o of_o a_o near_a and_o powerful_a enemy_n for_o though_o guard_n shall_v be_v keep_v and_o strict_o keep_v even_o when_o no_o danger_n seem_v to_o threaten_v yet_o it_o be_v madness_n to_o weary_a soldier_n as_o much_o by_o watch_v when_o no_o enemy_n be_v expect_v as_o when_o one_o be_v assure_o look_v for_o if_o the_o company_n of_o horse_n and_o enemy_n guards_z to_o be_v strong_a or_o
and_o thirteen_o rider_n as_o thus_o first_o one_o behind_z him_z three_z behind_o they_o five_o behind_o they_o seven_o then_o nine_o then_o eleven_o than_o thirteen_o and_o in_o the_o eight_o rank_a place_n fifteen_o from_o that_o rank_n your_o number_n decrease_v for_o next_o to_o fifteen_o you_o be_v to_o place_v thirteen_o behind_o they_o eleven_o than_o nine_o then_o seven_o then_o five_o then_z three_z and_o last_o one_o this_o be_v also_o a_o thessalian_a rhombus_fw-la of_o horse_n a_o figure_n whereof_o aelian_a bestow_v upon_o we_o this_o troop_n i_o conceive_v be_v at_o open_a order_n for_o it_o be_v very_o requisite_a it_o shall_v be_v so_o can_v upon_o a_o occasion_n front_v any_o way_n without_o wheel_v to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n by_o a_o half_a turn_n of_o their_o horse_n and_o to_o the_o rear_n by_o two_o half_a turn_n and_o immediate_o thereafter_o serr_v together_o either_o to_o give_v or_o receive_v the_o charge_n this_o figure_n of_o the_o rhombus_fw-la be_v call_v by_o some_o the_o diamond_n but_o if_o so_o the_o diamond_n which_o it_o resemble_v must_v be_v a_o four-cornered_a one_o observe_v here_o that_o aelian_o number_n of_o horse_n represent_v in_o his_o figure_n of_o the_o simple_a rhombus_fw-la amount_v but_o to_o forty_o nine_o and_o this_o i_o attribute_v to_o his_o neglect_n for_o he_o tell_v we_o it_o shall_v consist_v of_o sixty_o four_o the_o wedge_n battle_n which_o the_o latin_n call_v cuneus_n or_o rostrum_n be_v a_o body_n wedge_n the_o second_o be_v the_o wedge_n of_o man_n either_o on_o foot_n or_o horseback_n draw_v up_o with_o a_o sharp_a point_n and_o increase_n in_o its_o bigness_n till_o it_o come_v to_o that_o greatness_n which_o the_o maker_n of_o it_o design_v for_o it_o and_o so_o represent_v a_o wedge_n from_o which_o it_o have_v its_o denomination_n or_o it_o be_v like_o a_o dagger_n sharp_a at_o the_o point_n grow_v broad_a till_o it_o come_v to_o the_o haft_n i_o tell_v you_o that_o philip_n of_o macedon_n invent_v it_o choose_v a_o wedge_n to_o be_v the_o fit_a pattern_n whereby_o to_o model_n his_o macedonian_a troop_n by_o place_v his_o choice_a man_n and_o horse_n both_o for_o strength_n of_o body_n and_o courage_n of_o mind_n in_o the_o foremost_a rank_n the_o rest_n behind_o they_o serve_v to_o bear_v they_o forcible_o forward_a take_v the_o description_n of_o it_o thus_o first_o one_o than_o three_o than_o five_o then_o seven_o then_o nine_o then_o eleven_o than_o thirteen_o and_o last_o fifteen_o these_o add_v together_o make_v up_o aelian_n macedonian_a troop_n of_o sixty_o four_o horseman_n but_o in_o his_o description_n of_o it_o he_o oversee_v himself_o twice_o first_o in_o mistake_n a_o twofold_a mistake_n his_o word_n for_o he_o say_v the_o wedge_n be_v just_a the_o half_a of_o the_o number_n of_o the_o great_a rhombus_fw-la but_o that_o consist_v as_o i_o just_a now_o tell_v you_o of_o one_o hundred_o and_o thirteen_o and_o the_o wedge_n be_v of_o sixty_o four_o much_o more_o than_o the_o half_a of_o one_o hundred_o and_o thirteen_o next_o in_o his_o figure_n which_o present_v we_o only_o with_o thirty_o six_o horseman_n twenty_o eight_o few_o than_o king_n philip_n troop_n but_o if_o you_o will_v take_v a_o wedge_n out_o of_o the_o rhombus_fw-la you_o may_v do_v it_o easy_o by_o cause_v that_o rank_n wherein_o be_v fifteen_o horseman_n with_o all_o the_o rank_n that_o be_v before_o it_o to_o stand_v and_o all_o that_o be_v behind_o it_o to_o remove_v and_o then_o you_o have_v a_o perfect_a macedonian_a wedge_n troop_n consist_v of_o sixty_o four_o rider_n but_o the_o manner_n of_o embattel_v in_o form_n of_o a_o wedge_n be_v not_o appropriate_v foot_n wedge_n battle_n of_o foot_n only_o to_o the_o cavalry_n the_o infantry_n both_o of_o grecian_n and_o roman_n and_o several_a other_o nation_n use_v it_o in_o many_o occasion_n epaminondas_n that_o famous_a theban_a at_o the_o battle_n of_o mantinaea_n see_v the_o lacedaemonian_n stand_v stout_o to_o it_o after_o he_o have_v rout_v their_o confederate_n the_o athenian_n choose_v out_o a_o parcel_n of_o his_o gallant_a foot_n cast_v they_o in_o a_o wedge_n and_o break_v so_o forcible_o in_o upon_o their_o batallion_n that_o he_o pierce_v it_o and_o after_o brave_a resistance_n force_v they_o to_o quit_v the_o field_n but_o this_o prove_v his_o last_o action_n for_o in_o it_o he_o receive_v so_o many_o mortal_a wound_n that_o he_o die_v of_o they_o before_o the_o next_o day_n i_o shall_v speak_v more_o of_o this_o wedge_n battle_n in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o roman_a militia_n neither_o it_o nor_o the_o rhombus_fw-la have_v be_v hear_v of_o in_o the_o world_n in_o many_o age_n since_o those_o ancient_a time_n it_o be_v probable_a the_o great_a alexander_n permit_v his_o thessalian_n to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o rhombus_fw-la at_o arbela_n because_o almost_o half_a of_o their_o great_a rhombus_fw-la might_n face_n to_o the_o rear_n and_o so_o prevent_v surround_v by_o darius_n his_o numerous_a force_n it_o be_v also_o like_a that_o his_o macedonian_a horse_n may_v have_v keep_v the_o form_n of_o a_o wedge_n both_o at_o issus_n and_o arbela_n and_o i_o find_v that_o his_o great_a captain_n who_o after_o his_o death_n share_v his_o vast_a conquest_n among_o themselves_o use_v it_o frequent_o but_o i_o believe_v likewise_o that_o both_o he_o and_o they_o and_o other_o grecian_n and_o asian_o too_o make_v use_v of_o the_o square_a battle_n the_o square_a form_n of_o embattel_v be_v most_o common_o use_v by_o the_o grecian_n square_n the_o three_o be_v the_o square_n in_o marshal_v their_o infantry_n and_o most_o of_o they_o use_v it_o in_o order_v their_o cavalry_n i_o speak_v not_o of_o a_o equilateral_a square_n but_o a_o oblong_a one_o such_o as_o we_o use_v in_o our_o modern_a war_n yet_o i_o do_v not_o deny_v but_o the_o ancient_n several_a time_n use_v equilateral_a square_a form_n of_o their_o batallion_n as_o when_o they_o make_v their_o rank_n and_o file_n consist_v of_o equal_a number_n of_o man_n and_o this_o we_o call_v a_o battle_n square_n of_o man_n or_o sometime_o square_a of_o ground_n when_o the_o front_n be_v of_o no_o great_a extent_n of_o ground_n than_o the_o flank_n but_o of_o these_o i_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o when_o i_o come_v to_o discourse_v of_o the_o square_a root_n not_o only_o many_o of_o the_o grecian_n but_o the_o persian_n and_o sicilian_n use_v the_o square_a horse_n battle_n and_o many_o great_a two_o prefer_v to_o the_o other_o two_o captain_n prefer_v it_o to_o both_o the_o rhombus_fw-la and_o the_o wedge_n first_o because_o by_o it_o the_o troop_n can_v march_v with_o more_o celerity_n and_o convenience_n and_o next_o they_o can_v bring_v more_o hand_n to_o fight_v at_o one_o time_n as_o for_o example_n in_o a_o wedge_n troop_n of_o sixty_o four_o the_o first_o rank_n consist_v but_o of_o one_o the_o second_o of_o three_o the_o three_o of_o five_o and_o the_o four_o of_o seven_o in_o these_o four_o rank_n there_o be_v but_o sixteen_o rider_n oppose_v a_o square_n battle_v troop_n of_o sixty_o and_o marshal_v it_o in_o a_o oblong_a fifteen_o in_o rank_n and_o four_o in_o file_n you_o may_v see_v that_o the_o sixteen_o rider_n in_o the_o four_o first_o rank_n of_o the_o wedge_n must_v fight_v with_o all_o the_o sixty_o of_o the_o square_a troop_n this_o be_v a_o very_a great_a odds_o and_o as_o much_o may_v be_v say_v of_o the_o rhombus_fw-la but_o aelian_a do_v not_o at_o all_o tell_v we_o how_o deep_a the_o grecian_a square_a battle_n of_o horse_n be_v this_o be_v a_o great_a neglect_n for_o thereby_o we_o may_v have_v know_v how_o many_o of_o file_n aelian_a speakâ—_n nothing_o of_o the_o deepness_n of_o horse_n file_n the_o rank_n can_v have_v reach_v a_o enemy_n with_o their_o lance_n and_o whether_o the_o rest_n behind_o serve_v only_o to_o bear_v forward_o those_o before_o as_o the_o ten_o last_o rank_n of_o pike_n do_v to_o the_o six_o foremost_a yet_o as_o far_o as_o i_o can_v conjecture_v by_o some_o of_o his_o figure_n he_o seem_v to_o insinuate_v that_o his_o countryman_n order_v their_o horse_n to_o be_v half_a as_o many_o in_o file_n as_o they_o be_v in_o rank_n his_o figure_n of_o that_o phalanx_n which_o he_o call_v quadrata_n of_o fifty_o horse_n have_v ten_o in_o rank_n and_o five_o in_o file_n this_o manner_n of_o battle_n whether_o it_o be_v of_o horse_n or_o foot_n be_v call_v by_o the_o square_a root_n man_n a_o double_v batallion_n of_o the_o fashion_n of_o which_o and_o how_o it_o be_v do_v i_o shall_v show_v you_o in_o its_o proper_a place_n but_o i_o dare_v not_o believe_v that_o all_o grecian_a troop_n be_v marshal_v so_o neither_o indeed_o do_v aelian_a aver_v it_o i_o know_v not_o then_o why_o i_o may_v not_o imagine_v
this_o because_o he_o be_v support_v by_o one_o who_o by_o his_o other_o writing_n have_v make_v himself_o well_o enough_o know_v and_o that_o be_v nicâ—l_a machiavelli_n who_o in_o the_o three_o book_n of_o his_o art_n of_o war_n very_o magisterial_o tell_v assertion_n machiavelli_n his_o assertion_n we_o that_o the_o ally_n foot_v never_o exceed_v that_o of_o the_o roman_n but_o their_o horse_n be_v some_o more_o i_o have_v speak_v to_o both_o these_o in_o the_o last_o chapter_n but_o he_o add_v that_o the_o roman_n in_o their_o great_a necessity_n never_o use_v more_o than_o two_o consular_a army_n and_o that_o each_o of_o they_o consist_v of_o twenty_o four_o thousand_o combatant_n i_o hope_v the_o instance_n i_o have_v use_v against_o vegetius_n in_o this_o same_o cause_n may_v serve_v sufficient_o to_o confute_v machiavelli_n but_o here_o i_o must_v observe_v the_o florentine_n presumption_n in_o the_o model_a his_o roman_a consular_a army_n first_o he_o make_v every_o legion_n to_o consist_v of_o five_o thousand_o five_o hundred_o foot_n a_o thing_n we_o never_o hear_v from_o any_o other_o author_n nor_o he_o from_o vegetius_n who_o be_v constant_o for_o six_o thousand_o one_o hundred_o foot_n next_o he_o make_v the_o cavalry_n of_o the_o ally_n to_o be_v seven_o hundred_o for_o every_o legion_n contrary_a to_o most_o author_n who_o make_v they_o but_o six_o but_o we_o shall_v let_v that_o pass_v with_o he_o that_o thereby_o he_o may_v make_v up_o his_o consular_a army_n of_o twenty_o four_o thousand_o man_n thus_o two_o confute_v confute_v roman_a legion_n eleven_o thousand_o foot_n ally_n foot_n as_o many_o these_o amount_v to_o twenty_o two_o thousand_o then_o six_o hundred_o roman_a horse_n and_o fourteen_o hundred_o of_o the_o ally_n be_v two_o thousand_o horse_n in_o all_o twenty_o four_o thousand_o let_v this_o i_o say_v be_v give_v but_o not_o grant_v he_o why_o conclude_v he_o positive_o that_o two_o consular_a army_n consist_v of_o fifty_o thousand_o fight_a man_n where_o do_v the_o secretary_n of_o florence_n learn_v this_o arithmetic_n to_o make_v fifty_o the_o aggregate_v of_o twice_o twenty_o four_o yet_o if_o he_o be_v not_o guilty_a of_o more_o dangerous_a error_n we_o may_v pardon_v he_o this_o but_o to_o return_v to_o vegetius_n he_o give_v i_o too_o oft_o just_a occasion_n to_o think_v that_o lipsius_n wrong_v he_o not_o much_o when_o he_o say_v of_o he_o that_o he_o be_v veterum_fw-la rerum_fw-la parum_fw-la firmiter_fw-la sciens_fw-la not_o thorough_o acquaint_v with_o ancient_a matter_n chap._n xvii_o of_o a_o consular_a army_n marshal_v in_o the_o field_n and_o of_o some_o general_a officer_n belong_v to_o it_o in_o so_o important_a a_o affair_n upon_o the_o right_n or_o wrong_n manage_n of_o which_o depend_v the_o conservation_n or_o ruin_n not_o only_o of_o the_o roman_a army_n but_o of_o the_o state_n polybius_n afford_v we_o no_o more_o light_n than_o what_o he_o have_v do_v in_o marshal_v the_o legionary_a foot_n and_o if_o he_o be_v right_a in_o that_o we_o be_v to_o look_v for_o little_a or_o no_o help_n from_o vegetius_n who_o order_v of_o a_o legion_n we_o have_v reject_v only_o we_o admit_v what_o he_o say_v in_o the_o fifteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n though_o thereby_o he_o contradict_v himself_o that_o equites_fw-la locantur_fw-la in_o cornibus_fw-la the_o horse_n be_v place_v in_o the_o wing_n but_o have_v in_o the_o several_a foregoing_a chapter_n show_v you_o how_o as_o far_o as_o any_o author_n have_v give_v we_o light_a the_o foot_n be_v marshal_v of_o what_o number_n both_o they_o and_o the_o horse_n be_v and_o how_o they_o be_v draw_v up_o of_o what_o number_n the_o ally_n be_v and_o how_o they_o be_v divide_v i_o suppose_v our_o business_n now_o be_v how_o to_o join_v they_o in_o one_o body_n or_o army_n and_o when_o it_o come_v to_o a_o battle_n to_o observe_v what_o custom_n be_v use_v by_o the_o roman_n and_o other_o ancient_n though_o as_o either_o occasion_n offer_v emergency_n require_v or_o necessity_n force_v the_o roman_a captain_n use_v several_a figure_n and_o form_n of_o battle_n yet_o that_o which_o be_v most_o ordinary_a and_o most_o use_v be_v the_o quadrate_n or_o square_n but_o i_o do_v not_o at_o all_o mean_a a_o equilateral_a one_o as_o terduzzi_n will_v glad_o have_v it_o to_o be_v to_o which_o purpose_n he_o put_v himself_o to_o more_o trouble_n than_o he_o need_v and_o in_o do_v so_o he_o show_v nice_a terduzzi_n over_o nice_a himself_o more_o an_o engineer_n as_o i_o believe_v he_o be_v to_o basta_n the_o emperor_n rodolph_n the_o second_v captain_n general_n in_o transilvania_n than_o a_o marshal_n of_o a_o field_n needs_o to_o be_v but_o i_o mean_v such_o a_o quadrate_n or_o square_n as_o the_o general_n of_o the_o roman_a army_n imagine_v that_o either_o the_o ground_n the_o posture_n of_o the_o enemy_n or_o his_o own_o design_n do_v or_o may_v prompt_v he_o to_o make_v but_o in_o regard_n we_o can_v say_v but_o little_a to_o marshal_n till_o we_o condescend_v of_o what_o and_o how_o many_o member_n ordinary_o the_o roman_a army_n be_v compose_v and_o though_o the_o number_n of_o both_o roman_a and_o ally_n legion_n vary_v oft_o yet_o because_o for_o most_o part_n the_o legion_n consist_v of_o four_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o foot_n and_o the_o horse_n be_v three_o hundred_o and_o that_o ordinary_o two_o legion_n and_o six_o hundred_o horse_n be_v send_v to_o the_o field_n with_o a_o consul_n and_o that_o also_o for_o most_o part_n the_o foot_n of_o the_o ally_n be_v equal_a to_o that_o of_o the_o roman_n and_o almost_o constant_o they_o be_v double_a their_o number_n in_o horse_n let_v we_o follow_v polybius_n and_o say_v the_o consular_a army_n consist_v of_o sixteen_o thousand_o eight_o hundred_o foot_n and_o eighteen_o hundred_o horse_n in_o all_o eighteen_o thousand_o six_o hundred_o neither_o do_v i_o think_v i_o can_v tell_v you_o better_o how_o a_o roman_a army_n be_v marshal_v when_o it_o be_v to_o fight_v than_o to_o inform_v you_o how_o scipio_n the_o great_a or_o the_o african_a scipio_n roman_a army_n marshal_v by_o scipio_n draw_v up_o his_o army_n when_o he_o be_v to_o fight_v against_o syphax_n and_o asdrubal_n and_o that_o out_o of_o the_o fourteen_o book_n of_o polybius_n there_o the_o historian_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o roman_a consul_n draw_v up_o his_o foot_n in_o the_o body_n or_o battle_n first_o his_o hastati_fw-la next_o his_o principes_fw-la and_o three_o his_o triarii_n on_o the_o right_a wing_n be_v his_o roman_a horse_n and_o on_o the_o leave_v his_o numidian_n and_o here_o our_o author_n in_o one_o word_n and_o once_o for_o all_o tell_v we_o that_o it_o be_v the_o constant_a custom_n of_o the_o roman_n to_o marshal_v their_o army_n in_o that_o fashion_n his_o word_n be_v et_fw-la in_o hoc_fw-la romanae_fw-la militiae_fw-la consuetudinem_fw-la simpliciter_fw-la servavit_fw-la and_o when_o the_o same_o scipio_n fight_v against_o his_o redoubt_a enemy_n hannibal_n he_o do_v the_o very_a like_a only_o with_o this_o alteration_n that_o he_o command_v his_o legate_n lâ—lius_n to_o command_v the_o roman_a cavalry_n on_o the_o left_a wing_n and_o set_v king_n masanissa_n with_o his_o numidian_a horse_n on_o the_o right_n this_o one_o example_n may_v teach_v we_o how_o the_o roman_a army_n be_v ordinary_o embattele_v but_o here_o be_v no_o word_n of_o the_o ally_n i_o suppose_v if_o scipio_n have_v any_o as_o likely_a he_o have_v their_o horse_n be_v join_v with_o the_o roman_a horse_n in_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n in_o both_o those_o battle_n since_o the_o other_o wing_n at_o both_o time_n be_v give_v to_o the_o auxiliary_a numidian_n but_o where_o a_o army_n be_v pure_o compose_v of_o roman_n and_o ally_n they_o field_n army_n of_o roman_n and_o ally_n marshal_v together_o in_o the_o field_n be_v marshal_v as_o we_o may_v gather_v out_o of_o polybius_n his_o six_o book_n and_o other_o author_n in_o this_o manner_n the_o roman_a six_o hundred_o horse_n be_v place_v on_o the_o right_a wing_n upon_o their_o left-hand_a the_o first_o legion_n of_o the_o ally_n foot_n consist_v of_o three_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o for_o eight_o hundred_o of_o it_o be_v take_v out_o for_o extraordinary_n upon_o the_o left-hand_a of_o the_o ally_n first_o legion_n stand_v the_o first_o roman_a legion_n and_o next_o it_o the_o second_o and_o upon_o the_o left-hand_a of_o it_o be_v marshal_v the_o second_o legion_n of_o the_o ally_n and_o upon_o the_o left-wing_n stand_v the_o confederate_n cavalry_n to_o the_o number_n of_o eight_o hundred_o for_o four_o hundred_o of_o their_o twelve_o hundred_o be_v cull_v out_o for_o extraordinary_n now_o those_o eight_o hundred_o horse_n of_o the_o ally_n be_v divide_v into_o twenty_o turme_n or_o troop_n as_o the_o roman_a six_o hundred_o horse_n be_v
likewise_o but_o with_o this_o difference_n that_o in_o every_o troop_n of_o the_o ally_n there_o be_v forty_o rider_n but_o in_o the_o roman_a troop_n there_o be_v only_o thirty_o thus_o be_v the_o gross_a or_o bulk_n of_o the_o roman_a army_n marshal_v as_o to_o the_o evocati_fw-la of_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o extraordinarii_fw-la of_o the_o ally_n polybius_n have_v tell_v we_o no_o more_o than_o uncertain_a station_n of_o the_o extraordinary_n uncertain_a what_o i_o have_v tell_v you_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o ally_n that_o they_o be_v encamp_v beside_o the_o consul_n and_o be_v to_o be_v near_o he_o in_o the_o field_n and_o to_o wait_v on_o the_o treasurer_n also_o but_o we_o be_v leave_v by_o he_o and_o other_o to_o conjecture_v how_o in_o what_o particular_a place_n or_o place_n they_o be_v ordain_v to_o fight_v and_o true_o i_o shall_v be_v easy_o induce_v to_o believe_v that_o sometime_o the_o consul_n place_v three_o hundred_o of_o the_o ally_n extraordinary_a horse_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n of_o the_o roman_a horse_n in_o the_o right_a wing_n and_o so_o make_v that_o wing_n strong_a by_o one_o hundred_o than_o the_o other_o for_o otherwise_o the_o left_a wing_n have_v be_v two_o hundred_o strong_a than_o the_o right_n the_o four_o hundred_o of_o the_o extraordinary_a horse_n terduzzi_n will_v have_v to_o stay_v with_o the_o consul_n and_o probable_o they_o do_v so_o the_o ally_n extraordinary_a foot_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o great_a squadron_n one_o whereof_o stand_v between_o the_o first_o legion_n of_o the_o ally_n and_o the_o first_o legion_n of_o the_o roman_n on_o the_o right-hand_a of_o the_o battle_n the_o second_o squadron_n stand_v on_o the_o left-hand_a of_o the_o second_o roman_a legion_n between_o it_o and_o the_o second_o legion_n of_o the_o ally_n thus_o lipsius_n and_o terduzzi_n will_v have_v it_o to_o be_v and_o i_o think_v it_o may_v be_v probable_a enough_o that_o it_o be_v so_o yet_o i_o doubt_v none_o of_o these_o two_o can_v tell_v i_o who_o tell_v they_o that_o it_o be_v so_o in_o another_o place_n lipsius_n think_v that_o both_o the_o evocati_fw-la and_o extraordinarii_fw-la at_o the_o consul_n command_n join_v with_o the_o triarii_n to_o reinforce_v the_o battle_n and_o true_o this_o be_v not_o improbable_a but_o the_o question_n be_v where_o they_o stand_v before_o they_o be_v command_v to_o join_v with_o the_o triarii_n for_o as_o lipsius_n marshal_n they_o in_o the_o interval_n of_o the_o triarii_n they_o will_v hinder_v the_o principes_fw-la and_o hastati_fw-la to_o join_v with_o the_o triarii_n what_o terduzzi_n say_v on_o this_o subject_n i_o suppose_v he_o have_v out_o of_o lipsius_n for_o though_o they_o be_v coetaneous_a yet_o i_o find_v lipsius_n often_o cite_v by_o terduzzi_n but_o i_o shall_v wrong_v none_o of_o they_o if_o i_o say_v that_o neither_o of_o they_o in_o this_o particular_a have_v more_o warrant_n than_o their_o own_o leves_fw-la conjecture_n &_o fallacia_fw-la vestigia_fw-la as_o lipsius_n call_v they_o if_o you_o will_v believe_v vegetius_n in_o the_o eighteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n the_o consul_n shall_v have_v make_v use_n of_o the_o extraordinarii_fw-la both_o horse_n and_o foot_n to_o environ_v and_o surround_v the_o enemy_n leave_v wing_n if_o you_o ask_v i_o why_o the_o consul_n may_v not_o as_o well_o have_v surround_v the_o enemy_n right_a wing_n as_o his_o left_a i_o must_v answer_v you_o that_o vegetius_n have_v keep_v up_o the_o reason_n from_o we_o as_o a_o secret_a in_o that_o same_o chapter_n vegetius_n say_v that_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_n shall_v stand_v between_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o horse_n and_o the_o foot_n as_o a_o fit_a place_n from_o whence_o he_o may_v take_v up_o his_o measure_n and_o encourage_v and_o relieve_v both_o his_o horse_n and_o foot_n lipsius_n and_o terduzzi_n fix_v he_o to_o the_o aquila_n or_o the_o eagle_n on_o the_o right_a battle_n station_n of_o a_o roman_a consul_n in_o battle_n hand_n of_o the_o roman_a legion_n but_o polybius_n say_v in_o that_o battle_n i_o just_a now_o speak_v of_o scipio_n give_v the_o right_a wing_n to_o masanissa_n and_o the_o leave_v to_o lâ—lius_n to_o command_v it_o will_v seem_v then_o that_o himself_o stay_v with_o the_o foot_n and_o so_o indeed_o he_o do_v for_o he_o cause_v a_o retreat_n to_o be_v sound_v to_o the_o hastati_fw-la that_o he_o may_v advance_v with_o the_o principes_fw-la but_o since_o i_o may_v guess_v as_o well_o as_o other_o i_o suppose_v he_o stand_v between_o the_o two_o roman_a legion_n and_o consequent_o beside_o the_o eagle_n of_o the_o second_o legion_n and_o assure_o that_o part_n be_v direct_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o army_n it_o be_v in_o my_o opinion_n the_o only_a proper_a place_n for_o a_o captain-general_n but_o when_o two_o consul_n be_v join_v together_o it_o be_v not_o so_o for_o ordinary_o the_o one_o command_v the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o horse_n and_o the_o other_o the_o left_a so_o it_o be_v at_o cannae_n where_o the_o roman_n be_v beat_v by_o hannibal_n so_o it_o be_v at_o vesuvius_n where_o manlius_n get_v the_o victory_n over_o the_o latin_n after_o the_o death_n of_o his_o colleague_n decius_n so_o it_o be_v at_o metaurus_n where_o nero_n and_o livy_n defeat_v and_o kill_v asdrubal_n but_o indeed_o where_o there_o be_v but_o one_o consul_n or_o general_n he_o seldom_o tie_v himself_o to_o one_o place_n but_o ride_v where_o he_o see_v his_o presence_n be_v most_o needful_a so_o do_v that_o manlius_n i_o just_a now_o mention_v so_o do_v caesar_n and_o so_o do_v many_o other_o of_o the_o ancient_a roman_a captain_n and_o it_o have_v be_v no_o prejudice_n either_o to_o lipsius_n or_o terduzzi_n to_o have_v suffer_v a_o consul_n in_o a_o consular_a army_n to_o have_v stand_v where_o he_o please_v either_o beside_o the_o first_o eagle_n or_o the_o second_o or_o beside_o none_o of_o they_o vegetius_n in_o the_o nine_o ten_o and_o eleven_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n speak_v of_o some_o more_o office_n in_o a_o consular_a army_n than_o polybius_n do_v and_o these_o be_v three_o praefectus_fw-la legionis_fw-la praefâ—ctus_fw-la castrorum_fw-la and_o praefectus_fw-la fabrorum_fw-la it_o be_v strange_a we_o do_v not_o read_v of_o these_o three_o great_a commander_n among_o the_o ancient_a roman_n and_o yet_o in_o my_o opinion_n they_o have_v the_o two_o last_o as_o by_o the_o description_n of_o their_o officer_n the_o reader_n will_v quick_o conceive_v as_o to_o the_o first_o polybius_n make_v no_o mention_n of_o army_n other_o general_a officer_n in_o a_o consular_a army_n he_o and_o if_o there_o have_v be_v any_o such_o officer_n in_o his_o time_n he_o neither_o can_v or_o will_v have_v pass_v he_o when_o he_o give_v we_o the_o particular_a description_n of_o a_o legion_n and_o all_o its_o officer_n and_o more_o especial_o when_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o the_o tribune_n receive_v the_o word_n or_o tessera_fw-la from_o the_o consul_n and_o give_v it_o to_o the_o centurion_n and_o that_o the_o say_v tribune_n take_v on_o they_o to_o judge_n and_o give_v definitive_a sentence_n in_o their_o legion_n which_o they_o can_v not_o have_v do_v if_o there_o have_v be_v a_o praefectus_fw-la above_o they_o so_o it_o seem_v he_o have_v be_v a_o new_a officer_n create_v after_o the_o emperor_n come_v in_o play_n this_o fraefectus_fw-la legionis_fw-la this_o brigadier_n or_o this_o legionary_a colonel_n for_o i_o legion_n praefectus_fw-la legion_n know_v not_o how_o to_o english_a it_o according_a to_o vegetius_n his_o description_n in_o the_o nine_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n be_v a_o officer_n of_o great_a experience_n be_v obey_v by_o all_o the_o tribune_n centurion_n and_o soldier_n the_o care_n of_o man_n horse_n clothes_n legion_n colonel_n of_o the_o legion_n and_o arm_n belong_v to_o he_o by_o his_o order_n they_o be_v drill_v and_o train_v and_o by_o his_o authority_n the_o soldier_n be_v punish_v for_o their_o misdemeanour_n by_o the_o tribune_n but_o mark_v it_o he_o have_v only_o this_o power_n in_o the_o absence_n of_o the_o legate_n and_o as_o his_o deputy_n legato_n absente_a &_o tanquam_fw-la ejus_fw-la vicario_n say_v vegetiuâ—_n now_o if_o every_o legion_n have_v a_o legate_n i_o shall_v believe_v the_o legate_n be_v colonel_n the_o praefectus_fw-la lieutenant_n colonel_n the_o tribune_n be_v captain_n and_o the_o centurion_n corporal_n as_o i_o observe_v before_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o infantry_n polybius_n indeed_o speak_v of_o legate_n but_o of_o no_o praefecti_fw-la except_o among_o the_o ally_n the_o praefectus_fw-la castrorum_fw-la say_v vegetius_n have_v the_o care_n of_o the_o position_n of_o the_o castrorum_fw-la praefectus_fw-la castrorum_fw-la camp_n the_o order_v the_o depth_n and_o breadth_n of_o both_o ditch_n and_o rampart_n the_o care_n of_o the_o sick_a and_o of_o the_o
have_v observe_v in_o most_o tactic_n lieutenant_n colonel_n elton_n be_v very_o clear_a in_o his_o definition_n of_o a_o distance_n which_o though_o i_o tell_v you_o of_o it_o before_o i_o shall_v again_o give_v you_o distance_n say_v he_o be_v a_o place_n or_o interval_n of_o ground_n between_o every_o rank_n and_o rank_n and_o every_o file_n and_o file_n as_o they_o stand_v by_o this_o description_n then_o three_o foot_n of_o distance_n be_v allow_v between_o every_o file_n and_o file_n there_o be_v in_o seventeen_o file_n sixteen_o distance_n or_o interval_n which_o make_v but_o forty_o and_o eight_o foot_n than_o you_o be_v to_o allow_v seventeen_o foot_n to_o the_o combatant_n that_o be_v one_o foot_n for_o every_o man_n to_o stand_v on_o seventeen_o be_v add_v to_o forty_o eight_o make_v sixty_o five_o and_o so_o many_o foot_n of_o ground_n do_v a_o company_n possess_v in_o front_n if_o it_o consist_v of_o seventeen_o file_n for_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o rank_n you_o be_v to_o compute_v it_o thus_o six_o rank_n take_v six_o foot_n to_o stand_v on_o and_o thirty_o foot_n for_o five_o interval_n six_o foot_n be_v allow_v for_o open_a order_n in_o all_o six_o and_o thirty_o foot_n which_o a_o rank_n distance_n of_o rank_n company_n regiment_n brigade_n or_o army_n of_o foot_n constant_o possess_v from_o the_o toe_n of_o the_o leader_n to_o the_o heel_n of_o the_o bringer_n up_o unless_o you_o bring_v the_o rank_n to_o stand_v at_o order_n which_o you_o may_v frequent_o do_v with_o very_o good_a reason_n and_o then_o the_o five_o interval_n take_v up_o but_o fifteen_o foot_n which_o be_v add_v to_o the_o six_o foot_n on_o which_o the_o rank_n stand_v make_v but_o twenty_o one_o foot_n and_o when_o pike_n be_v to_o give_v or_o receive_v a_o charge_n you_o may_v bring_v they_o to_o close_a order_n that_o be_v one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a and_o then_o the_o five_o interval_n take_v up_o but_o 7½_n foot_n these_o be_v add_v to_o six_o make_v 13½_n foot_n observe_v that_o in_o exercise_v this_o company_n of_o seventeen_o file_n you_o be_v to_o set_v aside_o one_o of_o the_o file_n because_o it_o be_v odd_a and_o so_o colour_n the_o colour_n will_v hinder_v the_o double_n the_o file_n the_o colour_n of_o the_o company_n be_v to_o be_v on_o the_o head_n of_o the_o pike_n neither_o can_v they_o convenient_o be_v between_o the_o second_o and_o three_o rank_n in_o time_n of_o battle_n as_o some_o will_v have_v they_o to_o be_v for_o you_o may_v easy_o consider_v what_o room_n a_o ensign_n can_v have_v with_o his_o colour_n between_o rank_n when_o they_o be_v at_o order_n much_o less_o at_o close_a order_n as_o they_o shall_v be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o battle_n it_o will_v be_v fit_v before_o i_o go_v further_o to_o meet_v with_o a_o objection_n concern_v file_n objection_n against_o my_o distance_n of_o file_n distance_n it_o be_v this_o the_o three_o foot_n of_o distance_n allow_v between_o file_n say_v they_o must_v be_v reckon_v from_o the_o centre_n that_o be_v from_o the_o two_o middle_a part_n of_o the_o two_o file-leader_n as_o from_o the_o middle_a part_n of_o the_o right_a hand_n file-leader_n to_o the_o middle_a part_n of_o the_o file-leader_n who_o stand_v on_o his_o left_a hand_n i_o wonder_v at_o this_o notion_n for_o hereby_o two_o file-leader_n take_v up_o one_o foot_n of_o ground_n and_o so_o do_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o file_n and_o there_o be_v but_o two_o foot_n of_o interval_n between_o the_o two_o file_n and_o this_o can_v at_o all_o quadrate_n with_o the_o definition_n of_o distance_n for_o that_o be_v a_o interval_n between_o file_n and_o not_o betwixt_o the_o two_o middle_a part_n of_o two_o man_n body_n and_o the_o author_n of_o tactic_n shall_v have_v be_v clear_a in_o their_o expression_n and_o have_v say_v two_o foot_n between_o file_n which_o they_o know_v be_v too_o answer_v answer_v little_a and_o have_v add_v that_o every_o file_n shall_v have_v one_o foot_n of_o ground_n to_o stand_v on_o for_o what_o language_n be_v this_o a_o man_n shall_v have_v half_a a_o foot_n for_o his_o right_a middle_a part_n and_o another_o half_a foot_n for_o his_o left_a middle_a part_n for_o this_o way_n of_o their_o reckon_n of_o the_o three_o foot_n of_o distance_n amount_v to_o just_a so_o much_o and_o no_o better_a language_n which_o i_o conceive_v be_v very_o improper_a beside_o by_o this_o account_n the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n file_n will_v have_v each_o of_o they_o one_o half_a foot_n of_o ground_n more_o than_o any_o of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o file_n the_o right_a hand_n filemen_n have_v it_o by_o the_o right_n middle_a part_n of_o their_o body_n and_o the_o left_a hand_n filemen_n by_o the_o left_a middle_a part_n of_o their_o body_n because_o these_o two_o file_n on_o these_o two_o hand_n have_v no_o sideman_n which_o you_o may_v easy_o conceive_v if_o you_o please_v a_o little_a to_o consider_v it_o let_v we_o in_o the_o next_o place_n see_v what_o officer_n be_v appoint_v to_o have_v the_o command_n company_n of_o officer_n of_o a_o company_n and_o inspection_n of_o this_o company_n and_o here_o we_o may_v find_v some_o difference_n in_o the_o several_a establishment_n of_o prince_n and_o state_n yet_o in_o this_o we_o find_v all_o agree_v to_o have_v a_o captain_n a_o lieutenant_n a_o ensign_n sergeant_n corporal_n and_o drummer_n except_o the_o spaniard_n who_o reject_v the_o lieutenant_n as_o useless_a some_o allow_v no_o more_o officer_n than_o those_o i_o have_v speak_v of_o some_o allow_v more_o to_o wit_n a_o captain_n of_o army_n a_o furer_n a_o fourier_n and_o a_o clerk_n or_o scrivener_n and_o beside_o some_o allow_v lancepesat_n or_o lancpresad_n as_o they_o be_v common_o call_v as_o also_o reformado_n and_o gentleman_n of_o a_o company_n but_o neither_o lancepesat_n gentleman_n of_o the_o company_n nor_o reformado_n be_v officer_n and_o though_o corporal_n be_v yet_o they_o carry_v arm_n and_o march_v in_o rank_n and_o file_n i_o shall_v describe_v all_o these_o and_o all_o the_o officer_n of_o a_o foot_n company_n begin_v with_o the_o reformado_n and_o end_v with_o the_o captain_n those_o be_v call_v reformado_n or_o reform_v who_o have_v be_v officer_n suppose_v officer_n reform_a officer_n commissionated_a and_o those_o only_a and_o be_v out_o of_o charge_n and_o bear_v arm_n till_o they_o can_v be_v prefer_v in_o some_o place_n they_o be_v permit_v to_o be_v without_o arms._n a_o gentleman_n of_o the_o company_n be_v he_o who_o be_v something_o more_o than_o a_o ordinary_a company_n gentleman_n of_o a_o company_n soldier_n have_v a_o little_a more_o pay_n and_o do_v not_o stand_v centinel_n in_o french_a he_o be_v call_v appoint_v and_o with_o the_o german_n he_o be_v call_v gefreuter_n they_o march_v and_o watch_v with_o arm_n they_o go_v common_a round_n and_o patrovill_n and_o near_o a_o enemy_n they_o be_v to_o be_v the_o forlorn_a sentinel_n who_o the_o french_a call_n perdus_fw-fr lancespesate_fw-it be_v a_o word_n derive_v from_o the_o italian_a lance_n spesata_fw-la which_o signify_v a_o break_a or_o spend_v lance._n he_o be_v a_o gentleman_n of_o no_o ancient_a stand_n in_o the_o militia_n for_o he_o draw_v his_o pedigree_n from_o the_o time_n of_o the_o war_n between_o francis_n the_o first_o and_o his_o son_n henry_n the_o second_o king_n of_o france_n on_o the_o one_o part_n and_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o five_o and_o his_o brother-in-law_n the_o duke_n of_o savoy_n on_o the_o other_o part_n in_o those_o war_n when_o a_o gentleman_n of_o a_o troop_n of_o horse_n in_o any_o skirmish_n battle_n or_o rencounter_n have_v break_v his_o lance_n on_o his_o enemy_n and_o lose_v his_o horse_n in_o the_o scuffle_n he_o be_v entertain_v under_o the_o name_n of_o a_o broken-lance_n by_o a_o captain_n of_o a_o foot_n company_n as_o his_o comrade_n till_o he_o be_v again_o mount_v but_o as_o all_o good_a order_n fall_v soon_o from_o their_o primitive_a institution_n so_o in_o a_o short_a time_n our_o monsieur_n lancespesata_n for_o so_o he_o be_v call_v be_v force_v to_o descend_v from_o be_v lancespesata_fw-la lancespesata_fw-la the_o captain_n comrade_n and_o become_v the_o corporal_n companion_n and_o assist_v he_o in_o the_o exercise_n of_o his_o charge_n and_o therefore_o be_v sometime_o call_v by_o the_o french_a aid_v caporal_a but_o when_o the_o caporal_n grow_v weary_a of_o the_o comradeship_n of_o his_o lancespesata_n he_o make_v he_o officiate_v under_o he_o and_o for_o that_o have_v some_o allowance_n of_o pay_n more_o than_o the_o common_a soldier_n which_o he_o enjoy_v in_o those_o place_n where_o he_o be_v make_v use_n of_o and_o still_o keep_v the_o noble_a title_n of_o lancespesata_n though_o perhaps_o he_o be_v never_o on_o horseback_n in_o his_o life_n corrupt_o
of_o 10000_o man_n make_v square_a battle_n and_o therefore_o their_o 10000_o man_n be_v draw_v up_o a_o 100_o in_o rank_n and_o a_o 100_o in_o file_n and_o a_o 100_o time_n a_o 100_o make_v 10000_o and_o so_o their_o batallion_n be_v square_a of_o man_n and_o may_v have_v be_v also_o of_o ground_n if_o they_o allow_v no_o great_a interval_n of_o rank_n than_o of_o file_n which_o hardly_o they_o can_v do_v be_v they_o be_v all_o offensive_o arm_v with_o pike_n both_o long_o and_o strong_a but_o our_o author_n say_v that_o cyrus_n be_v glad_a of_o this_o wish_v croesus_n whole_a army_n have_v be_v marshal_v a_o thousand_o deep_a for_o than_o he_o have_v soon_o destroy_v it_o as_o i_o have_v tell_v you_o in_o the_o second_o chapter_n of_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o grecian_a art_n of_o war._n yet_o xenophon_n tell_v we_o that_o these_o egyptian_n fight_v best_a of_o any_o of_o croesus_n his_o army_n yea_o so_o long_o till_o they_o have_v fair_a quarter_n give_v they_o and_o withal_o he_o inform_v we_o that_o cyrus_n his_o own_o army_n his_o foot_n i_o suppose_v he_o mean_v be_v marshal_v 24_o deep_a and_o that_o be_v eight_o more_o than_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n chap._n xvii_o of_o the_o modern_a way_n of_o embattel_v and_o marshal_n army_n as_o all_o army_n be_v marshal_v according_a to_o the_o pleasure_n of_o those_o who_o command_v they_o so_o their_o pleasure_n often_o be_v and_o ever_o shall_v be_v over_o rule_v by_o the_o circumstance_n of_o time_n the_o posture_n of_o the_o enemy_n they_o have_v to_o do_v with_o the_o wether_n the_o sun_n the_o wind_n and_o the_o ground_n on_o which_o they_o be_v to_o fight_v if_o the_o general_n find_v by_o his_o foreparty_n or_o vancourier_n that_o his_o enemy_n be_v before_o he_o draw_v up_o in_o battle_n ready_a to_o receive_v he_o he_o will_v do_v himself_o a_o injury_n to_o march_v forward_o for_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v fancy_v that_o his_o adversary_n will_v be_v so_o courteous_a as_o to_o permit_v he_o to_o marshal_v his_o army_n but_o will_v take_v his_o advantage_n and_o fall_v upon_o he_o before_o he_o can_v draw_v up_o his_o van_n especial_o if_o his_o march_n have_v be_v through_o any_o close_a or_o strait_a country_n and_o in_o such_o a_o condition_n as_o that_o a_o generals_z wit_n a_o general_n shall_v have_v a_o ready_a wit_n own_o ready_a wit_n and_o resolution_n must_v serve_v he_o for_o counsellor_n for_o there_o will_v be_v no_o time_n give_v he_o to_o call_v a_o council_n of_o war._n but_o we_o speak_v now_o of_o embattel_v army_n when_o general_n have_v half_a the_o choice_n of_o the_o ground_n the_o manner_n be_v in_o many_o place_n and_o still_o be_v in_o some_o to_o marshal_v army_n in_o three_o distinct_a body_n one_o behind_o another_o the_o first_o be_v call_v the_o vanguard_n the_o second_o the_o battle_n the_o three_o the_o rearguard_n but_o several_a time_n every_o one_o body_n army_n marshal_v in_o three_o distinct_a body_n of_o those_o consist_v of_o three_o body_n likewise_o these_o be_v two_o wing_n of_o horse_n and_o one_o body_n of_o foot_n and_o when_o they_o march_v these_o three_o great_a body_n be_v call_v the_o van_n battle_n and_o rear_n their_o proper_a title_n be_v to_o be_v call_v so_o when_o they_o march_v for_o many_o time_n when_o they_o draw_v up_o in_o order_n of_o battle_n it_o be_v in_o one_o breast_n and_o then_o the_o horse_n be_v divide_v in_o two_o wing_n and_o the_o foot_n make_v the_o battle_n this_o be_v do_v when_o the_o ground_n be_v very_o spacious_a and_o to_o prevent_v surround_v otherwise_o army_n seldom_o fight_v but_o in_o two_o battle_n if_o not_o in_o three_o but_o as_o i_o say_v time_n ground_n the_o power_n of_o a_o enemy_n minister_v occasion_n to_o a_o commander_n of_o a_o army_n to_o alter_v the_o ordinary_a custom_n and_o frame_v a_o new_a method_n of_o his_o own_o to_o serve_v he_o for_o that_o opportunity_n i_o shall_v give_v you_o one_o instance_n and_o that_o of_o a_o mighty_a army_n marshal_v as_o few_o before_o it_o have_v be_v and_o i_o believe_v none_o since_o it_o be_v that_o which_o charles_n the_o five_o and_o his_o brother_n king_n ferdinand_n have_v at_o vienna_n when_o they_o look_v for_o sultan_n soliman_n the_o ground_n be_v very_o spacious_a and_o though_o their_o number_n be_v very_o great_a yet_o those_o of_o the_o turk_n be_v vienna_n how_o the_o mighty_a army_n of_o the_o emperor_n charâ—es_v the_o five_o be_v marshal_v at_o vienna_n very_o much_o beyond_o they_o and_o they_o fear_v to_o be_v out-winged_a by_o his_o numerous_a horse_n the_o order_n of_o their_o battle_n be_v to_o be_v this_o if_o they_o have_v fight_v they_o have_v sixty_o thousand_o arm_v with_o pike_n halberd_n partisan_n and_o other_o long_a staff_n these_o be_v divide_v in_o three_o great_a batallion_n each_o of_o twenty_o thousand_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n stand_v one_o of_o they_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o second_o and_o the_o three_o in_o the_o middle_n there_o be_v about_o six_o or_o seven_o thousand_o harquebusier_n on_o foot_n to_o attend_v each_o of_o these_o great_a batallion_n of_o pike_n who_o be_v to_o have_v several_a little_a interval_n through_o which_o these_o harquebusier_n be_v to_o sally_n and_o fire_n incessant_o before_o the_o grand_a batallion_n till_o they_o shall_v be_v necessitate_v to_o retire_v through_o these_o same_o interval_n to_o the_o rear_n and_o then_o the_o pike_n be_v immediate_o to_o close_v and_o fill_v up_o those_o void_a place_n these_o three_o great_a batallion_n separate_v one_o from_o another_o make_v two_o great_a interval_n in_o each_o of_o which_o stand_v fifteen_o thousand_o horse_n here_o than_o you_o see_v upon_o the_o matter_n one_o of_o the_o brave_a army_n of_o christian_n that_o ever_o be_v marshal_v in_o one_o front_n without_o reserve_v only_o some_o thousand_o of_o man_n be_v order_v to_o guard_v the_o baggage_n and_o munition_n scarce_o read_v of_o before_o or_o since_o here_o you_o see_v the_o pikeman_n make_v the_o wing_n whereas_o both_o before_o and_o since_o they_o make_v the_o body_n here_o you_o see_v the_o firemen_n marshal_v behind_o and_o ordain_v to_o fally_o from_o their_o station_n and_o do_v their_o service_n in_o the_o van_n and_o then_o to_o retire_v to_o their_o place_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o ancient_a graecian_a and_o roman_a velite_n and_o not_o marshal_v on_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o pike_n and_o here_o you_o see_v the_o horse_n who_o before_o that_o time_n and_o since_o make_v the_o wing_n of_o a_o army_n make_v now_o the_o body_n of_o it_o strong_o flank_v with_o pike_n this_o be_v the_o inversion_n of_o former_a ordinance_n of_o war_n be_v then_o think_v necessary_a to_o prevent_v the_o surround_v and_o the_o impetuosity_n of_o the_o turk_n numerous_a cavalry_n army_n for_o most_o part_n now_o be_v marshal_v in_o two_o distinct_a body_n the_o vanguard_n and_o the_o arreer-guard_n which_o be_v common_o call_v battle_n and_o reserve_n but_o it_o be_v not_o only_o difficult_a but_o pure_o impossible_a for_o any_o the_o most_o experience_a general_n to_o set_v down_o any_o one_o certain_a rule_n or_o order_n whereby_o he_o may_v constant_o reserve_n battle_n and_o reserve_n keep_v one_o manner_n of_o marshal_v or_o one_o form_n of_o battle_n as_o it_o be_v call_v forma_fw-la aciei_fw-la though_o he_o can_v be_v assure_v that_o his_o regiment_n or_o brigade_n of_o both_o horse_n and_o foot_n shall_v constant_o continue_v of_o one_o strength_n since_o the_o place_n situation_n house_n village_n castle_n hill_n valley_n rise_v height_n hollow_a ground_n water_n wood_n bush_n tree_n and_o marsh_n do_v occasion_n such_o alteration_n as_o make_v the_o form_n or_o mould_n of_o a_o army_n cast_v in_o one_o place_n change_v so_o much_o as_o you_o shall_v not_o know_v the_o face_n of_o it_o on_o another_o piece_n of_o ground_n perhaps_o not_o above_o one_o or_o two_o hour_n march_v from_o the_o former_a and_o in_o this_o as_o i_o say_v before_o the_o general_n be_v to_o act_v his_o part_n and_o take_v such_o advantage_n as_o he_o may_v and_o ready_o possess_v himself_o of_o such_o place_n which_o be_v in_o the_o enemy_n power_n may_v do_v he_o prejudice_v one_o of_o his_o great_a care_n in_o embattel_v will_v be_v to_o secure_v both_o his_o â—attel_n flank_n of_o a_o army_n to_o be_v well_o secure_v in_o â—attel_n flank_n which_o be_v call_v the_o right_a and_o left_a hand_n of_o his_o army_n with_o some_o river_n brook_n ditch_n dike_n or_o retrenchment_n if_o these_o can_v be_v so_o ready_o get_v than_o he_o may_v do_v it_o with_o the_o wagon_n or_o baggage_n of_o his_o army_n for_o in_o time_n of-battel_n it_o be_v almost_o impossible_a for_o a_o batallion_n or_o
hand_n of_o the_o battle_n before_o the_o battle_n begin_v there_o use_v to_o be_v fore-party_n of_o both_o horse_n and_o hope_n forlorn_a hope_n foot_n send_v out_o to_o skirmish_n these_o be_v call_v forlorn_a hope_n and_o enfans_fw-fr perdues_z those_o of_o the_o foot_n shall_v advance_v one_o hundred_o pace_n before_o the_o body_n those_o of_o the_o horse_n further_o but_o i_o find_v at_o the_o battle_n fight_v both_o at_o dreux_n and_o st._n dennis_n between_o the_o protestant_n and_o roman_a catholic_n of_o france_n none_o of_o those_o forlorn_a hope_n be_v make_v use_n of_o at_o all_o and_o as_o few_o be_v use_v at_o lutsen_n where_o gustavus_n adolphus_n lose_v his_o life_n when_o a_o enemy_n be_v marshal_v his_o army_n your_o artillery_n shall_v incessant_o enemy_n to_o advance_v on_o a_o enemy_n play_v upon_o he_o to_o hinder_v he_o all_o you_o may_v to_o order_v his_o affair_n and_o if_o your_o battle_n be_v already_o marshal_v under_o the_o shelter_n of_o your_o ordnance_n you_o shall_v advance_v and_o take_v your_o advantage_n of_o he_o before_o his_o batallion_n or_o squadron_n be_v draw_v up_o but_o in_o so_o good_a order_n that_o the_o scene_n be_v not_o change_v that_o by_o your_o precipitation_n you_o give_v not_o he_o a_o opportunity_n to_o take_v advantage_n of_o you_o your_o advance_n on_o a_o enemy_n in_o what_o posture_n soever_o he_o be_v shall_v be_v with_o a_o constant_a firm_a and_o steady_a pace_n the_o musketeer_n whether_o they_o be_v on_o the_o flank_n or_o interline_v with_o either_o the_o horse_n or_o the_o pike_n fire_v all_o the_o while_n but_o when_o you_o come_v within_o pistol-shot_n you_o shall_v double_v your_o pace_n till_o your_o pike_n close_o ser_v together_o charge_v these_o whether_o horse_n or_o foot_n who_o they_o find_v before_o they_o it_o be_v true_a the_o business_n very_o oft_o come_v not_o to_o push_v of_o pike_n but_o it_o have_v and_o may_v come_v oft_o to_o it_o and_o then_o pike-man_n be_v very_o serviceable_a if_o a_o misfortune_n fall_v out_o that_o a_o brigade_n regiment_n or_o other_o part_n of_o a_o army_n be_v beat_v or_o begin_v to_o run_v and_o quit_v the_o field_n this_o shall_v be_v conceal_v from_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n and_o the_o soldier_n tell_v that_o the_o enemy_n in_o other_o place_n be_v beat_v and_o if_o they_o fight_v but_o a_o little_a the_o victory_n will_v be_v instant_o they_o i_o shall_v not_o speak_v here_o of_o what_o advantage_n a_o large_a front_n be_v have_v do_v it_o so_o often_o before_o but_o if_o a_o general_n perceive_v that_o the_o business_n may_v be_v quick_o decide_v rankâ—_n to_o marshal_v the_o foot_n in_o three_o rankâ—_n i_o think_v he_o shall_v double_v the_o front_n of_o his_o foot_n and_o make_v but_o three_o rank_n where_o former_o they_o be_v six_o and_o so_o be_v able_a to_o out-wing_n his_o enemy_n he_o may_v fall_v on_o his_o flank_n for_o at_o no_o extraordinary_a march_n a_o army_n may_v be_v bring_v to_o push_v of_o pike_n before_o three_o rank_n of_o musketeer_n have_v fire_v successive_o if_o they_o do_v not_o begin_v to_o fire_n till_o they_o be_v within_o distance_n less_o than_o musket-shot_a and_o after_o they_o have_v give_v their_o three_o volley_n than_o they_o may_v give_v the_o four_o which_o will_v signify_v as_o much_o if_o not_o more_o than_o all_o the_o three_o by_o kneel_v stoop_a and_o stand_v whereof_o i_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o eleven_o and_o twelve_o chapter_n when_o any_o regiment_n or_o brigade_n run_v or_o offer_v to_o quit_v the_o field_n the_o reserve_v behind_o shall_v be_v order_v immediate_o to_o advance_v and_o encounter_v the_o victorious_a enemy_n who_o will_v hardly_o be_v able_a to_o withstand_v that_o fresh_a charge_n for_o it_o may_v be_v almost_o receive_v as_o a_o maxim_n that_o a_o troop_n regiment_n or_o brigade_n infallible_a a_o good_a rule_n but_o not_o infallible_a how_o strong_a soever_o it_o be_v which_o have_v fight_v with_o and_o beat_v that_o body_n of_o equal_a number_n that_o stand_v against_o it_o may_v be_v easy_o rout_v by_o a_o troop_n regiment_n or_o brigade_n that_o have_v not_o fight_v though_o far_o inferior_a in_o number_n if_o any_o part_n of_o a_o army_n get_v the_o victory_n of_o those_o who_o stand_v against_o it_o he_o who_o command_v that_o part_n aught_o to_o send_v some_o troop_n in_o pursuit_n of_o the_o rout_v enemy_n and_o neglect_n not_o to_o fall_v on_o the_o flank_n of_o a_o enemy_n a_o great_a neglect_n with_o the_o rest_n fall_v on_o the_o flank_n of_o that_o batallion_n which_o stand_v next_o he_o and_o yet_o keep_v ground_n the_o neglect_n of_o this_o duty_n lose_v the_o famous_a general_n count_n tili_n the_o battle_n of_o leipsick_a for_o himself_o be_v on_o the_o right_a hand_n of_o the_o imperial_a army_n beat_v the_o duke_n of_o saxe_n and_o his_o army_n out_o of_o the_o field_n who_o tili_n hot_o pursue_v do_v not_o fall_v on_o the_o left_a flank_n of_o the_o swedish_n army_n leave_v naked_a inflance_v inflance_v by_o the_o flight_n of_o the_o saxon_n but_o at_o that_o same_o time_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n who_o be_v on_o the_o right_a hand_n of_o his_o own_o army_n have_v rout_v count_n pappenheim_n who_o victory_n the_o do_v it_o contribute_v to_o the_o victory_n command_v the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o imperialist_n upon_o which_o that_o martial_a king_n do_v not_o fail_v to_o charge_v the_o flank_n of_o the_o imperial_a battle_n which_o be_v leave_v naked_a by_o pappenheim_n flight_n and_o this_o help_v to_o procure_v the_o victory_n to_o the_o sweed_n as_o i_o tell_v you_o in_o another_o place_n banier_n right_a wing_n be_v well_o near_o beat_v at_o woodstock_n nor_o do_v the_o reserve_n come_v so_o soon_o to_o his_o succour_n about_o that_o same_o instance_a instance_a time_n lieutenant_n general_n king_n have_v rout_v the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o imperial_a army_n and_o with_o it_o bear_v down_o the_o right_a hand_n of_o their_o reserve_n and_o â—â—ll_v on_o the_o right_a flank_n of_o their_o battle_n which_o yet_o dispute_v their_o ground_n with_o felt-marshal_n leslie_n who_o thereupon_o cast_v down_o their_o arm_n and_o yield_v the_o victory_n to_o the_o swede_n and_o the_o mention_v this_o victory_n put_v i_o in_o mind_n to_o advertise_v all_o officer_n of_o foot_n not_o to_o teach_v their_o musketeer_n to_o neglect_v the_o use_n of_o their_o rammer_n a_o lesson_n too_o often_o teach_v and_o practise_v for_o at_o this_o bartel_n i_o speak_v of_o the_o imperial_a foot_n be_v on_o a_o hill_n up_o which_o leslie_n advance_v with_o his_o infantry_n but_o neither_o he_o nor_o the_o imperial_a musketer_n make_v use_v of_o rammer_n only_o as_o the_o common_a custom_n be_v when_o they_o charge_v with_o ball_n they_o knock_v the_o butt_n of_o their_o musket_n at_o their_o right_a foot_n by_o which_o mean_v most_o of_o the_o bullet_n of_o the_o imperial_a and_o saxish_a fire-man_n fall_v out_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o their_o musket_n when_o they_o present_v they_o down_o the_o hill_n upon_o the_o sweed_n who_o bullet_n can_v not_o run_v that_o fortune_n be_v present_v upward_o and_o for_o this_o reason_n it_o be_v observe_v that_o few_o of_o the_o sweedish_a foot_n fall_v when_o a_o reserve_v or_o a_o part_n of_o it_o advance_v those_o who_o flee_v have_v a_o fair_a opportunity_n to_o rally_v and_o in_o a_o short_a time_n to_o second_v the_o reserve_v and_o though_o rally_v to_o rally_v rally_v at_o so_o near_o a_o distance_n be_v not_o frequent_o see_v yet_o it_o be_v not_o banish_v out_o of_o the_o modern_a war_n or_o army_n at_o dreux_n both_o army_n rally_v twice_o or_o thrice_o with_o various_a success_n the_o general_n of_o both_o army_n be_v both_o make_v prisoner_n and_o at_o lutsen_n both_o army_n rally_v often_o for_o they_o fight_v from_o morning_n till_o night_n must_v of_o the_o imperial_a cannon_n be_v twice_o take_v be_v as_o oft_o retake_v enemy_n fresh_a succour_n in_o time_n of_o battle_n discourage_v a_o enemy_n some_o great_a captain_n have_v think_v it_o fit_a in_o time_n of_o battle_n to_o make_v a_o show_n of_o their_o waggonman_n carter_n and_o baggage-man_n at_o a_o distance_n as_o if_o they_o be_v succour_n new_o arrive_v and_o certain_o nothing_o terrify_v a_o army_n more_o in_o time_n of_o equal_a sight_n than_o a_o unexpected_a enemy_n as_o robert_n duke_n of_o normandy_n fortunate_a arrival_n in_o the_o time_n of_o battle_n between_o godfrey_n of_o bovillon_n and_o instance_n instance_n the_o saracen_n in_o the_o holy_a land_n deliver_v the_o victory_n to_o the_o christian_n but_o these_o feign_a muster_n of_o baggage-man_n and_o carriage-horse_n produce_v not_o always_o happy_a false_a show_v sometime_o happy_a the_o wish_a effect_n sulpitius_n a_o roman_a dictator_n be_v to_o fight_v with_o the_o gaul_n order_v
ever_o have_v extirpate_v the_o city_n and_o name_n of_o the_o roman_n here_o rome_n be_v fave_v not_o at_o all_o by_o the_o senate_n prudence_n but_o by_o her_o enemy_n negligence_n seven_o their_o custom_n to_o recall_v their_o consul_n and_o proconsul_n at_o seven_o seven_o the_o end_n of_o every_o year_n unless_o by_o mighty_a favour_n or_o invincible_a necessity_n they_o be_v continue_v which_o make_v their_o general_n either_o desperate_o hazard_v battle_n or_o grant_v a_o advantageous_a and_o honourable_a peace_n to_o their_o almost_o conquer_a enemy_n lest_o their_o successor_n shall_v have_v the_o honour_n to_o finish_v the_o war._n take_v these_o instance_n sempronius_n against_o all_o reason_n will_v needs_o fight_v hannibal_n at_o trebia_n before_o his_o colleague_n publ._n scipiâ—_n be_v recover_v of_o his_o wound_n for_o fear_v new_a consul_n shall_v come_v and_o rob_v he_o of_o the_o glory_n of_o the_o victory_n the_o like_a fear_n make_v titus_n flaminius_n grant_v a_o advantageous_a peace_n to_o nabis_n the_o tyrant_n of_o lacedaemon_n when_o titus_n be_v almost_o master_n of_o all_o greece_n so_o do_v scipio_n the_o african_a to_o the_o vanquish_a carthaginian_n after_o he_o have_v beat_v hannibal_n at_o zama_n public_o profess_v that_o the_o ambitious_a desire_n of_o claudius_n and_o cornelius_n who_o aspire_v to_o succeed_v he_o and_o put_v a_o end_n to_o that_o long_a war_n be_v the_o cause_n he_o do_v not_o finish_v it_o himself_o want_v time_n with_o the_o destruction_n of_o carthage_n eight_o their_o extraordinary_a superstition_n beyond_o all_o other_o nation_n they_o eighth_n eighth_n must_v sacrifice_v great_a and_o small_a beast_n make_v procession_n lectisternium_n and_o supplication_n to_o all_o their_o god_n and_o goddess_n who_o be_v not_o a_o few_o not_o only_o some_o day_n but_o sometime_o some_o week_n before_o their_o general_n be_v permit_v to_o march_v from_o the_o city_n whereby_o time_n and_o occasion_n not_o to_o be_v recover_v in_o the_o matter_n of_o war_n be_v very_o frequent_o lose_v all_o this_o must_v be_v do_v to_o pease_n their_o angry_a deity_n when_o any_o prodigy_n be_v see_v or_o hear_v of_o either_o within_o or_o without_o the_o city_n for_o some_o whereof_o natural_a reason_n may_v have_v be_v give_v some_o of_o they_o be_v palpable_a and_o ridiculous_a lie_n and_o not_o a_o few_o of_o they_o compose_v either_o by_o the_o state_n or_o the_o priest_n to_o cheat_v the_o credulous_a vulgar_a and_o yet_o with_o the_o relation_n of_o they_o titus_n livius_n even_o nauâ—eates_v his_o reader_n insomuch_o that_o boccalini_n tell_v we_o in_o one_o of_o his_o raguagli_fw-la that_o when_o dion_n be_v severe_o reprove_v in_o parnassus_n before_o apollo_n for_o write_v such_o fabulous_a miracle_n livius_n be_v observe_v to_o blush_v as_o guilty_a of_o the_o same_o crime_n yet_o boccalini_n own_o tacitus_n and_o suetonius_n use_v we_o very_o â—ittle_o better_o livy_n tell_v we_o of_o several_a ox_n that_o speak_v particular_o of_o one_o that_o say_v cave_fw-la tibi_fw-la roma_fw-la but_o i_o wonder_v why_o many_o more_o poor_a man_n ox_n do_v not_o learn_v to_o speak_v since_o this_o ox_n for_o his_o seasonable_a warning_n in_o bid_v rome_n beware_v of_o herself_o be_v order_v to_o be_v feed_v on_o the_o public_a charge_n suetonius_n tell_v we_o of_o a_o crow_n which_o towards_o the_o end_n of_o dâ—mitians_n reign_n tell_v the_o roman_n from_o the_o capitol_n that_o all_o shall_v be_v well_o if_o she_o have_v not_o love_v her_o liberty_n better_o than_o her_o meat_n she_o have_v not_o fly_v away_o but_o stay_v still_o and_o be_v feed_v at_o the_o public_a expense_n of_o the_o city_n and_o perhaps_o be_v worship_v as_o fatidick_n for_o thing_n do_v indeed_o grow_v well_o after_o that_o monster_n death_n yet_o methinks_v she_o be_v a_o very_a ill_n nature_a bird_n that_o will_v not_o tell_v so_o good_a news_n in_o the_o vulgar_a language_n which_o be_v latin_n for_o you_o be_v to_o know_v she_o speak_v in_o greek_a that_o the_o poor_a people_n of_o rome_n who_o be_v oppress_v by_o that_o bloody_a tyrant_n may_v have_v understand_v the_o comfortable_a prophecy_n as_o well_o as_o the_o fabulous_a priest_n i_o pray_v you_o take_v the_o story_n in_o verse_n tarpeio_n nuper_fw-la sedit_fw-la quae_fw-la culmine_fw-la cornix_fw-la est_fw-la bene_fw-la non_fw-la potuit_fw-la dicere_fw-la dixit_fw-la erit_fw-la upon_o the_o capitol_n the_o crow_n do_v not_o say_v all_o be_v well_o but_o that_o thing_n short_o well_o shall_v go_v distinct_o she_o do_v tell_v nor_o must_v the_o roman_a general_n go_v out_o of_o rome_n till_o they_o take_v their_o auspex_n right_a nor_o must_v they_o fight_v if_o the_o entrail_n of_o the_o sacrifice_v beast_n do_v not_o full_o please_v the_o juggle_a priest_n or_o yet_o if_o the_o sacred_a pulleâ—s_n do_v not_o eat_v their_o meat_n well_o and_o it_o be_v well_o enough_o know_v how_o the_o chicken_n master_v cozen_v the_o consul_n oft_o enough_o with_o the_o eat_n or_o not_o eat_v of_o the_o chicken_n it_o be_v almost_o constant_o in_o their_o power_n to_o make_v the_o consul_n give_v battle_n or_o abstain_v from_o it_o when_o they_o please_v julius_n caesar_n will_v not_o be_v so_o cheat_v for_o though_o the_o hostia_fw-la which_o he_o be_v to_o sacrifice_n run_v away_o from_o he_o which_o be_v think_v to_o presage_v have_v fortune_n yet_o go_v he_o on_o to_o africa_n and_o at_o his_o land_n there_o his_o foot_n trip_v he_o fall_v this_o his_o soldier_n think_v very_o ominous_a but_o he_o give_v it_o another_o interpretation_n and_o say_v he_o have_v take_v possession_n of_o the_o country_n teneo_fw-la te_fw-la africa_n but_o contrary_a to_o what_o i_o have_v say_v appear_v two_o famous_a author_n machiavelli_n and_o polybius_n the_o first_o in_o his_o first_o book_n of_o his_o discourse_n on_o titus_n livius_n make_v the_o roman_n tenacious_a adhere_v to_o machiavelli_n machiavelli_n their_o superstition_n which_o he_o call_v religion_n to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o their_o aggrandize_v their_o empire_n and_o commend_v they_o much_o for_o â—uffering_v no_o innovation_n to_o be_v introduce_v in_o their_o holy_a rite_n yet_o all_o he_o do_v upon_o the_o matter_n be_v to_o show_v that_o the_o ancient_a roman_n make_v a_o prudent_a use_n of_o their_o pretend_a religion_n and_o under_o the_o notion_n of_o it_o govern_v their_o commonwealth_n politic_o but_o i_o say_v first_o that_o be_v but_o one_o of_o his_o own_o conjecture_n and_o notwithstanding_o any_o thing_n he_o say_v to_o the_o contrary_a i_o suppose_v those_o roman_n be_v as_o eal_o superstitious_a as_o they_o pretend_v to_o be_v even_o the_o senator_n themselves_o and_o himself_o in_o the_o eleven_o chapter_n of_o that_o book_n aver_v that_o there_o be_v never_o great_a fear_n of_o god_n for_o many_o age_n than_o in_o that_o ancient_a republic_n then_o by_o his_o own_o account_n it_o be_v not_o pretend_v but_o a_o real_a religion_n and_o be_v not_o this_o â—ound_a christian_a doctrine_n to_o aver_v that_o the_o fear_n of_o god_n be_v where_o devil_n under_o the_o notion_n of_o deity_n be_v public_o adore_v and_o worship_v second_o i_o say_v if_o the_o roman_a senate_n be_v to_o be_v commend_v for_o not_o suffer_v any_o alteration_n to_o be_v make_v in_o that_o religion_n which_o their_o second_o king_n numa_n pompilius_n have_v establish_v among_o they_o then_o by_o machiavell_n rule_n we_o must_v approve_v of_o all_o the_o persecution_n of_o the_o heathen_a emperor_n against_o the_o christian_n for_o thereby_o they_o do_v but_o endeavour_v to_o banish_v all_o new_a religion_n out_o of_o their_o dominion_n true_o i_o think_v that_o not_o any_o one_o part_n of_o that_o florentine_n write_n smell_v rank_a of_o atheism_n than_o this_o do_v but_o polybius_n a_o universal_o approve_v author_n speak_v very_o near_o polybius_n polybius_n the_o same_o language_n in_o the_o six_o book_n of_o his_o history_n where_o he_o say_v that_o that_o which_o with_o other_o nation_n be_v account_v a_o vice_n be_v make_v useful_a by_o the_o roman_n for_o keep_v their_o subject_n within_o the_o bound_n of_o their_o duty_n and_o that_o be_v say_v he_o the_o superstitious_a veneration_n of_o their_o god_n in_o a_o extraordinary_a way_n but_o withal_o he_o add_v that_o the_o roman_n do_v well_o to_o restrain_v the_o fury_n and_o other_o passion_n of_o the_o commons_o with_o unseen_a terror_n with_o feign_a and_o fearful_a bugbear_n and_o that_o both_o they_o and_o other_o ancient_a nation_n have_v do_v prudent_o to_o induce_v in_o credulous_a mind_n the_o opinion_n of_o deity_n and_o of_o the_o torment_n of_o hell_n and_o though_o these_o have_v no_o existency_n yet_o the_o doctrine_n of_o they_o say_v he_o be_v not_o to_o be_v rash_o condemn_v since_o it_o over-awes_a the_o vulgar_a whether_o this_o discourse_n will_v not_o prove_v polybius_n though_o he_o know_v not_o
yet_o be_v he_o not_o at_o the_o pain_n to_o give_v we_o so_o perfect_a a_o description_n of_o they_o as_o other_o author_n have_v do_v he_o tell_v we_o of_o shield_n and_o that_o all_o the_o heavy_a arm_a foot_n have_v shield_n but_o speak_v not_o of_o their_o form_n nor_o bigness_n distinction_n a_o nice_a distinction_n there_o be_v some_o and_o among_o they_o achilles_n terduzzi_n who_o make_v a_o difference_n between_o a_o shield_n and_o a_o target_n and_o it_o be_v this_o the_o first_o be_v of_o a_o round_a figure_n and_o the_o second_o of_o a_o long_a angular_a or_o oval_n if_o so_o we_o must_v conclude_v those_o use_v by_o the_o roman_n to_o have_v be_v target_n and_o no_o shield_n in_o regard_n they_o be_v ordinary_o four_o foot_n long_o and_o two_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a broad_a but_o notwithstanding_o this_o nice_a distinction_n i_o shall_v use_v the_o word_n promiscuous_o and_o call_v the_o roman_a target_n a_o shield_n if_o we_o consider_v that_o there_o be_v a_o allowance_n of_o three_o foot_n of_o ground_n between_o the_o roman_a file_n and_o that_o the_o breadth_n of_o their_o shield_n cover_v two_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a of_o that_o ground_n we_o must_v conclude_v there_o be_v but_o one_o half_a foot_n leave_v for_o they_o first_o to_o throw_v their_o javelines_n or_o dart_n and_o then_o to_o present_v the_o point_n of_o their_o sword_n against_o their_o enemy_n and_o their_o shield_n be_v so_o near_o each_o other_o and_o their_o body_n so_o strong_o defend_v by_o they_o and_o their_o other_o armour_n it_o be_v no_o wonder_n they_o either_o give_v or_o receive_v a_o charge_n courageous_o for_o vegetius_n say_v well_o in_o the_o twenty_o chapter_n of_o his_o first_o book_n that_o those_o who_o be_v expose_v naked_a to_o receive_v wound_n must_v think_v more_o of_o fly_v than_o fight_v and_o in_o the_o end_n of_o that_o same_o chapter_n he_o say_v that_o he_o who_o have_v his_o head_n and_o breast_n well_o arm_v be_v not_o afraid_a of_o wound_n and_o therefore_o need_v not_o fear_v to_o fight_v as_o first_o the_o roman_a shield_n be_v make_v of_o timber_n bulls-hides_a or_o other_o leather_n shield_n the_o roman_a shield_n artificial_o interweave_v and_o wrought_v together_o the_o timber_n be_v ordinary_o of_o the_o fig_n or_o willow-tree_n cut_v in_o small_a piece_n and_o all_o well_o cover_v with_o the_o strong_a leather_n but_o camillus_n have_v to_o do_v with_o the_o gaul_n who_o carry_v heavy_a slash_a sword_n cause_v they_o to_o put_v a_o margin_n or_o border_n of_o iron_n on_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o shield_n thereby_o to_o resist_v the_o force_n of_o their_o furious_a blow_n and_o after_o camillus_n his_o time_n there_o be_v a_o strong-pointed_n piece_n of_o iron_n put_v to_o the_o low_a part_n of_o the_o shield_n upon_o which_o they_o fix_v it_o in_o the_o ground_n either_o when_o they_o stand_v centinel_n or_o when_o they_o stand_v in_o battle_n array_n expect_v a_o enemy_n as_o aeâ—ilius_n his_o legion_n do_v when_o they_o be_v to_o fight_v with_o perseus_n and_o his_o macedonian_a phalange_n for_o at_o those_o time_n they_o lean_v and_o rest_v themselves_o on_o their_o shield_n they_o make_v also_o good_a use_n of_o those_o point_n by_o push_v and_o thrust_v with_o they_o at_o a_o enemy_n when_o they_o come_v to_o any_o close_a medley_n many_o and_o almost_o all_o nation_n beside_o the_o grecian_n and_o roman_n make_v use_v of_o shield_n especial_o the_o gaul_n and_o german_n who_o peradventure_o have_v the_o use_n of_o they_o before_o the_o roman_n be_v a_o nation_n of_o shield_n either_o in_o battle_n or_o at_o the_o take_n of_o town_n and_o fort_n be_v shield_n a_o tortoise_n oâ—_n shield_n compose_v that_o figure_n which_o the_o roman_n call_v testudo_fw-la or_o tortoise_n because_o it_o resemble_v that_o animal_n which_o cover_v itself_o within_o its_o shell_n and_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o it_o the_o first_o be_v frame_v thus_o the_o first_o rank_n cover_v their_o kind_n first_o kind_n face_n with_o their_o shield_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n keep_v their_o target_n above_o their_o head_n thereby_o make_v such_o a_o wall_n of_o defence_n that_o they_o be_v not_o only_o able_a say_v author_n to_o despise_v all_o dart_n stone_n and_o arrow_n but_o to_o resist_v a_o furious_a charge_n of_o either_o horse_n or_o foot_n but_o i_o wonder_v why_o any_o tactick_a will_v call_v invincible_a not_o invincible_a this_o figure_n of_o battle_n invincible_a even_o against_o missile_a weapon_n since_o the_o roman_n themselves_o be_v often_o than_o once_o beat_v by_o the_o parthian_a archer_n and_o lâ—vius_n tell_v we_o in_o his_o ten_o book_n that_o in_o the_o great_a battle_n fight_v by_o the_o roman_n against_o the_o samnite_n vmbrian_o and_o gaul_n when_o both_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la be_v well_o near_o rout_v some_o tribune_n come_v with_o the_o triarii_n to_o the_o rescue_n find_v the_o gaul_n ser_v together_o in_o a_o testudo_fw-la cover_v themselves_o with_o their_o great_a shield_n in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o the_o roman_a triarii_n who_o be_v heavy_a arm_v dare_v not_o hazard_v on_o they_o till_o first_o with_o dart_n javelines_n and_o other_o missiles_n they_o put_v they_o in_o disorder_n and_o then_o they_o rout_v they_o livius_n tortoise_n second_o kind_n of_o a_o tortoise_n tell_v we_o of_o the_o second_o kind_n of_o the_o testudo_fw-la make_v of_o shield_n at_o the_o assault_a of_o town_n the_o manner_n this_o so_o many_o century_n maniple_n or_o cohort_n as_o the_o consul_n or_o general_n please_v stand_v near_o the_o wall_n or_o port_n with_o their_o shield_n over_o their_o head_n the_o first_o rank_n stand_v straight_o the_o second_o bow_v a_o little_a the_o three_o bow_v a_o little_a more_o than_o the_o second_o the_o four_o more_o than_o the_o three_o so_o still_o decline_v till_o the_o last_o rank_n suppose_v the_o ten_o kneel_v up_o their_o back_n as_o up_o stair_n do_v those_o who_o be_v ordain_v to_o storm_n run_v to_o the_o assault_n and_o so_o either_o enter_v or_o break_v down_o place_n for_o other_o to_o enter_v this_o i_o believe_v be_v practise_v often_o in_o their_o play_n on_o the_o amphitheatre_n and_o indeed_o it_o be_v more_o to_o be_v use_v in_o jest_n than_o in_o earnest_n for_o great_a stone_n throw_v down_o by_o the_o defendant_n will_v easy_o have_v break_v the_o tortoise-shell_n and_o then_o melt_a lead_n boil_a oil_n or_o scald_a water_n all_o ordinary_o practise_v on_o such_o occasion_n by_o the_o ancient_n will_v to_o my_o sense_n either_o soon_o have_v kill_v or_o chase_v away_o the_o tortoise_n itself_o it_o be_v my_o opinion_n that_o when_o the_o roman_n march_v and_o no_o enemy_n in_o sight_n of_o they_o they_o carry_v their_o headpiece_n at_o their_o girdle_n and_o their_o shield_n within_o cover_n on_o their_o back_n my_o reason_n be_v caesar_n in_o the_o second_o book_n of_o the_o gallic_a war_n say_v that_o the_o nervian_o give_v he_o so_o brisk_a and_o sudden_a a_o a_o charge_n that_o his_o soldier_n have_v not_o time_n enough_o to_o put_v on_o their_o headpiece_n or_o pull_v their_o shield_n out_o of_o their_o cover_n and_o it_o be_v necessary_a they_o shall_v have_v be_v cover_v for_o the_o preservation_n of_o those_o device_n and_o coat_n of_o arm_n that_o be_v paint_v on_o they_o a_o custom_n use_v by_o several_a nation_n before_o romulus_n lay_v the_o foundation_n of_o rome_n but_o both_o before_o and_o long_o after_o the_o roman_n have_v overmastered_a the_o habitable_a world_n or_o most_o of_o it_o man_n use_v to_o arms._n coat_n of_o arms._n put_v on_o their_o shield_n what_o fancy_n or_o device_n they_o like_v best_a some_o bird_n some_o beast_n of_o several_a kind_n some_o the_o noble_a action_n of_o their_o ancestor_n some_o the_o sun_n some_o the_o moon_n and_o some_o a_o lesser_a star_n this_o i_o suppose_v give_v the_o rise_n to_o many_o of_o our_o romance_n writer_n to_o give_v several_a denomination_n to_o all_o their_o knight_n errant_a by_o the_o device_n of_o their_o shield_n and_o to_o make_v they_o distinguishable_a thereby_o when_o their_o face_n be_v undiscernible_a with_o the_o beavor_n of_o their_o helmet_n but_o in_o after_o age_n prince_n think_v fit_a to_o restrain_v man_n from_o the_o vanity_n of_o take_v coat_n of_o arm_n as_o they_o please_v till_o they_o be_v give_v they_o by_o authority_n hence_o have_v the_o herald_n their_o rise_n and_o if_o they_o be_v permit_v to_o exercise_v their_o office_n strict_o it_o be_v to_o be_v think_v we_o shall_v not_o see_v so_o many_o extravagant_a coat_n in_o the_o world_n i_o be_v acquaint_v long_o ago_o with_o a_o german_a and_o there_o be_v many_o good_a herald_n of_o that_o nation_n who_o have_v assume_v for_o his_o coat_n the_o french_a king_n arm_n i_o ask_v
founder_n of_o their_o city_n be_v nurse_v by_o one_o of_o they_o after_o the_o state_n be_v change_v into_o a_o monarchy_n ordinary_o they_o have_v in_o their_o banner_n the_o picture_n and_o image_n of_o their_o emperor_n and_o vegetius_n speak_v of_o they_o in_o the_o seven_o chapter_n of_o image_n image_n his_o second_o book_n call_v they_o that_o carry_v they_o imaginiferi_fw-la qui_fw-la imagine_v imperatorum_fw-la portare_fw-la solebant_fw-la image-bearer_n who_o use_v to_o carry_v the_o image_n of_o the_o emperor_n the_o image_n of_o those_o proud_a and_o ambitious_a prince_n have_v a_o reverend_a kind_n of_o worship_n pay_v to_o they_o so_o we_o read_v in_o cornelius_n tacitus_n that_o tiridates_n a_o parthian_a prince_n when_o he_o have_v leave_v his_o own_o and_o come_v to_o corbulo_n army_n adore_v nero_n image_n there_o be_v a_o great_a banner_n not_o hear_v of_o in_o standard_n labarum_n the_o imperial_a standard_n ancient_a time_n that_o they_o call_v labarum_n which_o be_v never_o carry_v into_o the_o field_n but_o when_o the_o emperor_n be_v personal_o with_o the_o army_n this_o resemble_v our_o royal_a standard_n but_o here_o be_v a_o question_n since_o all_o the_o century_n in_o all_o the_o three_o class_n have_v antesignani_fw-la antesignani_fw-la colour_n why_o the_o hastati_fw-la in_o several_a history_n be_v call_v antesignani_fw-la as_o those_o who_o march_v before_o the_o colour_n and_o the_o principes_fw-la subsignani_fw-la as_o those_o which_o postsignani_n and_o postsignani_n march_v under_o the_o colour_n and_o the_o triarii_n postsignani_n as_o those_o who_o march_v after_o the_o colour_n which_o seem_v to_o import_v that_o none_o of_o they_o have_v ensign_n but_o the_o principes_fw-la to_o which_o be_v answer_v the_o colour_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la subsignani_fw-la subsignani_fw-la being_n before_o the_o triarii_n and_o their_o own_o colour_n in_o the_o first_o rank_n the_o triarii_n be_v proper_o enough_o call_v postsignani_n the_o principes_fw-la be_v subsignani_fw-la because_o with_o they_o say_v some_o be_v the_o principal_a colour_n and_o by_o this_o same_o call_v why_o so_o call_v reason_n they_o will_v have_v the_o hastati_fw-la to_o be_v antesignani_fw-la because_o though_o they_o have_v ensign_n of_o their_o own_o yet_o they_o march_v before_o the_o principal_a colour_n indeed_o we_o must_v be_v satisfy_v with_o this_o reason_n for_o lack_v of_o a_o better_a and_o true_o it_o be_v better_a than_o that_o of_o some_o who_o say_v the_o hastati_fw-la be_v call_v antesignani_fw-la because_o in_o time_n of_o fight_n they_o send_v back_o their_o ensign_n to_o the_o principes_fw-la this_o can_v hold_v if_o it_o be_v true_a what_o we_o read_v very_o often_o in_o history_n that_o in_o time_n of_o battle_n or_o assault_n the_o ensign_n sometime_o the_o eagle_n itself_o be_v cast_v into_o the_o batallion_n or_o camp_n of_o the_o enemy_n to_o animate_v the_o soldier_n to_o advance_v and_o charge_v with_o great_a courage_n and_o fury_n to_o recover_v their_o banner_n this_o differ_v far_o from_o send_v they_o back_o to_o the_o next_o class_n of_o heavy_a arm_v vegetius_n speak_v of_o a_o praefectus_fw-la legionis_fw-la the_o colonel_n brigadeer_n or_o major_a legion_n a_o commander_n of_o the_o whole_a legion_n general_n of_o the_o whole_a legion_n who_o have_v the_o command_n over_o the_o tribune_n but_o though_o it_o be_v undeniable_a that_o such_o a_o officer_n shall_v have_v be_v yet_o since_o neither_o polybius_n or_o any_o ancient_a history_n mention_n he_o we_o must_v conclude_v he_o have_v come_v in_o request_n long_o after_o the_o emperor_n have_v possess_v themselves_o of_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o rome_n if_o any_o think_v the_o legate_n be_v these_o prâ—fecti_n i_o will_v tell_v they_o it_o be_v not_o so_o from_o the_o beginning_n as_o i_o shall_v show_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o a_o consular_a army_n upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n i_o can_v find_v that_o in_o the_o ancient_a roman_a militia_n there_o be_v any_o other_o officer_n in_o a_o legion_n but_o the_o tribune_n and_o centurion_n centurion_n no_o foot_n officer_n but_o tribune_n and_o centurion_n i_o still_o except_o the_o decurion_n of_o horse_n whereof_o i_o shall_v speak_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n all_o other_o be_v but_o temporary_a deputy_n without_o office_n or_o pay_n or_o else_o privilege_a soldier_n make_v free_a from_o some_o duty_n or_o benefice_v with_o some_o donative_n for_o some_o particular_a piece_n of_o good_a service_n perform_v by_o they_o which_o do_v not_o at_o all_o make_v they_o officer_n and_o to_o aver_v they_o be_v officer_n without_o pay_n be_v something_o ridiculous_a now_o that_o none_o have_v pay_n as_o officer_n but_o only_a tribune_n and_o centurion_n i_o speak_v still_o of_o the_o foot_n and_o that_o all_o other_o have_v pay_v and_o donative_n only_o as_o common_a soldier_n shall_v be_v i_o hope_v clear_v by_o i_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o roman_a pay_n that_o which_o indeed_o stumble_v i_o most_o be_v that_o the_o ensign-bearer_n be_v not_o reckon_v to_o be_v officer_n and_o i_o conceive_v this_o have_v be_v a_o neglect_n in_o both_o vegetius_n and_o polybius_n that_o they_o have_v not_o give_v we_o right_a information_n of_o that_o matter_n for_o i_o can_v but_o suppose_v the_o roman_n do_v assure_o give_v to_o their_o ensign_n some_o more_o than_o ordinary_a allowance_n for_o carry_v the_o colour_n especial_o since_o the_o three_o part_n of_o the_o soldier_n pay_v and_o booty_n and_o of_o their_o largess_n and_o donative_n too_o be_v deposit_v in_o the_o ensign_n hand_n or_o at_o the_o colour_n till_o the_o time_n of_o the_o soldier_n dismission_n of_o which_o hereafter_o yet_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n to_o my_o best_a understanding_n caesar_n do_v not_o acknowledge_v any_o foot_n officer_n or_o commander_n in_o a_o legion_n or_o in_o the_o army_n but_z tribunes_z and_o centurion_n hear_v himself_o in_o two_o several_a place_n the_o first_o be_v in_o his_o first_o book_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n where_o he_o say_v the_o chieftain_n swear_v first_o after_o he_o the_o tribune_n after_o they_o the_o centurion_n and_o then_o say_v he_o the_o soldier_n by_o century_n not_o â—ne_a word_n here_o of_o sub-centurion_n option_n ensign-bearer_n tesseraries_n measurer_n clerk_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o crew_n who_o indeed_o be_v all_o of_o they_o but_o soldier_n in_o these_o century_n the_o second_o place_n be_v in_o his_o three_o book_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n there_o he_o tell_v we_o how_o a_o oath_n be_v swear_v not_o to_o desert_n pompey_n very_o ill_o keep_v first_o say_v he_o labiâ—nus_n as_o chief_a swear_v than_o the_o legate_n whereof_o labienus_n himself_o be_v one_o than_o the_o tribune_n next_o they_o the_o centurion_n and_o then_o the_o whole_a army_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o roman_a cavalry_n and_o all_o its_o officer_n we_o have_v but_o a_o slender_a account_n give_v we_o of_o the_o roman_a horse_n by_o vegetius_n horse_n the_o sum_n of_o what_o vegetius_n say_v of_o the_o horse_n all_o he_o say_v on_o that_o subject_a amount_n to_o this_o in_o the_o fourteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n he_o say_v as_o a_o band_n of_o foot_n be_v call_v a_o century_n or_o a_o maniple_n so_o a_o company_n of_o horse_n be_v call_v a_o turma_fw-la that_o be_v a_o troop_n that_o every_o one_o of_o these_o troop_n consist_v of_o thirty_o two_o rider_n whereof_o the_o commander_n be_v call_v a_o decurion_n and_o he_o describe_v he_o to_o have_v be_v a_o person_n not_o only_o well_o arm_v and_o horse_v and_o active_a and_o expert_a in_o all_o feat_n of_o horsemanship_n but_o able_a to_o teach_v his_o trooper_n to_o be_v so_o likewise_o and_o to_o keep_v their_o arm_n bright_a and_o clean_o and_o their_o horse_n in_o good_a case_n in_o the_o twenty_o three_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n he_o inform_v we_o that_o the_o cataphract_v horseman_n or_o cuirassier_n arm_v at_o all_o piece_n be_v free_a from_o wound_n how_o can_v this_o be_v when_o their_o face_n be_v not_o cover_v but_o be_v not_o able_a say_v he_o to_z do_v great_a matter_n because_o of_o the_o heaviness_n of_o their_o armour_n yet_o good_a at_o close_a fight_n either_o before_o the_o foot_n or_o mix_v with_o they_o to_o beat_v a_o batallion_n of_o a_o enemy_n this_o be_v all_o so_o we_o remain_v ignorant_a till_o he_o come_v to_o marshal_v his_o legion_n of_o vegetius_n omission_n of_o vegetius_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o cavalry_n and_o even_o then_o for_o he_o we_o know_v not_o how_o the_o horseman_n be_v levy_v oâ—_n elect_v how_o they_o be_v pay_v how_o they_o watch_v or_o what_o other_o duty_n they_o be_v bind_v to_o do_v how_o deep_o they_o be_v marshal_v when_o and_o where_o they_o march_v or_o fight_v what_o distance_n be_v between_o their_o rank_n and_o file_n and_o what_o interval_n between_o their_o turme_n or_o
can_v be_v appropriate_v to_o the_o roman_a cavalry_n but_o he_o conclude_v at_o eight_o deep_a eight_o hundred_o horse_n will_v take_v up_o in_o deep_a persian_a horse_n eight_o deep_a front_n one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o five_o pace_n which_o be_v one_o furlong_n and_o consequent_o eight_o thousand_o horse_n need_v to_o have_v for_o their_o front_n twelve_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o pace_n that_o be_v ten_o furlong_n and_o therefore_o darius_n his_o thirty_o thousand_o horse_n be_v eight_o deep_a will_v in_o front_n have_v possess_v of_o ground_n four_o thousand_o six_o hundred_o eighty_o six_o pace_n more_o than_o thirty_o seven_o stadia_fw-la or_o furlong_n and_o these_o will_v make_v more_o than_o four_o italian_a mile_n and_o a_o half_a and_o as_o much_o ground_n calisthenes_n must_v have_v allow_v to_o his_o mercenary_n observe_v here_o that_o polybius_n allow_v for_o one_o hundred_o horse_n in_o front_n one_o hundred_o twenty_o five_o pace_n which_o be_v more_o than_o six_o foot_n for_o a_o horseman_n to_o stand_v on_o and_o for_o distance_n between_o he_o and_o his_o side-man_n but_o if_o polybius_n his_o meaning_n be_v that_o the_o roman_a horse_n be_v marshal_v eight_o be_v we_o know_v not_o how_o deep_o the_o roman_a horse_n be_v deep_a than_o vegetius_n his_o thirty_o two_o rider_n will_v do_v better_a than_o polybius_n his_o thirty_o in_o a_o troop_n because_o thirty_o two_o will_v make_v four_o file_n complete_o whereas_o thirty_o make_v but_o three_o file_n of_o eight_o and_o a_o break_a one_o of_o six_o in_o such_o a_o mist_n do_v these_o two_o great_a master_n of_o the_o roman_a art_n of_o war_n leave_v we_o out_o of_o which_o neither_o accurate_a lipsius_n or_o any_o other_o of_o my_o read_n have_v offer_v to_o guide_v we_o i_o conceive_v according_a to_o thirty_o in_o a_o troop_n ten_o deep_a might_n hauâ—_n do_v well_o and_o who_o can_v tell_v but_o polybius_n mean_v so_o when_o he_o appoint_v three_o decurion_n to_o be_v file-leader_n and_o three_o agminis_fw-la or_o turma_fw-la coactores_fw-la to_o be_v bringer_n up_o but_o that_o be_v indeed_o too_o many_o it_o make_v the_o longitude_n or_o front_n so_o small_a as_o render_v it_o very_o easy_a to_o be_v environ_v or_o surround_v in_o these_o very_a ancient_a time_n many_o nation_n fight_v on_o horse_n neither_o horse_n unbridle_a &_o unsaddle_v horse_n bridle_v nor_o saddle_v and_o some_o have_v saddle_n but_o no_o bridle_n hence_o we_o read_v that_o the_o african_n especial_o the_o numidian_n divide_v their_o cavalry_n in_o fraenatos_n &_o infranatos_n equos_fw-la into_o bridle_v and_o unbridle_a horse_n and_o it_o be_v a_o wonder_n to_o read_v in_o livy_n with_o what_o dexterity_n and_o agility_n these_o unbridled_a horse_n be_v rule_v and_o manage_v by_o the_o hand_n the_o foot_n or_o rod_n of_o a_o rider_n some_o again_o have_v bridle_n for_o their_o horse_n but_o no_o saddle_n so_o have_v the_o german_n who_o laugh_v at_o the_o roman_n as_o soft_a and_o effeminate_a for_o ride_v on_o saddle_n and_o yet_o these_o very_a saddle_n which_o the_o roman_n use_v be_v nothing_o but_o a_o cover_v make_v of_o some_o piece_n of_o cloth_n or_o stuff_n rich_a or_o mean_a according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o rider_n or_o at_o best_o of_o some_o bundle_n tie_v together_o for_o the_o ease_n of_o the_o horseman_n without_o either_o iron_n or_o timber_n in_o it_o as_o our_o saddle_n have_v neither_o have_v any_o of_o they_o ancient_a saddle_n not_o ancient_a any_o stirrup_n to_o ease_v the_o rider_n leg_n for_o these_o come_v first_o in_o fashion_n in_o nero_n time_n if_o lipsius_n his_o observation_n hold_v any_o thing_n of_o that_o nature_n that_o be_v use_v before_o be_v but_o a_o ladder_n of_o cord_n wood_n or_o iron_n to_o help_v the_o horseman_n to_o mount_v his_o horse_n if_o he_o be_v age_a indispose_a sick_a or_o lame_a and_o so_o soon_o as_o he_o be_v on_o horseback_n the_o ladder_n be_v remove_v perhaps_o not_o unlike_a to_o those_o iron_n ladder_n of_o two_o or_o three_o step_n high_a use_v over_o all_o the_o netherlands_o for_o passenger_n to_o get_v up_o to_o their_o wagon_n history_n tell_v we_o that_o masinissa_n king_n of_o numidia_n when_o he_o be_v fourscore_o year_n old_a or_o near_o that_o age_n can_v mount_v his_o horse_n without_o the_o help_n of_o any_o stirrup_n or_o ladder_n and_o certain_o not_o only_o the_o roman_n but_o all_o other_o nation_n be_v teach_v to_o get_v on_o horseback_n without_o any_o of_o they_o as_o now_o youth_n be_v teach_v in_o academy_n and_o do_v ride_v inure_v to_o it_o by_o custom_n with_o as_o much_o ease_n without_o stirrup_n as_o we_o do_v now_o with_o they_o the_o roman_n sometime_o cause_v their_o cavalry_n to_o unbridle_v their_o horse_n to_o horse_n to_o charge_v with_o unbridle_a horse_n make_v a_o furious_a charge_n which_o often_o succeed_v well_o livy_n in_o his_o eight_o book_n say_v it_o be_v practise_v against_o the_o volscian_n with_o success_n and_o in_o his_o forty_o book_n he_o give_v we_o the_o relation_n of_o a_o battle_n the_o celtiberian_n fight_v in_o spain_n against_o the_o roman_a praetor_n fulvius_n wherein_o the_o roman_n be_v very_o near_a worsted_n the_o enemy_n have_v cast_v himself_o in_o a_o wedge_n at_o which_o manner_n of_o fight_n he_o be_v think_v almost_o invincible_a bear_v down_o all_o before_o he_o till_o the_o praetor_n tell_v his_o horseman_n that_o charge_v desperate_o on_o unbridled_a horse_n may_v recover_v the_o victory_n for_o say_v he_o formerly_z such_o a_o practice_n have_v produce_v good_a effect_n the_o cavalry_n obey_v his_o order_n and_o by_o a_o furious_a charge_n with_o lance_n rout_v the_o celtiberian_n such_o a_o command_n in_o our_o time_n will_v be_v account_v both_o unpracticable_a and_o ridiculous_a yet_o we_o may_v believe_v that_o horse_n be_v so_o teach_v and_o manage_v then_o that_o they_o will_v obey_v their_o master_n without_o bridle_n and_o this_o we_o may_v suppose_v not_o to_o be_v impossible_a the_o rider_n make_v use_n of_o his_o hand_n but_o true_o i_o think_v it_o something_o strange_a to_o read_v that_o julius_n caesar_n can_v ride_v great_a horseman_n julius_n caesar_n a_o expert_a horseman_n horse_n without_o a_o bridle_n at_o the_o full_a gallop_n with_o his_o hand_n clasp_v together_o behind_o his_o back_n sometime_o the_o roman_a general_n when_o they_o see_v a_o enemy_n prevail_v have_v bring_v their_o cavalry_n or_o a_o part_n of_o it_o to_o the_o place_n of_o danger_n and_o cause_v they_o to_o alight_v from_o their_o horse_n and_o fight_v afoot_a with_o their_o sword_n this_o both_o reinforce_v the_o battle_n and_o mighty_o encourage_v the_o foot_n by_o see_v that_o those_o who_o may_v have_v save_v themselves_o by_o flight_n resolve_v to_o live_v and_o die_v with_o they_o author_n do_v not_o inform_v we_o how_o they_o dispose_v of_o their_o horse_n when_o they_o come_v to_o the_o foot_n combat_n but_o i_o shall_v imagine_v they_o do_v not_o let_v they_o go_v whither_o they_o please_v but_o either_o appoint_v their_o servant_n if_o they_o have_v any_o or_o some_o of_o their_o own_o number_n to_o look_v after_o they_o and_o i_o suppose_v also_o they_o alight_v before_o they_o come_v to_o the_o place_n where_o they_o be_v to_o fight_v for_o shun_v confusion_n and_o put_v their_o own_o foot_n in_o disorder_n caesar_n before_o he_o begin_v his_o battle_n with_o the_o swisser_n make_v all_o his_o horseman_n dismount_v and_o appoint_v they_o their_o fooâ—_n horseman_n fight_v on_o fooâ—_n station_n where_o they_o be_v to_o fight_v afoot_a and_o to_o show_v they_o a_o good_a example_n he_o alight_v first_o himself_n and_o send_v away_o all_o the_o horse_n a_o good_a way_n from_o his_o army_n thereby_o to_o encourage_v his_o legionary_a foot_n and_o make_v his_o horseman_n know_v that_o their_o safety_n depend_v only_o on_o their_o own_o valour_n but_o i_o believe_v he_o give_v order_n that_o the_o horse_n shall_v be_v bring_v back_o so_o soon_o as_o the_o enemy_n be_v perceive_v to_o fly_v for_o we_o find_v he_o and_o his_o cavalry_n be_v soon_o remount_v and_o follow_v the_o chase_n very_o far_o and_o i_o know_v no_o reason_n why_o it_o may_v not_o be_v believe_v also_o that_o he_o keep_v some_o on_o horseback_n by_o he_o to_o carry_v all_o the_o direction_n he_o give_v to_o the_o several_a body_n of_o his_o army_n in_o time_n of_o the_o battle_n which_o himself_o fight_v on_o foot_n can_v not_o perform_v gracchus_n betray_v by_o his_o host_n be_v environ_v by_o a_o ambush_n of_o hannibalians_n alight_v and_o fight_v well_o for_o his_o life_n though_o he_o lose_v it_o but_o i_o think_v he_o shall_v rather_o have_v hazard_v to_o break_v through_o on_o horseback_n to_o get_v to_o his_o own_o party_n which_o be_v not_o far_o off_o since_o death_n will_v still_o have_v be_v
legion_n 300_o horse_n yet_o must_v not_o that_o be_v so_o understand_v as_o that_o these_o 300_o horse_n be_v to_o be_v reckon_v to_o be_v a_o member_n or_o part_n of_o that_o legion_n nay_o most_o author_n disjoin_v they_o and_o say_v so_o many_o legion_n and_o so_o many_o horse_n be_v raise_v let_v caesar_n a_o author_n beyond_o all_o exception_n be_v judg._n in_o the_o seven_o book_n of_o the_o french_a war_n he_o say_v he_o give_v to_o his_o legate_n labienus_n the_o same_o who_o afterward_o desert_v he_o four_o legion_n and_o keep_v six_o with_o himself_o and_o that_o you_o may_v be_v sure_a he_o mean_v only_a foot_n he_o subjoin_v that_o he_o order_v he_o to_o take_v a_o part_n of_o the_o cavalry_n with_o he_o how_o many_o he_o tell_v not_o but_o if_o every_o legion_n be_v to_o have_v a_o set_a number_n of_o horse_n that_o great_a captain_n who_o lose_v no_o word_n in_o his_o commentary_n need_v not_o have_v mention_v horse_n for_o caesar_n prove_v from_o caesar_n when_o he_o say_v he_o send_v four_o legion_n we_o shall_v have_v know_v that_o 2004_o horse_n be_v send_v according_a to_o vegetius_n his_o account_n of_o 726_o horse_n for_o every_o legion_n or_o 1200_o according_a to_o the_o true_a account_n of_o 300_o for_o every_o legion_n in_o his_o three_o book_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n he_o send_v cassius_n longinus_n to_o thessaly_n with_o one_o legion_n and_o two_o hundred_o horse_n not_o with_o â—26_n nor_o yet_o with_o 300._o he_o senâ—_n calvisiâ—s_n sabinus_n to_o aetolia_n with_o five_o cohort_n and_o a_o few_o horse_n he_o send_v câ—eias_n domitius_n to_o macedon_n with_o three_o legion_n and_o 500_o horse_n hear_v he_o speak_v once_o more_o for_o he_o deserve_v to_o be_v hear_v he_o tell_v we_o in_o that_o same_o book_n that_o sâ—ipio_n pompey_n father-in-law_n bring_v out_o of_o syria_n to_o greece_n omnes_fw-la legiones_fw-la equitesque_fw-la all_o the_o legion_n and_o the_o horseman_n if_o horse_n belong_v proper_o to_o legion_n why_o do_v he_o distinguish_v they_o who_o know_v â—he_n military_a art_n and_o the_o word_n of_o the_o art_n best_o of_o any_o but_o vegetius_n shall_v be_v invincible_a for_o i_o unless_o he_o beat_v himself_o which_o he_o will_v present_o do_v for_o notwithstanding_o all_o he_o have_v say_v in_o the_o six_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n yet_o in_o the_o 15_o chapter_n of_o that_o same_o book_n he_o confess_v that_o equites_fw-la locantur_fw-la in_o cornibus_fw-la horseman_n be_v place_v in_o the_o wing_n and_o in_o the_o 17_o chapter_n he_o say_v equites_fw-la ponuniur_fw-fr in_fw-la cornibus_fw-la it_o a_o vi_o loricaâ—â—_n amnes_fw-la juncti_fw-la sint_fw-la peditibus_fw-la the_o horseman_n be_v place_v in_o the_o wing_n so_o that_o all_o the_o heavy_a arm_a horse_n join_v with_o the_o foot_n what_o mean_v that_o join_v with_o the_o foot_n it_o be_v that_o one_o part_n of_o they_o join_v with_o the_o foot_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o the_o other_o on_o the_o left_a and_o so_o himself_o clear_v it_o in_o that_o very_a chapter_n where_o he_o say_v if_o horseman_n be_v too_o weak_a according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o ancient_n footman_n who_o himself_o and_o out_o of_o vegetius_n himself_o be_v swift_a arm_v with_o light_a target_n and_o exercise_v in_o that_o manner_n of_o fight_n be_v to_o be_v mix_v with_o they_o for_o foot_n mix_v with_o the_o horse_n and_o horse_n join_v to_o the_o foot_n be_v two_o several_a thing_n and_o in_o the_o first_o chapter_n of_o the_o same_o book_n he_o say_v the_o horse_n be_v call_v the_o wing_n because_o they_o protect_v the_o foot_n ad_fw-la similitudinem_fw-la alarnm_fw-la to_o the_o similitude_n of_o wing_n let_v now_o any_o man_n reconcile_v vegetius_n to_o himself_o and_o he_o and_o i_o shall_v be_v very_o soon_o good_a friend_n but_o the_o hastati_fw-la make_v a_o terrible_a clamour_n and_o cry_v they_o have_v wrong_v do_v they_o error_n four_o error_n by_o vegetius_n in_o marshal_n the_o principes_fw-la before_o they_o they_o say_v that_o be_v the_o young_a and_o least_o experience_a it_o be_v some_o honour_n do_v to_o they_o to_o place_v they_o in_o the_o first_o battalion_n for_o thereby_o they_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o first_o fury_n of_o a_o enemy_n which_o many_o time_n they_o valiant_o repel_v if_o not_o they_o serve_v at_o least_o as_o the_o great_a turk_n asapi_fw-la to_o blunt_v both_o the_o enemy_n courage_n and_o sword_n the_o principes_fw-la cry_v as_o loud_o that_o vegetius_n have_v robe_v they_o of_o the_o dignity_n they_o always_o have_v to_o stand_v in_o the_o middle_n between_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o the_o triarii_n and_o to_o be_v look_v on_o as_o the_o restorer_n of_o the_o battle_n when_o the_o hastati_fw-la be_v worsted_n but_o neither_o of_o they_o have_v so_o good_a reason_n to_o complain_v as_o the_o triarii_n who_o we_o shall_v hear_v anon_o and_o assure_o to_o i_o it_o seem_v very_o strange_a that_o not_o only_o in_o the_o mention_a place_n but_o all_o along_o in_o his_o whole_a treatise_n our_o author_n marshal_n the_o principes_fw-la before_o the_o hastati_fw-la against_o the_o universal_a consent_n of_o all_o history_n livy_n in_o his_o seven_o book_n tell_v how_o lenus_fw-la the_o consul_n draw_v up_o his_o hastati_fw-la in_o the_o van_n the_o principes_fw-la in_o the_o middle_n and_o the_o triarii_n in_o the_o rear_n against_o the_o gaul_n and_o then_o be_v the_o roman_a discipline_n strict_o observe_v so_o be_v the_o hastati_fw-la in_o the_o van_n when_o marcellus_n fight_v at_o canusium_n with_o hannibal_n liv._o lib._n 27._o and_o in_o his_o 37_o book_n he_o inform_v we_o that_o scipio_n asiaâ—icus_n in_o the_o battle_n he_o fight_v with_o antiochus_n order_v his_o hastati_fw-la in_o the_o van_n the_o principes_fw-la in_o the_o middle_n and_o the_o triarii_n in_o the_o rear_n and_o that_o i_o may_v not_o weary_a my_o reader_n with_o instance_n i_o believe_v and_o upon_o good_a ground_n that_o in_o all_o livy_n decade_n that_o be_v extant_a vegetius_n nor_o any_o for_o he_o shall_v not_o read_v that_o the_o hastati_fw-la be_v place_v behind_o the_o principes_fw-la except_o once_o that_o it_o be_v write_v i_o suppose_v not_o by_o himself_o in_o his_o thirty_o book_n that_o scipiâ—_n in_o his_o battle_n against_o sip_n 〈…〉_o asarubal_n marshal_v the_o principes_fw-la before_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o lipsius_n have_v good_a reason_n to_o think_v that_o this_o place_n be_v falsify_v since_o polybius_n out_o of_o who_o it_o be_v like_o livy_n have_v the_o story_n write_v the_o very_a contrary_n that_o be_v that_o scipio_n marshal_v the_o principes_fw-la behind_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o if_o this_o place_n be_v not_o corrupt_v than_o livius_n shall_v contradict_v himself_o for_o in_o his_o eight_o book_n he_o say_v once_o for_o all_o hastati_fw-la omnium_fw-la primi_fw-la pugnam_fw-la inibant_fw-la the_o javelineer_n say_v he_o first_o of_o all_o begin_v the_o battle_n and_o sure_o the_o same_o scipio_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o zama_n against_o hannibal_n place_v the_o hastati_fw-la in_o the_o van_n by_o a_o good_a token_n for_o they_o be_v so_o mix_v with_o the_o enemy_n that_o he_o be_v glad_a to_o found_v a_o retreat_n for_o they_o that_o he_o may_v have_v ground_n to_o bring_v his_o principes_fw-la up_z to_o the_o medley_n which_o the_o same_o livy_n report_v to_o we_o in_o the_o five_o place_n polybius_n complain_v that_o vegetius_n have_v murder_v five_o of_o his_o error_n five_o error_n centurion_n for_o he_o in_o his_o six_o book_n appoint_v sixty_o for_o every_o legion_n whereof_o vegetius_n in_o the_o eight_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n produce_v but_o five_o and_o fifty_o yet_o he_o need_v not_o be_v afraid_a to_o be_v bring_v to_o any_o juridical_a trial_n for_o this_o assassination_n true_o it_o seem_v strange_a to_o i_o that_o polybius_n his_o legion_n consist_v but_o of_o 3000_o heavy_a arm_v shall_v have_v sixty_o centurion_n and_o that_o of_o vegetius_n which_o be_v a_o hundred_o more_o than_o twice_o as_o strong_a shall_v have_v but_o 55_o for_o all_o his_o 6100_o be_v heavy_a arm_v as_o he_o describe_v they_o in_o that_o same_o chapter_n i_o can_v fancy_v no_o reason_n for_o this_o but_o that_o it_o be_v his_o fancy_n to_o write_v so_o i_o confess_v indeed_o it_o be_v more_o than_o probable_a that_o at_o the_o first_o institution_n by_o romulus_n that_o band_n of_o man_n which_o be_v call_v a_o century_n consist_v of_o one_o hundred_o man_n and_o so_o the_o centurion_n be_v no_o more_o but_o thirty_o and_o in_o process_n of_o time_n in_o a_o legion_n of_o that_o same_o strength_n may_v be_v sixty_o for_o as_o i_o tell_v you_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o infantery_n though_o the_o particular_a band_n of_o a_o legion_n come_v to_o consist_v but_o of_o sixty_o man_n and_o those_o of_o the_o triarii_n perhaps_o but_o of_o
horse_n and_o to_o make_v short_a hear_v he_o once_o for_o all_o in_o the_o three_o book_n of_o his_o history_n it_o be_v agree_v and_o conclude_v say_v he_o that_o the_o army_n shall_v consist_v of_o two_o part_n confederate_n these_o than_o be_v the_o latin_n and_o the_o hernick_n and_o one_o three_o part_n citizen_n if_o these_o instance_n evince_v not_o the_o rashness_n of_o that_o assertion_n that_o the_o ally_n be_v never_o strong_a than_o the_o roman_n than_o livy_n have_v base_o cozen_v we_o but_o vegetius_n will_v perhaps_o bring_v polybius_n to_o support_v he_o who_o in_o his_o six_o book_n say_v the_o ally_n foot_n be_v for_o most_o part_n equal_a with_o the_o roman_a foot_n but_o their_o horse_n be_v double_a the_o number_n of_o the_o roman_a cavalry_n to_o this_o i_o answer_v first_o that_o by_o this_o account_n the_o ally_n be_v strong_a than_o the_o roman_n their_o horse_n be_v double_a the_o number_n of_o the_o other_o and_o therefore_o they_o be_v not_o of_o equal_a strength_n second_o what_o if_o polybius_n have_v say_v that_o both_o vegetius_n and_o defend_v polybius_n defend_v machiavelli_n aver_v quandoque_fw-la bone_fw-la dormitâ—â—_n homerus_fw-la and_o indeed_o if_o he_o have_v say_v so_o much_o he_o have_v nod_v to_o the_o height_n of_o a_o perfect_a sleep_n and_o may_v have_v be_v say_v to_o have_v dream_v three_o he_o say_v not_o that_o the_o foot_n be_v always_o of_o equal_a number_n but_o ut_fw-la plurimum_fw-la for_o the_o most_o part_n and_o i_o question_v the_o truth_n of_o that_o too_o and_o last_o if_o he_o have_v mean_v they_o be_v always_o of_o a_o like_a strength_n he_o have_v foul_o contradict_v himself_o for_o in_o his_o second_o book_n he_o have_v these_o word_n before_o hannibal_n say_v he_o invade_v italy_n the_o roman_n levy_v against_o the_o gaul_n four_o legion_n each_o consist_v of_o five_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o foot_n which_o be_v twenty_o thousand_o eight_o hundred_o foot_n and_o for_o every_o legion_n three_o hundred_o horse_n which_o be_v twelve_o hundred_o and_o of_o the_o ally_n say_v he_o be_v raise_v thirty_o thousand_o foot_n and_o two_o thousand_o horse_n and_o in_o that_o same_o book_n he_o say_v that_o the_o roman_a preparation_n i_o suppose_v against_o hannibal_n amount_v to_o seven_o hundred_o thousand_o foot_n and_o twenty_o thousand_o horse_n a_o three_o part_n whereof_o consider_v the_o sense_n of_o that_o time_n can_v not_o be_v roman_n and_o yet_o say_v this_o historian_n hannibal_n invade_v they_o with_o few_o more_o than_o twenty_o thousand_o man_n to_o vegetius_n i_o shall_v say_v particular_o that_o when_o he_o aver_v the_o roman_n suffer_v auxiliary_n vegetius_n wrong_v in_o the_o number_n of_o auxiliary_n not_o their_o auxiliary_n to_o exceed_v their_o own_o strength_n he_o do_v not_o remember_v what_o livy_n tell_v he_o in_o his_o twenty_o five_o book_n how_o châ—iâ—â—_n scipiâ—_n trust_v to_o the_o aid_n of_o thirty_o thousand_o celtiberian_a auxiliary_n be_v betray_v by_o they_o when_o he_o be_v to_o fight_v with_o asarubal_n for_o they_o leave_v he_o every_o man_n and_o join_v with_o the_o carthaginian_a a_o caveat_n say_v the_o historian_n for_o the_o roman_n and_o all_o other_o state_n and_o prince_n to_o take_v no_o more_o auxiliary_a stranger_n in_o their_o camp_n than_o they_o câ—â—ld_v well_o overmaster_v in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o shall_v make_v â—old_a to_o ask_v machiavelli_n what_o he_o mean_v in_o the_o three_o book_n of_o his_o art_n of_o war_n where_o he_o say_v though_o the_o confederate_n foot_n never_o exceed_v the_o roman_a foot_n the_o contrary_a whereof_o i_o have_v prove_v yet_o their_o horse_n say_v he_o be_v permit_v to_o be_v some_o more_o say_v you_o ally_n and_o machiavelli_n of_o the_o ally_n some_o more_o yes_o indeed_o some_o more_o if_o it_o be_v true_a what_o yourself_o say_v a_o little_a before_o that_o the_o roman_a horse_n of_o a_o consular_a army_n be_v but_o six_o hundred_o and_o these_o of_o the_o ally_n one_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o this_o be_v a_o some_o more_o indeed_o but_o it_o be_v probable_a i_o may_v meet_v with_o he_o upon_o this_o very_a same_o subject_n in_o the_o next_o chapter_n but_o we_o shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o make_v a_o estimate_n of_o the_o marshal_n march_v or_o encamp_v of_o a_o roman_a consular_a army_n till_o we_o condescend_v on_o the_o number_n of_o the_o ally_n without_o who_o few_o or_o none_o of_o they_o in_o ancient_a time_n go_v to_o the_o field_n let_v we_o therefore_o without_o further_o contest_v follow_v the_o authority_n of_o the_o famous_a historian_n ally_n we_o must_v follow_v polybius_n for_o the_o number_n of_o the_o ally_n and_o captain_n polybius_n who_o as_o i_o have_v cite_v his_o word_n already_o say_v the_o ally_n for_o most_o part_n be_v equal_a in_o infantry_n with_o the_o roman_n and_o double_a the_o number_n of_o their_o cavalry_n then_o it_o will_v be_v clear_a that_o not_o only_o in_o our_o author_n time_n but_o often_o both_o before_o and_o after_o it_o every_o legion_n of_o the_o ally_n consist_v of_o four_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o foot_n and_o their_o horse_n for_o every_o legion_n be_v six_o hundred_o because_o we_o may_v conjecture_v probable_o out_o of_o livy_n the_o roman_a legion_n be_v of_o that_o strength_n and_o that_o the_o horse_n be_v three_o hundred_o out_o of_o the_o number_n of_o the_o ally_n by_o the_o consul_n appointment_n be_v take_v those_o who_o the_o roman_a historian_n call_v extraordinary_n and_o these_o be_v not_o a_o few_o for_o they_o be_v the_o five_o part_n of_o the_o foot_n and_o the_o three_o of_o the_o horse_n as_o suppose_v out_o of_o two_o legion_n consist_v of_o eight_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o foot_n one_o thousand_o ally_n the_o extraordinary_n of_o the_o ally_n six_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o be_v take_v which_o be_v the_o five_o part_n and_o out_o of_o twelve_o hundred_o horse_n four_o hundred_o be_v take_v which_o be_v the_o three_o and_o these_o be_v the_o gallant_a best_a arm_v best_a mount_v and_o of_o the_o great_a repute_n there_o be_v some_o such_o as_o lipsius_n and_o terduzzi_n who_o will_v glad_o make_v we_o believe_v they_o have_v converse_v with_o the_o ghost_n of_o the_o old_a roman_a politician_n and_o so_o know_v their_o arcana_fw-la and_o secret_n who_o say_v this_o be_v do_v under_o the_o mask_n of_o a_o conjecture_n a_o idle_a conjecture_n honourable_a employment_n to_o keep_v they_o at_o a_o distance_n from_o their_o friend_n that_o they_o may_v not_o combine_v to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o roman_a state_n and_o they_o say_v that_o upon_o this_o same_o account_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o socii_fw-la and_o ally_n be_v in_o march_n camp_n and_o battle_n keep_v asunder_o by_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o whole_a roman_a infantry_n i_o may_v believe_v it_o be_v so_o because_o i_o never_o hear_v any_o ancient_a roman_a say_v any_o thing_n to_o the_o contrary_n but_o if_o these_o confederate_n have_v intend_v to_o have_v betray_v at_o any_o time_n their_o imperious_a ally_n the_o roman_n they_o may_v easy_o have_v contrive_v the_o matter_n either_o in_o camp_n or_o battle_n to_o have_v join_v with_o a_o enemy_n to_o the_o evident_a destruction_n of_o as_o many_o roman_n as_o be_v then_o in_o the_o field_n for_o in_o battle_n the_o left-hand_a legion_n of_o the_o ally_n and_o all_o their_o cavalry_n be_v marshal_v together_o may_v without_o any_o stop_n have_v step_v over_o to_o a_o enemy_n as_o in_o the_o discourse_n of_o a_o consular_a army_n will_v appear_v and_o in_o a_o camp_n the_o two_o side_n of_o it_o be_v recommend_v to_o the_o care_n of_o the_o ally_n as_o you_o will_v see_v in_o their_o castrametation_n and_o soon_o may_v a_o man_n be_v deceive_v who_o trust_v the_o aphorism_n disce_fw-la diffidere_fw-la learn_v to_o distrust_v if_o all_o this_o may_v have_v be_v true_a where_o roman_a and_o ally_n legion_n be_v of_o equal_a strength_n sure_a in_o army_n where_o the_o ally_n be_v far_o more_o numerous_a than_o the_o roman_n they_o may_v if_o they_o have_v intend_v it_o have_v do_v mischief_n enough_o out_o of_o these_o extraordinary_n be_v some_o choose_a both_o of_o horse_n and_o foot_n and_o these_o be_v call_v selecti_fw-la as_o polybius_n his_o interpreter_n render_v it_o or_o ablecti_fw-la as_o ally_n selecti_fw-la of_o the_o ally_n lipsius_n will_v have_v it_o to_o be_v these_o say_v polybius_n do_v not_o only_o lodge_v in_o the_o camp_n behind_o the_o tribune_n and_o near_o the_o general_n but_o also_o in_o battle_n and_o on_o other_o occasion_n they_o use_v to_o attend_v the_o consul_n and_o the_o quaestor_n but_o of_o what_o number_n these_o selecti_fw-la be_v neither_o polybius_n or_o for_o any_o thing_n i_o know_v any_o for_o he_o do_v inform_v we_o these_o legion_n and_o horse-troop_n of_o ally_n be_v
of_o the_o author_n but_o since_o i_o intend_v not_o in_o this_o treatise_n to_o present_v my_o reader_n with_o any_o figure_n of_o my_o own_o i_o shall_v not_o trouble_v he_o with_o any_o that_o belong_v to_o another_o chap._n xviii_o of_o several_a figure_n of_o army_n use_v by_o the_o ancient_n in_o their_o battle_n if_o a_o general_n or_o commander_n in_o chief_a have_v not_o the_o choice_n of_o the_o ground_n where_o he_o be_v to_o fight_v he_o must_v marshal_v his_o army_n according_a to_o the_o advantage_n or_o difficulty_n of_o it_o but_o if_o he_o may_v make_v choice_n of_o the_o place_n of_o battle_n than_o no_o doubt_n he_o may_v model_n his_o force_n as_o he_o please_v without_o tie_v himself_o to_o any_o other_o prescript_n or_o precedent_n of_o other_o notwithstanding_o which_o he_o must_v be_v very_o wary_a not_o to_o cast_v his_o army_n in_o such_o a_o figure_n as_o carry_v along_o with_o it_o intricacy_n such_o as_o may_v make_v both_o the_o order_n and_o observe_v it_o difficult_a and_o more_o especial_o he_o be_v to_o be_v very_o rich_a of_o change_v the_o figure_n of_o his_o army_n in_o the_o time_n of_o action_n action_n dangerous_a to_o alter_v the_o figure_n of_o a_o army_n in_o time_n of_o action_n in_o regard_n that_o the_o bulk_n of_o a_o army_n be_v compose_v of_o such_o member_n as_o be_v for_o most_o part_n rude_a gross_a and_o of_o so_o dull_a understanding_n that_o they_o be_v not_o able_a in_o a_o instant_n to_o apprehend_v the_o reason_n of_o sudden_a alteration_n or_o to_o dive_v into_o the_o design_n of_o their_o great_a commander_n and_o therefore_o a_o change_n of_o the_o form_n of_o a_o battle_n after_o a_o army_n be_v engage_v may_v cast_v it_o into_o confusion_n which_o may_v quick_o render_v it_o a_o prey_n to_o a_o attentive_a and_o vigilant_a enemy_n the_o figure_n of_o army_n use_v by_o the_o ancient_n not_o only_a grecian_n and_o roman_n but_o even_o of_o those_o nation_n likewise_o who_o both_o these_o be_v please_v to_o qualify_v batallion_n five_o figure_n of_o batallion_n with_o the_o title_n of_o barbarian_n be_v for_o most_o part_n of_o five_o kind_n these_o be_v the_o quadrate_n or_o square_n the_o wedg_n the_o tenaille_n or_o tongue_n the_o saw_n and_o the_o globe_n the_o quadrate_n or_o square_n they_o subdivide_v into_o three_o sort_n to_o wit_n the_o turrite_n the_o lie_v lateritial_a and_o the_o simple_a lateritial_a the_o turrite_n be_v that_o battle_n turrite_n quadrate_n turrite_n who_o height_n or_o depth_n be_v much_o great_a than_o its_o front_n as_o draw_v up_o a_o thousand_o man_n six_o deep_a let_v they_o face_n either_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n or_o leave_v you_o shall_v see_v they_o but_o six_o in_o front_n and_o a_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o deep_a it_o be_v the_o quadrate_n turrite_v so_o call_v because_o its_o height_n or_o depth_n make_v it_o look_v like_o a_o tower_n it_o be_v but_o seldom_o use_v and_o indeed_o it_o be_v very_o useless_a the_o simple_a latrice_n be_v where_o all_o the_o latera_fw-la or_o side_n of_o the_o battle_n that_o be_v front_n quadrate_n simple_n lâ—teritial_a quadrate_n rear_n and_o both_o flank_n be_v of_o a_o like_a extent_n one_o hundred_o man_n draw_v up_o ten_o deep_a give_v you_o the_o simple_a lateritial_a quadrate_n because_o it_o be_v a_o battle_n equal_a on_o all_o side_n it_o be_v also_o call_v the_o aequilateral_a quadrate_n of_o this_o form_n be_v the_o ancient_a egyptian_a battle_n as_o i_o have_v tell_v you_o in_o the_o grecian_a art_n of_o war_n ten_o thousand_o of_o their_o man_n marshal_v a_o 100_o deep_a make_v they_o a_o 100_o in_o front_n a_o 100_o in_o rear_n and_o a_o 100_o in_o each_o flank_n so_o that_o face_n they_o any_o way_n you_o please_v still_o they_o be_v a_o 100_o in_o front_n the_o lie_a lateritial_a square_n or_o quadrate_n be_v a_o battle_n in_o which_o the_o front_n be_v of_o a_o quadrate_n lie_v lateritial_a quadrate_n great_a extent_n than_o the_o flank_n or_o where_o there_o be_v a_o great_a many_o more_o man_n in_o the_o rank_n than_o in_o the_o file_n as_o 16000_o man_n after_o the_o grecian_a way_n marshal_v 16_o deep_a give_v you_o a_o front_n of_o 1000_o man_n and_o the_o flank_n but_o of_o 16._o and_o this_o be_v usual_o both_o the_o grecian_a and_o roman_a way_n of_o embattel_v and_o continue_v so_o still_o in_o our_o modern_a army_n so_o when_o you_o read_v in_o story_n that_o a_o army_n march_v in_o a_o quadrate_n form_n as_o livy_n speak_v both_o in_o his_o second_o and_o thirteen_o book_n and_o sallust_n also_o say_v that_o marius_n march_v against_o jugurtha_n with_o a_o quadrate_n army_n you_o be_v to_o understand_v it_o that_o they_o march_v in_o order_n of_o battle_n ready_a to_o fight_v and_o that_o the_o form_n of_o their_o batallion_n be_v quadrate_n but_o do_v not_o imagine_v they_o be_v aequilateral_a or_o simple_a lateritial_a it_o be_v from_o the_o quadrate_n form_n which_o the_o roman_n call_v lie_v lateritial_a consist_v of_o four_o angle_n that_o our_o word_n squadron_n have_v its_o denomination_n a_o word_n use_v now_o for_o any_o thing_n i_o know_v in_o all_o european_a language_n by_o what_o i_o have_v say_v it_o appear_v that_o though_o it_o be_v grant_v to_o terduzzi_n as_o it_o be_v not_o that_o the_o roman_n draw_v up_o their_o foot_n twelve_o deep_a yet_o that_o will_v not_o conclude_v their_o curious_a terduzzi_n nice_o curious_a batallion_n whether_o lesser_a body_n or_o great_a to_o have_v be_v aequilateral_a quadrate_n as_o he_o will_v have_v they_o to_o be_v for_o in_o their_o maniple_n draw_v up_o as_o he_o will_v have_v they_o twelve_o depth_n since_o every_o one_o of_o they_o consist_v of_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o man_n they_o can_v make_v but_o ten_o file_n now_o ten_o in_o front_n and_o twelve_o in_o file_n make_v no_o more_o a_o aequilateral_a batallion_n than_o a_o hundred_o twenty_o man_n marshal_v ten_o deep_a and_o twelve_o in_o front_n can_v represent_v that_o figure_n this_o lie_a lateritial_a quadrate_n whereof_o i_o now_o speak_v be_v that_o form_n of_o battle_n whereof_o vegetius_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v when_o he_o speak_v of_o a_o quadrate_n army_n with_o a_o long_a front_n the_o wedg_n i_o have_v speak_v of_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o grecian_a militia_n but_o i_o will_v not_o have_v my_o reader_n to_o imagine_v that_o these_o wedg-battel_n speak_v so_o much_o of_o in_o ancient_a history_n be_v such_o as_o be_v paint_v to_o we_o begin_v with_o one_o man_n than_o wedg-figure_n wedg-figure_n two_o next_z three_z and_o so_o to_o the_o end_n of_o the_o chapter_n though_o that_o method_n may_v be_v well_o enough_o observe_v in_o a_o small_a body_n either_o of_o horse_n or_o foot_n but_o they_o be_v batallion_n condense_v and_o at_o close_a order_n the_o point_n consist_v of_o a_o good_a many_o man_n yet_o point_v because_o the_o body_n grow_v broad_a and_o broad_a till_o you_o come_v to_o the_o rear_n where_o it_o be_v broad_o for_o to_o imagine_v that_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o fight_n any_o batallion_n of_o the_o most_o experience_a soldier_n can_v be_v sudden_o cast_v into_o so_o punctual_a a_o form_n as_o first_o one_o than_o two_o by_o the_o ready_a general_n that_o ever_o be_v be_v a_o speculation_n never_o reduce_v or_o reducible_a to_o practice_n and_o so_o you_o be_v to_o understand_v the_o wedg_n in_o which_o the_o theban_a epaminondas_n cast_v some_o of_o his_o infantry_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o mantinaea_n whereby_o he_o break_v the_o laconian_n be_v not_o a_o flim-flam_n of_o one_o two_o three_o and_o four_o he_o have_v no_o time_n to_o tell_v straw_n but_o a_o good_a massy_a body_n of_o man_n perhaps_o of_o fifty_o sixty_o seventy_o or_o a_o hundred_o in_o front_n grow_v great_a till_o it_o come_v to_o the_o end_n this_o wedg-battel_n consist_v of_o three_o angle_n the_o foremost_a point_n make_v one_o and_o the_o broad_a end_n furnish_v the_o other_o two_o and_o indeed_o it_o be_v a_o triangle_n but_o not_o a_o aequilateral_a one_o i_o tell_v you_o in_o another_o place_n out_o of_o livius_n how_o the_o celtiberian_n have_v well_o near_o rout_v the_o praetor_n fulvius_n by_o their_o wedg-battel_n till_o he_o defeat_v they_o with_o a_o desperate_a charge_n of_o unbridled_a horse_n he_o who_o think_v that_o this_o wedg-battel_n of_o these_o spaniard_n understand_v how_o it_o be_v right_o to_o be_v understand_v begin_v with_o one_o man_n at_o the_o point_n and_o by_o equal_a degree_n come_v to_o a_o great_a many_o at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o wedg_n have_v a_o strong_a imagination_n livy_n in_o his_o twenty_o second_o book_n call_v that_o batallion_n of_o macedonian_n who_o stand_v range_v in_o battle_n within_o the_o wall_n of_o cenchrea_n to_o receive_v the_o assailant_n when_o the_o roman_a
shrill_a and_o continue_v without_o interruption_n it_o be_v interpret_v to_o be_v a_o certain_a sign_n of_o victory_n but_o if_o it_o be_v dead_a cold_a and_o unequal_a often_o begin_v and_o often_o interrupt_v it_o bewray_v fear_n and_o discouragement_n and_o portend_v ruin_n and_o destruction_n it_o be_v use_v by_o all_o nation_n as_o well_o as_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o word_n baritus_n whereby_o historian_n express_v it_o be_v borrow_v from_o the_o ancient_a german_n who_o cry_n they_o say_v sound_v like_o the_o pronunciation_n of_o that_o word_n they_o cry_v no_o more_o after_o they_o come_v to_o the_o medley_n else_o it_o will_v have_v hinder_v they_o from_o hear_v the_o command_n of_o their_o officer_n either_o by_o word_n of_o mouth_n or_o the_o trumpet_n though_o the_o loud_a noise_n of_o cannon_n and_o musket_n in_o our_o modern_a war_n may_v seem_v reason_n enough_o to_o suppress_v this_o ancient_a custom_n of_o shout_v yet_o it_o neither_o aught_o to_o be_v nor_o yet_o be_v it_o banish_v out_o of_o our_o army_n the_o german_n french_a dane_n and_o swede_n in_o their_o advance_n and_o before_o they_o give_v fire_n have_v their_o ca_fw-mi ca_fw-mi oâ—_n and_o no_o doubt_n with_o a_o advance_n a_o stroâ—t_a heat_n and_o inflame_v the_o blood_n and_o help_v to_o encourage_v the_o late_a usurper_n and_o his_o army_n make_v but_o too_o good_a use_n of_o it_o these_o thing_n be_v previous_a to_o a_o battle_n first_o the_o purple_a coat_n of_o arm_n at_o the_o consul_n pavilion_n second_o the_o exhortation_n or_o harangue_n three_o the_o marshal_n the_o army_n four_o the_o word_n or_o teâ—â—â—â—a_n five_o the_o classiâ—â—â—_n and_o last_o this_o shout_n or_o baritus_n of_o the_o first_o five_o that_o be_v ordinary_o practise_v caesar_n speak_v in_o the_o second_o book_n of_o his_o gallic_a war_n as_o necessary_a for_o when_o he_o be_v almost_o surprise_v by_o the_o nervian_o he_o write_v thus_o caesar_n say_v he_o of_o himself_o have_v all_o thing_n to_o do_v at_o once_o the_o standard_n to_o be_v set_v up_o that_o be_v the_o scarlet_a coat_n his_o army_n to_o marshal_v his_o soldier_n to_o exhort_v to_o cause_v the_o sign_n to_o be_v give_v by_o the_o trumpet_n and_o to_o give_v the_o sign_n this_o last_o sign_n signify_v the_o tessera_fw-la otherwise_o the_o word_n have_v be_v superfluous_a of_o which_o that_o great_a man_n can_v be_v tax_v as_o to_o this_o last_o sign_n which_o be_v the_o word_n the_o ancient_n find_v that_o same_o difficulty_n with_o which_o all_o army_n be_v still_o trouble_v and_o that_o be_v that_o by_o the_o often_o require_v and_o give_v it_o the_o enemy_n come_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o it_o and_o then_o it_o be_v useless_a lipsâ—â—â—_n tell_v we_o that_o he_o read_v in_o pâ—liâ—â—nus_n that_o one_o aâ—ues_v a_o arcadian_a story_n a_o pretty_a story_n captain_n be_v to_o fall_v on_o the_o lacedæmonians_n in_o the_o night_n time_n or_o as_o we_o now_o call_v it_o to_o beat_v up_o their_o quarter_n instead_o of_o a_o word_n he_o command_v his_o army_n to_o require_v no_o word_n at_o all_o but_o to_o use_v all_o those_o who_o seek_v a_o word_n as_o enemy_n so_o that_o the_o demand_v the_o tessora_n bewray_v the_o demander_n to_o be_v a_o lacedaemonian_a who_o at_o that_o time_n receive_v a_o notable_a overthrow_n the_o roman_a consul_n when_o battle_n classicum_fw-la a_o sign_n of_o battle_n he_o be_v to_o fall_v on_o cause_v the_o classicum_fw-la to_o sound_n which_o be_v second_v by_o the_o near_a and_o immediate_o by_o all_o the_o trumpet_n horn_n and_o horn-pipe_n of_o the_o army_n and_o now_o the_o battle_n begin_v concern_v which_o a_o old_a question_n be_v not_o yet_o perhaps_o decide_v whether_o it_o be_v better_a to_o give_v or_o receive_v the_o charge_n the_o charge_n a_o question_n whether_o to_o give_v or_o receive_v the_o charge_n roman_a dictator_n cossus_n as_o levy_n have_v it_o in_o his_o six_o book_n be_v to_o join_v battle_n with_o a_o powerful_a army_n of_o the_o volscian_n command_v all_o his_o foot_n to_o stand_v still_o and_o fix_v their_o javelines_n in_o the_o ground_n and_o so_o receive_v the_o enemy_n charge_n which_o be_v violent_a put_v they_o out_o of_o breath_n and_o then_o the_o legionary_n close_v with_o they_o and_o rout_v they_o great_a pompey_n give_v the_o like_a order_n at_o pharsalia_n but_o not_o with_o the_o like_a success_n for_o he_o be_v total_o beat_v but_o machiavelli_n with_o opinion_n machiavelli_n opinion_n his_o accustom_a confidence_n to_o give_v it_o no_o worse_o name_n in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o his_o art_n of_o war_n take_v upon_o he_o to_o give_v the_o definitive_a sentence_n and_o award_v the_o victory_n to_o he_o who_o receive_v the_o charge_n and_o say_v also_o that_o most_o captain_n choose_v rather_o to_o receive_v than_o give_v it_o yet_o he_o instance_n only_o one_o of_o the_o fabii_n who_o by_o receive_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o sanonite_n and_o gaul_n be_v victorious_a but_o we_o must_v listen_v to_o a_o great_a captain_n than_o any_o he_o have_v name_v and_o himself_o to_o boot_v and_o that_o be_v julius_n caesar_n who_o by_o give_v the_o charge_n in_o the_o thessalian_a plain_n gain_v the_o sovereignty_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n and_o blame_v pompey_n for_o follow_v the_o bad_a advice_n of_o triarius_n to_o wait_v till_o caesar_n charge_v he_o his_o word_n whereby_o he_o seem_v to_o void_a this_o difference_n you_o have_v in_o the_o three_o book_n of_o his_o civil_a war_n which_o be_v these_o in_o english_a but_o on_o the_o contrary_a say_v he_o i_o think_v this_o be_v do_v it_o caesar_n judgement_n of_o it_o by_o pompey_n without_o any_o show_n of_o reason_n mean_v his_o keep_n his_o soldier_n from_o advance_v to_o the_o charge_n because_o there_o be_v say_v he_o i_o know_v not_o what_o gallant_n vigour_n and_o natural_a inclination_n to_o courage_n bear_v in_o all_o man_n which_o captain_n ought_v rather_o to_o cherish_v stir_v up_o and_o augment_v than_o any_o way_n mollify_v or_o restrain_v thus_o far_o great_a caesar_n but_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n if_o a_o army_n be_v draw_v up_o in_o a_o advantageous_a ground_n suppose_v a_o hill_n or_o fence_v with_o marish_a river_n advantage_n to_o keep_v advantage_n or_o rock_n the_o quit_n of_o which_o may_v prove_v prejudicial_a as_o the_o loss_n of_o all_o advantage_n especial_o in_o matter_n of_o war_n do_v it_o alter_v clear_o the_o case_n and_o those_o who_o have_v do_v it_o either_o in_o ancient_n or_o modern_a war_n to_o the_o irrecoverable_a loss_n of_o their_o master_n have_v much_o mistake_v caesar_n who_o never_o practise_v it_o and_o assure_o those_o who_o do_v it_o have_v need_n of_o good_a fortune_n otherwise_o they_o may_v be_v sure_a to_o be_v brand_v in_o true_a history_n with_o either_o perfidy_n or_o inexcusable_a folly_n and_o even_o in_o romance_n with_o too_o much_o generosity_n in_o the_o time_n of_o battle_n all_o both_o commander_n and_o soldier_n do_v their_o duty_n by_o punctual_o obey_v the_o command_n of_o their_o general_n though_o to_o the_o certain_a and_o inevitable_a loss_n of_o their_o life_n if_o not_o they_o be_v sure_a to_o incur_v those_o punishment_n whereof_o i_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o nor_o be_v they_o oblige_v to_o obey_v the_o command_n give_v they_o before_o the_o battle_n only_o but_o all_o those_o order_n and_o sign_n that_o be_v give_v they_o in_o the_o time_n of_o battle_n these_o vegetius_n in_o the_o five_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n call_v sign_n and_o divide_v they_o into_o three_o battle_n sign_n in_o time_n of_o battle_n sort_n vocal_a semi-vocal_a and_o dumb._n the_o vocal_a be_v the_o verbal_a command_n of_o the_o officer_n especial_o the_o consul_n and_o tribune_n the_o semi-vocal_a be_v the_o several_a sound_n of_o classicum_n trumpet_n and_o horn_n as_o march_z charge_v retire_v the_o dumb_a sign_n be_v the_o ensign_n standard_n and_o eagle_n as_o also_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o colour_n or_o a_o lance_n or_o the_o shake_n of_o a_o spear_n by_o a_o consul_n or_o general_n but_o these_o be_v agree_v on_o before_o the_o fight_n begin_v and_o be_v either_o give_v to_o the_o whole_a army_n or_o but_o to_o a_o part_n of_o it_o as_o when_o you_o see_v such_o a_o thing_n do_v than_o you_o be_v to_o do_v so_o and_o so_o these_o dumb_a sign_n will_v not_o do_v much_o good_a in_o our_o battle_n where_o the_o smoke_n of_o powder_n will_v render_v many_o of_o they_o imperceptible_a and_o now_o the_o battle_n be_v end_v and_o the_o roman_n be_v either_o victorious_a or_o have_v lose_v the_o day_n if_o the_o first_o they_o be_v to_o pursue_v the_o enemy_n to_o his_o camp_n victory_n to_o pursue_v a_o victory_n or_o clear_o out_o of_o the_o field_n and_o not_o only_o so_o but_o to_o follow_v he_o
so_o close_o that_o he_o may_v have_v no_o time_n to_o rally_v and_o to_o force_v he_o out_o of_o his_o strong_a hold_n before_o he_o recover_v breath_n to_o gather_v strength_n but_o we_o shall_v find_v not_o only_a hannibal_n defective_a in_o this_o so_o important_a a_o duty_n of_o a_o great_a captain_n but_o many_o of_o the_o roman_n themselves_o even_o against_o this_o carthaginian_a arch-enemy_n of_o they_o livy_n inform_v we_o in_o his_o twenty_o seven_o book_n that_o at_o canusiâ—m_n marcellus_n beat_v roman_n not_o always_o practise_v by_o the_o roman_n he_o hannibal_n get_v to_o his_o camp_n and_o in_o the_o night_n time_n march_v out_o of_o it_o marcellus_z not_z pursuing_z he_o get_v work_n enough_o to_o do_v with_o he_o afterward_o the_o same_o author_n tell_v we_o in_o his_o twenty_o nine_o book_n that_o the_o consul_n sempronius_n and_o proconsul_n licinius_n fight_v with_o the_o same_o hannibal_n in_o the_o brâ—tian_a country_n and_o defeat_v he_o but_o they_o not_o pursue_v he_o get_v the_o rest_n of_o his_o army_n safe_o to_o croton_n next_o day_n in_o his_o thirty_o first_o book_n he_o say_v philip_n of_o macedon_n be_v worsted_n by_o the_o roman_n in_o two_o horse_n fight_v but_o not_o be_v pursue_v by_o the_o consul_n and_o leave_v great_a fire_n in_o the_o camp_n he_o escape_v to_o the_o mountain_n caesar_n defy_v all_o his_o enemy_n to_o challenge_v or_o charge_v he_o with_o this_o oversight_n for_o he_o never_o caesar_n never_o omit_v by_o caesar_n beat_v one_o of_o they_o in_o the_o field_n which_o he_o do_v very_o often_o but_o he_o be_v sure_a to_o be_v master_n of_o his_o camp_n before_o he_o sleep_v but_o you_o may_v read_v all_o along_o in_o livy_n when_o the_o roman_a state_n be_v but_o beginning_n to_o grow_v that_o when_o their_o dictator_n or_o consul_n have_v beat_v any_o of_o their_o neighbour_n tuscan_n veians_n volscian_n samnite_n or_o latin_n for_o most_o part_n they_o make_v no_o more_o ado_n but_o march_v back_o to_o the_o city_n which_o i_o suppose_v the_o ambition_n of_o a_o triumph_n frequent_o lead_v they_o to_o but_o if_o these_o very_a often_o victorious_a roman_n receive_v the_o foil_n as_o sometime_o they_o do_v they_o do_v even_o that_o which_o many_o more_o ancient_a people_n do_v before_o they_o and_o many_o young_a have_v do_v since_o and_o that_o be_v they_o either_o flee_v or_o retire_v if_o they_o flee_v downright_a without_o take_v notice_n of_o their_o camp_n either_o their_o speed_n carry_v they_o away_o or_o they_o save_v their_o life_n by_o submit_v to_o such_o condition_n as_o themselves_o often_o impose_v upon_o those_o who_o by_o the_o chance_n of_o war_n come_v to_o be_v their_o captive_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v speak_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o prisoner_n of_o what_o advantage_n or_o disadvantage_n fly_v or_o retire_v to_o a_o camp_n be_v camp_n of_o a_o retreat_n to_o a_o camp_n shall_v be_v touch_v when_o i_o come_v to_o view_v lipsius_n his_o comparison_n of_o the_o ancient_n and_o modern_a militia_n in_o this_o place_n i_o shall_v only_o say_v that_o the_o roman_n do_v not_o always_o leave_v their_o camp_n fortify_v and_o man_v when_o they_o go_v out_o to_o battle_n at_o ciminia_n the_o consul_n fabius_n make_v his_o baggage-man_n demolish_v the_o fortification_n of_o his_o camp_n and_o fill_v up_o the_o ditch_n while_o he_o put_v his_o army_n in_o battle_n array_n in_o which_o he_o issue_v out_o fight_v the_o enemy_n and_o beat_v he_o as_o you_o have_v it_o in_o livy_n nine_o book_n and_o it_o be_v in_o that_o same_o book_n where_o he_o tell_v you_o that_o the_o dictator_n q._n fabius_n order_v c._n fabius'_n to_o fall_v upon_o the_o samnite_n with_o his_o new_a levy_a army_n while_o the_o dictator_n himself_o at_o another_o quarter_n sally_v out_o of_o his_o camp_n with_o his_o whole_a army_n and_o do_v not_o only_o not_o leave_v any_o to_o defend_v the_o camp_n but_o order_v likewise_o all_o his_o tent_n and_o baggage_n to_o be_v burn_v that_o by_o take_v away_o all_o hope_n of_o a_o retreat_n he_o may_v force_v his_o soldier_n to_o fight_v courageous_o both_o for_o the_o safety_n of_o their_o life_n and_o the_o recovery_n of_o their_o good_n or_o the_o equivalence_n of_o they_o by_o the_o plunder_v of_o the_o enemy_n camp_n all_o which_o come_v to_o pass_v the_o salutem_fw-la â—â—â—salus_fw-la victis_fw-la nullam_fw-la sperare_fw-la salutem_fw-la like_a of_o this_o action_n of_o the_o roman_a dictator_n history_n tell_v we_o have_v be_v practise_v by_o other_o particular_o by_o william_n the_o conqueror_n when_o he_o invade_v england_n who_o after_o his_o land_n cause_v they_o to_o burn_v all_o his_o ship_n which_o be_v not_o so_o few_o as_o eight_o hundred_o chap._n xx._n of_o the_o march_n of_o a_o consular_a army_n suppose_v that_o which_o very_o often_o fall_v out_o that_o the_o roman_n gain_v the_o victory_n in_o their_o last_o battle_n and_o have_v again_o nestle_v themselves_o in_o their_o camp_n let_v we_o see_v in_o what_o order_n they_o march_v out_o of_o it_o either_o to_o pursue_v a_o old_a enemy_n or_o to_o find_v out_o a_o new_a one_o in_o this_o point_n of_o the_o roman_a militia_n lipsius_n put_v himself_o officious_a liâ—sius_n officious_a to_o some_o needless_a trouble_n to_o comment_n on_o polybius_n for_o i_o think_v he_o be_v so_o clear_a in_o it_o that_o lisius_n do_v he_o dis-service_n in_o offer_v he_o his_o help_n where_o he_o need_v it_o not_o at_o all_o i_o shall_v therefore_o tell_v you_o how_o polybius_n order_v the_o march_n of_o a_o consular_a army_n without_o stay_v for_o lipsius_n his_o tedious_a explication_n at_o the_o first_o sound_n of_o the_o trumpet_n and_o horn_n every_o man_n gather_v his_o march._n preparation_n to_o a_o march._n baggage_n burden_n and_o fardel_n together_o and_o have_v they_o ready_a to_o truss_v up_o if_o they_o be_v officer_n on_o their_o pack_n and_o sumpter_n horse_n if_o common_a soldier_n on_o their_o own_o back_n at_o the_o second_o sound_n they_o load_v either_o themselves_o or_o their_o beast_n and_o at_o the_o three_o sound_n they_o march_v now_o though_o polybius_n mention_n it_o not_o nor_o lipsius_n who_o will_v comment_v on_o he_o yet_o we_o be_v to_o believe_v that_o all_o consul_n be_v so_o discreet_a that_o they_o make_v no_o great_a interval_n of_o time_n between_o the_o second_o and_o three_o sound_n because_o it_o can_v not_o be_v very_o please_v to_o either_o man_n or_o beast_n stand_v under_o heavy_a burden_n to_o lose_v any_o of_o that_o time_n which_o they_o may_v have_v save_v in_o make_v their_o journey_n after_o the_o three_o sound_n they_o march_v in_o this_o order_n first_o march_v the_o extraordinary_n march._n order_n of_o the_o roman_a march._n of_o the_o ally_n as_o be_v near_a the_o consul_n pavilion_n and_o near_o to_o the_o praetorian_a port._n these_o be_v follow_v by_o the_o first_o legion_n of_o the_o ally_n and_o after_o it_o the_o baggage_n of_o the_o extraordinary_n and_o of_o that_o first_o legion_n in_o the_o three_o place_n march_v the_o first_o legion_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o its_o baggage_n after_o it_o four_o the_o second_o roman_a legion_n follow_v by_o both_o its_o baggage_n and_o the_o baggage_n of_o the_o second_o legion_n of_o the_o ally_n which_o in_o the_o five_o place_n be_v follow_v by_o the_o second_o legion_n of_o the_o ally_n that_o be_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o infantry_n the_o place_n where_o the_o cavalry_n be_v to_o march_v be_v uncertain_a sometime_o both_o extraordinary_a and_o ordinary_a horse_n march_v all_o in_o the_o van_n sometime_o in_o the_o rear_n sometime_o on_o both_o the_o flank_n without_o the_o baggage_n according_a as_o the_o general_n resolve_v to_o make_v use_n of_o they_o take_v up_o his_o measure_n by_o the_o nearness_n of_o a_o enemy_n in_o either_o van_n rear_n or_o flank_n and_o sometime_o the_o cavalry_n march_v divide_v into_o van_n and_o rear_n polybius_n show_v we_o also_o that_o if_o there_o be_v ground_n enough_o and_o great_a suspicion_n of_o a_o enemy_n than_o the_o baggage_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la of_o every_o legion_n be_v send_v before_o they_o which_o they_o follow_v themselves_o after_o they_o come_v the_o baggage_n of_o the_o principas_fw-la and_o then_o themselves_o follow_v in_o the_o three_o place_n by_o the_o baggage_n of_o the_o triarii_n which_o themselves_o follow_v if_o a_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o van_n the_o baggage_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la be_v immediate_o turn_v to_o a_o side_n and_o the_o place_n where_o it_o have_v be_v be_v possess_v by_o the_o hastati_fw-la themselves_z the_o same_o be_v do_v by_o the_o principes_fw-la and_o triarii_fw-la and_o we_o may_v suppose_v that_o if_o a_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n the_o baggage_n of_o the_o triarii_n be_v turn_v aside_o and_o its_o place_n possess_v
we_o can_v tell_v how_o the_o vâ—lites_n march_v leave_v we_o again_o to_o our_o conjecture_n certain_o if_o the_o whole_a six_o book_n of_o polybius_n his_o history_n be_v extant_a and_o if_o some_o parcel_n of_o it_o be_v not_o lose_v as_o i_o shrewd_o suspect_v there_o be_v he_o forget_v himself_o when_o he_o forget_v to_o tell_v we_o where_o and_o how_o the_o roman_a light_n arm_v who_o make_v up_o more_o than_o the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o infantry_n march_v for_o to_o tell_v we_o as_o lipsius_n do_v that_o they_o march_v where_o the_o consul_n appoint_v they_o be_v to_o tell_v we_o just_a nothing_o for_o neither_o heavy_a arm_a foot_n nor_o horse_n march_v where_o they_o please_v but_o where_o the_o general_n order_v they_o yet_o it_o be_v a_o probable_a and_o a_o very_a rational_a conjecture_n that_o the_o velite_n march_v near_a that_o place_n where_o the_o enemy_n be_v whether_o that_o be_v in_o the_o van_n rear_n or_o flank_n of_o the_o army_n since_o they_o be_v by_o their_o skirmish_n to_o begin_v the_o fight_n but_o i_o fear_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n we_o shall_v have_v more_o grope_v before_o we_o find_v the_o quarter_n where_o they_o lodge_v observe_v that_o the_o legion_n of_o both_o the_o roman_n and_o socii_fw-la do_v change_v van_n and_o rear_n daily_o by_o turn_n i_o have_v tell_v you_o before_o the_o roman_a ambulatory_a march_n be_v twenty_o italian_a mile_n in_o four_o hour_n and_o the_o cursory_a twenty_o five_o but_o i_o suppose_v without_o baggage_n and_o with_o it_o twenty_o mile_n be_v vnius_fw-la diei_fw-la justum_fw-la iter_fw-la the_o just_a march_n of_o a_o army_n for_o one_o day_n chap._n xxi_o of_o the_o quarter_a encamp_a and_o castrametation_n of_o a_o consular_a army_n after_o a_o long_a and_o it_o may_v be_v a_o hard_a and_o tedious_a march_n it_o will_v be_v time_n to_o village_n quarter_a iâ—_n town_n and_o village_n lodge_v our_o consular_a army_n and_o lodge_v it_o must_v be_v in_o town_n and_o village_n or_o in_o the_o field_n if_o in_o the_o first_o they_o have_v nothing_o to_o demand_v from_o their_o host_n but_o bed_n and_o lodging_n and_o be_v to_o pay_v for_o all_o they_o spend_v in_o meat_n drink_n or_o fire_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n the_o legate_n and_o precedent_n of_o province_n cause_v they_o to_o furnish_v the_o army_n as_o they_o march_v through_o their_o jurisdiction_n out_o of_o the_o public_a magazine_n which_o be_v discount_v from_o their_o wage_n by_o the_o treasurer_n or_o cause_v the_o country_n people_n to_o bring_v in_o provision_n of_o all_o kind_n as_o to_o open_a market_n where_o they_o be_v sell_v to_o the_o soldier_n for_o ready_a money_n at_o the_o ordinary_a rate_n of_o the_o country_n in_o which_o the_o army_n chance_v to_o be_v the_o contravener_n and_o disobeyer_n of_o order_n be_v severe_o punish_v the_o way_n in_o which_o officer_n and_o soldier_n use_v to_o be_v quarter_v in_o house_n to_o avoid_v strife_n between_o they_o and_o their_o host_n be_v this_o the_o whole_a house_n be_v as_o equal_o divide_v as_o may_v be_v into_o three_o part_n whereof_o the_o master_n of_o the_o house_n choose_v the_o first_o the_o soldier_n the_o second_o and_o the_o three_o and_o last_o return_v to_o the_o host_n who_o by_o this_o mean_n have_v two_o three_o when_o the_o army_n be_v to_o be_v quarter_v in_o the_o field_n which_o we_o call_v encamp_v encamp_v soldier_n hard_a labour_n in_o encamp_v and_o which_o consist_v of_o two_o part_n castrametation_n and_o fortification_n the_o common_a soldier_n have_v a_o hard_a labour_n than_o in_o their_o day_n march_v in_o regard_n beside_o the_o measure_n the_o ground_n they_o be_v to_o fortify_v the_o camp_n with_o ditch_n rampart_n and_o pallisado_n and_o to_o pitch_v the_o tent_n of_o all_o their_o commander_n and_o cleanse_v their_o quarter_n before_o they_o get_v leave_v to_o take_v notice_n of_o their_o own_o tent_n or_o hut_n in_o the_o matter_n of_o castrametation_n which_o be_v one_o part_n of_o encamp_v after_o the_o roman_a way_n we_o be_v to_o borrow_v all_o our_o light_n from_o polybius_n and_o our_o own_o conjecture_n for_o vegetius_n speak_v but_o very_o little_a of_o it_o and_o that_o little_a be_v in_o very_o general_a term_n but_o for_o the_o fortification_n of_o the_o camp_n we_o be_v more_o oblige_v to_o vegetius_n than_o polybius_n the_o first_o spend_v five_o full_a chapter_n on_o encamp_v to_o wit_n the_o twenty_o first_o twenty_o second_o twenty_o three_o twenty_o four_o and_o twenty_o five_o of_o his_o first_o book_n and_o either_o for_o fear_v that_o he_o have_v forget_v something_o in_o all_o these_o chapter_n or_o else_o according_a to_o his_o custom_n to_o refresh_v his_o own_o or_o our_o memory_n he_o fall_v again_o to_o his_o castrametation_n in_o the_o eight_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n the_o sum_n of_o all_o he_o say_v on_o that_o subject_n will_v amount_v to_o this_o castrametation_n sum_n of_o what_o vegetius_n say_v of_o castrametation_n he_o lament_v that_o in_o his_o time_n the_o ancient_a custom_n of_o fortify_v camp_n be_v wear_v out_o for_o want_v whereof_o say_v he_o we_o have_v know_v many_o roman_a army_n afflict_v by_o the_o sudden_a incursion_n of_o the_o barbarous_a nation_n beside_o say_v he_o if_o they_o be_v worsted_n in_o any_o battle_n have_v no_o camp_n to_o retire_v to_o they_o fall_v by_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o sword_n unrevenged_a like_a brute_n neither_o do_v the_o enemy_n make_v a_o end_n of_o kill_v they_o till_o he_o be_v weary_a of_o pursue_v they_o he_o say_v the_o army_n be_v to_o encamp_v where_o it_o may_v have_v store_n of_o fuel_n wood_n water_n and_o fodder_n where_o the_o air_n be_v wholesome_a and_o free_a from_o marsh_n and_o if_o it_o be_v to_o stay_v any_o time_n it_o must_v be_v well_o look_v to_o that_o no_o hill_n be_v near_o from_o whence_o a_o enemy_n may_v infest_v it_o and_o that_o the_o place_n be_v not_o subject_a to_o inundation_n of_o water_n the_o camp_n be_v to_o be_v of_o such_o a_o extent_n that_o neither_o man_n beast_n nor_o baggage_n be_v pinch_v for_o want_v of_o room_n nor_o must_v it_o be_v so_o large_a but_o that_o the_o fortification_n of_o it_o in_o all_o its_o circumference_n may_v be_v sufficient_o defend_v by_o the_o man_n that_o be_v within_o it_o this_o be_v all_o he_o say_v of_o castrametation_n as_o to_o the_o fortification_n of_o the_o camp_n he_o tell_v we_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n of_o it_o in_o the_o twenty_o four_o chapter_n of_o his_o first_o book_n and_o in_o the_o eight_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n and_o it_o be_v short_o this_o that_o there_o be_v three_o several_a sort_n or_o way_n of_o fortify_v a_o camp_n first_o if_o there_o be_v but_o little_a danger_n the_o rampart_n shall_v be_v make_v but_o three_o foot_n high_a suppose_v above_o the_o line_n and_o this_o rampart_n be_v to_o be_v make_v of_o turf_n cut_v out_o of_o the_o place_n where_o the_o ditch_n shall_v be_v and_o the_o camp_n and_o of_o fortify_v the_o camp_n loose_a earth_n of_o the_o same_o the_o which_o ditch_n shall_v be_v nine_o foot_n broad_a and_o seven_o deep_a and_o this_o be_v call_v fossa_n tumultuaria_fw-la or_o a_o ditch_n sudden_o cast_v up_o and_o it_o seem_v be_v use_v when_o the_o army_n be_v to_o stay_v but_o a_o night_n or_o two_o and_o no_o enemy_n near_o it_o thus_o far_o vegetius_n be_v clear_a but_o in_o describe_v the_o other_o two_o way_n of_o fortify_v he_o be_v extreme_o confuse_a both_o in_o his_o first_o and_o three_o book_n but_o if_o i_o guess_v right_a at_o his_o meaning_n he_o intend_v to_o tell_v we_o that_o the_o second_o way_n of_o fortification_n be_v when_o a_o imminent_a danger_n of_o a_o enemy_n appear_v than_o the_o ditch_n be_v nine_o foot_n deep_a and_o twelve_o broad_a and_o the_o rampart_n above_o the_o line_n four_o foot_n high_a use_v three_o when_o they_o find_v themselves_o in_o the_o great_a hazard_n the_o rampart_n be_v plant_v about_o with_o these_o stake_n and_o palisado_n s_o which_o the_o soldier_n be_v obligeâ—_n to_o carry_v about_o with_o they_o so_o that_o reckon_n from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o rampart_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o ditch_n it_o be_v thirteen_o foot_n high_a and_o the_o ditch_n itself_o twelve_o foot_n broad_a i_o will_v he_o have_v say_v either_o eleven_o or_o thirteen_o for_o than_o he_o have_v not_o contradict_v himself_o for_o he_o tell_v we_o before_o that_o in_o fortification_n the_o roman_n be_v accustom_a to_o observe_v a_o odd_a number_n the_o turf_n whereof_o the_o rampart_n be_v make_v use_v to_o be_v half_o a_o foot_n deep_a one_o foot_n broad_a and_o one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a long_o thus_o far_o vegetius_n concern_v the_o fortification_n of_o the_o roman_a
a_o sight_n by_o proclamation_n give_v they_o three_o day_n to_o live_v before_o their_o death_n shall_v be_v resolve_v on_o by_o he_o but_o in_o vain_a for_o a_o of_o they_o dispatch_v themselves_o except_o such_o as_o be_v by_o force_n bond_n and_o chain_n compel_v to_o live_v you_o may_v read_v their_o lamentable_a tragedy_n in_o polyâ—â—â—_n his_o sixteenth_o book_n and_o in_o the_o thirty_o first_o of_o titus_n livius_n nor_o do_v the_o roman_n in_o their_o civil_a war_n give_v better_o quarter_v one_o to_o another_o war_n romans_z cruel_a to_o prisoner_n in_o their_o civil_a war_n except_o câ—sar_n than_o they_o do_v to_o stranger_n pâ—â—â—â—ius_n kill_v those_o soldier_n of_o câ—sar's_n who_o he_o find_v in_o his_o camp_n though_o câ—sar_n spare_v those_o of_o peâ—â—eiâ—s_n and_o send_v they_o back_o to_o he_o sciplâ—_n pompey_n father-in-law_n put_v aâ—_n those_o of_o câ—sar's_n party_n to_o death_n who_o he_o take_v prisoner_n syâ—â—â—_n after_o all_o his_o victory_n very_o cruel_o put_v eight_o thousand_o roman_n to_o the_o sword_n in_o the_o great_a hostelery_n near_o the_o city_n after_o they_o have_v yield_v to_o his_o mercy_n nor_o do_v aâ—gustus_n keep_v himself_o within_o the_o limit_n of_o mercy_n when_o he_o think_v it_o fit_a at_o one_o time_n to_o sacrifice_v three_o hundred_o roman_a knight_n to_o appease_v the_o incense_a ghost_n of_o his_o great_a uncle_n julius_n câ—sar_n but_o it_o may_v be_v say_v these_o have_v that_o pretence_n which_o all_o civil_a war_n carry_v along_o with_o it_o and_o that_o be_v that_o all_o who_o oppose_v either_o of_o the_o two_o party_n be_v rebel_n to_o the_o state_n whether_o the_o party_n be_v for_o the_o lawful_a and_o supreme_a authority_n or_o against_o it_o and_o therefore_o to_o say_v no_o more_o of_o their_o civil_a war_n i_o find_v they_o extreme_a cruel_a in_o their_o war_n with_o hannibal_n to_o their_o own_o soldier_n which_o that_o great_a carthaginian_a have_v take_v prisoner_n fabiâ—s_v the_o dictator_n who_o save_v the_o roman_a state_n make_v a_o agreement_n with_o hannibal_n for_o the_o exchange_n and_o ransom_n of_o prisoner_n of_o a_o like_a quality_n and_o for_o every_o one_o of_o those_o who_o after_o the_o exchange_n be_v make_v be_v supernumerary_n they_o be_v to_o pay_v â—eaâ—_n eight_o pound_n sterling_n at_o one_o exchange_n there_o be_v two_o hundred_o â—orty_fw-la seven_o more_o roman_n than_o carthaginian_n hannibal_n demand_v their_o ransom_n fabius_n send_v to_o avarice_n romanâ—enates_n â—enates_z avarice_n the_o senate_n for_o it_o who_o base_o refuse_v the_o money_n and_o disow_v the_o agreement_n what_o can_v the_o good_a old_a man_n fabius_n do_v but_o send_v his_o son_n to_o rome_n and_o sell_v a_o part_n of_o his_o patrimony_n and_o pay_v the_o money_n to_o hannibal_n which_o be_v near_o two_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_n a_o vast_a sum_n in_o those_o day_n but_o they_o deal_v worse_o with_o those_o of_o their_o own_o man_n who_o be_v take_v prisoner_n at_o cannae_n who_o they_o injustice_n it_o be_v cruelty_n and_o injustice_n will_v neither_o ransom_n out_o of_o the_o public_a pâ—rse_n nor_o suffer_v the_o prisoner_n themselves_o or_o their_o friend_n to_o ransom_n out_o of_o their_o private_a fortune_n and_o estate_n and_o though_o the_o senate_n flatter_v themselves_o by_o call_v this_o act_n of_o their_o own_o magnanimous_a yet_o since_o there_o be_v no_o justice_n in_o it_o it_o can_v carry_v no_o generosity_n along_o with_o it_o for_o if_o these_o captive_n roman_n misbehave_a themselves_o in_o the_o battle_n the_o senate_n be_v bouâ—d_v in_o honour_n to_o ransom_n they_o and_o punish_v they_o themselves_o and_o not_o suffer_v they_o to_o rot_v in_o prison_n with_o their_o capital_a enemy_n assure_o this_o action_n want_v for_o neither_o avarice_n nor_o cruelty_n for_o strange_a it_o be_v thus_o to_o punish_v common_a soldier_n and_o yet_o to_o send_v out_o some_o principal_a senator_n to_o meet_v and_o compliment_v their_o hare-brained_a conful_n teremiâ—â—_n vaâ—â—_n and_o thank_v he_o that_o he_o have_v not_o despair_v of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o yet_o by_o his_o obstinate_a and_o inexcusable_a folly_n he_o have_v bring_v the_o commonwealth_n to_o the_o very_a brink_n of_o destruction_n and_o why_o may_v not_o hannibal_n have_v use_v these_o roman_a prisoner_n as_o livy_n in_o his_o seven_o book_n tell_v we_o the_o roman_n use_v some_o thousand_o of_o the_o tarquinian_a prisoner_n unjust_a a_o merciless_a act_n of_o the_o roman_n yet_o not_o unjust_a of_o who_o they_o choose_v 358_o of_o the_o prime_a nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n all_o these_o they_o first_o whip_v well_o with_o rod_n and_o then_o strike_v off_o their_o head_n in_o the_o great_a marketplace_n of_o rome_n and_o present_o after_o put_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o prisoner_n to_o the_o sword_n in_o cold_a blood_n though_o this_o be_v a_o very_a merciless_a act_n yet_o by_o the_o law_n of_o war_n they_o may_v do_v it_o and_o so_o may_v hannibal_n have_v do_v to_o their_o prisoner_n and_o true_o i_o do_v not_o see_v how_o he_o can_v be_v oblige_v to_o â—eed_v those_o who_o their_o own_o master_n will_v not_o ransom_n let_v we_o hear_v what_o opinion_n polybâ—â—s_n have_v of_o prisoner_n of_o war_n who_o be_v a_o grave_a use_v polybius_n his_o opinion_n how_o prisoner_n of_o war_n may_v be_v use_v historian_n a_o great_a statesman_n and_o a_o good_a captain_n in_o his_o second_o book_n speak_v of_o aristomachuâ—_n who_o be_v a_o prisoner_n of_o war_n be_v torture_v to_o death_n he_o say_v on_o that_o subject_n that_o neither_o antigonâ—â—_n king_n of_o macedon_n nor_o aratus_n praetor_n of_o the_o achâ—ans_n can_v be_v call_v cruel_a for_o put_v a_o captive_n to_o death_n with_o torment_n for_o though_o aristomachus_n have_v not_o deserve_v that_o usage_n otherwise_o yet_o they_o may_v have_v do_v all_o to_o he_o that_o be_v donâ—_n â—ure_n belli_n for_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o war_n give_v the_o conqueror_n power_n to_o use_v his_o prisoner_n at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o the_o same_o author_n speak_v of_o the_o mantimans_fw-la who_o be_v just_o punish_v for_o their_o abominable_a perfidy_n and_o ingratitude_n in_o slaughter_v those_o achaans_n who_o be_v send_v to_o preserve_v they_o he_o say_v express_o that_o though_o they_o have_v commit_v no_o such_o wickedness_n nor_o any_o other_o crime_n at_o all_o yet_o the_o victor_n in_o war_n jure_fw-la belli_n may_v have_v either_o kill_v they_o their_o wife_n and_o child_n or_o sell_v they_o for_o slave_n at_o his_o pleasure_n thus_o far_o he_o but_o this_o power_n of_o victorious_a prince_n or_o general_n over_o the_o good_n person_n and_o live_v of_o their_o prisoner_n be_v limit_v and_o restrain_v by_o treaty_n parley_n treaty_n treaty_n capitulation_n and_o article_n to_o the_o strict_a observance_n whereof_o simple_o and_o without_o fraud_n or_o ambiguity_n all_o man_n of_o what_o station_n rank_n or_o quality_n whatsoever_o or_o of_o what_o religion_n or_o persuasion_n soever_o be_v he_o jew_n or_o gâ—mile_n grâ—cian_n or_o barbarian_a christian_a or_o mahometan_a be_v tie_v because_o faith_n and_o promise_n treaty_n article_n and_o promise_n shall_v be_v faithful_o kepâ—_n no_o enemy_n to_o be_v trust_v in_o time_n of_o treaty_n be_v the_o sacred_a and_o indissoluble_a bond_n which_o maintain_v humane_a society_n and_o whosoever_o break_v they_o on_o any_o pretence_n shall_v be_v look_v on_o as_o a_o monster_n and_o not_o as_o a_o man._n in_o the_o time_n of_o treaty_n both_o party_n who_o treat_v aught_o to_o be_v careful_a that_o a_o cessation_n of_o arm_n be_v agree_v on_o and_o sign_v by_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a of_o both_o force_n whether_o it_o be_v in_o field_n town_n castle_n or_o garrison_n and_o not_o only_o so_o but_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v on_o their_o guard_n for_o fear_v of_o â—oul_a play_n or_o some_o unexpected_a rapture_n of_o the_o treaty_n for_o both_o in_o ancient_n and_o modern_a time_n city_n and_o fort_n have_v be_v surprise_v when_o those_o within_o thought_n themselves_o secure_a by_o a_o treaty_n and_o cessation_n as_o history_n of_o all_o age_n bear_v witness_n and_o many_o time_n these_o surprise_v have_v be_v make_v without_o either_o the_o consent_n or_o connivance_n of_o either_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a or_o his_o subordinate_a officer_n mere_o by_o the_o common_a soldier_n who_o frequent_o think_v themselves_o defraud_v by_o treaty_n of_o that_o which_o they_o conceive_v be_v the_o price_n of_o their_o sweat_n and_o blood_n to_o wit_n the_o spoil_n and_o booty_n of_o the_o place_n besiege_v or_o of_o the_o person_n of_o those_o almost_o beat_v and_o overcome_v in_o the_o field_n nor_o shall_v any_o treaty_n give_v the_o least_o interruption_n to_o the_o constant_a keep_n of_o strict_a guard_n and_o careful_a watch_n nor_o shall_v those_o who_o treat_v have_v liberty_n to_o view_v guard_n camp_n magazine_n
they_o in_o that_o same_o place_n he_o tell_v we_o of_o the_o condition_n on_o which_o a_o triumph_n be_v grant_v which_o be_v these_o he_o must_v have_v kill_v five_o thousand_o enemy_n at_o least_o win_v much_o spoil_n and_o augment_v the_o roman_a dominion_n and_o estate_n yet_o the_o same_o livy_n tell_v we_o in_o his_o forty_o book_n that_o p._n cornelius_n and_o m._n babius_n triumph_v over_o the_o ligurian_o who_o have_v yield_v themselves_o without_o fight_v so_o here_o be_v triumph_n without_o bloodshed_n triumph_n be_v not_o grant_v to_o those_o who_o have_v prevail_v over_o a_o roman_a army_n this_o render_v caesar_n odious_a to_o the_o populacy_n because_o he_o will_v needs_o triumph_v for_o his_o victory_n in_o spain_n over_o young_a pâ—mpey_n neither_o do_v that_o invincible_a captain_n outlive_v that_o triumph_n six_o month_n ovation_n be_v grant_v to_o mean_a person_n and_o for_o lesser_a victory_n he_o who_o ovation_n ovation_n enter_v ovant_fw-la either_o go_v on_o foot_n or_o on_o horseback_n but_o have_v not_o his_o army_n to_o follow_v he_o he_o carry_v a_o branch_n of_o myrtle_n in_o his_o hand_n and_o the_o people_n in_o their_o acclamation_n cry_v oh_o or_o oho_o and_o by_o this_o it_o will_v seem_v it_o be_v ohatiâ—_n and_o not_o ovatio_n some_o think_v it_o have_v its_o denomination_n above_o because_o the_o victor_n sacrifice_v a_o sheep_n the_o prisoner_n be_v lead_v before_o the_o triumphant_a chariot_n and_o so_o soon_o as_o it_o turn_v â—owards_n the_o capitol_n they_o be_v take_v to_o the_o place_n of_o execution_n anâ—_n put_v to_o death_n so_o you_o may_v be_v sure_a that_o all_o be_v not_o merry_a in_o that_o day_n of_o joy_n this_o certain_o be_v a_o most_o barbarous_a and_o inhuman_a custom_n wherewith_o the_o enemy_n of_o mankind_n inspire_v that_o warlike_a nation_n chain_n of_o gold_n gold_n chain_n of_o gold_n be_v likewise_o give_v to_o deserve_a person_n by_o most_o of_o the_o ancient_n and_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o reward_v proper_a to_o militaty_a person_n as_o in_o some_o place_n they_o be_v use_v yet_o to_o he_o say_v polybius_n who_o first_o mount_v to_o the_o wall_n of_o a_o assault_v city_n be_v give_v a_o crown_n of_o gold_n as_o also_o to_o he_o who_o save_v a_o roman_a citizen_n or_o ally_n from_o be_v kill_v by_o a_o enemy_n upon_o who_o the_o party_n who_o be_v save_v be_v oblige_v to_o look_v as_o his_o saviour_n and_o be_v compel_v to_o set_v the_o crown_n on_o his_o head_n if_o he_o do_v not_o do_v it_o willing_o the_o first_o crown_n be_v call_v corona_n muralis_fw-la or_o a_o wall-crown_n citizen-crown_n mural_a crown_n citizen-crown_n the_o second_o corona_n civica_n or_o the_o citizen-crown_n this_o be_v all_o that_o we_o have_v from_o polybius_n of_o reward_n except_o that_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o those_o who_o receive_v these_o gift_n when_o they_o return_v to_o rome_n may_v make_v show_n of_o they_o at_o solemn_a game_n and_o assembly_n which_o indeed_o be_v no_o small_a honour_n for_o they_o since_o none_o be_v permit_v to_o wear_v they_o but_o those_o who_o have_v deserve_v they_o and_o these_o badge_n of_o honour_n they_o have_v liberty_n to_o place_n at_o the_o post_n of_o the_o door_n of_o their_o house_n or_o in_o the_o most_o conspicuous_a place_n of_o their_o dwelling_n to_o be_v see_v by_o all_o who_o pass_v by_o or_o come_v in_o to_o visit_v they_o in_o conspectissima_fw-la adium_fw-la parte_fw-la say_v our_o author_n but_o i_o find_v in_o other_o story_n that_o the_o crown_n which_o be_v give_v to_o he_o who_o save_v a_o roman_a be_v of_o oak_n it_o may_v be_v the_o golden_a one_o be_v give_v to_o he_o who_o save_v a_o crown_n oakeâ—_n crown_n citizen_n without_o the_o death_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o oaken_a crown_n to_o he_o who_o both_o save_v he_o and_o kill_v the_o enemy_n who_o have_v endanger_v the_o roman_a a_o crown_n of_o gold_n be_v give_v to_o he_o who_o first_o enter_v the_o enemy_n camp_n and_o be_v call_v naval-crown_n campal_n crown_n naval-crown_n corona_n castrensis_n a_o crown_n of_o gold_n be_v give_v to_o he_o who_o in_o a_o naval_a battle_n first_o enter_v a_o enemy_n ship_n and_o be_v call_v corona_n navalis_fw-la a_o crown_n of_o gold_n be_v give_v to_o any_o commander_n for_o do_v any_o gallant_a piece_n of_o service_n a_o olive-crown_n olive-crown_n olive-crown_n be_v give_v to_o he_o who_o carry_v himself_o eminent_o in_o battle_n but_o the_o most_o honourable_a crown_n of_o all_o be_v the_o obsidional_a one_o which_o be_v give_v to_o he_o who_o crown_n obsidional_a crown_n succour_v or_o relieve_v a_o besiege_a city_n castle_n or_o camp_n for_o if_o he_o who_o save_v one_o citizen_n life_n deserve_v a_o crown_n much_o more_o he_o who_o save_v a_o city_n wherein_o the_o life_n of_o so_o many_o citizen_n be_v concern_v this_o crown_n of_o relieve_v the_o besieged_a be_v of_o grass_n or_o flower_n because_o in_o these_o time_n it_o be_v a_o custom_n that_o these_o who_o be_v vanquish_v and_o reduce_v to_o obedience_n present_v their_o conqueror_n with_o grass_n herb_n or_o flower_n neither_o do_v i_o think_v it_o be_v bad_a policy_n beside_o the_o humanity_n of_o it_o after_o the_o loss_n of_o a_o battle_n or_o some_o other_o disaster_n to_o comfort_v the_o soldier_n by_o lay_v the_o blame_n on_o fortune_n some_o mistake_n or_o accident_n impute_v no_o blame_n to_o the_o soldier_n thereby_o encourage_v they_o to_o wipe_v away_o the_o stain_n of_o their_o mishap_n by_o some_o gallant_a and_o glorious_a achievement_n this_o vanquish_a to_o comfort_v the_o vanquish_a be_v excellent_o practise_v by_o câ—sar_n after_o his_o army_n be_v baffle_v at_o the_o storm_n of_o pompey_n camp_n and_o to_o the_o proposal_n of_o reward_n to_o those_o who_o fight_v well_o and_o comfort_n to_o those_o who_o be_v overcome_v do_v virgil_n allude_v in_o the_o five_o of_o his_o aeneid_n sic_fw-la ait_fw-la &_o geminum_fw-la pugnae_fw-la proponit_fw-la honorem_fw-la victori_fw-la velatum_fw-la auro_fw-la vittisque_fw-la juvencum_fw-la eâ—sâ—m_fw-la atque_fw-la insignem_fw-la galeam_fw-la solatia_fw-la victo_fw-la a_o combat_n twofold_a prize_n he_o do_v propone_v a_o bull_n with_o gild_a horn_n he_o give_v to_o one_o to_o other_o he_o present_v fair_a helm_n and_o sword_n and_o to_o the_o vanquish_a comfortable_a word_n thus_o you_o see_v the_o roman_n at_o best_a be_v severe_a enough_o in_o their_o punishment_n and_o in_o their_o reward_n frugal_a many_o time_n exorbitant_a in_o the_o first_o and_o parsimonious_a in_o the_o second_o yet_o as_o the_o proverb_n go_v better_a half_n a_o loaf_n than_o no_o breâ—d_n better_a small_a reward_n than_o no_o reward_n at_o all_o chap._n xxv_o polybius_n his_o comparison_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n and_o the_o roman_a legion_n review_v it_o be_v a_o common_a say_n he_o who_o win_v play_v best_a yet_o it_o be_v not_o universal_o true_a for_o very_o often_o the_o experte_a gamester_n be_v loser_n and_o so_o we_o find_v in_o aâ—_n age_n that_o great_a captain_n and_o well_o train_v army_n have_v not_o always_o be_v victorious_a yet_o i_o be_o not_o of_o the_o opinion_n that_o the_o success_n of_o the_o roman_a army_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o flaminius_n and_o aemilius_n against_o the_o two_o macedonian_a king_n philip_n and_o perseus_n move_v polybius_n to_o give_v the_o palm_n and_o garland_n to_o the_o legion_n when_o he_o compare_v it_o with_o the_o phalange_n towards_o the_o end_n of_o the_o seventeen_o book_n of_o his_o excellent_a history_n for_o to_o attribute_v either_o the_o justness_n of_o a_o cause_n or_o yet_o the_o good_a or_o bad_a order_n of_o a_o army_n to_o contingent_a event_n be_v to_o 〈…〉_o careat_fw-la successibus_fw-la op_v quisquis_fw-la ab_fw-la eventu_fw-la facta_fw-la notandâ—_fw-la 〈…〉_o stint_v the_o power_n of_o heaven_n which_o both_o the_o author_n and_o all_o pagan_n than_o do_v acknowledge_v to_o be_v in_o their_o god_n and_o leave_v nothing_o to_o that_o eternal_a providence_n which_o we_o adore_v by_o the_o direction_n whereof_o the_o action_n of_o mortal_n be_v govern_v and_o be_v in_o nothing_o more_o visible_a than_o in_o the_o success_n and_o rouâ—â—_n of_o arâ—â—es_n and_o therefore_o the_o sovereign_a lord_n of_o the_o world_n take_v to_o himself_o the_o title_n of_o lord_n of_o host_n the_o small_a and_o most_o inconsiderable_a accident_n in_o war_n which_o be_v all_o appoint_v by_o the_o finger_n of_o the_o almighty_a be_v able_a to_o produce_v most_o unexpected_a change_n as_o caesar_z well_o observe_v there_o have_v be_v therefore_o other_o reason_n that_o move_v so_o rational_a and_o judicious_a a_o author_n as_o polybius_n be_v both_o fame_v and_o know_v to_o be_v to_o prefer_v the_o legion_n to_o the_o phalange_n other_o reason_n i_o say_v than_o success_n and_o if_o i_o guess_v right_a at_o his_o meaning_n you_o may_v take_v they_o
hundred_o but_o in_o aemilius_n his_o army_n against_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n the_o legion_n be_v of_o six_o thousand_o whereof_o the_o triâ—rii_n according_a to_o polybius_n be_v only_o six_o hundred_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la must_v have_v consist_v each_o of_o two_o thousand_o and_o the_o velite_n must_v have_v be_v fourteen_o hundred_o and_o by_o this_o account_n aemilius_n his_o hastati_fw-la will_v have_v possess_v in_o front_n above_o five_o thousand_o foot_n of_o ground_n so_o it_o be_v clear_a that_o the_o hastati_fw-la of_o the_o weak_a consular_a army_n out-winged_a the_o macedonian_a phalange_n and_o thereby_o be_v able_a to_o fall_v upon_o its_o flank_n suppose_v still_o which_o can_v he_o deny_v i_o that_o the_o roman_a cavalry_n give_v the_o grecian_a horse_n work_n enough_o and_o they_o carry_v short_a managable_a arm_n may_v easy_o disorder_v the_o phalangites_n be_v once_o enter_v within_o their_o great_a body_n so_o that_o the_o principes_fw-la and_o triarii_fw-la come_v up_o fresh_a to_o the_o medley_n will_v not_o find_v much_o difficulty_n to_o make_v that_o great_a bulk_n a_o prey_n observe_v likewise_o if_o you_o consider_v the_o great_a interval_n of_o the_o roman_a maniple_n all_o the_o phalangites_n who_o in_o battle_n meet_v with_o these_o interval_n be_v useless_a for_o they_o have_v no_o enemy_n to_o fight_v with_o these_o conjecture_n of_o i_o i_o have_v presume_v to_o add_v to_o polybius_n his_o weighty_a consideration_n but_o notwithstanding_o all_o that_o be_v say_v for_o the_o legion_n advantage_n over_o the_o legion_n reasins_z why_o a_o phalanx_n right_o order_v have_v the_o advantage_n of_o a_o legion_n phalange_n i_o be_o bold_a with_o submission_n to_o polybius_n to_o say_v if_o the_o phalange_n be_v order_v as_o i_o speak_v of_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o grecian_a art_n of_o war_n that_o be_v not_o so_o deep_a as_o sixteen_o and_o consequent_o of_o a_o large_a front_n and_o thereby_o not_o so_o apt_a to_o be_v surround_v or_o out-winged_a and_o with_o reserve_v i_o conceive_v not_o only_o those_o conjecture_n of_o i_o but_o all_o polybius_n his_o reason_n will_v come_v to_o nothing_o or_o signify_v little_a neither_o indeed_o can_v i_o at_o all_o be_v persuade_v to_o believe_v that_o so_o soon_o as_o the_o legionary_n be_v enter_v at_o the_o void_a place_n within_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o phalanx_n that_o present_o they_o be_v master_n of_o it_o for_o though_o the_o point_n of_o those_o pike_n within_o which_o the_o roman_n be_v come_v be_v indeed_o useless_a yet_o so_o be_v not_o the_o point_n of_o all_o those_o pike_n that_o be_v at_o a_o convenient_a distance_n from_o they_o beside_o i_o hope_v it_o will_v be_v grant_v that_o a_o legionary_n offensive_a weapon_n the_o sword_n be_v no_o more_o serviceable_a to_o he_o at_o that_o close_a fight_n than_o the_o sword_n of_o a_o phalangite_n be_v to_o he_o that_o carry_v it_o for_o it_o be_v not_o imaginable_a that_o he_o be_v bind_v to_o keep_v his_o pike_n long_o in_o his_o hand_n than_o it_o be_v useful_a for_o he_o nor_o his_o sword_n in_o its_o sheath_n long_o than_o it_o be_v time_n to_o draw_v it_o in_o defence_n of_o his_o life_n and_o what_o i_o now_o speak_v of_o a_o phalange_n not_o so_o deep_a as_o sixteen_o and_o consequent_o of_o a_o great_a front_n among_o the_o grecian_n and_o of_o reserve_v which_o the_o roman_n call_v subsidia_fw-la be_v no_o vain_a speculation_n of_o i_o for_o i_o have_v former_o demonstrate_v the_o truth_n of_o it_o out_o of_o good_a author_n though_o i_o confess_v i_o be_o convince_v such_o phalanges_fw-la be_v not_o at_o cinecephala_n where_o q._n flaminius_n beat_v philip_n the_o father_n nor_o at_o pidna_n where_o l._n aemilius_n beat_v perseus_n the_o son_n both_o king_n of_o macedon_n to_o confirm_v my_o opinion_n that_o the_o legion_n by_o its_o constitution_n have_v no_o advantage_n grecian_a roman_a army_n beat_v by_o xantippus_n a_o grecian_a over_o a_o phalange_n right_o order_v i_o shall_v use_v the_o authority_n of_o polybius_n against_o polybius_n for_o he_o in_o his_o first_o book_n relate_v to_o we_o how_o the_o carthaginian_n in_o the_o first_o punic_a war_n be_v bring_v so_o low_a that_o they_o be_v ready_a to_o accept_v any_o reasonable_a condition_n of_o peace_n till_o they_o give_v the_o command_n of_o their_o force_n to_o zantippus_n a_o lacedaemonian_a that_o have_v come_v out_o of_o greece_n with_o some_o mercenary_a laconian_n and_o be_v one_o of_o those_o who_o in_o this_o age_n be_v call_v soldier_n of_o fortune_n who_o make_v use_n of_o the_o grecian_a rule_n which_o he_o have_v learn_v in_o his_o own_o country_n marshal_v the_o carthaginian_a army_n in_o several_a body_n of_o horse_n and_o foot_n each_o to_o second_v another_o add_v the_o help_n of_o his_o elephant_n and_o choose_v the_o most_o champaign_n ground_n he_o can_v extend_v his_o front_n to_o so_o great_a a_o length_n that_o the_o roman_n use_v their_o accustom_a order_n be_v out-winged_a surround_v and_o total_o rout_v by_o he_o and_o the_o consul_n attilius_n regulus_n with_o five_o hundred_o more_o roman_n be_v lead_v captive_a into_o carthage_n here_o xantippus_n mere_o by_o the_o grecian_a art_n of_o war_n worsted_n the_o roman_n who_o make_v use_v of_o their_o own_o art_n but_o i_o will_v go_v a_o great_a length_n may_v not_o we_o imagine_v that_o amilcar_n in_o the_o art_n and_o by_o amilcar_n and_o hannibal_n who_o follow_v xantippus_n his_o art_n pursuance_n of_o that_o first_o punic_a war_n and_o his_o son_n hannibal_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o second_o imitate_a xantippus_n and_o manage_v the_o war_n according_a to_o that_o pattern_n he_o have_v leave_v behind_o he_o i_o suppose_v we_o may_v believe_v it_o if_o this_o do_v not_o prove_v that_o the_o difference_n between_o the_o grecian_a and_o roman_a art_n of_o war_n do_v not_o always_o make_v the_o one_o nation_n victorious_a over_o the_o other_o then_o take_v more_o instance_n pyrrhus_n king_n of_o epirus_n at_o his_o first_o come_v into_o italy_n with_o a_o grecian_a army_n pyrrhus_n and_o by_o pyrrhus_n grecian_a arm_n and_o art_n of_o war_n do_v beat_v the_o roman_n in_o battle_n so_o do_v he_o the_o second_o time_n a_o fancy_n take_v he_o to_o arm_v his_o soldier_n after_o the_o roman_a fashion_n and_o then_o he_o be_v beat_v by_o the_o roman_n hannibal_n when_o he_o come_v first_o to_o italy_n beat_v the_o roman_n in_o set_a battle_n and_o i_o believe_v with_o these_o kind_n of_o arm_n and_o that_o order_n of_o war_n which_o xantippus_n use_v in_o africa_n and_o consequent_o grecian_a but_o polybius_n tell_v we_o in_o his_o seventeen_o book_n that_o the_o same_o hannibal_n victory_n to_o what_o polybius_n attribute_n victory_n arm_v all_o his_o carthaginian_n after_o the_o roman_a manner_n no_o doubt_n with_o those_o arm_n that_o he_o have_v take_v from_o they_o now_o as_o he_o have_v beat_v they_o former_o with_o carthaginian_a and_o grecian_a arm_n so_o he_o beat_v they_o frequent_o afterward_o with_o roman_a arms._n therefore_o this_o noble_a historian_n in_o that_o place_n do_v not_o attribute_v hannibal_n victory_n to_o any_o advantage_n his_o soldier_n have_v either_o in_o arm_n or_o art_n over_o the_o roman_n but_o to_o his_o own_o singular_a prudence_n his_o courage_n and_o conduct_n and_o extraordinary_a qualification_n and_o to_o use_v polybius_n his_o own_o expression_n his_o capital_a engine_n but_o when_o say_v he_o a_o roman_a general_n equal_a in_o ability_n to_o he_o come_v to_o command_v the_o roman_a army_n than_o victory_n fly_v from_o hannibal_n over_o to_o scipio_n but_o let_v we_o ask_v the_o question_n why_o so_o since_o both_o captain_n be_v equal_a in_o valour_n and_o conduct_n and_o if_o there_o be_v any_o odds_o the_o carthaginian_a no_o question_n have_v it_o because_o of_o his_o long_a experience_n and_o almost_o matchless_a policy_n in_o feat_n of_o arm_n and_o that_o there_o be_v but_o little_a difference_n in_o their_o arm_n or_o manner_n of_o militia_n here_o polybius_n be_v at_o a_o stand_n and_o give_v no_o reason_n for_o it_o but_o that_o fortune_n will_v have_v it_o so_o what_o fortune_n be_v to_o he_o that_o be_v providence_n to_o we_o he_o be_v ignorant_a of_o what_o the_o wise_a 9_o eccles_n ch._n 3._o and_o ch._n 9_o of_o man_n say_v long_o before_o the_o foundation_n of_o rome_n be_v lay_v that_o there_o be_v a_o time_n for_o every_o purpose_n under_o heaven_n a_o time_n to_o kill_v and_o a_o time_n to_o heal_v a_o time_n to_o gain_v and_o a_o time_n to_o lose_v and_o in_o another_o place_n that_o the_o race_n be_v not_o to_o the_o swift_a nor_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o strong_a nor_o favour_n to_o the_o man_n of_o skill_n but_o time_n and_o chance_n happen_v to_o they_o all_o and_o indeed_o that_o happen_v to_o all_o and_o to_o
how_o to_o do_v it_o first_o say_v he_o let_v the_o front_n of_o your_o army_n be_v marshal_v equal_a with_o that_o of_o your_o second_o second_o enemy_n then_o say_v he_o let_v your_o front_n retire_v by_o little_a and_o little_a and_o your_o flank_n stand_v still_o shall_v environ_v your_o enemy_n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o machiavelli_n think_v this_o a_o squint_a device_n but_o it_o be_v a_o fancy_n only_o beseem_v a_o gentleman_n of_o the_o long_a robe_n if_o he_o have_v say_v let_v your_o battle_n stand_v and_o your_o wing_n extend_v themselves_o he_o have_v speak_v some_o sense_n but_o a_o front_n to_o retire_v be_v a_o improper_a speech_n and_o unintelligible_a in_o the_o art_n of_o war_n for_o in_o strict_a and_o proper_a language_n a_o front_n and_o a_o rear_n consist_v but_o each_o of_o they_o of_o one_o rank_n whether_o that_o be_v of_o ten_o a_o hundred_o a_o thousand_o ten_o thousand_o or_o twenry_n thousand_o man_n or_o horse_n so_o the_o first_o rank_n which_o be_v the_o front_n can_v retire_v further_a than_o six_o or_o three_o foot_n allow_v to_o be_v between_o it_o and_o the_o second_o rank_n unless_o all_o the_o rank_n and_o consequent_o the_o whole_a batallion_n retire_v i_o grant_v there_o be_v some_o who_o will_v have_v the_o half_a of_o the_o rank_n to_o be_v the_o front_n and_o the_o other_o half_a the_o rear_n as_o in_o our_o foot_n batallion_n which_o be_v six_o deep_a the_o three_o first_o rank_n make_v the_o front_n the_o other_o three_o the_o rear_n but_o this_o as_o i_o think_v be_v not_o proper_a language_n neither_o will_v it_o help_v machiavelli_n for_o his_o front_n of_o the_o three_o first_o rank_n can_v retire_v till_o the_o three_o last_o rank_n that_o be_v behind_o they_o retire_v first_o beside_o all_o this_o i_o doubt_v if_o in_o machiavel_n time_n captain_n may_v well_o hazard_v more_o three_o three_o than_o now_o to_o command_v a_o batallion_n of_o man_n to_o retire_v for_o fear_v they_o can_v not_o get_v they_o to_o advance_v again_o at_o least_o not_o so_o ready_o justus_n lipsius_n have_v reason_n to_o accuse_v machiavelli_n of_o gross_a ignorance_n for_o deny_v the_o right_a order_n of_o a_o militia_n to_o be_v a_o art_n and_o certain_o his_o conceit_n to_o do_v so_o four_o four_o be_v very_o extravagant_a â—esides_v he_o contradict_v himself_o for_o he_o call_v his_o treatise_n of_o war_n i_o set_v libri_fw-la del'arte_fw-la della_fw-it guerra_fw-mi di_fw-it nicolo_n machiavelli_n seven_o book_n of_o the_o art_n of_o war_n of_o nicol_n machiavelli_n indeed_o soldier_n be_v very_o little_o bind_v to_o he_o for_o he_o say_v neither_o prince_n nor_o state_n shall_v suffer_v any_o of_o those_o who_o profess_v to_o live_v by_o the_o art_n of_o war_n to_o dwell_v under_o they_o nor_o do_v say_v he_o any_o virtuous_a or_o good_a man_n use_v it_o as_o a_o art_n and_o add_v that_o those_o who_o do_v so_o must_v of_o necessity_n be_v false_a fraudulent_a treacherous_a and_o violent_a for_o they_o must_v say_v this_o doctor_n either_o obstruct_v all_o peace_n that_o the_o war_n continue_v they_o may_v thereby_o be_v maintain_v or_o they_o must_v pill_v plunder_v and_o make_v spoil_n of_o other_o man_n good_n in_o the_o time_n of_o war_n that_o thereby_o they_o may_v maintain_v themselves_o in_o the_o time_n of_o peace_n this_o be_v bad_a enough_o if_o it_o be_v all_o true_a these_o be_v his_o goodly_a argument_n which_o be_v but_o his_o own_o idle_a dream_n for_o it_o be_v observation_n five_o observation_n no_o difficil_n matter_n to_o keep_v man_n who_o make_v profession_n of_o arm_n within_o the_o bound_n of_o their_o duty_n even_o when_o they_o but_o seldom_o receive_v their_o wage_n and_o this_o in_o this_o age_n be_v visible_a to_o the_o whole_a world_n nor_o can_v many_o instance_n be_v give_v where_o man_n of_o war_n obstruct_v that_o peace_n which_o their_o master_n desire_v or_o which_o both_o party_n be_v content_v to_o make_v and_o if_o after_o the_o conclusion_n of_o a_o peace_n and_o disband_v of_o army_n any_o exorbitancy_n chance_v to_o be_v commit_v by_o the_o soldier_n as_o seldom_o any_o such_o thing_n fall_v out_o they_o have_v be_v occasion_v by_o too_o great_a a_o defalcation_n of_o their_o pay_n with_o the_o half_a or_o moiety_n whereof_o all_o modern_a soldier_n will_v be_v hearty_o well_o content_v so_o perfect_o have_v they_o learn_v the_o baptist_n lesson_n in_o the_o gospel_n to_o be_v content_a with_o their_o wage_n but_o to_o conclude_v i_o know_v not_o whether_o i_o shall_v more_o cry_v up_o the_o lowliness_n of_o spirit_n of_o those_o great_a statesman_n who_o be_v please_v to_o descend_v from_o their_o high_a corollary_n corollary_n sphere_n to_o learn_v their_o politic_n from_o machiavelli_n or_o commend_v the_o generosity_n of_o those_o captain_n who_o disdain_v to_o stoop_v so_o low_a as_o to_o receive_v their_o lesson_n of_o the_o military_a art_n from_o the_o town_n clerk_n of_o florence_n i_o suppose_v all_o that_o can_v be_v expect_v from_o i_o in_o the_o follow_a discourse_n be_v in_o some_o place_n to_o set_v down_o wherein_o the_o ordinance_n and_o custom_n of_o war_n in_o all_o or_o do_v what_o the_o author_n promise_v to_o do_v most_o of_o the_o several_a point_n or_o part_n of_o it_o in_o divers_a country_n agree_v or_o disagree_v with_o the_o practice_n of_o the_o present_a time_n and_o when_o i_o give_v my_o own_o opinion_n it_o shall_v be_v spare_o and_o with_o submission_n neither_o shall_v i_o decline_v to_o go_v as_o far_o back_o in_o the_o investigation_n of_o the_o custom_n and_o constitution_n of_o war_n in_o former_a time_n as_o i_o have_v either_o probable_a ground_n for_o conjecture_n or_o any_o glimpse_n of_o light_a to_o conduct_v i_o since_o i_o write_v this_o chapter_n i_o have_v see_v some_o frenchman_n who_o have_v be_v soldier_n themselves_o have_v give_v we_o a_o account_n of_o the_o present_a french_a art_n and_o order_n of_o war_n as_o de_fw-fr la_fw-fr valiere_n mounseur_fw-fr lovis_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr saya_n and_o some_o other_o chap._n ii_o of_o levy_n the_o manner_n of_o several_a nation_n in_o make_v they_o duty_n of_o soldier_n when_o they_o be_v levy_v their_o age_n and_o how_o long_o they_o be_v bind_v to_o serve_v army_n be_v proper_o the_o member_n of_o the_o great_a body_n of_o war_n and_o man_n be_v the_o sinew_n of_o army_n the_o best_a choice_n election_n or_o levy_v of_o man_n be_v of_o levy_n voluntary_a levy_n the_o subject_n of_o that_o prince_n or_o state_n who_o make_v the_o war_n where_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n impose_v a_o necessity_n on_o man_n â—it_a for_o service_n to_o enroll_v themselves_o according_a to_o their_o several_a rank_n and_o quality_n and_o this_o levy_n alter_v its_o nature_n according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o war_n for_o if_o that_o be_v a_o defensive_a one_o the_o levy_n be_v voluntary_a for_o ordinary_o man_n rise_v willing_o in_o arm_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o country_n life_n wife_n and_o child_n but_o if_o the_o war_n be_v a_o offensive_a one_o intend_v to_o invade_v a_o stranger_n and_o such_o as_o lead_v native_n from_o their_o country_n and_o home_n and_o carry_v they_o to_o foreign_a land_n it_o be_v not_o universal_o voluntary_a and_o very_o oft_o get_v the_o name_n of_o a_o press_n in_o this_o kind_n of_o levy_n most_o nation_n follow_v the_o custom_n of_o press_n press_n the_o grecian_n and_o roman_n and_o choose_v most_o of_o their_o cavalry_n out_o of_o the_o gentleman_n or_o the_o better_a sort_n and_o the_o infantry_n out_z of_o the_o commons_o but_o the_o substance_n of_o that_o custom_n be_v now_o vanish_v and_o we_o have_v scarce_o the_o shadow_n of_o it_o leave_v with_o we_o the_o emperor_n of_o the_o high_a dutch_a nation_n the_o german_a prince_n and_o imperial_a town_n by_o the_o old_a constitution_n of_o the_o empire_n make_v a_o election_n or_o levy_n of_o their_o subject_n according_a to_o their_o law_n sometime_o the_o ten_o sometime_o the_o six_o or_o five_o man_n or_o according_a to_o their_o estate_n in_o all_o their_o war_n both_o since_o germany_n manner_n of_o the_o ancient_a levy_n in_o germany_n the_o turk_n become_v their_o unwelcome_a neighbour_n and_o before_o he_o have_v foot_v in_o europe_n it_o be_v not_o above_o fourscore_o and_o ten_o year_n since_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o maximilian_n the_o second_o all_o that_o be_v enrol_v in_o the_o german_a cavalry_n be_v by_o birth_n gentleman_n it_o be_v true_a they_o bring_v some_o of_o they_o one_o some_o two_o and_o some_o three_o with_o they_o who_o wait_v on_o they_o well_o horse_v and_o arm_v for_o who_o they_o receive_v wage_n and_o be_v subject_a to_o article_n of_o war_n but_o these_o be_v call_v in_o their_o language_n einspanneer_v to_o distinguish_v they_o from_o the_o master_n who_o
be_v of_o necessity_n to_o be_v all_o gentleman_n a_o custom_n wear_v clear_a out_o most_o of_o german_a troop_n be_v now_o compose_v of_o einspanneer_n without_o gentleman_n unless_o it_o be_v the_o officer_n and_o not_o all_o of_o they_o neither_o the_o commission_n of_o array_n in_o england_n be_v a_o excellent_a order_n by_o which_o a_o army_n england_n in_o england_n royal_a may_v be_v bring_v together_o either_o for_o defence_n or_o invasion_n in_o a_o very_a short_a time_n the_o ancient_a custom_n of_o levy_n in_o scotland_n as_o we_o be_v tell_v be_v to_o command_v all_o between_o sixteen_o and_o sixty_o year_n of_o age_n to_o appear_v in_o every_o shire_n and_o you_o need_v scotland_n in_o scotland_n not_o doubt_v but_o out_o of_o these_o a_o election_n be_v make_v of_o such_o a_o number_n as_o the_o king_n lieutenant_n think_v â—it_a but_o in_o latter_a time_n a_o far_o better_a and_o more_o expedient_a way_n be_v find_v out_o and_o that_o be_v to_o impose_v the_o raise_v such_o a_o number_n of_o horse_n and_o foot_n on_o every_o shire_n proportionable_o according_a to_o the_o true_a valuation_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o heritor_n and_o proprietary_n assure_o a_o way_n very_o orderly_o methodical_a and_o just_a provide_v it_o never_o be_v make_v use_n of_o in_o a_o unjust_a cause_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n have_v constant_o stand_v force_n within_o the_o kingdom_n to_o sweden_n in_o sweden_n prevent_v both_o invasion_n and_o insurrection_n they_o consist_v of_o regiment_n and_o troop_n which_o have_v their_o denomination_n from_o the_o province_n where_o they_o be_v raise_v and_o where_o they_o reside_v they_o have_v their_o officer_n and_o colour_n and_o be_v appoint_v at_o several_a time_n to_o meet_v muster_v and_o exercise_n but_o be_v not_o in_o pay_n only_o some_o small_a thing_n be_v give_v to_o the_o captain_n and_o the_o ensign_n who_o ordinary_o be_v their_o drill-master_n and_o upon_o that_o account_n get_v wage_n but_o these_o troop_n and_o regiment_n be_v sometime_o carry_v out_o of_o sweden_n to_o foreign_a war_n and_o that_o in_o great_a number_n and_o other_o appoint_v to_o be_v raise_v in_o their_o room_n as_o in_o the_o time_n of_o charles_n the_o nine_o they_o be_v carry_v to_o liefland_n against_o both_o pole_n and_o muscovy_n in_o the_o time_n of_o gustavus_n adolphus_n and_o his_o daughter_n queen_n christina_n to_o livonia_n prussia_n and_o germany_n and_o more_o late_o by_o charles_n gustavus_n to_o prussia_n livonia_n pole_n germany_n and_o denmark_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n have_v their_o country_n militia_n for_o defence_n of_o the_o kingdom_n denmark_n in_o denmark_n but_o be_v neither_o so_o orderly_a nor_o so_o numerous_a as_o those_o of_o sweden_n neither_o do_v they_o take_v they_o so_o frequent_o to_o foreign_a expedition_n as_o of_o old_a they_o do_v when_o by_o their_o mighty_a army_n they_o invade_v many_o place_n of_o germany_n scotland_n and_o england_n and_o make_v a_o entire_a conquest_n of_o normandy_n but_o these_o be_v like_o the_o inundation_n of_o the_o huns_n lombard_n goth_n and_o vandal_n which_o two_o last_o both_o the_o sweede_n and_o dane_n pretend_v to_o be_v their_o ancestor_n on_o the_o roman_a empire_n the_o like_a of_o such_o a_o election_n or_o levy_n have_v be_v in_o former_a time_n use_v in_o spain_n in_o spain_n spain_n and_o may_v be_v yet_o but_o when_o we_o consider_v that_o it_o have_v be_v often_o drain_v of_o man_n in_o the_o day_n of_o philip_n the_o second_o for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o his_o war_n in_o italy_n and_o the_o low_a country_n but_o more_o especial_o for_o his_o plantation_n in_o america_n which_o begin_v in_o his_o father_n charles_n the_o five_o time_n and_o continue_v during_o the_o reign_n of_o philip_n the_o three_o and_o the_o four_o we_o must_v conclude_v that_o all_o the_o spanish_a levy_n make_v within_o that_o kingdom_n neither_o be_v nor_o can_v be_v voluntary_a the_o french_a levy_n of_o old_a be_v all_o make_v of_o the_o native_n the_o cavalry_n consist_v of_o the_o nobility_n and_o in_o the_o number_n and_o strength_n of_o a_o cavalry_n france_n surpass_v any_o other_o european_a nation_n charles_n the_o seven_o take_v the_o assistance_n of_o scottish_a foot_n who_o join_v with_o his_o own_o in_o his_o long_a war_n with_o england_n france_n in_o france_n but_o his_o son_n lewis_n the_o eleven_o beside_o the_o scot_n make_v use_v of_o the_o swisser_n who_o have_v at_o that_o time_n acquire_v the_o reputation_n of_o a_o stout_a and_o warlike_a people_n not_o only_o in_o maintain_v their_o liberty_n against_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n but_o in_o a_o bloody_a war_n against_o charles_n the_o warlike_a duke_n of_o burgundy_n who_o they_o defeat_v in_o three_o great_a battle_n in_o the_o last_o whereof_o they_o kill_v himself_o if_o he_o be_v not_o yet_o on_o his_o pilgrimage_n to_o jerusalem_n these_o swisser_n be_v so_o much_o the_o more_o high_o esteem_v of_o by_o lewis_n because_o they_o have_v rout_v and_o undo_v his_o capital_a enemy_n of_o they_o his_o infantry_n be_v most_o compose_v and_o he_o appoint_v some_o thousand_o of_o they_o to_o guard_v his_o person_n as_o his_o father_n have_v appoint_v the_o scot_n to_o guard_v he_o but_o lewis_n keep_v the_o scot_n likewise_o and_o it_o be_v well_o for_o he_o that_o he_o do_v so_o for_o they_o defend_v his_o life_n valiant_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o liege_n when_o the_o inhabitant_n by_o a_o desperate_a sally_n have_v pierce_v through_o the_o burgundian_n army_n even_o to_o his_o lodging_n as_o philip_n of_o comines_n relate_v the_o story_n not_o only_o while_o he_o live_v but_o in_o the_o reign_v of_o his_o son_n charles_n the_o eight_o and_o of_o his_o successor_n lewis_n the_o twelve_o do_v the_o french_a infantry_n consist_v of_o swisser_n but_o francis_n the_o first_o have_v have_v some_o bloody-trial_n of_o the_o infidelity_n of_o these_o mercenary_a soldier_n put_v on_o a_o resolution_n to_o stand_v thereafter_o on_o his_o own_o leg_n and_o not_o on_o those_o of_o stranger_n in_o order_n to_o which_o in_o the_o year_n 1534_o in_o imitation_n of_o the_o roman_n he_o appoint_v to_o be_v levy_v and_o enroll_v seven_o legion_n of_o french_a foot_n each_o french_a legion_n six_o thousand_o each_o which_o make_v up_o a_o gallant_a infantry_n of_o two_o and_o forty_o thousand_o man_n how_o these_o be_v arm_v shall_v be_v tell_v you_o in_o its_o own_o place_n this_o ordinance_n fall_v out_o to_o be_v make_v in_o the_o day_n of_o marshal_n monluc_n who_o seem_v in_o his_o commentary_n rather_o to_o disapprove_v than_o approve_v of_o it_o but_o give_v not_o his_o reason_n i_o suppose_v these_o legion_n be_v keep_v up_o in_o the_o reign_v of_o this_o francis_n who_o be_v the_o instituter_n of_o they_o and_o of_o his_o son_n henry_n the_o second_o but_o if_o i_o have_v observe_v right_a they_o begin_v to_o wear_v out_o in_o the_o reign_v of_o his_o grandchild_n charles_n the_o nine_o and_o henry_n the_o three_o who_o in_o the_o time_n of_o their_o civil_a war_n make_v use_v again_o of_o the_o swisser_n as_o also_o of_o german_n and_o so_o do_v likewise_o the_o protestant_n take_v the_o assistance_n of_o both_o horse_n and_o foot_n of_o the_o german_a nation_n as_o you_o may_v find_v they_o ordinary_o design_v in_o the_o french_a history_n under_o the_o name_n of_o reuter_n and_o landâ—sknechts_n the_o first_o in_o the_o german_a language_n signify_v rider_n or_o horseman_n the_o second_o country_n fellow_n for_o as_o i_o tell_v you_o the_o german_n compose_v their_o cavalry_n of_o gentleman_n and_o their_o infantry_n except_o the_o officer_n of_o peasant_n in_o the_o seventeen_o province_n both_o before_o they_o become_v all_o subject_n to_o the_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n when_o they_o be_v under_o several_a duke_n and_o earl_n and_o after_o the_o levy_n low-countries_n in_o the_o low-countries_n of_o their_o foot_n be_v impose_v on_o the_o commons_o to_o be_v make_v of_o the_o six_o four_o or_o ten_o man_n according_a to_o the_o danger_n of_o the_o country_n or_o for_o most_o part_n the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o prince_n the_o cavalry_n be_v make_v up_o of_o the_o nobility_n according_a to_o their_o several_a quality_n and_o ability_n and_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o keep_v such_o a_o number_n of_o serviceable_a horse_n and_o arm_n in_o the_o time_n of_o peace_n on_o their_o own_o charge_n have_v for_o that_o some_o exemption_n and_o privilege_n of_o no_o great_a consideration_n and_o in_o time_n of_o war_n they_o be_v pay_v with_o some_o small_a wage_n appoint_v at_o the_o first_o form_v their_o militia_n which_o cavalry_n say_v bentivoglio_n use_v to_o be_v of_o a_o high_a repute_n and_o estimation_n but_o now_o say_v he_o not_o be_v compose_v of_o the_o noble_a as_o former_o it_o be_v but_o of_o common_a and_o ignoble_a person_n it_o
not_o see_v brancatio_n but_o terduzzi_n his_o countryman_n for_o they_o be_v both_o italian_n in_o his_o book_n of_o machine_n say_v he_o have_v read_v he_o now_o if_o he_o value_v neither_o his_o opinion_n nor_o his_o reason_n i_o think_v none_o shall_v for_o tâ—rduzzi_n himself_o be_v so_o little_a a_o friend_n to_o the_o pike_n that_o he_o write_v he_o will_v have_v it_o break_v if_o he_o know_v what_o better_a weapon_n to_o put_v in_o its_o room_n out_o of_o he_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o this_o short_a description_n of_o brancatio_n and_o his_o book_n describe_v his_o book_n describe_v the_o title_n of_o his_o book_n be_v this_o of_o the_o true_a art_n of_o war_n whereby_o any_o prince_n may_v not_o only_o resist_v another_o in_o the_o field_n only_o with_o his_o own_o force_n and_o with_o little_a charge_n but_o also_o overcome_v any_o nation_n a_o very_a glorious_a title_n i_o think_v we_o need_v expect_v small_a performance_n from_o so_o vain_a promise_n this_o man_n undertaker_n himself_o a_o great_a undertaker_n will_v prove_v a_o alchemist_n who_o promise_v to_o give_v we_o mountain_n of_o gold_n and_o have_v not_o a_o sixpence_n to_o buy_v his_o own_o dinner_n his_o preface_n make_v up_o the_o four_o part_n of_o his_o book_n wherein_o he_o tell_v often_o than_o once_o that_o he_o study_v the_o theory_n of_o the_o military_a art_n fifteen_o year_n and_o practise_v it_o forty_o so_o he_o have_v be_v no_o young_a man_n when_o he_o write_v his_o book_n but_o he_o conclude_v and_o i_o pray_v you_o mark_v it_o that_o in_o all_o these_o fifteen_o year_n he_o have_v read_v no_o author_n but_o casar_n commentary_n and_o thereafter_o he_o laugh_v and_o scoff_v at_o all_o those_o roman_a author_n and_o history_n which_o mention_v distinct_a maniple_n in_o the_o roman_a legion_n because_o he_o have_v read_v no_o such_o thing_n in_o câ—sar_n not_o only_a in_o this_o preface_n of_o he_o but_o all_o along_o in_o his_o book_n he_o despise_v the_o pike_n and_o call_v it_o the_o enervation_n the_o weaken_n and_o ruin_n of_o war._n i_o shall_v for_o a_o while_o leave_v brancatio_n and_o return_v to_o mr._n lupton_n citation_n out_o of_o this_o great_a italian_a tactick_a that_o i_o may_v answer_v they_o and_o in_o the_o first_o place_n as_o it_o be_v a_o reflection_n on_o brancatio_n brancatio_n mr._n lupton_n citation_n out_o of_o brancatio_n first_o to_o cite_v history_n which_o he_o have_v either_o not_o read_v or_o not_o understand_v and_o next_o not_o to_o be_v acquaint_v with_o the_o custom_n of_o war_n in_o his_o own_o time_n so_o mr._n lupton_n credulity_n be_v inexcusable_a for_o take_v thing_n on_o brancatio_n his_o report_n the_o truth_n whereof_o he_o may_v have_v find_v in_o book_n of_o which_o many_o private_a answer_v answer_v gentleman_n be_v master_n i_o shall_v very_o brief_o run_v through_o the_o quotation_n he_o cite_v out_o of_o this_o italian_a man_n of_o war._n the_o king_n of_o portugal_n say_v he_o be_v ruin_v and_o overthrow_v in_o africa_n because_o first_o first_o he_o have_v squadron_n of_o pike_n but_o by_o his_o favour_n he_o be_v overthrow_v because_o neither_o his_o pike-man_n nor_o harquebusier_n be_v right_o order_v train_v nor_o command_v next_o he_o say_v charles_n the_o eight_o of_o france_n be_v the_o first_o that_o bring_v pike_n second_o second_o into_o italy_n indeed_o there_o be_v pike_n in_o italy_n before_o france_n be_v call_v france_n and_o if_o that_o french_a king_n bring_v they_o first_o there_o what_o lose_v he_o by_o it_o he_o traverse_v it_o take_v and_o conquer_v the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n and_o return_v to_o france_n and_o make_v his_o passage_n good_a at_o fornuovo_n in_o spite_n of_o all_o italy_n then_o bandy_v against_o he_o and_z no_o doubt_n his_o swisser_n do_v he_o good_a service_n and_o brancatio_n know_v they_o be_v arm_v with_o pike_n as_o to_o their_o offensive_a arms._n three_o he_o say_v the_o turk_n these_o forty_o year_n by_o past_a reckon_v they_o to_o begin_v three_o three_o at_o the_o year_n 1540_o and_o to_o continue_v till_o 1580_o have_v be_v victorious_a over_o the_o christian_n sempre_fw-it in_fw-it ongaria_n so_o write_v mr._n lupton_n only_o because_o great_a batallion_n of_o pike_n both_o of_o the_o swisser_n and_o high_a dutch_a nation_n be_v oppose_v to_o the_o turkish_a troop_n of_o horse_n well_o arm_v with_o pistol_n and_o harquebus_n i_o answer_v first_o brancatio_n his_o assertion_n be_v false_a for_o the_o turk_n be_v sometime_o beat_v in_o hungary_n in_o the_o time_n of_o these_o forty_o year_n and_o this_o mr._n lupton_n may_v have_v learn_v by_o peruse_v knolles_n his_o history_n if_o he_o can_v light_v upon_o no_o better_a next_o i_o say_v if_o pike_n can_v not_o resist_v the_o turk_n cavalry_n harquebusier_n on_o foot_n of_o which_o brancatio_n will_v have_v all_o his_o infantry_n to_o consist_v will_v have_v do_v it_o much_o less_o but_o what_o a_o ridiculous_a thing_n be_v it_o to_o impute_v the_o loss_n of_o all_o battle_n to_o one_o cause_n since_o army_n may_v be_v undo_v and_o overthrow_v by_o a_o thousand_o several_a occasion_n what_o can_v either_o brancatio_n or_o mr._n lupton_n say_v against_o it_o if_o i_o aver_v that_o when_o ever_o the_o turk_n be_v beat_v and_o beat_v sometime_o they_o be_v it_o be_v because_o they_o have_v no_o pike_n man_n to_o resist_v the_o charge_n of_o a_o stout_a and_o hardy_a cavalry_n four_o he_o aver_v that_o john_n frederick_n duke_n of_o saxe_n in_o germany_n and_o piter_n four_o four_o strozzi_n in_o tuscany_n be_v both_o beat_v because_o of_o the_o multitude_n of_o their_o pikeman_n to_o the_o first_o i_o answer_v i_o do_v not_o remember_v that_o sleidan_n give_v any_o such_o reason_n for_o his_o misfortune_n neither_o do_v ever_o that_o prince_n fight_v a_o just_a battle_n with_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o five_o most_o of_o who_o infantry_n consist_v of_o pike-man_n as_o well_o as_o that_o of_o the_o elector_n of_o saxe_n do_v to_o the_o second_o of_o strozzi_n i_o say_v he_o be_v rout_v because_o he_o make_v his_o retreat_n in_o the_o day_n time_n in_o view_n of_o a_o powerful_a enemy_n contrary_a to_o the_o advice_n give_v he_o by_o marshal_n monluc_n final_o he_o say_v the_o battle_n of_o ceresole_n give_v a_o good_a proof_n of_o the_o weakness_n five_o five_o of_o the_o pike-mens_n service_n and_o the_o battle_n of_o dreux_n and_o moncounter_n prove_v fatal_a say_v he_o to_o their_o leader_n who_o be_v despise_v by_o their_o enemy_n because_o their_o foot_n consist_v most_o of_o pike_n here_o mr._n lupton_n do_v himself_o a_o injury_n to_o insert_v such_o three_o ignorant_a and_o unadvised_a citation_n out_o of_o brancatio_n which_o i_o will_v clear_v at_o ceresole_n the_o famous_a alphonso_n davalo_n marquis_n of_o guast_o command_v cerâ—solâ—_n battle_n of_o cerâ—solâ—_n the_o imperial_a army_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o anguien_v the_o french_a the_o imperialist_n be_v beat_v by_o the_o cowardice_n of_o a_o batallion_n of_o their_o own_o horse_n which_o flee_v without_o fight_v which_o a_o great_a batallion_n of_o imperial_a pike_n see_v open_v and_o give_v they_o way_n the_o french_a follow_v the_o chase_n through_o that_o same_o lane_n they_o be_v past_a the_o pike_n who_o be_v no_o â—ewer_a than_o five_o thousand_o close_v again_o and_o keep_v their_o ground_n another_o imperial_a batallion_n of_o pike_n some_o spaniard_n some_o german_n fight_v with_o a_o great_a body_n of_o grison_n belong_v to_o the_o french_a and_o beat_v it_o out_o of_o the_o field_n and_o thereafter_o fight_v with_o the_o gascon_a batallion_n of_o pike_n where_o both_o party_n stand_v to_o it_o valiant_o insomuch_o that_o the_o duc_n d'anguien_v the_o french_a general_n see_v his_o grison_n overthrow_v and_o his_o gascon_n so_o shrewd_o put_v to_o it_o despair_v of_o the_o victory_n in_o this_o charge_n of_o the_o imperial_a pike_n and_o the_o gascon_n almost_o all_o the_o leader_n fall_v at_o the_o first_o shock_n but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n there_o come_v a_o batallion_n of_o swisser_n pike_n and_o charge_v the_o imperial_a pike_n in_o the_o flank_n and_o notwithstanding_o they_o have_v to_o do_v with_o two_o stout_a and_o redoubt_a enemy_n one_o in_o the_o van_n and_o another_o in_o the_o flank_n yet_o do_v they_o keep_v their_o rank_n and_o the_o field_n too_o after_o all_o the_o harquebusier_n on_o foot_n and_o all_o their_o cavalry_n with_o gua_v himself_o wound_v as_o he_o be_v have_v flee_v and_o then_o and_o not_o till_o then_o they_o cast_v down_o their_o arm_n and_o cry_v for_o quarter_n which_o the_o swisser_n give_v they_o spare_o enough_o at_o this_o charge_n be_v marshal_n monluc_n on_o foot_n in_o the_o head_n of_o the_o gascon_n with_o a_o pike_n in_o his_o hand_n and_o he_o it_o be_v that_o give_v we_o this_o relation_n will_v
every_o company_n of_o foot_n d'en_o pasvolants_n whereof_o six_o belong_v to_o the_o captain_n two_o for_o the_o lieutenant_n and_o two_o for_o the_o ensign_n every_o one_o of_o these_o have_v the_o allowance_n of_o half_a a_o rixdollar_n every_o ten_o day_n but_o this_o custom_n wear_v out_o and_o there_o be_v reason_n for_o it_o because_o many_o captain_n notwithstanding_o that_o indulgence_n endeavour_v still_o to_o keep_v void_a place_n in_o their_o company_n as_o a_o mean_a to_o make_v their_o purse_n full_a these_o muster-master_n by_o the_o dutch_a dane_n and_o swede_n be_v call_v commissary_n commissary_n commissary_n over_o who_o the_o commissary_n general_n of_o the_o army_n have_v the_o superintendance_n this_o difference_n there_o be_v that_o those_o commissary_n keep_v the_o purse_n and_o so_o be_v paymaster_n but_o our_o muster-master_n be_v not_o so_o the_o pay_v belong_v to_o our_o treasurer_n as_o among_o the_o roman_n it_o belong_v to_o the_o questor_n they_o have_v power_n to_o muster_v as_o oft_o as_o they_o please_v acquaint_v he_o first_o who_o command_v in_o chief_a either_o in_o field_n or_o garrison_n and_o indeed_o in_o those_o country_n they_o muster_v often_o than_o they_o pay_v after_o the_o first_o muster_n the_o troop_n and_o company_n get_v their_o standard_n and_o ensign_n and_o then_o take_v the_o military_a oath_n which_o we_o call_v to_o swear_v to_o the_o colour_n i_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o roman_a military_a sacrament_n this_o oath_n we_o now_o speak_v of_o be_v the_o same_o for_o officer_n trooper_n and_o soldier_n swear_v with_o hand_n lift_v up_o to_o heaven_n to_o be_v faithful_a and_o loyal_a to_o their_o prince_n or_o his_o general_n oath_n military_a oath_n never_o to_o desert_n or_o leave_v the_o service_n without_o permission_n of_o their_o superior_n to_o be_v stout_a in_o time_n of_o battle_n rencounter_n skirmish_n or_o assault_v and_o rather_o to_o choose_v to_o die_v than_o desert_n their_o standard_n or_o colour_n never_o to_o turn_v their_o back_n on_o a_o enemy_n and_o to_o reveal_v all_o conspiracy_n treason_n and_o mutiny_n intend_v against_o the_o prince_n or_o state_n or_o their_o general_n and_o other_o commander_n so_o help_v they_o god_n in_o the_o great_a day_n if_o this_o oath_n be_v punctual_o keep_v all_o battle_n will_v be_v so_o well_o fight_v that_o there_o will_v not_o be_v such_o a_o thing_n as_o the_o slight_a of_o a_o army_n to_o be_v see_v or_o hear_v of_o in_o the_o world_n after_o this_o oath_n the_o article_n and_o law_n of_o war_n shall_v be_v public_o and_o distinct_o read_v that_o they_o may_v know_v what_o punishment_n for_o most_o article_n speak_v more_o of_o they_o than_o of_o reward_n they_o may_v expect_v if_o they_o commit_v such_o crime_n as_o be_v there_o mention_v this_o be_v a_o thing_n most_o necessary_a to_o be_v do_v that_o none_o may_v pretend_v ignorance_n for_o where_o there_o be_v no_o law_n there_o can_v be_v no_o transgression_n of_o these_o article_n i_o shall_v speak_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n be_v that_o most_o man_n who_o follow_v the_o war_n over_o all_o the_o world_n receive_v wage_n they_o just_o deserve_v the_o name_n of_o mercenary_n but_o if_o you_o will_v consider_v how_o their_o wage_n be_v pay_v i_o suppose_v you_o will_v rather_o think_v they_o voluntary_n at_o least_o very_a generous_a for_o do_v the_o great_a part_n of_o their_o service_n for_o nothing_o it_o be_v say_v of_o the_o swisser_n that_o they_o will_v not_o fight_v unless_o they_o be_v pay_v due_o if_o other_o nation_n be_v of_o their_o humour_n prince_n and_o state_n will_v be_v necessitate_v to_o agree_v better_a than_o they_o do_v because_o seldom_o will_v their_o army_n fight_v for_o they_o because_o seldom_o they_o be_v pay_v by_o they_o the_o baptist_n insinuate_v that_o soldier_n shall_v be_v pay_v their_o wage_n because_o he_o bid_v they_o be_v content_v with_o their_o wage_n and_o do_v violence_n to_o no_o man_n but_o few_o or_o no_o evangelic_n precept_n be_v obey_v and_o this_o as_o little_a as_o any_o soldier_n get_v not_o their_o wage_n and_o violence_n be_v do_v to_o many_o man_n at_o the_o first_o view_n it_o will_v seem_v strange_a why_o prince_n pay_v their_o soldiery_n very_o well_o and_o due_o in_o the_o time_n of_o peace_n when_o they_o have_v little_a or_o nothing_o to_o do_v with_o they_o and_o very_o ill_a and_o very_a seldom_o in_o the_o time_n of_o war_n when_o they_o have_v most_o to_o do_v with_o they_o but_o the_o reason_n be_v soon_o find_v they_o need_v far_o great_a number_n in_o time_n of_o war_n than_o peace_n and_o many_o be_v not_o pay_v with_o so_o little_a money_n as_o a_o few_o be_v in_o the_o war_n of_o europe_n these_o last_o fourscore_o year_n and_o upward_o wherein_o his_o majesty_n dominion_n be_v free_a except_o in_o the_o late_a unhappy_a civil_a war_n we_o find_v that_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n have_v pay_v their_o army_n better_a than_o any_o other_o prince_n or_o state_n this_o make_v the_o mercenary_a soldier_n run_v to_o their_o service_n and_o capacitates_fw-la they_o to_o make_v great_a levy_n in_o a_o very_a short_a time_n the_o effect_n of_o the_o bad_a payment_n of_o the_o spaniard_n appear_v when_o their_o king_n stand_v most_o in_o need_n of_o their_o service_n seventy_o pay_v army_n universal_o ill_o pay_v year_n ago_o and_o a_o little_a upward_o and_o many_o time_n since_o for_o that_o give_v a_o rise_n to_o those_o terrible_a mutiny_n in_o which_o they_o possess_v themselves_o of_o town_n and_o treat_v with_o their_o general_n and_o superior_n as_o if_o they_o have_v be_v free_a estate_n this_o incapacitate_v the_o spanish_a minister_n to_o prosecute_v the_o war_n against_o the_o new_a estate_n in_o which_o time_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v think_v that_o either_o they_o or_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n be_v idle_a spectator_n the_o most_o considerable_a army_n the_o sweed_n have_v in_o the_o year_n after_o the_o death_n of_o their_o victorious_a king_n gustavus_n adolphus_n lay_v idle_a at_o donaverth_n lose_v the_o time_n of_o action_n and_o treat_v for_o their_o pay_n boccalini_n inform_v we_o that_o once_o the_o gardiner_n complain_v to_o apollo_n that_o they_o râ—ggâ—aglâ—_n boccalini_n his_o râ—ggâ—aglâ—_n have_v no_o instrument_n to_o make_v all_o the_o weed_n of_o their_o garden_n run_v and_o dance_v after_o they_o as_o prince_n and_o free_a state_n who_o can_v make_v all_o the_o idle_a and_o unprofitable_a member_n of_o their_o principality_n go_v out_o of_o the_o garden_n of_o their_o commonwealth_n with_o the_o rattle_n of_o a_o drum_n and_o the_o sound_n of_o a_o trumpet_n but_o i_o think_v prince_n and_o state_n be_v to_o be_v much_o more_o admire_a for_o another_o secret_a art_n of_o their_o own_o whereby_o they_o get_v these_o drone_n to_o do_v they_o both_o laborious_a and_o hazardous_a service_n for_o very_o little_a money_n and_o at_o a_o low_a expense_n the_o pay_n and_o wages_n for_o officer_n and_o soldier_n of_o both_o horse_n and_o foot_n be_v different_a according_a to_o the_o establishment_n of_o several_a prince_n and_o state_n i_o shall_v speak_v a_o little_a of_o some_o of_o they_o for_o to_o speak_v of_o all_o though_o i_o can_v be_v needless_a the_o german_a emperor_n establishment_n during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o long_a war_n be_v pay_n german_n emperor_n his_o pay_n fair_a enough_o for_o there_o be_v promise_v to_o every_o colonel_n of_o horse_n 300_o dollar_n to_o a_o lieutenant-colonel_n one_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o to_o a_o major_n one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o to_o a_o ritmaster_n one_o hundred_o to_o a_o lieutenant_n sixty_o to_o a_o cornet_n fifty_o beside_o allowance_n of_o fodderage_n for_o so_o many_o horse_n proportionable_o according_a to_o their_o quality_n monthly_a to_o a_o quartermaster_n twenty_o four_o dollar_n to_o a_o corporal_n twenty_o two_o to_o a_o clerk_n fifteen_o to_o a_o trumpeter_n as_o much_o and_o to_o a_o einspanneer_n or_o trooper_n twelve_o the_o pay_n for_o the_o officer_n and_o soldier_n of_o foot_n be_v much_o less_o but_o they_o get_v not_o three_o month_n pay_v of_o twelve_o in_o a_o whole_a year_n but_o bockler_n tell_v we_o that_o in_o the_o year_n 1658._o at_o frankford_n on_o the_o main_n 1658._o pay_v of_o the_o confederated_a german_a prince_n an._n 1658._o the_o elector_n and_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n who_o have_v join_v in_o a_o league_n whereof_o there_o be_v many_o make_v in_o that_o country_n have_v unanimous_o agree_v upon_o a_o pay_n to_o be_v give_v to_o their_o force_n so_o long_o as_o the_o league_n continue_v most_o of_o their_o league_n be_v break_v in_o short_a time_n than_o they_o be_v a_o make_n and_o it_o be_v this_o a_o ritmaster_n be_v to_o have_v for_o himself_o every_o month_n sixty_o dollar_n and_o allowance_n for_o six_o
in_o other_o place_n general_n rumour_n master_n general_n be_v more_o than_o i_o have_v learn_v his_o charge_n be_v to_o ride_v with_o a_o guard_n of_o horse_n and_o some_o hangman_n on_o the_o van_n and_o flank_n of_o the_o army_n and_o in_o a_o retreat_n in_o the_o rear_n to_o save_v all_o the_o several_a quarter_n and_o country_n from_o be_v pillage_v or_o plunder_v and_o the_o country_n people_n from_o be_v wrong_v and_o many_o time_n he_o be_v command_v to_o use_n summary_n justice_n and_o execution_n on_o the_o offender_n in_o the_o place_n where_o they_o be_v take_v but_o for_o most_o part_n only_o to_o apprehend_v they_o and_o deliver_v they_o over_o to_o the_o marshal_n general_n the_o law_n and_o article_n of_o war_n of_o every_o prince_n and_o state_n ought_v to_o be_v promulgate_v to_o all_o the_o army_n and_o read_v over_o to_o every_o particular_a regiment_n troop_n and_o company_n every_o month_n or_o at_o least_o every_o quarter_n of_o a_o year_n that_o none_o may_v have_v reason_n to_o pretend_v ignorance_n in_o all_o court_n of_o war_n high_a or_o low_a officer_n sentence_n how_o the_o member_n of_o a_o court_n of_o war_n give_v their_o sentence_n of_o equal_a quality_n as_o major-general_n colonel_n major_n captain_n sergeant_n and_o corporal_n after_o a_o full_a examination_n and_o hear_v of_o party_n and_o witness_n go_v apart_o by_o themselves_o and_o after_o some_o debate_n agree_v upon_o the_o sentence_n which_o he_o who_o have_v the_o precedency_n among_o they_o whispers_z in_o the_o ear_n of_o the_o clerk_n who_o after_o he_o have_v write_v all_o the_o several_a sentence_n give_v they_o to_o the_o auditor_n whether_o general_n or_o particular_a of_o a_o regiment_n and_o he_o observe_v wherein_o must_v agree_v make_v that_o the_o sentence_n of_o the_o court_n which_o be_v sign_v by_o the_o precedent_n and_o so_o send_v to_o the_o general_n if_o he_o have_v not_o preside_v himself_o in_o regiment-court_n of_o war_n such_o inferior_a officer_n suppose_v sergeant_n and_o corporal_n ought_v to_o be_v choose_v â—o_o sit_v as_o know_v in_o some_o measure_n what_o it_o be_v to_o judge_v according_a to_o equity_n and_o reason_n for_o i_o have_v see_v many_o of_o they_o in_o several_a place_n of_o the_o world_n who_o think_v they_o give_v their_o verdict_n like_o wise_a man_n and_o gallant_a fellow_n even_o when_o article_n of_o war_n be_v clear_a when_o by_o their_o sentence_n they_o refer_v a_o offender_n guilty_a of_o a_o capital_a crime_n to_o the_o mercy_n of_o the_o lord_n general_n or_o the_o colonel_n the_o french_a council_n of_o war_n now_o may_v consist_v of_o seven_o officer_n and_o in_o they_o lieutenant_n sublieutenant_n and_o ensign_n must_v only_o stand_v with_o their_o hat_n off_o but_o give_v no_o sentence_n chap._n x._o of_o exercise_v drilling_n and_o training_n the_o several_a body_n of_o the_o cavalry_n and_o the_o infantry_n have_v levy_v and_o arm_v our_o soldier_n both_o of_o horse_n and_o foot_n and_o sufficient_o entertain_v they_o with_o goodly_a promise_n of_o pay_n proviant_a service_n and_o free_a quarter_n and_o show_v they_o under_o what_o law_n and_o discipline_n they_o be_v to_o live_v it_o will_v be_v time_n to_o teach_v they_o the_o duty_n of_o soldier_n and_o this_o be_v do_v by_o exercise_v and_o drilling_n they_o what_o kind_n of_o exercise_n officer_n and_o soldier_n be_v inure_v to_o in_o ancient_a time_n have_v be_v abundant_o tell_v you_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o gracian_a and_o roman_a art_n of_o war._n wrestle_a run_v leap_v swim_v all_o which_o harden_v and_o enable_v a_o man_n body_n and_o render_v the_o soldier_n active_a and_o dexterous_a in_o battle_n at_o storm_n and_o assault_n in_o pursuit_n of_o his_o enemy_n and_o sometime_o in_o flight_n to_o save_v his_o own_o life_n be_v the_o duty_n impose_v in_o ancient_a time_n and_o to_o they_o proper_o belong_v call_v exercise_n proper_o so_o call_v the_o word_n of_o exercise_n but_o this_o kind_n of_o exercise_n be_v now_o rather_o permit_v than_o command_v the_o use_v the_o spade_n and_o mattock_n in_o make_v rampart_n and_o ditch_n build_v wall_n sconce_n fort_n and_o castle_n constant_o practise_v in_o time_n of_o peace_n by_o the_o ancient_n especial_o the_o roman_n be_v not_o now_o at_o all_o thought_n of_o till_o either_o the_o siege_n or_o defence_n of_o a_o town_n or_o the_o necessity_n to_o fortify_v a_o camp_n render_v it_o necessary_a and_o then_o six_o soldier_n not_o accustom_a before_o to_o that_o manner_n of_o exercise_n be_v not_o able_a to_o work_v so_o much_o as_o one_o country-fellow_n new_o take_v from_o the_o blow_n the_o custom_n of_o shoot_v at_o butt_n with_o bow_n and_o arrow_n in_o scotland_n and_o england_n be_v much_o if_o not_o whole_o wear_v out_o in_o foreign_a place_n their_o shoot_v with_o firelock_n and_o riâ—â—ed_a gun_n at_o mark_n every_o holiday_n may_v make_v they_o good_a firemen_n and_o good_a marks-man_n but_o do_v not_o strengthen_v the_o nerve_n and_o arm_n of_o man_n as_o the_o bow_n do_v but_o to_o bring_v these_o exercise_n so_o much_o conduce_v to_o the_o health_n and_o strength_n of_o a_o army_n in_o fashion_n again_o must_v be_v the_o work_n of_o no_o private_a person_n but_o of_o a_o prince_n or_o state_n another_o part_n of_o military_a exercise_n consist_v in_o teach_v the_o soldier_n both_o part_n training_n and_o drilling_n divide_v into_o two_o part_n of_o horse_n and_o foot_n to_o fight_v orderly_o and_o ready_o with_o a_o enemy_n and_o this_o be_v that_o which_o proper_o we_o call_v training_n and_o drilling_n it_o consist_v of_o two_o part_n the_o first_o be_v to_o teach_v they_o to_o handle_v and_o manage_v their_o offensive_a arm_n whatsoever_o they_o be_v handsome_o ready_o and_o dexterous_o and_o this_o be_v ordinary_o call_v the_o posture_n the_o second_o be_v to_o make_v they_o when_o they_o be_v in_o a_o body_n to_o cast_v themselves_o in_o such_o a_o figure_n or_o order_n as_o shall_v be_v command_v they_o and_o this_o be_v common_o call_v the_o motion_n and_o evolution_n before_o i_o speak_v any_o more_o on_o this_o subject_a i_o shall_v say_v that_o though_o this_o drilling_n and_o training_n be_v not_o so_o much_o forget_v as_o those_o other_o exercise_n be_v whereof_o i_o have_v but_o just_a now_o speak_v yet_o it_o be_v too_o much_o neglect_v in_o many_o place_n neglect_v much_o neglect_v neither_o do_v i_o think_v it_o be_v so_o much_o use_v in_o any_o place_n of_o europe_n as_o in_o his_o majesty_n dominion_n in_o which_o the_o ancient_n be_v well_o imitate_v who_o train_v their_o army_n very_o punctual_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n as_o well_o as_o in_o time_n of_o war._n i_o wish_v all_o company_n who_o otherwise_o be_v well_o enough_o train_v be_v accustom_a to_o make_v march_n when_o they_o be_v exercise_v as_o i_o say_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o defensive_a arms._n for_o though_o i_o do_v not_o desire_v they_o shall_v be_v make_v to_o run_v or_o walk_v twenty_o or_o five_o and_o twenty_o mile_n in_o five_o or_o six_o hour_n time_n and_o in_o full_a arm_n as_o the_o roman_n do_v yet_o i_o think_v they_o will_v be_v much_o strengthen_v and_o exercisâ—_n march_v a_o necessary_a point_n of_o military_a exercisâ—_n make_v more_o healthful_a and_o more_o able_a to_o endure_v fatigue_n if_o they_o be_v make_v twice_o a_o week_n march_v in_o a_o summer-morning_n seven_o or_o eight_o mile_n and_o back_o again_o in_o the_o afternoon_n and_o proportionable_o as_o far_o in_o the_o winter_n this_o be_v frequent_o practise_v in_o time_n of_o peace_n will_v make_v long_o and_o speedy_a march_n which_o often_o be_v necessary_a in_o the_o time_n of_o war_n even_o with_o defensive_a arm_n very_o easy_a and_o it_o will_v accustom_v the_o soldier_n to_o keep_v their_o rank_n and_o file_n punctual_o provide_v officer_n be_v attentive_a to_o see_v they_o do_v it_o on_o that_o march_n this_o will_v be_v to_o some_o better_a purpose_n than_o for_o commander_n to_o march_v with_o squad_n with_o half_a or_o whole_a regiment_n a_o half_a hour_n it_o may_v be_v a_o whole_a one_o up_o and_o down_o to_z and_o again_o upon_o one_o spot_n of_o ground_n a_o right_a mockmarch_n mockmarch_n a_o mockmarch_n whereby_o some_o officer_n contrary_v to_o their_o intention_n for_o they_o think_v they_o be_v do_v a_o very_a handsome_a feat_n make_v themselves_o ridiculous_a to_o both_o the_o spectator_n and_o their_o own_o soldier_n the_o grecian_n and_o roman_n in_o time_n of_o war_n drill_v their_o army_n in_o the_o field_n but_o training_n be_v look_v upon_o now_o as_o a_o unnecessary_a thing_n not_o only_o in_o the_o field_n but_o in_o town_n and_o garrison_n likewise_o this_o be_v not_o the_o prince_n or_o state_n fault_n but_o be_v a_o inexcusable_a neglect_n and_o carelessness_n of_o colonel_n who_o
body_n of_o foot_n it_o be_v the_o easy_a motion_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n and_o can_v be_v sudden_o do_v and_o therefore_o be_v dangerous_a if_o a_o enemy_n be_v near_o to_o take_v advantage_n of_o the_o disorder_n of_o the_o motion_n three_o if_o all_o the_o three_o countermarche_n laconian_a macedonian_a and_o chorâ—an_n three_o three_o be_v of_o very_o little_a use_n and_o great_a danger_n in_o the_o infantry_n as_o i_o have_v endeavour_v to_o make_v appear_v in_o one_o of_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o grecian_a militia_n than_o i_o suppose_v it_o will_v be_v easy_o grant_v that_o the_o use_n of_o any_o of_o the_o three_o be_v as_o little_a and_o the_o danger_n as_o great_a in_o body_n of_o cavalry_n four_o that_o i_o conceive_v wheeling_n a_o more_o proper_a motion_n and_o more_o easy_a four_o four_o for_o the_o horse_n than_o for_o the_o foot_n it_o be_v a_o motion_n that_o have_v be_v much_o use_v by_o horse_n in_o fight_n for_o unless_o in_o wheel_v they_o be_v charge_v in_o the_o flank_n and_o if_o so_o they_o be_v ill_o second_v they_o be_v quick_o reduce_v to_o their_o first_o posture_n but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o with_o the_o foot_n for_o if_o the_o body_n be_v but_o indifferent_o great_a suppose_v fifteeen_n hundred_o man_n stand_v at_o three_o foot_n distance_n in_o file_n and_o six_o in_o rank_n you_o must_v â—irst_n make_v they_o come_v both_o rank_n and_o file_n to_o their_o close_a order_n before_o you_o can_v wheel_v your_o battle_n and_o that_o require_v some_o time_n for_o it_o be_v a_o motion_n of_o itself_o and_o the_o great_a the_o body_n be_v the_o long_a time_n it_o will_v have_v to_o make_v that_o first_o motion_n for_o great_a body_n move_v slow_o next_o the_o motion_n itself_o of_o wheel_v the_o battle_n be_v not_o soon_o do_v if_o well_o do_v for_o if_o it_o be_v not_o order_v discreet_o the_o body_n be_v immediate_o in_o confusion_n three_o when_o you_o have_v wheel_v this_o body_n of_o fifteen_o hundred_o man_n you_o must_v beg_v yet_o a_o cessation_n of_o arm_n from_o your_o enemy_n till_o you_o put_v your_o battle_n in_o a_o fight_a posture_n which_o you_o can_v do_v till_o you_o reduce_v they_o to_o their_o first_o order_n for_o at_o close_a order_n your_o musqueâ—eers_n can_v fight_v and_o therefore_o you_o must_v cause_v your_o battle_n to_o open_v it_o be_v true_a the_o rank_n will_v quick_o open_v backward_o but_o the_o file_n be_v no_o less_o in_o a_o body_n of_o fifteen_o hundred_o man_n than_o two_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o must_v have_v such_o a_o time_n to_o open_v though_o they_o do_v it_o with_o all_o the_o have_v imaginable_a that_o a_o resolute_a body_n of_o horse_n will_v charge_v through_o they_o before_o you_o end_v these_o three_o motion_n but_o a_o body_n of_o horse_n be_v in_o rank_n and_o file_v at_o that_o distance_n at_o which_o it_o be_v to_o fight_v need_v no_o command_n to_o close_a rank_n and_o file_n before_o it_o wheel_n nor_o no_o command_n to_o open_v they_o after_o it_o have_v wheel_v be_v constant_o in_o a_o posture_n to_o receive_v a_o enemy_n and_o with_o submission_n to_o great_a drill_n master_n i_o shall_v think_v the_o motion_n of_o facing_n and_o countermarch_v of_o body_n of_o horse_n whether_o great_a or_o small_a may_v be_v spare_v in_o their_o exercise_n because_o you_o may_v face_v a_o enemy_n with_o a_o squadron_n of_o horse_n either_o in_o flank_n or_o rear_v by_o wheel_a either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n or_o by_o either_o of_o the_o two_o about_o a_o great_a deal_n soon_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o more_o ease_n and_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o less_o danger_n than_o you_o can_v do_v by_o either_o face_n or_o countermarch_v five_o observe_v that_o no_o man_n can_v or_o will_v attain_v to_o a_o perfect_a understanding_n of_o five_o five_o either_o posture_n motion_n or_o evolution_n in_o the_o train_n particular_a man_n or_o yet_o body_n of_o horse_n and_o foot_n by_o read_v the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o a_o book_n or_o paper_n or_o look_v upon_o the_o figure_n of_o they_o for_o the_o military_a art_n be_v practical_a one_o shall_v understand_v what_o belong_v to_o drilling_n and_o training_n more_o by_o look_v on_o the_o real_a practice_n of_o it_o three_o day_n than_o by_o the_o contemplative_a study_n of_o it_o three_o year_n when_o you_o see_v a_o countermarch_v in_o the_o field_n you_o will_v quick_o understand_v what_o a_o evolution_n it_o be_v when_o you_o see_v the_o figure_n of_o it_o in_o a_o book_n but_o you_o will_v not_o so_o soon_o know_v what_o it_o signify_v when_o you_o see_v the_o figure_n before_o the_o practice_n and_o last_o i_o avouch_v it_o to_o be_v the_o essential_a duty_n of_o a_o captain_n to_o exercise_n his_o six_o six_o troop_n or_o company_n himself_o whether_o it_o be_v of_o foot_n or_o horse_n nor_o shall_v it_o be_v permit_v that_o his_o lieutenant_n shall_v do_v it_o when_o he_o be_v present_a much_o less_o a_o sergeant_n as_o i_o have_v often_o see_v for_o thereby_o he_o uncaptain_n himself_o and_o change_v place_n with_o his_o lieutenant_n and_o this_o be_v too_o ordinary_a a_o military_a grievance_n against_o which_o the_o earl_n of_o swafford_n guard_v by_o a_o express_a instruction_n that_o no_o lieutenant_n shall_v exercise_v a_o company_n unless_o the_o captain_n be_v absent_a which_o he_o may_v not_o be_v without_o either_o sickness_n or_o that_o lord_n own_o permission_n a_o very_a just_a command_n and_o by_o the_o same_o reason_n all_o colonel_n shall_v exercise_v their_o regiment_n and_o in_o their_o absence_n their_o lieutenant_n colonel_n but_o when_o either_o of_o they_o be_v present_a the_o major_n ought_v neither_o to_o be_v command_v nor_o of_o himself_o offer_v to_o do_v it_o and_o this_o be_v contrary_n to_o the_o opinion_n of_o many_o who_o will_v impose_v so_o many_o duty_n on_o a_o major_n that_o they_o make_v thereby_o colonel_n and_o lieutenant_n colonel_n cipher_n or_o very_o insignificant_a creature_n chap._n xi_o of_o compay_n regiment_n and_o brigade_n of_o foot_n what_o they_o have_v be_v what_o they_o be_v how_o they_o be_v marshal_v of_o all_o their_o officer_n their_o duty_n and_o qualification_n i_o suppose_v most_o military_a man_n acknowledge_v the_o infantry_n to_o be_v the_o body_n of_o a_o army_n with_o it_o the_o artillery_n munition_n and_o provision_n lodge_v and_o so_o do_v he_o who_o command_v in_o chief_a the_o member_n of_o this_o body_n be_v regiment_n or_o brigade_n and_o the_o sinew_n and_o artery_n of_o these_o be_v company_n a_o company_n be_v a_o band_n of_o arm_a man_n marshal_v in_o rank_n and_o file_n a_o rank_n and_o file_n differ_v in_o this_o that_o the_o first_o consist_v of_o man_n whether_o on_o horseback_n or_o foot_n stand_v in_o one_o file_n a_o rank_n and_o a_o file_n front_n side_n for_o side_n the_o second_o of_o man_n stand_v in_o one_o row_n or_o lane_n one_o behind_o another_o so_o they_o may_v easy_o be_v convert_v a_o file_n into_o a_o rank_n and_o a_o rank_n into_o a_o file_n the_o number_n of_o these_o rank_n and_o file_n must_v be_v determine_v by_o the_o number_n of_o man_n appoint_v to_o be_v in_o each_o company_n for_o which_o there_o be_v no_o general_a rule_n every_o prince_n and_o state_n order_v that_o as_o they_o please_v neither_o do_v they_o restrict_n themselves_o constant_o to_o one_o number_n but_o appoint_v their_o company_n to_o be_v strong_a and_o weak_a as_o the_o emergency_n of_o affair_n or_o the_o present_a ratio_fw-la belli_n seem_v to_o require_v it_o in_o former_a time_n ever_o since_o gunpowder_n be_v invent_v it_o have_v be_v so_o likewise_o for_o sometime_o company_n be_v more_o numerous_a than_o at_o other_o time_n yet_o never_o be_v the_o weak_a of_o they_o of_o so_o small_a a_o number_n as_o general_o now_o they_o be_v the_o first_o time_n i_o remember_v to_o have_v read_v of_o a_o company_n of_o one_o hundred_o in_o the_o modern_a war_n be_v in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o france_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o charles_n the_o nine_o about_o one_o hundred_o year_n since_o in_o they_o i_o find_v that_o the_o protestant_a foot-company_n strong_a company_n of_o one_o hundred_o strong_a be_v but_o general_o one_o hundred_o strong_a for_o which_o i_o can_v guess_v at_o no_o reason_n unless_o it_o be_v that_o many_o gentleman_n who_o be_v force_v to_o take_v arm_n and_o dare_v not_o stay_v at_o home_n may_v be_v invest_v with_o charge_n and_o employment_n suitable_a to_o their_o quality_n yet_o methinks_v it_o have_v conduce_v more_o to_o the_o advancement_n and_o prosecution_n of_o the_o grand_a design_n that_o troop_n and_o company_n of_o gens_n d'armes_fw-fr or_o curiassier_n have_v be_v make_v up_o of_o those_o number_n of_o gentleman_n a_o service_n very_o
place_n of_o the_o depth_n that_o every_o prince_n appoint_v for_o his_o foot_n before_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o great_a gustavus_n adolphus_n for_o any_o thing_n i_o can_v ever_o learn_v foot-company_n be_v marshal_v ten_o deep_a almost_o universal_o but_o he_o marshal_v deep_a ten_o deep_a all_o his_o infantry_n in_o six_o rank_n and_o after_o he_o have_v invade_v germany_n the_o emperor_n with_o most_o of_o the_o european_a king_n and_o prince_n keep_v their_o foot_n still_o at_o ten_o deep_a but_o before_o the_o end_n of_o that_o war_n which_o he_o begin_v all_o of_o they_o follow_v his_o way_n and_o make_v the_o file_n of_o their_o foot_n to_o consist_v of_o six_o man_n except_o the_o prince_n of_o deep_a six_o deep_a orange_n who_o still_o keep_v ten_o in_o file_n i_o shall_v except_v likewise_o the_o earl_n of_o strafford_n who_o in_o his_o instruction_n for_o the_o better_a discipline_n of_o his_o army_n order_v every_o deep_a eight_o deep_a captain_n of_o foot_n to_o draw_v up_o his_o company_n eight_o deep_a in_o a_o business_n of_o this_o nature_n where_o there_o be_v difference_n a_o man_n may_v tell_v his_o opinion_n without_o affectation_n of_o singularity_n and_o therefore_o i_o suppose_v it_o will_v be_v grant_v i_o that_o the_o more_o hand_n a_o captain_n can_v bring_v to_o fight_v the_o more_o shrewd_o deep_a reason_n for_o six_o deep_a he_o will_v put_v his_o enemy_n to_o it_o provide_v still_o his_o batallion_n be_v of_o that_o strength_n as_o to_o receive_v the_o shock_n of_o a_o resolute_a impression_n and_o in_o case_n of_o the_o worst_a that_o he_o have_v reserve_v to_o come_v to_o his_o rescue_n of_o reserve_v i_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o now_o i_o be_o hopeful_a it_o will_v not_o be_v deny_v i_o but_o that_o more_o hand_n be_v bring_v to_o fight_v by_o eight_o man_n in_o a_o file_n than_o by_o ten_o and_o more_o by_o six_o man_n in_o a_o file_n than_o by_o eight_o take_v a_o second_o argument_n the_o more_o able_a you_o be_v to_o save_v yourself_o from_o be_v surround_v or_o out-winged_a by_o a_o enemy_n or_o the_o more_o able_a you_o make_v yourself_o to_o surround_v and_o out-wing_n that_o enemy_n of_o you_o the_o great_a advantage_n you_o have_v over_o he_o both_o these_o be_v do_v by_o a_o large_a front_n now_o it_o be_v undeniable_a that_o eight_o in_o file_n enlarge_v the_o front_n more_o than_o ten_o and_o six_o more_o than_o eight_o and_o consequent_o eight_o deep_a contribute_v more_o than_o ten_o and_o six_o more_o than_o eight_o for_o gain_v the_o victory_n that_o more_o hand_n be_v bring_v to_o fight_n be_v very_o soon_o instance_a first_o by_o a_o body_n deep_a the_o great_a advantage_n 1500_o musqueteer_n six_o deep_a have_v of_o 1500_o musqueteer_n ten_o deep_a of_o musqueteer_n and_o next_o by_o a_o body_n of_o pikeman_n let_v we_o suppose_v a_o body_n of_o fifteen_o hundred_o musqueteer_n marshal_v ten_o deep_a be_v to_o fight_v with_o a_o body_n of_o musqueteer_n of_o equal_a number_n that_o be_v fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a and_o that_o they_o be_v equal_o stout_a and_o experience_a and_o equal_o good_a firemen_n the_o fifteen_o hundred_o ten_o deep_a must_v give_v fire_n by_o rank_n as_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a must_v likewise_o do_v now_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o ten_o deep_a can_v make_v no_o more_o but_o a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o in_o rank_n for_o a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o multiply_v by_o ten_o produce_v fifteen_o hundred_o but_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a make_v two_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o in_o rank_n for_o two_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o multiply_v by_o six_o produce_v fifteen_o hundred_o so_o that_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a at_o every_o volley_n pour_v one_o hundred_o leaden_a bullet_n more_o in_o the_o enemy_n bosom_n than_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o ten_o deep_a and_o consequent_o when_o six_o rank_n of_o both_o party_n have_v fire_v the_o fifteen_o hundred_o ten_o deep_a have_v receive_v six_o hundred_o ball_n more_o than_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a which_o without_o all_o doubt_n have_v make_v a_o great_a many_o man_n fall_v more_o of_o the_o one_o side_n than_o the_o other_o next_o one_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o file_n of_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a take_v just_a as_o much_o ground_n up_o in_o front_n as_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o ten_o deep_a and_o therefore_o the_o other_o hundred_o file_n of_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a may_v fall_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o ten_o deep_a if_o they_o be_v not_o flank_v either_o with_o pike_n or_o with_o horseman_n it_o be_v the_o like_a case_n mutatis_fw-la mutandis_fw-la between_o fifteen_o hundred_o eight_o deep_a and_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a for_o fifteen_o hundred_o eight_o deep_a will_v make_v but_o a_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o eight_o in_o rank_n for_o a_o hundred_o eighty_o eight_o multiply_v by_o eight_o produce_v fifteen_o hundred_o and_o four_o now_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a make_v two_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o rank_n and_o so_o shoot_v at_o every_o volley_n sixty_o two_o bullet_n more_o than_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o eight_o deep_a make_v the_o like_a trial_n of_o two_o batallion_n of_o pike_n each_o of_o they_o fifteen_o hundred_o have_v the_o same_o advantage_n pikeman_n also_o have_v strong_a equal_o arm_v for_o the_o defensive_a and_o their_o pike_n of_o equal_a length_n the_o hundred_o file_n wherewith_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a outwing_n the_o fifteen_o hundred_o ten_o deep_a will_v likewise_o enter_v on_o their_o side_n and_o very_o soon_o ruin_v they_o if_o they_o be_v not_o flank_v by_o their_o friend_n and_o though_o they_o be_v yet_o these_o hundred_o file_n of_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o pikeman_n six_o deep_a be_v otherwise_o idle_a may_v happy_o give_v their_o flank_n some_o work_n to_o do_v nor_o have_v the_o fifteen_o hundred_o pikeman_n ten_o deep_a any_o advantage_n of_o the_o fifteen_o hundred_o six_o deep_a in_o the_o force_n of_o the_o impression_n for_o i_o have_v demonstrate_v in_o one_o of_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o grecian_a militia_n that_o six_o rank_n of_o pikeman_n may_v either_o give_v or_o receive_v the_o charge_n abundant_o and_o therefore_o where_o pikeman_n be_v ten_o deep_a at_o their_o charge_n the_o last_o four_o rank_n shall_v keep_v their_o pike_n port_a because_o the_o present_v the_o point_n of_o they_o be_v altogether_o useless_a neither_o be_v it_o the_o apprehension_n of_o the_o weakness_n of_o his_o body_n of_o musqueteer_n draw_v up_o six_o deep_a that_o make_v the_o king_n of_o sweden_n make_v use_n of_o his_o feather_n to_o defend_v his_o musqueteer_n against_o the_o polonian_a horse_n for_o these_o feather_n may_v serve_v a_o body_n of_o firemen_n draw_v up_o ten_o deep_a as_o well_o as_o a_o body_n of_o firemen_n draw_v up_o six_o deep_a neither_o indeed_o be_v it_o the_o deepness_n of_o a_o body_n of_o musqueteer_n that_o can_v resist_v a_o resolute_a charge_n of_o horse_n it_o must_v be_v pike_n halberd_n or_o these_o feather_n or_o something_o like_o they_o nor_o do_v i_o think_v after_o the_o invention_n of_o gunpowder_n that_o ten_o deep_a be_v think_v fit_a for_o foot_n in_o imitation_n of_o the_o roman_n as_o some_o fancy_n for_o i_o have_v show_v in_o another_o deep_a reason_n for_o ten_o deep_a place_n that_o vegetius_n who_o be_v look_v on_o by_o many_o as_o the_o oracle_n of_o the_o old_a roman_a militia_n do_v make_v the_o roman_a file_n to_o consist_v of_o eleven_o man_n but_o i_o think_v it_o be_v out_o of_o this_o consideration_n that_o after_o the_o first_o rank_n have_v fire_v their_o gun_n they_o can_v not_o be_v ready_a to_o fire_n again_o till_o the_o other_o nine_o rank_n have_v all_o fire_v and_o withal_o a_o musket_n rest_n be_v take_v to_o help_v with_o so_o much_o wariness_n do_v our_o ancestor_n walk_v when_o first_o they_o make_v use_v of_o the_o new_a find_v engine_n of_o fire_n we_o read_v of_o a_o count_n of_o vaâ—dâ—mont_n who_o within_o thirty_o year_n after_o the_o invention_n of_o gunpowder_n make_v use_v of_o two_o culverines_n in_o his_o war_n with_o the_o duke_n of_o bar_n and_o by_o their_o help_n defeat_v his_o enemy_n but_o at_o every_o time_n the_o piece_n be_v discharge_v the_o count_n himself_o fall_v to_o the_o ground_n for_o fear_n but_o as_o great_a câ—sar_n say_v usus_fw-la est_fw-la rerum_fw-la magister_fw-la use_v and_o custom_n overmaster_v thing_n and_o therefore_o the_o cannon_n be_v not_o now_o so_o dreadful_a as_o it_o be_v nor_o be_v the_o musket_n so_o unmanageable_a as_o it_o be_v think_v daily_a experience_n let_v we_o see_v that_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o six_o can_v fire_v make_v deep_a for_o fine_a deep_a ready_a and_o stay_v for_o the_o word_n of_o command_n before_o the_o other_o five_o
be_v marshal_v in_o one_o division_n i_o know_v some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o major_n company_n shall_v be_v in_o the_o rear_n marshal_v objection_n against_o that_o way_n of_o marshal_v of_o the_o lieutenant-colonel_n division_n because_o the_o three_o place_n of_o honour_n in_o the_o regiment_n belong_v to_o he_o and_o the_o colonel_n have_v the_o van_n of_o the_o first_o division_n and_o the_o lieutenant-colonel_n of_o the_o second_o the_o major_n shall_v have_v the_o rear_n of_o the_o second_o division_n because_o it_o be_v the_o rear_n of_o the_o whole_a regiment_n i_o shall_v easy_o subscribe_v to_o this_o if_o it_o be_v not_o for_o two_o reason_n first_o though_o it_o be_v but_o answer_v answer_v one_o regiment_n yet_o be_v divide_v it_o shall_v be_v look_v on_o as_o two_o distinct_a body_n and_o it_o be_v more_o honourable_a to_o have_v the_o rear_n of_o the_o first_o than_o of_o the_o last_o second_o when_o a_o regiment_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n the_o major_n ought_v to_o wait_v and_o lodge_v at_o the_o quarter_n of_o that_o division_n of_o the_o regiment_n where_o the_o colonel_n be_v because_o from_o he_o he_o receive_v his_o order_n direction_n and_o the_o word_n which_o he_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o carry_v to_o the_o lieutenant-colonel_n if_o the_o quarter_n of_o the_o two_o division_n be_v divide_v as_o many_o time_n they_o be_v but_o the_o old_a captain_n be_v oblige_v to_o come_v and_o receive_v they_o from_o the_o major_a at_o the_o colonel_n quarter_n the_o first_o captain_n in_o that_o case_n officiate_a as_o major_a for_o the_o lieutenant-colonel_n batallion_n now_o if_o the_o major_n ought_v to_o be_v where_o the_o colonel_n be_v as_o i_o think_v he_o shall_v than_o i_o think_v the_o major_n company_n shall_v be_v where_o himself_o be_v the_o great_a gustavus_n use_v another_o way_n of_o marshal_v his_o regiment_n and_o brigade_n of_o foot_n which_o take_v altogether_o be_v not_o square_a of_o front_n yet_o all_o the_o four_o part_n or_o body_n which_o compose_v it_o be_v square_a the_o manner_n be_v this_o way_n regiment_n or_o brigade_n marshal_v a_o three_o way_n suppose_v one_o of_o his_o brigade_n to_o be_v eighteen_o hundred_o man_n as_o i_o can_v assure_v you_o he_o have_v many_o weak_a whereof_o twelve_o hundred_o be_v musqueteer_n and_o six_o hundred_o be_v pikeman_n the_o pike_n advance_v twenty_o pace_n before_o the_o two_o body_n of_o musqueteer_n who_o immediate_o join_v to_o fill_v up_o the_o void_a place_n the_o pikeman_n have_v possess_v then_o be_v the_o pike_n divide_v into_o three_o equal_a body_n two_o hundred_o to_o each_o batallion_n the_o middle_a body_n whereof_o advance_v before_o the_o other_o two_o so_o far_o that_o its_o rear_n may_v be_v about_o ten_o pace_n before_o the_o van_n of_o the_o other_o two_o the_o two_o body_n of_o pike_n that_o stay_v behind_o be_v order_v to_o open_v a_o little_a to_o both_o hand_n and_o then_o stand_v still_o all_o front_a one_o way_n to_o the_o enemy_n by_o this_o mean_v the_o place_n which_o the_o two_o hundred_o pike_n possess_v in_o the_o middle_n remain_v void_a there_o be_v two_o passage_n like_o sally-port_n between_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o advance_a body_n of_o pike_n and_o the_o two_o batallion_n that_o stay_v behind_o out_o of_o one_o whereof_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n issue_v constant_o one_o or_o two_o or_o more_o hundred_o of_o musqueteer_n who_o before_o all_o the_o three_o body_n of_o pike_n give_v incessant_o fire_n on_o the_o enemy_n and_o when_o the_o word_n or_o sign_n for_o a_o retreat_n be_v give_v they_o retire_v by_o the_o other_o passage_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n back_o to_o the_o great_a body_n of_o musqueteer_n where_o so_o many_o of_o they_o as_o come_v back_o unwounded_a be_v present_o put_v in_o rank_n and_o file_n the_o fire_n continue_v without_o intermission_n by_o musqueteer_n who_o still_o sally_v through_o the_o passage_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o fireman_n fight_v thus_o in_o small_a body_n each_o of_o they_o not_o above_o five_o file_n of_o musqueteer_n and_o these_o for_o most_o part_n but_o three_o deep_a so_o you_o may_v consider_v that_o near_o the_o three_o part_n of_o the_o musqueteer_n be_v on_o service_n the_o other_o two_o three_o be_v secure_o shelter_v behind_o the_o three_o batallion_n of_o pikeman_n who_o be_v to_o be_v complete_o arm_v for_o the_o defensive_a these_o pike_n have_v field_n piece_n with_o they_o which_o fire_v as_o oft_o as_o they_o can_v as_o well_o as_o the_o musqueteer_n this_o continue_a till_o the_o pikeman_n come_v to_o push_v of_o pike_n with_o the_o enemy_n if_o both_o party_n stay_v so_o long_o as_o seldom_o they_o do_v and_o then_o the_o musqueteer_n be_v to_o do_v what_o they_o be_v order_v to_o do_v and_o the_o order_n do_v depend_v on_o emergency_n and_o accident_n which_o as_o they_o can_v not_o be_v then_o see_v so_o no_o certain_a rule_n can_v be_v give_v for_o they_o in_o this_o order_n do_v i_o see_v all_o the_o swedish_n brigades_n draw_v up_o for_o one_o year_n after_o the_o king_n death_n but_o after_o that_o time_n i_o see_v it_o wear_v out_o when_o defensive_a arm_n first_o and_o then_o pike_n come_v out_o wear_v out_o to_o be_v neglect_v and_o by_o some_o vilipend_v for_o the_o march_n of_o a_o regiment_n if_o it_o can_v all_o march_n in_o one_o breast_n it_o shall_v regiment_n the_o march_n of_o a_o regiment_n do_v so_o but_o if_o not_o and_o if_o the_o ground_n permit_v it_o let_v the_o right_a hand_n of_o musqueteer_n march_v in_o breast_n next_o it_o the_o body_n of_o pike_n and_o after_o it_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o musqueteer_n but_o if_o none_o of_o these_o can_v be_v then_o as_o many_o shall_v march_v in_o one_o petty_a division_n as_o the_o way_n can_v permit_v as_o suppose_v twelve_o eight_o or_o ten_o and_o so_o soon_o as_o you_o come_v to_o open_a ground_n you_o be_v to_o march_v present_o in_o squadron_n or_o as_o they_o be_v now_o call_v squad_n or_o in_o full_a battle_n that_o be_v the_o regiment_n all_o in_o one_o front_n for_o by_o that_o mean_v your_o soldier_n be_v ready_a to_o receive_v a_o enemy_n they_o march_v in_o a_o more_o comely_a order_n and_o straggle_v far_o less_o than_o when_o they_o march_v few_o in_o breast_n and_o in_o a_o long_a row_n the_o major_n appoint_v captain_n lieutenant_n and_o ensign_n to_o lead_v division_n and_o sergeant_n to_o attend_v the_o flank_n every_o one_o according_a to_o their_o dignity_n but_o for_o my_o own_o part_n i_o never_o think_v it_o convenient_a much_o less_o necessary_a that_o every_o small_a division_n of_o a_o regiment_n shall_v have_v a_o bringer_n up_o since_o he_o must_v be_v as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o a_o commission_v officer_n as_o well_o as_o the_o leader_n of_o a_o division_n shall_v be_v for_o first_o consider_v that_o in_o a_o regiment_n of_o one_o thousand_o strong_a there_o be_v a_o hundred_o sixty_o and_o six_o file_n and_o admit_v that_o the_o way_n will_v permit_v eight_o file_n to_o march_v in_o breast_n as_o that_o fall_v not_o always_o out_o by_o that_o account_n you_o shall_v have_v one_o and_o twenty_o division_n consist_v of_o eight_o file_n apiece_o multiply_v twenty_o one_o by_o eight_o the_o product_n be_v a_o hundred_o and_o up_o reasins_z why_o every_o petty_a division_n can_v have_v a_o bringer_n up_o sixty_o eight_o file_n which_o consist_v of_o a_o thousand_o and_o eight_o man_n eight_o more_o than_o the_o number_n reckon_v again_o how_o many_o commission_v officer_n you_o have_v in_o ten_o company_n beside_o the_o three_o field-officer_n you_o shall_v have_v but_o twenty_o nine_o now_o of_o these_o twenty_o one_o must_v be_v allow_v to_o lead_v the_o division_n and_o by_o that_o account_n you_o have_v but_o nine_o officer_n to_o bring_v up_o so_o you_o want_v thirteen_o commission_v officer_n for_o that_o employment_n for_o sergeant_n shall_v neither_o be_v permit_v to_o lead_v or_o bring_v up_o but_o in_o case_n of_o necessity_n their_o duty_n be_v to_o attend_v the_o flank_n beside_o all_o commission_v officer_n be_v not_o always_o present_a some_o frequent_o be_v either_o sick_a wound_a or_o absent_a on_o furloff_n it_o will_v be_v enough_o therefore_o if_o all_o these_o petty_a division_n be_v lead_v by_o commission_v officer_n which_o yet_o can_v be_v unless_o you_o allow_v some_o ensign-bearer_n to_o stay_v from_o their_o 〈…〉_o we_o and_o by_o this_o mean_v you_o may_v spare_v six_o foot_n of_o ground_n between_o two_o division_n for_o those_o who_o will_v allow_v bringer_n up_o allow_v eighteen_o foot_n between_o two_o division_n to_o wit_n six_o foot_n between_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o first_o division_n and_o he_o that_o bring_v it_o up_o second_o six_o foot_n between_o
the_o one_o or_o other_o be_v the_o head_n of_o the_o army_n now_o as_o i_o say_v before_o where_o the_o great_a trust_n be_v there_o be_v the_o great_a honour_n and_o consequent_o the_o infantry_n be_v more_o honourable_a than_o the_o cavalry_n these_o thing_n be_v well_o enough_o know_v to_o the_o grecian_n and_o macedonian_n he_o that_o command_v the_o whole_a phalanx_n that_o be_v the_o whole_a army_n stay_v with_o the_o heavy_a arm_a foot_n so_o do_v all_o the_o artillery_n and_o ammunition_n of_o the_o army_n and_o certain_o they_o have_v detachment_n as_o well_o as_o we_o have_v and_o the_o suntagmatarch_n of_o a_o foot_n phalanx_n have_v under_o his_o command_n two_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o six_o man_n with_o colour_n and_o suitable_a officer_n how_o will_v the_o merry_a greek_n have_v laugh_v if_o this_o suntagmatarch_n who_o our_o captain_n sixty_o year_n ago_o in_o many_o place_n when_o company_n be_v three_o hundred_o strong_a do_v represent_v have_v be_v require_v to_o submit_v himself_o to_o the_o command_n of_o a_o elarchos_n who_o be_v captain_n of_o sixty_o four_o horse_n and_o represent_v our_o ritmaster_n now_o adays_o for_o sometime_o the_o grecian_a troop_n of_o horse_n be_v one_o hundred_o in_o the_o roman_a art_n of_o war_n a_o legion_n be_v command_v by_o tribune_n by_o turn_n or_o as_o we_o call_v it_o from_o the_o french_a by_o tower_n he_o who_o six_o month_n it_o be_v to_o command_v have_v ordinary_o four_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o sometime_o five_o thousand_o and_o sometime_o six_o thousand_o foot_n under_o his_o command_n the_o horse_n ordain_v to_o attend_v this_o legion_n be_v but_o adjectitious_a and_o be_v seldom_o above_o three_o hundred_o sometime_o not_o so_o many_o the_o denomination_n of_o any_o officer_n be_v à _fw-la majori_fw-la parte_fw-la from_o the_o great_a part_n and_o therefore_o the_o tribune_n be_v a_o colonel_n of_o foot_n and_o yet_o command_v these_o three_o hundred_o horse_n as_o absolute_o as_o he_o do_v any_o centuriate_a in_o the_o legion_n hence_o it_o be_v that_o with_o reason_n i_o aver_v that_o in_o the_o roman_a discipline_n the_o horse_n be_v constant_o command_v by_o officer_n of_o foot_n and_o peruse_v all_o the_o roman_a history_n you_o shall_v not_o find_v that_o ever_o any_o officer_n of_o horse_n pretend_v to_o the_o command_n of_o any_o of_o the_o foot_n with_o the_o roman_a infantry_n be_v entrust_v their_o balist_n catupult_n their_o batter_a ram_n their_o ambulatory_a town_n their_o bridge_n and_o all_o the_o material_n whereof_o these_o be_v compose_v now_o these_o be_v the_o artillery_n of_o the_o ancient_n with_o the_o roman_a infantry_n be_v entrust_v the_o treasurer_n and_o treasure_n of_o the_o army_n all_o provision_n for_o man_n and_o horse_n their_o altar_n and_o place_n of_o devotion_n and_o though_o the_o troop_n of_o horse_n have_v their_o petty_a standard_n and_o vexilla_fw-la yet_o the_o eagle_n which_o be_v mount_v on_o a_o long_a pole_n and_o be_v the_o great_a ensign_n of_o the_o legion_n be_v constant_o entrust_v to_o the_o keep_n of_o the_o first_o centurion_n who_o be_v a_o foot-officer_n with_o the_o foot_n the_o consul_n march_v lodge_v and_o fight_v all_o these_o be_v entrust_v to_o the_o roman_a foot_n and_o not_o to_o the_o horse_n show_v that_o these_o conqueror_n of_o the_o world_n esteem_v the_o foot-service_n more_o honourable_a than_o that_o of_o horse_n for_o still_o i_o say_v the_o more_o trust_v the_o more_o honour_n it_o be_v true_a the_o roman_a horseman_n be_v all_o elect_a of_o gentleman_n for_o so_o i_o interpret_v the_o equestris_n ordo_fw-la and_o therefore_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o they_o have_v a_o precedency_n at_o door_n and_o table_n before_o the_o legionary_a soldier_n who_o be_v all_o levy_v out_o of_o the_o commons_o but_o that_o give_v they_o no_o superiority_n or_o command_n over_o the_o foot_n which_o be_v the_o thing_n now_o pretend_v to_o nor_o will_v the_o roman_a discipline_n which_o order_v the_o horse_n to_o ride_v the_o round_n about_o the_o guard_n of_o foot_n as_o you_o have_v it_o in_o the_o twenty_o second_o chapter_n of_o the_o roman_a art_n of_o war_n entitle_v these_o horseman_n to_o any_o superiority_n or_o command_n over_o these_o guard_n of_o foot_n no_o more_o than_o a_o gentleman_n who_o be_v send_v to_o go_v a_o round_a with_o musqueteer_n to_o attend_v he_o will_v evince_v that_o he_o have_v the_o command_n of_o these_o guard_n or_o any_o centinel_n of_o they_o both_o the_o ancient_n and_o modern_a round_n be_v only_o oblige_v to_o give_v a_o account_n to_o those_o who_o send_v they_o in_o what_o posture_n they_o find_v the_o guard_n and_o sentinel_n yea_o these_o four_o roman_a horseman_n who_o be_v to_o ride_v the_o round_n be_v command_v to_o lie_v at_o the_o door_n of_o the_o hut_n or_o tent_n of_o a_o centurion_n of_o foot_n which_o i_o think_v denote_v their_o subjection_n to_o he_o thus_o i_o think_v it_o be_v clear_a that_o with_o these_o ancient_a roman_n to_o who_o arm_n and_o discipline_n of_o war_n most_o of_o the_o world_n pay_v homage_n the_o foot-service_n be_v more_o honourable_a than_o that_o on_o horseback_n to_o confirm_v this_o i_o hope_v it_o will_v be_v grant_v i_o that_o where_o the_o great_a danger_n be_v there_o be_v to_o be_v expect_v the_o great_a honour_n now_o very_o often_o the_o roman_a consul_n where_o they_o see_v the_o enemy_n prevail_v in_o battle_n they_o call_v the_o cavalry_n or_o a_o part_n of_o it_o thither_o but_o mistake_v it_o not_o it_o be_v not_o to_o fight_v on_o horseback_n but_o to_o make_v they_o alight_v from_o their_o horse_n and_o fight_v on_o foot_n with_o the_o legionary_n which_o encourage_v the_o foot_n when_o they_o see_v the_o horse_n can_v not_o ride_v from_o they_o and_o therefore_o since_o the_o danger_n be_v great_a to_o fight_v on_o foot_n than_o on_o horseback_n the_o roman_n think_v fight_v on_o foot_n more_o honourable_a than_o fight_v on_o horseback_n and_o consequent_o the_o foot-service_n more_o honourable_a than_o that_o of_o horseman_n julius_n caesar_n the_o great_a captain_n that_o ever_o be_v practise_v this_o in_o the_o great_a battle_n he_o ever_o fight_v which_o be_v against_o the_o helvetian_o now_o call_v swisser_n to_o show_v good_a example_n he_o alight_v first_o from_o his_o horse_n and_o then_o cause_v all_o his_o cavalry_n to_o alight_v and_o as_o himself_o tell_v we_o cause_v all_o the_o horse_n to_o be_v drive_v away_o a_o great_a way_n from_o that_o place_n of_o battle_n and_o so_o do_v several_a of_o the_o roman_a consul_n before_o he_o and_o i_o think_v you_o need_v not_o doubt_v but_o the_o horseman_n be_v on_o foot_n be_v marshal_v by_o the_o tribune_n as_o the_o foot_n be_v and_o so_o the_o decurion_n who_o be_v captain_n of_o horse_n receive_v their_o order_n from_o the_o centurion_n each_o whereof_o command_v sixty_o footman_n whereas_o the_o decurion_n have_v but_o the_o command_n of_o thirty_o so_o here_o we_o see_v officer_n of_o horse_n command_v by_o officer_n of_o foot_n but_o never_o the_o contrary_n i_o find_v abâ—er_n joaâ—_n amasa_n fight_v still_o on_o foot_n and_o so_o do_v their_o master_n david_n king_n of_o israel_n so_o do_v saul_n before_o he_o and_o most_o of_o the_o king_n of_o judah_n and_o israel_n after_o he_o except_o some_o who_o fight_v on_o chariot_n to_o their_o small_a advantage_n but_o none_o fight_v on_o horseback_n i_o believe_v absalon_n fight_v on_o foot_n though_o after_o his_o rebellious_a army_n be_v rout_v he_o mount_v on_o a_o mule_n to_o carry_v he_o away_o with_o more_o haste_n than_o good_a speed_n many_o king_n in_o the_o modern_a war_n since_o gunpowder_n make_v a_o noise_n have_v fight_v on_o foot_n edward_n the_o four_o of_o england_n fight_v nine_o battle_n on_o foot_n our_o king_n of_o scotland_n do_v so_o frequent_o and_o if_o king_n james_n the_o four_o be_v kill_v at_o flowdon_n he_o be_v slay_v fight_v on_o foot_n and_o all_o these_o be_v prince_n who_o trace_v the_o path_n of_o honour_n and_o study_v both_o to_o show_v their_o own_o valour_n and_o to_o overcome_v their_o enemy_n which_o they_o conceive_v they_o do_v more_o proper_o on_o foot_n than_o on_o horseback_n since_o the_o best_a govern_a kingdom_n and_o state_n both_o ancient_a and_o modern_a have_v give_v the_o honour_n to_o the_o foot_n and_o not_o the_o horse_n by_o entrust_v they_o with_o their_o chief_a strength_n their_o treasure_n their_o artillery_n provision_n ammunition_n town_n castle_n and_o fortify_v place_n i_o can_v enough_o admire_v what_o new_a light_n the_o commander_n of_o horse_n of_o our_o time_n have_v get_v that_o can_v move_v they_o to_o demand_v a_o superiority_n over_o the_o officer_n of_o foot_n of_o equal_a quality_n with_o themselves_o if_o they_o say_v because_o they_o can_v be_v soon_o at_o a_o
for_o the_o relief_n of_o the_o besiege_a queen_n and_o city_n of_o buda_n and_o that_o soliman_n himself_o by_o speedy_a march_n be_v hasten_v thither_o can_v not_o be_v move_v or_o persuade_v by_o any_o entreaty_n or_o remonstrance_n of_o the_o principal_a commander_n of_o his_o army_n to_o raise_v the_o siege_n vow_v and_o protest_v that_o he_o neither_o can_v nor_o will_v do_v it_o without_o a_o express_a warrant_n from_o his_o master_n king_n ferdinand_n but_o before_o that_o can_v come_v he_o and_o his_o misfortunate_a army_n be_v both_o irrecoverable_o ruin_v the_o sad_a history_n of_o all_o these_o three_o army_n you_o may_v read_v at_o length_n in_o paolo_n giovio_n be_v please_v to_o take_v another_o instance_n of_o a_o late_a date_n in_o the_o year_n 1657_o charles_n gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n invade_v the_o duchy_n of_o holstein_n with_o a_o very_a inconsiderable_a army_n his_o horseman_n and_o his_o soldier_n be_v almost_o naked_a and_o all_o beat_a compare_v action_n of_o two_o king_n compare_v with_o a_o long_a march_n from_o pole_n nor_o be_v it_o so_o strong_a as_o eleven_o thousand_o of_o all_o frederick_n the_o three_o king_n of_o denmark_n entrust_v a_o well_o appoint_v army_n of_o sixteen_o thousand_o horse_n and_o foot_n to_o a_o feltmarshal_n and_o stay_v at_o copâ—nhagen_n himself_o by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o his_o privy_a council_n the_o swede_n be_v in_o person_n on_o the_o head_n of_o his_o harassed_a army_n prevail_v every_o where_o ruin_v the_o danish_a army_n without_o one_o blow_n and_o besiege_v the_o relic_n of_o it_o in_o frederichsode_n a_o strong_a town_n storm_v it_o and_o take_v it_o with_o the_o slaughter_n of_o the_o danish_a feltmarshal_n and_o most_o of_o his_o man_n and_o get_v in_o it_o above_o one_o hundred_o brass-gun_n and_o much_o ammunition_n after_o this_o a_o vehement_a frost_n be_v command_v from_o heaven_n to_o favour_v he_o with_o a_o bridge_n he_o step_v over_o the_o ice_n from_o isle_n to_o isle_n on_o the_o belt_n where_o he_o force_v the_o dane_n to_o accept_v of_o such_o condition_n as_o he_o impose_v which_o be_v both_o dishonourable_a and_o disadvantageous_a sure_o if_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n have_v be_v personal_o present_a with_o his_o force_n he_o have_v at_o lest_o once_o fight_v for_o it_o to_o make_v war_n in_o person_n seem_v to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o essential_a duty_n of_o a_o king_n or_o sovereign_a prince_n this_o be_v one_o of_o those_o reason_n which_o the_o people_n of_o god_n give_v for_o their_o desire_n to_o have_v a_o king_n to_o rule_v over_o they_o to_o do_v justice_n among_o ourselves_o person_n king_n of_o israel_n and_o judah_n make_v war_n iâ—_n person_n and_o to_o lead_v out_o our_o army_n to_o battle_n against_o our_o enemy_n and_o they_o add_v after_o the_o manner_n of_o other_o nation_n so_o than_o it_o be_v clear_a that_o king_n at_o that_o time_n go_v to_o the_o field_n in_o person_n so_o do_v saul_n the_o first_o king_n of_o israel_n and_o so_o do_v david_n and_o most_o of_o all_o his_o successor_n king_n of_o judah_n and_o israel_n and_o if_o it_o be_v object_v that_o david_n make_v joab_n his_o captain_n general_n i_o give_v two_o answer_n first_o joab_n authority_n cease_v when_o david_n be_v present_a which_o he_o be_v almost_o constant_o with_o his_o force_n answer_v the_o objection_n of_o joab_n answer_v till_o he_o be_v establish_v king_n of_o israel_n for_o joab_n employment_n where_o he_o command_v in_o chief_a if_o i_o have_v observe_v right_a be_v first_o against_o the_o rebel_n absalon_n and_o this_o be_v a_o civil_a war_n and_o then_o against_o the_o ammonite_n and_o that_o be_v a_o foreign_a war_n both_o these_o have_v their_o rise_n from_o sudden_a emergency_n in_o the_o last_o the_o king_n presence_n till_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a and_o in_o the_o first_o not_o at_o all_o convenient_a but_o second_o i_o answer_v that_o david_n do_v often_o repent_v he_o of_o the_o large_a commission_n he_o have_v give_v to_o joab_n who_o thereby_o make_v himself_o so_o strong_a that_o the_o king_n dare_v not_o hazard_v to_o punish_v he_o for_o his_o misdemeanour_n which_o he_o often_o insinuate_v in_o those_o word_n you_o be_v too_o strong_a for_o i_o you_o son_n of_o zâ—rviah_n answer_v that_o oâ—_n benajah_n answer_v as_o to_o solomon_n make_v benajah_n captain_n general_n it_o signify_v but_o little_a since_o there_o be_v no_o war_n in_o his_o time_n and_o the_o captain_n of_o the_o host_n be_v almost_o constant_o beside_o he_o if_o any_o war_n have_v fall_v out_o probable_o solomon_n will_v have_v conduct_v his_o force_n himself_o but_o his_o reign_n be_v peaceable_a as_o be_v the_o type_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o peace_n yet_o he_o may_v have_v repent_v it_o if_o he_o have_v confer_v that_o high_a trust_n on_o jeroboam_n who_o if_o he_o have_v be_v captain_n general_n probable_o will_v not_o have_v flee_v to_o egypt_n for_o fear_n of_o king_n solomon_n for_o his_o action_n against_o rehoboam_n declare_v afterward_o that_o the_o heart_n of_o a_o rebel_n be_v within_o his_o breast_n whatever_o his_o exterior_a deportment_n be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o that_o peaceable_a king_n but_o to_o what_o i_o have_v say_v that_o sovereign_a prince_n shall_v conduct_v their_o army_n first_o objection_n against_o what_o have_v be_v say_v first_o in_o person_n it_o will_v be_v object_v that_o a_o infant_n king_n can_v manage_v a_o war_n to_o which_o i_o answer_v that_o then_o the_o prince_n near_o in_o blood_n shall_v do_v it_o as_o well_o as_o he_o shall_v govern_v in_o civil_a affair_n and_o if_o it_o be_v say_v he_o may_v usurp_v i_o answer_v better_a he_o do_v so_o than_o a_o fellow_n subject_n who_o may_v play_v the_o like_a prank_n if_o he_o be_v invest_v with_o the_o like_a power_n but_o it_o be_v know_v that_o many_o infant_n king_n have_v be_v carry_v answer_v answer_v about_o with_o their_o army_n to_o encourage_v they_o so_o great_a a_o influence_n have_v the_o presence_n of_o sovereign_a power_n though_o in_o a_o child_n over_o the_o spirit_n of_o military_a person_n observe_v what_o henry_n the_o six_o of_o england_n valiant_a uncle_n do_v for_o he_o and_o how_o faithful_a they_o be_v to_o he_o during_o his_o minority_n observe_v also_o that_o roxanâ—_n her_o be_v with_o child_n to_o the_o great_a alexander_n make_v his_o ambitious_a captain_n after_o his_o death_n smother_v their_o foar_a thought_n till_o time_n shall_v discover_v to_o they_o whether_o their_o sovereign_n be_v in_o her_o belly_n or_o not_o that_o according_o they_o may_v know_v how_o to_o take_v up_o their_o measure_n in_o the_o second_o place_n it_o will_v be_v ask_v what_o shall_v a_o old_a decrepit_a or_o valetudinary_a second_o the_o second_o king_n do_v who_o be_v not_o able_a to_o go_v to_o the_o field_n true_o i_o shall_v not_o desire_v he_o to_o do_v as_o that_o king_n of_o morocco_n do_v who_o in_o the_o battle_n he_o fight_v with_o sebastian_n king_n of_o portugal_n cause_v himself_o to_o be_v carry_v in_o a_o litter_n whereby_o he_o gain_v the_o victory_n though_o with_o the_o loss_n of_o his_o own_o life_n in_o the_o field_n but_o i_o say_v such_o a_o king_n answer_v answer_v may_v intrust_v as_o many_o of_o his_o subject_n as_o be_v able_a and_o capable_a to_o lead_v army_n but_o he_o shall_v put_v the_o manage_n the_o great_a bulk_n of_o the_o war_n principal_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o heir_n of_o the_o crown_n to_o command_v over_o all_o and_o if_o he_o be_v not_o of_o age_n fit_a for_o it_o than_o that_o great_a trust_n shall_v be_v give_v to_o the_o next_o prince_n of_o the_o blood_n who_o be_v capable_a of_o it_o when_o the_o imperial_a and_o spanish_a force_n invade_v france_n in_o the_o year_n 1635_o the_o french_a king_n make_v his_o brother_n gaston_n generalissimo_n who_o chase_v the_o enemy_n out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n after_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n the_o second_o have_v suffer_v many_o loss_n at_o last_o he_o make_v his_o own_o son_n the_o hungarian_a king_n generalissimo_n over_o all_o his_o army_n who_o at_o his_o very_a first_o encounter_n with_o the_o swede_n rout_v two_o of_o their_o army_n at_o nordling_n in_o the_o year_n 1634_o and_o in_o the_o space_n of_o two_o month_n make_v they_o lose_v more_o ground_n than_o they_o have_v gain_v in_o two_o whole_a year_n before_o three_o it_o will_v be_v say_v a_o sovereign_a queen_n can_v lead_v army_n and_o therefore_o three_o the_o three_o can_v manage_v the_o war_n in_o person_n i_o shall_v not_o answer_v that_o many_o princess_n have_v do_v it_o glorious_o and_o successful_o both_o in_o ancient_a and_o modern_a time_n and_o therefore_o all_o shall_v imitate_v they_o but_o i_o shall_v say_v that_o she_o can_v employ_v no_o better_o nor_o
when_o he_o come_v to_o have_v a_o petty_a army_n under_o his_o own_o peculiar_a command_n all_o go_v well_o with_o he_o and_o as_o he_o be_v advance_v to_o high_a employment_n fortune_n attend_v he_o more_o and_o more_o so_o that_o he_o be_v esteem_v to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o successful_a general_n queen_n christina_n of_o sweden_n have_v but_o observe_v the_o change_n when_o he_o come_v to_o serve_v the_o late_a king_n of_o sweden_n in_o his_o war_n against_o pole_n this_o koningsmark_n be_v pitiful_o take_v at_o sea_n by_o the_o dantzicker_n and_o keep_v prisoner_n till_o the_o peace_n be_v make_v it_o have_v indeed_o be_v observe_v of_o some_o that_o they_o have_v lose_v all_o the_o battle_n that_o ever_o they_o fight_v as_o if_o some_o inexorable_a destiny_n have_v constant_o fortunate_a some_o never_o fortunate_a attend_v their_o person_n how_o brave_a and_o accomplish_a soever_o they_o be_v they_o say_v never_o battle_n be_v win_v for_o henry_n the_o six_o of_o england_n when_o he_o be_v england_n henry_n the_o six_o of_o england_n personal_o present_a but_o several_a be_v when_o he_o be_v absent_a there_o be_v one_o of_o our_o earl_n of_o douglas_n who_o have_v the_o nickname_n of_o tinefield_n or_o loose-battel_n a_o courageous_a person_n and_o well_o experience_v in_o the_o manage_n of_o the_o war_n of_o those_o douglas_n one_o of_o the_o earl_n of_o douglas_n time_n and_o though_o he_o want_v no_o qualification_n of_o a_o good_a captain_n yet_o lose_v he_o all_o the_o battle_n that_o ever_o he_o fight_v and_o this_o ill_a fortune_n attend_v he_o when_o he_o join_v with_o piercy_n in_o his_o rebellion_n against_o henry_n the_o four_o king_n of_o england_n for_o that_o battle_n be_v lose_v wherein_o he_o think_v he_o have_v kill_v three_o or_o four_o king_n and_o he_o himself_o be_v take_v prisoner_n the_o same_o rigid_a fate_n attend_v he_o over_o to_o france_n where_o fight_v at_o vernouville_n against_o the_o duke_n of_o bedford_n he_o lose_v both_o the_o battle_n and_o his_o life_n there_o be_v another_o extravagant_a opinion_n that_o it_o be_v good_a for_o a_o general_n to_o be_v once_o beat_v that_o he_o may_v thereafter_o shun_v those_o error_n which_o occasion_v his_o overthrow_n opinion_n a_o odd_a opinion_n but_o the_o escape_n neglect_n and_o mistake_v in_o the_o time_n of_o action_n be_v so_o many_o that_o if_o a_o general_n do_v not_o endeavour_v to_o prevent_v they_o till_o by_o every_o one_o of_o they_o he_o lose_v a_o battle_n conflict_n or_o rencounter_n he_o shall_v never_o win_v a_o field_n in_o his_o life_n a_o great_a deal_n better_o it_o be_v say_v monluc_n for_o a_o captain_n to_o be_v wise_a by_o the_o loss_n of_o other_o man_n than_o by_o his_o own_o and_o by_o the_o neglect_n of_o other_o who_o thereby_o have_v shipwrack_v themselves_o to_o steer_v his_o course_n so_o that_o he_o split_v not_o upon_o that_o same_o rock_n many_o there_o be_v who_o fancy_n the_o safety_n of_o a_o army_n to_o be_v wrap_v up_o in_o the_o safety_n of_o he_o who_o command_v it_o and_o therefore_o will_v not_o have_v he_o to_o hazard_v his_o perâ—on_n but_o a_o distinction_n must_v be_v allow_v here_o for_o if_o the_o prince_n or_o monarch_n be_v in_o person_n at_o the_o medley_n when_o he_o expose_v himself_o to_o danger_n he_o hazard_v more_o than_o his_o army_n for_o he_o hazard_v the_o state_n and_o commonwealth_n yet_o many_o prince_n have_v do_v it_o cyrus_n the_o great_a alexander_n caesar_n henry_n the_o five_o of_o england_n and_z henry_n the_o four_o of_o france_n charles_n gustavus_n the_o late_a king_n of_o sweden_n all_o of_o they_o successful_o and_o his_o majesty_n now_o reign_v magnanimous_o aâ—_n worcâ—ster_n but_o indeed_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v do_v by_o they_o but_o in_o extreme_a necessity_n but_o when_o we_o speak_v of_o any_o other_o general_n except_o sovereign_a prince_n whatever_o â—ame_n they_o bear_v i_o say_v he_o who_o will_v not_o have_v they_o to_o hazard_v their_o person_n rob_v theâ—_n person_n general_n shall_v hazard_v their_o person_n of_o one_o of_o the_o most_o essential_a quality_n of_o their_o office_n and_o that_o be_v courage_n if_o a_o great_a captain_n be_v never_o so_o prudent_a never_o so_o know_v in_o the_o military_a art_n nâ—ver_o so_o vigilant_a never_o so_o industrious_a if_o he_o be_v not_o stout_a all_o the_o rest_n be_v worth_a nothing_o nor_o do_v i_o mean_v for_o all_o that_o that_o he_o shall_v he_o rash_a there_o be_v a_o difference_n between_o stare_v and_o stark_o mad_a he_o shall_v not_o hazard_v his_o person_n but_o where_o his_o presence_n be_v necessary_a as_o when_o he_o see_v or_o understand_v that_o in_o time_n of_o battle_n the_o enemy_n be_v prevail_v against_o such_o a_o part_n of_o his_o army_n thither_o he_o shall_v run_v for_o his_o presence_n may_v restore_v the_o fight_n as_o have_v be_v see_v a_o thousand_o time_n and_o it_o be_v occasion_n in_o several_a occasion_n certain_a that_o in_o time_n of_o action_n hardiness_n be_v more_o necessary_a than_o prudence_n neither_o be_v it_o enough_o for_o he_o in_o time_n of_o battle_n to_o hazard_v himself_o but_o he_o must_v do_v it_o also_o in_o view_v those_o fort_n and_o town_n which_o he_o be_v to_o besiege_v or_o the_o ground_n where_o he_o be_v either_o to_o fight_v or_o encamp_v yet_o he_o ought_v to_o be_v so_o well_o guard_v that_o he_o may_v not_o be_v surprise_v by_o any_o sudden_a eruption_n or_o the_o ambush_n of_o a_o enemy_n as_o the_o roman_a consul_n marcellus_n and_o claudius_n be_v by_o one_o of_o hannibal_n nor_o must_v a_o general_n courage_n stop_v here_o for_o where_o he_o find_v his_o advantage_n fear_v the_o weaken_n of_o his_o own_o or_o the_o strengthen_n of_o his_o enemy_n force_n he_o shall_v not_o only_o hazard_v but_o shall_v dare_v the_o enemy_n to_o battle_n and_o fight_v it_o bold_o for_o occasion_n be_v so_o disdainful_a and_o nice_a that_o if_o you_o do_v not_o court_v she_o when_o she_o offer_v calva_fw-la front_n capillata_fw-la est_fw-la posâ—haâ—_n occasiâ—_n calva_fw-la herself_o you_o will_v hardly_o ever_o find_v she_o in_o so_o good_a a_o humour_n again_o let_v it_o not_o be_v say_v that_o a_o general_n may_v be_v courageous_a and_o yet_o not_o hazard_v himself_o he_o must_v show_v his_o courage_n sometime_o yea_o many_o time_n it_o be_v good_a for_o he_o to_o be_v cautious_a but_o he_o must_v be_v adventurous_a too_o and_o if_o he_o be_v not_o this_o he_o may_v happy_o preserve_v what_o he_o have_v gain_v but_o can_v probable_o make_v any_o considerable_a new_a conquest_n and_o it_o be_v upon_o such_o a_o subject_n that_o monluc_n say_v vn_fw-fr chef_fw-fr qui_fw-fr craint_n ne_fw-fr fera_fw-fr rien_fw-fr de_fw-fr bon_fw-fr a_o chieftain_n who_o fear_n will_v never_o do_v good_a but_o i_o think_v i_o hear_v some_o say_v that_o a_o general_n shall_v hazard_v his_o person_n lest_o of_o all_o in_o battle_n because_o if_o he_o fall_v the_o rout_n of_o the_o army_n immediate_o follow_v i_o battle_n general_n shall_v hazard_v themselves_o â—â—_o battle_n grant_v it_o have_v sometime_o fall_v out_o so_o but_o that_o must_v not_o make_v a_o general_a rule_n for_o as_o the_o safety_n of_o a_o army_n consist_v not_o in_o the_o safety_n of_o the_o general_n so_o the_o loss_n of_o a_o army_n follow_v not_o necessary_o the_o loss_n of_o a_o general_n many_o brave_a general_n and_o captain_n when_o their_o army_n be_v irrecoverable_o rout_v in_o the_o field_n be_v force_v to_o fly_v and_o so_o preserve_v themselves_o to_o better_a fortune_n so_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n many_o army_n have_v be_v save_v and_o have_v gain_v the_o day_n after_o their_o general_n have_v either_o flee_v out_o of_o the_o field_n or_o be_v kill_v in_o it_o at_o a_o battle_n fight_v with_o the_o imperialist_n army_n loss_n of_o a_o general_n do_v not_o lose_v a_o army_n in_o the_o year_n 1638_o paltsgrave_n birkifeld_n flee_v with_o most_o of_o his_o general_a person_n yet_o his_o army_n gain_v the_o victory_n and_o in_o our_o own_o day_n the_o general_n of_o three_o army_n join_v at_o that_o time_n all_o in_o one_o flee_v before_o the_o battle_n be_v half_o fight_v yet_o the_o mishap_n be_v that_o the_o general_n who_o fight_v against_o they_o and_o brave_o keep_v the_o field_n lose_v the_o honour_n of_o the_o day_n titus_n livius_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o two_o decii_n father_n and_o son_n both_o consul_n in_o two_o several_a battle_n which_o the_o roman_n fight_v with_o their_o neighbour_n in_o italy_n when_o they_o see_v their_o own_o man_n begin_v to_o fly_v consecrate_v and_o devote_a themselves_o and_o their_o prevail_a enemy_n to_o mother_n tellus_n and_o all_o the_o infernal_a spirit_n with_o all_o the_o hellish_a rite_n of_o that_o heathen_a action_n describe_v at_o length_n by_o livy_n
body_n either_o of_o horse_n or_o foot_n to_o stand_v when_o it_o be_v charge_v both_o in_o front_n and_o flank_n and_o this_o be_v ordinary_o do_v by_o overw_v so_o that_o the_o strong_a in_o number_n have_v the_o advantage_n which_o the_o weak_a shall_v endeavour_v to_o counterbalance_v by_o art_n policy_n and_o stratagem_n this_o make_v i_o wonder_v how_o charles_n the_o five_o a_o great_a warrior_n in_o his_o instruction_n to_o his_o son_n philip_n the_o second_o assert_n that_o thirty_o thousand_o foot_n and_o order_v number_n a_o great_a advantage_n if_o they_o be_v well_o order_v four_o thousand_o horse_n be_v a_o sufficient_a army_n against_o any_o enemy_n how_o strong_a soever_o provide_v it_o be_v still_o keep_v at_o that_o strength_n and_o fresh_a man_n put_v in_o their_o place_n who_o be_v either_o put_v in_o garrison_n or_o be_v kill_v or_o dead_a because_o say_v he_o hardly_o shall_v you_o find_v any_o ground_n capable_a to_o contain_v more_o without_o encumbrance_n but_o himself_o find_v ground_n to_o marshal_v one_o hundred_o and_o ten_o thousand_o man_n at_o vienna_n almost_o all_o in_o â—ront_n and_o if_o he_o find_v ground_n to_o marshal_v these_o thirty_o four_o thousand_o man_n certain_o it_o will_v be_v necessary_a to_o have_v a_o reserve_v of_o twenty_o thousand_o and_o assure_o great_a number_n have_v the_o advantage_n of_o small_a if_o they_o be_v well_o order_v to_o second_v one_o another_o whether_o the_o ground_n be_v spacious_a or_o narrow_a reserve_v be_v right_o place_v many_o be_v of_o opinion_n and_o it_o be_v ground_v on_o reason_n enough_o that_o horse_n and_o foot_n fight_v best_a together_o but_o they_o differ_v in_o the_o way_n for_o some_o will_v have_v one_o together_o horse_n and_o foot_n together_o regiment_n of_o horse_n with_o two_o regiment_n of_o foot_n or_o if_o the_o cavalry_n be_v so_o strong_a a_o regiment_n of_o horse_n for_o every_o regiment_n of_o foot_n and_o marshal_v alternate_o as_o first_o a_o regiment_n of_o horse_n and_o then_o one_o of_o foot_n and_o so_o with_o the_o rest_n other_o like_v not_o this_o so_o well_o but_o like_o better_a to_o fortify_v their_o squadron_n with_o plotton_n of_o musqueteer_n who_o give_v their_o volley_n incessant_o before_o the_o horse_n plotton_n of_o musqueteer_n with_o horse_n horse_n come_v to_o their_o charge_n and_o this_o assure_o do_v exceed_o disorder_v and_o damnify_v body_n of_o horse_n before_o they_o can_v come_v to_o make_v use_n of_o their_o pistol_n or_o lance_n â—or_a the_o lance_n be_v not_o yet_o out_o of_o fashion_n with_o the_o polonian_n hungarian_n trarsylvanians_n and_o walachian_o beside_o those_o of_o more_o easterly_a nation_n of_o this_o manner_n of_o mix_v foot_n with_o horse_n gustavus_n adolphus_n make_v good_a use_n in_o his_o war_n with_o pole_n and_o in_o germany_n too_o especial_o at_o the_o battle_n of_o leipsick_a but_o that_o great_a prince_n be_v not_o the_o first_o that_o invent_v it_o it_o be_v use_v in_o the_o world_n many_o age_n before_o he_o among_o the_o ancient_a grecians_n roman_n and_o german_n too_o as_o i_o have_v already_o show_v you_o coligni_n the_o famous_a admiral_n of_o france_n have_v ordinary_o harquebusier_n of_o foot_n mix_v with_o his_o horseman_n and_o true_o as_o i_o think_v musqueteer_n have_v do_v and_o can_v do_v good_a service_n against_o horse_n before_o they_o come_v to_o the_o charge_n so_o i_o conceive_v in_o the_o charge_n pikeman_n well_o arm_v for_o the_o defensive_a will_v notable_o assist_v horseman_n if_o they_o be_v interline_v with_o they_o but_o it_o seem_v general_n think_v not_o so_o because_o they_o do_v not_o use_v it_o but_o in_o the_o marshal_n army_n there_o be_v great_a difference_n of_o opinion_n concern_v the_o interval_n between_o the_o great_a body_n whether_o these_o be_v regiment_n or_o brigade_n some_o allow_v but_o 24_o foot_n of_o ground_n between_o they_o and_o they_o say_v if_o they_o be_v great_a the_o enemy_n may_v easy_o get_v into_o these_o void_a place_n and_o so_o fall_v upon_o body_n narrow_a interval_n between_o great_a body_n the_o flank_n of_o the_o several_a body_n and_o ruin_v they_o a_o consideration_n that_o carry_v much_o reason_n with_o it_o but_o true_o this_o order_n be_v good_a if_o the_o army_n be_v draw_v up_o in_o one_o front_n without_o any_o reserve_v but_o if_o it_o have_v a_o reserve_v these_o narrow_a interval_n in_o the_o battle_n render_v it_o useless_a nay_o they_o may_v help_v to_o ruin_v it_o my_o reason_n be_v this_o a_o reserve_n be_v appoint_v to_o advance_v against_o a_o enemy_n at_o one_o of_o these_o three_o occasion_n which_o be_v when_o the_o battle_n be_v weary_a when_o it_o be_v in_o danger_n and_o when_o it_o be_v beat_v now_o in_o none_o of_o these_o three_o can_v the_o reserve_v be_v steedable_a if_o there_o be_v not_o ground_n for_o it_o to_o advance_v to_o draw_v up_o and_o to_o fight_v but_o who_o can_v imagine_v that_o a_o brigade_n of_o three_o hundred_o man_n in_o front_n in_o the_o reserve_n can_v advance_v draw_v up_o and_o fight_v on_o a_o spot_n of_o ground_n twenty_o four_o foot_n broad_a or_o yet_o on_o a_o plot_n of_o ground_n three_o reserve_n obstruct_v help_n from_o the_o reserve_n hundred_o foot_n broad_a for_o there_o they_o shall_v only_o have_v ground_n to_o stand_v on_o but_o no_o room_n to_o handle_v their_o arm_n especial_o their_o musket_n but_o it_o will_v be_v yet_o worse_o if_o the_o brigade_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v fly_v and_o these_o of_o the_o reserve_v advance_v for_o there_o shall_v be_v in_o that_o case_n such_o a_o medley_n and_o a_o embarras_n that_o they_o shall_v ruin_v one_o another_o without_o the_o help_n of_o a_o enemy_n i_o suppose_v for_o these_o or_o the_o like_a reason_n other_o allow_v as_o much_o interval_n between_o two_o brigade_n marshal_v in_o the_o battle_n as_o can_v contain_v a_o brigade_n draw_v up_o behind_o it_o use_n large_a interval_n of_o better_a use_n in_o the_o reserve_v all_o the_o brigade_n be_v suppose_v to_o be_v of_o a_o like_a strength_n and_o number_n and_o thereby_o whether_o the_o battle_n â—eel_v faint_a or_o fly_v the_o reserve_n may_v come_v up_o to_o the_o shock_n with_o a_o enemy_n without_o any_o impeachment_n give_v to_o it_o by_o the_o fly_a brigade_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o thereby_o a_o fair_a opportunity_n give_v to_o those_o who_o flee_v or_o retire_v to_o rally_v on_o the_o ground_n whereon_o the_o reserve_v stand_v which_o be_v the_o order_n the_o ancient_a roman_n keep_v in_o their_o three_o batallion_n of_o hastati_fw-la principes_fw-la and_o triarii_n as_o i_o have_v at_o length_n show_v you_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o their_o art_n of_o war._n and_o it_o seem_v in_o the_o day_n of_o charles_n the_o five_o about_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o year_n ago_o the_o interval_n between_o batallion_n be_v so_o narrow_a that_o the_o complainâ—_n charles_n the_o five_o his_o complainâ—_n reserve_v can_v give_v they_o little_a or_o no_o assistance_n whereof_o he_o complain_v in_o his_o instruction_n to_o his_o son_n for_o he_o say_v they_o be_v all_o draw_v up_o in_o direct_a line_n these_o be_v his_o word_n that_o if_o you_o beat_v say_v he_o the_o foremost_a body_n they_o fall_v back_o upon_o the_o rest_n who_o be_v direct_o behind_o they_o and_o so_o bring_v they_o in_o disorder_n and_o consusion_n which_o hurtful_a error_n of_o marshal_v that_o emperor_n say_v he_o intend_v to_o rectify_v and_o to_o that_o purpose_n refer_v the_o king_n his_o son_n to_o his_o write_a note_n upon_o that_o subject_a now_o what_o better_a way_n be_v there_o to_o rectify_v this_o evil_a than_o not_o to_o draw_v up_o any_o batallion_n of_o the_o reserve_v direct_o behind_o a_o batallion_n of_o the_o battle_n but_o in_o a_o direct_a line_n behind_o the_o interval_n that_o be_v between_o two_o batalion_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o this_o be_v the_o roman_n way_n who_o draw_v up_o the_o three_o body_n of_o their_o several_a legion_n one_o behind_o another_o chequerwise_a and_o here_o the_o objection_n mention_v before_o that_o a_o enemy_n may_v easy_o enter_v at_o these_o wide_a interval_n and_o charge_v the_o flank_n of_o the_o brigade_n in_o battle_n must_v be_v answer_v ordnance_n interval_n defend_v by_o ordnance_n that_o these_o interval_n be_v defend_v with_o great_a and_o small_a piece_n of_o ordnance_n suppose_v every_o one_o of_o they_o with_o four_o great_a and_o lesser_a piece_n or_o with_o three_o according_a as_o the_o train_n be_v great_a or_o small_a and_o if_o that_o do_v not_o the_o deed_n or_o that_o any_o of_o the_o brigade_n of_o the_o battle_n begin_v to_o shrink_v or_o reel_v than_o that_o brigade_n of_o the_o reserve_v that_o be_v behind_o the_o interval_n in_o danger_n shall_v be_v order_v speedy_o to_o advance_v and_o possess_v it_o it_o will_v seem_v that_o the_o
he_o be_v to_o advance_v his_o march_n speedy_o to_o gain_v a_o pass_n or_o advantage_n of_o ground_n or_o stop_v his_o march_n and_o encamp_v and_o fortify_v and_o if_o nothing_o else_o will_v help_v he_o shall_v draw_v up_o in_o battle_n either_o front_a that_o same_o way_n as_o he_o be_v march_v or_o face_v about_o to_o fight_v the_o enemy_n whether_o he_o be_v in_o his_o front_n or_o rear_v and_o let_v god_n dispose_v of_o the_o victory_n as_o seem_v good_a in_o his_o eye_n our_o modern_a army_n have_v march_v and_o do_v still_o march_v one_o of_o three_o several_a manner_n a_o army_n may_v â—arch_v in_o three_o several_a manner_n way_n these_o be_v first_o by_o divide_v a_o army_n into_o three_o several_a body_n vanguard_n battle_n and_o arrierguard_n second_o by_o march_v in_o two_o distinct_a body_n as_o they_o use_v to_o fight_v and_o these_o be_v common_o call_v battle_n and_o reserve_n three_o all_o in_o one_o battle_n whereby_o be_v mean_v the_o half_a of_o the_o cavalry_n in_o the_o van_n the_o other_o half_o in_o the_o rear_n and_o the_o foot_n between_o they_o to_o clear_v all_o these_o three_o way_n of_o march_v let_v we_o suppose_v our_o army_n to_o consist_v of_o six_o brigade_n of_o horse_n and_o eight_o of_o foot_n these_o be_v divide_v after_o the_o first_o way_n thus_o in_o the_o vanguard_n body_n first_o manner_n in_o three_o body_n three_o brigade_n of_o horse_n and_o out_o of_o these_o a_o strong_a party_n of_o three_o or_o four_o hundred_o horse_n to_o go_v before_o to_o search_v the_o way_n and_o discover_v that_o party_n shall_v be_v about_o one_o english_a mile_n before_o the_o three_o brigade_n of_o horse_n and_o out_o of_o it_o shall_v be_v small_a party_n send_v out_o about_o half_a a_o english_a mile_n which_o shall_v constant_o acquaint_v the_o great_a party_n and_o it_o the_o brigade_n behind_o and_o so_o from_o hand_n vanguard_n vanguard_n to_o hand_n till_o the_o intelligence_n of_o all_o they_o learn_v come_v to_o the_o general_n after_o these_o forlorn_a troop_n of_o horse_n follow_v command_v musqueteer_n with_o pioner_n to_o smooth_a and_o make_v plain_a the_o way_n for_o the_o artillery_n whether_o it_o be_v by_o cut_v tree_n or_o hedge_n or_o fill_v hollow_a ground_n or_o ditch_n after_o the_o three_o brigade_n of_o horse_n follow_v some_o field-piece_n suppose_v the_o half_a of_o those_o that_o be_v with_o the_o army_n and_o some_o wagon_n load_v with_o ammunition_n immediate_o after_o they_o march_v two_o brigade_n of_o foot_n these_o be_v follow_v by_o the_o baggage_n of_o the_o whole_a vanguard_n and_o behind_o it_o a_o command_v party_n of_o horse_n and_o foot_n so_o you_o see_v this_o vanguard_n be_v a_o petty_a army_n of_o itself_o in_o the_o next_o place_n come_v the_o battle_n in_o this_o order_n first_o two_o brigade_n of_o foot_n after_o they_o the_o prince_n or_o his_o battle_n battle_n general_n in_o person_n attend_v with_o the_o guard_n of_o his_o body_n and_o servant_n behind_o these_o the_o general_n or_o colonel_n of_o the_o artillery_n who_o be_v follow_v by_o the_o great_a ordnance_n and_o whole_a train_n of_o artillery_n after_o it_o come_v in_o due_a order_n the_o baggage_n belong_v to_o the_o general_a officer_n and_o to_o all_o the_o four_o brigade_n which_o compose_v the_o battle_n in_o the_o rear_n whereof_o march_v two_o more_o brigade_n of_o foot_n and_o these_o sometime_o be_v bring_v up_o by_o a_o party_n of_o horse_n after_o the_o battle_n come_v the_o reerguard_n of_o our_o army_n and_o that_o be_v the_o reverse_n of_o the_o vanguard_n for_o first_o rearguard_n rearguard_n march_v its_o baggage_n with_o a_o command_v party_n of_o horse_n and_o foot_n next_o follow_v two_o brigade_n of_o foot_n than_o some_o field-piece_n behind_o they_o the_o other_o three_o brigade_n of_o horse_n who_o have_v a_o party_n behind_o they_o at_o the_o distance_n at_o least_o of_o one_o english_a mile_n to_o give_v they_o advertisement_n if_o a_o enemy_n be_v follow_v and_o this_o be_v the_o first_o and_o a_o very_a commendable_a manner_n of_o the_o march_n of_o a_o army_n but_o observe_v to_o make_v the_o great_a expedition_n especial_o if_o a_o army_n be_v numerous_a these_o three_o great_a body_n may_v march_v three_o several_a way_n if_o the_o country_n convenient_o way_n thâ—se_o three_o body_n may_v march_v three_o several_a way_n afford_v they_o and_o this_o make_v a_o speedy_a march_n but_o in_o this_o case_n the_o battle_n must_v have_v two_o brigade_n of_o horse_n which_o it_o have_v not_o before_o and_o consequent_o the_o van_n guard_n and_o rearguard_n each_o of_o they_o but_o two_o whereas_o by_o our_o former_a marshal_v each_o of_o they_o have_v three_o when_o they_o divide_v they_o be_v appoint_v to_o meet_v at_o such_o a_o time_n and_o place_n as_o the_o general_n shall_v appoint_v whether_o that_o be_v every_o night_n or_o every_o three_o four_o or_o five_o night_n this_o be_v do_v when_o a_o enemy_n be_v not_o near_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a march_v and_o â—dgeth_v constant_o with_o the_o body_n of_o the_o infantry_n and_o the_o artillery_n and_o these_o great_a officer_n who_o command_v the_o vanguard_n and_o arrierguard_n have_v major_n attend_v they_o every_o day_n and_o night_n beside_o ordinance-horseman_n to_o receive_v their_o direction_n and_o bring_v they_o speedy_o to_o they_o in_o regard_n some_o new_a intelligence_n may_v rational_o move_v they_o to_o alter_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o march_n or_o any_o order_n they_o give_v concern_v it_o the_o second_o manner_n of_o the_o march_n of_o a_o army_n be_v in_o two_o body_n battle_n and_o body_n second_o manner_n in_o two_o body_n reserve_n you_o will_v be_v please_v to_o remember_v that_o the_o army_n we_o now_o speak_v of_o consist_v of_o six_o brigade_n of_o horse_n and_o eight_o of_o foot_n which_o i_o thus_o order_n in_o the_o battle_n shall_v first_o march_v 400_o command_v horse_n who_o shall_v have_v a_o small_a party_n before_o they_o to_o discover_v next_z they_o pioner_n or_o country_n people_n with_o a_o party_n of_o musqueteer_n or_o firelock_n to_o plain_a the_o way_n than_o four_o brigade_n of_o horse_n next_o they_o field-piece_n than_o three_o brigade_n of_o foot_n after_o they_o the_o prince_n or_o he_o who_o command_v by_o his_o authority_n the_o general_n or_o colonel_n of_o the_o artillery_n follow_v after_o who_o come_v the_o great_a ordnance_n and_o whole_a train_n which_o be_v follow_v by_o the_o coach_n and_o wagon_n belong_v to_o the_o general_n and_o all_o the_o other_o general_a officer_n after_o they_o come_v the_o baggage_n belong_v to_o all_o the_o brigade_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o that_o same_o order_n that_o the_o brigade_n themselves_o march_v after_o which_o come_v two_o brigade_n of_o foot_n and_o then_o a_o party_n of_o horse_n bring_v up_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o reserve_n follow_v in_o this_o order_n first_o a_o command_a party_n of_o horse_n and_o reserve_n reserve_n foot_n than_o the_o whole_a baggage_n that_o belong_v to_o the_o reserve_v next_o to_o it_o field-piece_n with_o their_o wagon_n of_o ammunition_n after_o they_o three_o brigade_n of_o foot_n and_o then_o two_o brigade_n of_o horse_n about_o one_o english_a mile_n behind_o they_o follow_v the_o rearguard_n of_o command_a horse_n these_o two_o great_a body_n for_o expedition_n way_n these_o two_o body_n may_v march_v two_o several_a way_n sake_n may_v likewise_o march_v two_o several_a way_n if_o the_o general_n have_v no_o apprehension_n of_o a_o enemy_n and_o join_v when_o he_o give_v order_n for_o it_o observe_v when_o a_o enemy_n be_v in_o the_o rear_n the_o battle_n be_v the_o reserve_v and_o the_o reserve_n be_v the_o battle_n and_o consequent_o more_o brigade_n shall_v be_v in_o the_o rear_n than_o in_o the_o van_n and_o in_o the_o rear_n at_o such_o a_o occasion_n the_o commander_n in_o chief_a of_o the_o army_n shall_v be_v the_o three_o manner_n of_o a_o army_n march_v be_v when_o it_o neither_o march_v in_o two_o body_n three_o manner_n in_o one_o body_n nor_o three_o distinct_a body_n but_o in_o one_o entire_a body_n which_o be_v frequent_o practise_v let_v i_o then_o once_o more_o refresh_v your_o memory_n by_o tell_v you_o our_o army_n consist_v of_o six_o brigade_n of_o horse_n and_o eight_o of_o foot_n three_o brigade_n of_o horse_n march_v first_o and_o make_v the_o vanguard_n these_o have_v before_o they_o command_v horse_n pioner_n and_o musqueteer_n as_o the_o other_o have_v then_o follow_v four_o brigade_n of_o foot_n the_o general_n after_o they_o next_o he_o the_o general_n of_o the_o artillery_n with_o his_o whole_a train_n after_o it_o march_v the_o other_o four_o brigade_n of_o foot_n and_o these_o eight_o brigade_n of_o foot_n compose_v the_o battle_n of_o the_o army_n the_o other_o three_o brigade_n of_o
will_v be_v or_o the_o way_n narrow_a as_o for_o most_o part_n it_o chance_v to_o be_v you_o may_v see_v i_o say_v how_o many_o mile_n may_v be_v between_o your_o front_n and_o your_o rear_n and_o indeed_o though_o the_o train_n of_o artillery_n by_o the_o stick_n of_o great_a gun_n and_o pot-piece_n in_o deep_a dirty_a or_o clay_n ground_n give_v no_o retardment_n to_o the_o march_n as_o frequent_o it_o do_v or_o that_o a_o army_n meet_v with_o no_o extraordinary_a encumbrance_n as_o happy_o it_o may_v yet_o it_o will_v be_v no_o marvel_n to_o see_v the_o van_n at_o the_o head_n quarter_n before_o the_o rearguard_n be_v march_v out_o of_o their_o last_o night_n leaguer_n though_o the_o march_v be_v fourteen_o or_o fifteen_o english_a mile_n long_o and_o therefore_o there_o be_v good_a reason_n to_o allow_v as_o little_a distance_n or_o interval_n between_o several_a body_n or_o batallion_n as_o may_v be_v and_o to_o secure_a a_o close_a march_n the_o best_a and_o secure_a divide_v a_o army_n into_o two_o three_o or_o more_o body_n and_o march_v several_a way_n to_o make_v the_o great_a expedition_n when_o it_o may_v be_v do_v safe_o and_o without_o danger_n of_o a_o enemy_n and_o if_o he_o be_v in_o your_o rear_n and_o that_o you_o intend_v not_o to_o fight_v divide_v so_o you_o keep_v good_a order_n facilitate_v your_o retreat_n the_o two_o prince_n of_o orange_n maurice_n and_o henry_n both_o of_o they_o excellent_a captain_n order_v that_o in_o a_o march_n when_o one_o regiment_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o great_a partition_n there_o shall_v be_v no_o more_o but_o fifty_o foot_n of_o distance_n between_o they_o and_o only_o eighty_o foot_n between_o one_o regiment_n and_o another_o these_o prince_n cause_v their_o army_n to_o march_v according_a to_o ancient_a custom_n in_o three_o great_a body_n van_n guard_n battle_n and_o rearguard_n and_o those_o they_o call_v tercias_n or_o tersos_fw-la a_o spanish_a word_n which_o signify_v three_o and_o so_o the_o spaniard_n call_v their_o regiment_n of_o old_a and_o for_o any_o thing_n i_o know_v they_o do_v so_o still_o these_o tersos_fw-la of_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n be_v indeed_o grand_a brigade_n and_o these_o have_v maâ—â—rs_n who_o be_v call_v major_n of_o the_o brigade_n beside_o major_n of_o regiment_n and_o in_o a_o march_n the_o prince_n allow_v no_o great_a distance_n between_o these_o great_a body_n but_o a_o hundred_o or_o a_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o foot_n at_o most_o and_o herein_o they_o do_v not_o quadrate_n with_o the_o opinion_n of_o some_o of_o our_o modern_a captain_n who_o will_v have_v as_o great_a a_o distance_n between_o brigade_n as_o the_o longitude_n of_o a_o brigade_n be_v which_o we_o may_v suppose_v to_o be_v very_o many_o time_n a_o thousand_o foot_n though_o sometime_o less_o and_o consequent_o if_o there_o be_v ten_o such_o brigade_n of_o foot_n the_o very_a nine_o interval_n between_o the_o ten_o brigade_n take_v up_o nine_o thousand_o foot_n near_o two_o italian_a mile_n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o way_n be_v not_o very_o broad_a there_o will_v be_v several_a mile_n between_o the_o van_n and_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o infantry_n but_o the_o reason_n bring_v by_o those_o that_o be_v of_o this_o judgement_n may_v be_v demonstrate_v to_o be_v but_o weak_a by_o a_o visible_a practice_n when_o a_o army_n be_v to_o go_v over_o a_o pass_n a_o water_n or_o a_o bridge_n the_o whole_a straight_a to_o march_v over_o a_o pass_n or_o a_o straight_a body_n of_o it_o shall_v be_v order_v to_o march_v very_o close_o lose_v something_o of_o their_o ordinary_a distance_n that_o one_o brigade_n or_o batallion_n be_v past_a another_o may_v immediate_o follow_v without_o intermission_n captain_n rud_n the_o late_a king_n engineer_n a_o very_a worthy_a person_n say_v at_o the_o pass_v a_o strait_a a_o army_n shall_v make_v a_o halt_n and_o draw_v up_o in_o battle_n and_o then_o pass_v over_o so_o many_o in_o breast_n as_o the_o place_n will_v permit_v and_o when_o they_o be_v all_o over_o draw_v up_o again_o before_o time_n and_o not_o lose_v time_n they_o march_v for_o the_o last_o part_n i_o shall_v agree_v with_o he_o for_o no_o soon_o shall_v any_o forlorn-hope_a troop_n company_n or_o regiment_n be_v over_o a_o pass_n but_o they_o shall_v draw_v up_o in_o battle_n till_o some_o other_o be_v over_o and_o if_o there_o be_v not_o ground_n enough_o they_o shall_v advance_v by_o little_a and_o little_a till_o they_o find_v a_o more_o spacious_a field_n where_o they_o may_v draw_v up_o in_o breast_n and_o expect_v the_o rest_n or_o if_o he_o mean_v that_o every_o particular_a regiment_n or_o brigade_n shall_v draw_v on_o that_o side_n of_o the_o strait_n which_o it_o be_v to_o pass_v till_o the_o rear_n of_o that_o regiment_n or_o brigade_n come_v up_o and_o then_o begin_v their_o march_n over_o i_o shall_v yet_o agree_v with_o he_o but_o for_o a_o van_n of_o a_o army_n to_o stay_v till_o the_o rear_n come_v up_o before_o it_o begin_v to_o pass_v a_o strait_a be_v a_o great_a loss_n of_o time_n which_o in_o the_o march_n of_o a_o army_n be_v very_o precious_a for_o in_o a_o army_n but_o of_o a_o indifferent_a strength_n that_o halt_n shall_v be_v the_o space_n of_o at_o least_o four_o hour_n and_o this_o furnish_v a_o opportunity_n to_o a_o enemy_n to_o oppose_v the_o passage_n or_o wait_v his_o advantage_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o strait_a with_o more_o force_n policy_n and_o deliberation_n chap._n xx._n of_o quarter_a encamp_a and_o modern_a castrametation_n of_o the_o quartermaster_n general_n and_o of_o the_o quartermaster_n of_o the_o general_n staff_n the_o day_n be_v far_o spend_v and_o the_o army_n have_v march_v far_o quarter_n must_v be_v make_v somewhere_o and_o it_o must_v be_v either_o in_o town_n village_n or_o the_o field_n if_o the_o army_n be_v disperse_v in_o several_a village_n or_o hamlet_n it_o be_v do_v that_o it_o may_v village_n to_o quarter_v in_o village_n be_v refresh_v for_o some_o short_a time_n and_o when_o there_o be_v no_o danger_n of_o a_o enemy_n if_o it_o be_v to_o lodge_v for_o one_o night_n and_o a_o enemy_n be_v near_o than_o both_o horse_n and_o foot_n stand_v in_o the_o field_n all_o night_n with_o strong_a guard_n forlorn-hope_n round_n and_o patrovilles_n if_o a_o enemy_n be_v not_o near_o ordinary_o the_o head_n quarter_n be_v in_o some_o little_a town_n or_o village_n and_o the_o cavalry_n quarter_v round_o about_o in_o hamlet_n the_o infantry_n be_v encamp_v close_o by_o the_o head-quarter_n and_o if_o it_o be_v but_o to_o stay_v a_o night_n or_o two_o it_o do_v not_o usual_o entrench_v but_o as_o the_o old_a grecian_n do_v encamp_v on_o some_o place_n something_o fortify_v by_o nature_n as_o on_o a_o hill_n or_o some_o defensible_a ascent_n or_o where_o a_o river_n may_v be_v on_o one_o hand_n and_o a_o marsh_n on_o the_o other_o and_o where_o the_o place_n iâ—_n defective_a they_o must_v help_v it_o with_o spade_n and_o mattock_n if_o danger_n be_v apprehend_v or_o if_o the_o foot_n must_v lodge_v in_o a_o champagn_n their_o wagon_n field_n to_o quarter_v in_o the_o field_n draw_v about_o they_o will_v be_v a_o excellent_a good_a shelter_n against_o sudden_a infall_n and_o this_o the_o german_n call_v a_o wagonburg_n that_o be_v a_o fortification_n of_o wagon_n and_o it_o be_v better_a than_o the_o roman_a fossa_n tumultuaria_fw-la in_o ancient_a time_n where_o ever_o this_o night-leaguer_n chance_v to_o be_v he_o who_o command_v in_o chief_a must_v be_v careful_a to_o choose_v such_o a_o place_n as_o want_n for_o neither_o wood_n water_n nor_o foderage_n a_o alarm-place_n shall_v be_v appoint_v for_o the_o horse_n in_o case_n their_o quarter_n happen_v to_o be_v beat_v up_o in_o the_o night_n as_o also_o a_o place_n of_o rendezvouz_n at_o which_o the_o whole_a army_n be_v to_o meet_v next_o day_n if_o it_o be_v all_o in_o one_o body_n and_o at_o such_o a_o hour_n as_o the_o general_n shall_v appoint_v the_o encamp_a of_o a_o army_n for_o some_o considerable_a time_n require_v a_o orderly_a time_n to_o encamp_v and_o fortify_v for_o a_o long_a time_n castrametation_n and_o fortification_n and_o though_o it_o be_v not_o very_o ordinary_a yet_o it_o have_v be_v and_o may_v be_v occasion_v by_o several_a accident_n and_o emergement_n such_o as_o these_o when_o a_o enemy_n come_v unexpected_o who_o strength_n and_o design_n be_v not_o know_v when_o a_o prince_n or_o his_o general_n think_v it_o not_o fit_a to_o hazard_v a_o battle_n it_o reason_n for_o it_o when_o he_o will_v preserve_v the_o country_n behind_o he_o whether_o it_o belong_v to_o the_o prince_n himself_o or_o to_o his_o friend_n or_o that_o he_o have_v win_v it_o from_o his_o enemy_n when_o the_o pestilence_n or_o other_o
where_o ordinary_o clock_n do_v not_o strike_v nor_o bell_n ring_n than_o the_o caporal_n be_v to_o have_v allowance_n of_o match_n which_o they_o call_v passelunt_a whereby_o they_o regulate_v passelunt_n passelunt_n themselves_o to_o relieve_v their_o sentinel_n when_o six_o seven_o eight_o or_o nine_o inch_n of_o it_o be_v burn_v in_o camp_n and_o garrison_n drummer_n be_v to_o beat_v taptoo_o at_o night_n and_o in_o the_o morning_n revallie_o this_o word_n zapzu_n or_o taptoo_n be_v high_a and_o and_o low_a dutch_a and_o taptoo_n taptoo_n signify_v no_o more_o drink_n to_o be_v tap_v or_o sell_v and_o be_v not_o as_o some_o fancy_n to_o advertise_v the_o guard_n to_o place_v their_o night_n sentinel_n but_o to_o acquaint_v sutler_n to_z sell_v no_o more_o drink_n and_o soldier_n to_o go_v home_o to_o their_o lodging_n and_o who_o be_v find_v out_o of_o their_o quarter_n after_o it_o aught_o to_o be_v punish_v it_o shall_v be_v â—eat_n constant_o at_o one_o hour_n summer_n and_o winter_n and_o ten_o a_o clock_n at_o night_n be_v a_o proper_a time_n for_o it_o but_o by-guard_n as_o they_o be_v call_v and_o night_n sentinel_n be_v to_o be_v put_v to_o their_o by-guard_n night_n sentinel_n and_o by-guard_n post_n when_o daylight_n be_v well_o near_o spend_v and_o this_o in_o winter_n will_v be_v about_o four_o and_o in_o summer_n about_o ten_o a_o clock_n at_o night_n neither_o ought_v the_o last_o night_n sentinel_n to_o leave_v their_o post_n till_o the_o diana_n or_o revallie_o beat_v which_o can_v be_v do_v at_o one_o constant_a hour_n as_o the_o taptoo_n for_o in_o winter_n it_o may_v be_v eight_o and_o in_o summer_n three_o or_o four_o in_o the_o morning_n and_o beat_v it_o shall_v not_o till_o the_o captain_n of_o the_o watch_n give_v order_n for_o it_o and_o he_o be_v not_o to_o take_v up_o his_o measure_n by_o daylight_n revallie_o diana_n travaille_n or_o revallie_o but_o by_o the_o clearness_n darkness_n or_o mistiness_n of_o the_o morning_n the_o night_n sentinel_n be_v to_o continue_v on_o their_o duty_n till_o they_o can_v discover_v all_o the_o field_n about_o they_o when_o by_o order_n of_o the_o colonel_n or_o captain_n of_o the_o watch_n the_o diana_n be_v beat_v at_o the_o head_n watch_n all_o the_o drummer_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o guard_n ought_v immediate_o to_o beat_v and_o then_o the_o night_n watch_v and_o sentinel_n come_v to_o their_o several_a guard_n it_o be_v then_o also_o that_o the_o soldier_n who_o have_v be_v in_o their_o quarter_n or_o hut_v all_o night_n and_o either_o townsman_n or_o country_n people_n who_o be_v order_v to_o work_v at_o the_o fortification_n either_o of_o town_n or_o camp_n be_v to_o go_v to_o their_o work_n and_o therefore_o this_o beat_n of_o the_o drum_n in_o the_o morning_n i_o think_v be_v more_o proper_o call_v travaille_n than_o revallie_o chap._n xxii_o of_o thing_n previous_a to_o a_o battle_n of_o a_o battle_n itself_o and_o of_o thing_n after_o a_o battle_n of_o all_o martial_a act_n to_o fight_v a_o battle_n well_o and_o gain_v the_o victory_n be_v of_o the_o high_a importance_n and_o make_v the_o prince_n or_o his_o general_n most_o renown_v it_o be_v this_o and_o neither_o retreat_n nor_o take_v town_n though_o both_o these_o show_v the_o qualification_n of_o a_o excellent_a captain_n that_o crown_v they_o with_o laurel_n by_o the_o win_n of_o battle_n sometime_o one_o sometime_o more_o kingdom_n be_v gain_v by_o one_o party_n and_o lose_v by_o another_o let_v we_o then_o take_v a_o view_n of_o those_o thing_n that_o shall_v be_v advert_v to_o before_o so_o great_a a_o hazard_n be_v make_v most_o man_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o he_o who_o have_v the_o conduct_n of_o a_o army_n shall_v never_o choose_v general_n shall_v not_o be_v force_v to_o fight_v if_o they_o can_v choose_v suffer_v himself_o to_o be_v force_v to_o fight_v i_o say_v so_o too_o if_o he_o can_v help_v it_o and_o what_o be_v the_o meaning_n of_o this_o but_o that_o his_o intelligence_n shall_v be_v so_o good_a that_o if_o he_o intend_v not_o to_o fight_v he_o shall_v either_o quick_o get_v himself_o out_o of_o the_o way_n or_o strong_o entrench_v his_o army_n in_o a_o place_n where_o he_o can_v want_v provision_n but_o when_o he_o have_v do_v either_o of_o the_o two_o he_o may_v be_v force_v to_o fight_v for_o who_o can_v save_v his_o army_n without_o fight_v if_o his_o enemy_n storm_v his_o retrenchment_n or_o in_o his_o retreat_n pursue_v he_o fierce_o and_o powerful_o to_o force_v a_o enemy_n to_o fight_v well_o to_o force_v a_o enemy_n to_o battle_n succeed_v sometime_o well_o have_v a_o doubtful_a event_n for_o many_o time_n it_o succeed_v well_o as_o it_o do_v with_o alexander_n at_o arbela_n against_o darius_n with_o scipio_n against_o hannibal_n at_o zama_n with_o his_o brother_n against_o antiochus_n in_o asia_n with_o charles_n the_o five_o against_o the_o king_n of_o france_n at_o pavia_n and_o gustavus_n his_o army_n against_o wallenstein_n at_o lutsen_n yet_o peruse_v history_n you_o will_v find_v that_o many_o more_o have_v lose_v than_o ever_o gain_v by_o it_o take_v a_o few_o instance_n edward_n the_o black_a prince_n be_v force_v to_o fight_v at_o poiâ—tiers_n so_o be_v henry_n the_o five_o of_o england_n at_o agincourt_n yet_o both_o gain_v glorious_a victory_n harold_n when_o he_o may_v have_v protract_v the_o war_n be_v master_n of_o all_o england_n force_v william_n of_o normandy_n to_o fight_v and_o thereby_o lose_v both_o his_o crown_n and_o his_o life_n edward_n the_o second_o of_o england_n force_v robert_n bruce_n ill_o sometime_o very_o ill_o king_n of_o scotland_n to_o fight_v at_o bannockburne_n but_o lose_v the_o honour_n of_o the_o day_n and_o most_o of_o his_o numerous_a army_n julius_n caesar_n make_v himself_o constant_o master_n of_o his_o own_o diet_n either_o by_o entrench_v or_o retire_v so_o that_o he_o be_v never_o force_v to_o fight_v but_o when_o he_o please_v but_o when_o he_o force_v pompey_n he_o try_v both_o fortune_n at_o dirrhachium_n he_o be_v beat_v off_o with_o loss_n and_o be_v glad_a to_o retire_v which_o indeed_o he_o do_v with_o admirable_a prudence_n and_o courage_n at_o pharsalia_n he_o brave_v the_o same_o pompey_n to_o battle_n which_o so_o soon_o as_o he_o accept_v caesar_n get_v the_o victory_n yet_o it_o seem_v most_o agreeable_a to_o reason_n that_o man_n shall_v fight_v well_o when_o they_o be_v force_v to_o fight_v despair_v whet_v their_o courage_n and_o for_o this_o reason_n many_o captain_n take_v away_o all_o mean_n of_o escape_n from_o their_o own_o army_n to_o make_v they_o sensible_a their_o safety_n be_v in_o their_o hand_n and_o not_o in_o their_o foot_n and_o withal_o they_o leave_v a_o open_a way_n for_o their_o enemy_n to_o run_v away_o and_o hence_o be_v the_o common_a maxim_n in_o war_n that_o a_o bridge_n of_o gold_n shall_v be_v make_v for_o a_o fly_a bridge_n a_o golden_a bridge_n enemy_n before_o a_o battle_n it_o be_v fit_a to_o view_v a_o enemy_n countenance_n and_o try_v his_o courage_n by_o frequent_a skirmish_n and_o these_o very_a oft_o each_o army_n send_v help_n to_o their_o own_o party_n draw_v on_o a_o battle_n insensible_o good_a intelligence_n if_o possible_a intelligence_n intelligence_n shall_v be_v have_v of_o his_o number_n of_o horse_n foot_n and_o artillery_n and_o in_o which_o of_o these_o his_o great_a strength_n lie_v but_o i_o will_v repeat_v nothing_o in_o this_o place_n of_o what_o i_o have_v say_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o intelligence_n in_o the_o next_o place_n our_o general_n shall_v view_v if_o he_o have_v time_n and_o opportunity_n for_o it_o the_o situation_n of_o the_o field_n field_n situation_n of_o the_o field_n where_o both_o his_o own_o and_o his_o enemy_n army_n be_v to_o fight_v that_o according_o he_o may_v either_o lay_v ambush_n or_o shun_v they_o this_o be_v one_o of_o hannibal_n masterpiece_n he_o shall_v take_v notice_n how_o the_o wind_n blow_v that_o according_o by_o the_o wind._n the_o wind._n order_n his_o batallion_n he_o may_v take_v the_o advantage_n of_o it_o he_o shall_v cast_v up_o his_o account_n how_o the_o sun_n will_v shine_v if_o it_o be_v a_o fair_a day_n at_o such_o hour_n when_o he_o sun_n the_o sun_n conceive_v the_o fight_n will_v begin_v that_o thereby_o he_o may_v oâ—der_v his_o affair_n if_o his_o intelligence_n be_v good_a within_o his_o enemy_n army_n he_o shall_v endeavour_v to_o stir_v up_o jealousy_n division_n and_o dissension_n in_o it_o and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o these_o if_o his_o jealous_a to_o make_v a_o enemy_n jealous_a friend_n give_v he_o the_o sign_n fall_v upon_o he_o after_o his_o army_n be_v marshal_v if_o he_o have_v tiâ—e_a he_o shall_v ride_v along_o the_o front_n of_o all_o his_o brigade_n and_o by_o short_a
speech_n courageous_a look_n and_o gesture_n and_o with_o promise_n of_o noble_a reward_n harangues_fw-fr harangues_fw-fr he_o shall_v inflame_v the_o spirit_n of_o his_o soldier_n with_o a_o desire_n to_o fight_v and_o withal_o he_o shall_v assure_v they_o that_o the_o honour_n of_o their_o prince_n and_o their_o own_o safety_n depend_v only_o on_o their_o courage_n and_o gallant_a behaviour_n all_o hope_n of_o retreat_n be_v take_v away_o but_o this_o commendable_a custom_n of_o harangue_a army_n by_o general_n be_v much_o wear_v out_o in_o our_o late_a war_n and_o i_o shrewd_o suspect_v most_o of_o those_o oration_n we_o read_v be_v the_o fine_a fiction_n of_o historian_n who_o be_v better_a at_o that_o than_o the_o describe_v the_o manner_n how_o general_n marshal_v their_o army_n if_o a_o general_n be_v strong_a in_o cavalry_n he_o shall_v shun_v fight_v in_o a_o strait_a or_o close_a country_n if_o his_o infantry_n be_v numerous_a he_o shall_v shun_v heath_n and_o champaign_n yet_o it_o be_v but_o seldom_o in_o his_o power_n though_o sometime_o it_o be_v to_o choose_v either_o the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o he_o shall_v advise_v well_o with_o the_o master_n of_o ordnance_n the_o plant_v the_o ordnance_n the_o ordnance_n how_o to_o plant_v his_o artillery_n whether_o on_o the_o flank_n in_o the_o great_a interval_n or_o upon_o some_o height_n and_o ascent_n whether_o that_o be_v before_o or_o behind_o the_o army_n or_o if_o his_o train_n be_v great_a in_o all_o these_o place_n this_o shall_v be_v do_v before_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o fight_n that_o according_o battery_n and_o bed_n may_v be_v ready_o make_v and_o the_o gunner_n ready_a to_o fire_v when_o they_o be_v command_v our_o army_n be_v marshal_v either_o in_o one_o two_o or_o three_o body_n as_o our_o general_n be_v own_o reason_n and_o experience_n will_v direct_v he_o or_o the_o ground_n permit_v of_o which_o i_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o seventeen_o chapter_n all_o these_o thing_n be_v do_v the_o word_n and_o the_o sign_n shall_v be_v give_v and_o these_o be_v quick_o carry_v through_o the_o army_n by_o the_o major_a general_n and_o the_o adjutant_n at_o suce_fw-la a_o time_n the_o word_n word_n the_o word_n be_v ordinary_o a_o sentence_n for_o soldier_n be_v no_o grammarian_n as_o god_n with_o we_o for_o god_n and_o the_o king_n our_o trust_n be_v in_o god_n and_o vivat_fw-la such_o a_o prince_n and_o the_o like_a the_o sign_n may_v be_v a_o handkerchief_n on_o the_o hat_n or_o a_o piece_n of_o linen_n sign_n the_o sign_n on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a arm_n a_o twig_n of_o a_o birch_n a_o elm_n a_o oak_n or_o a_o sycamore_n or_o it_o may_v be_v a_o fur_n or_o what_o else_o the_o prince_n or_o his_o general_n please_v the_o word_n and_o sign_n be_v give_v both_o to_o officer_n common_a trooper_n and_o soldier_n and_o sometime_o they_o be_v alter_v in_o the_o time_n of_o battle_n if_o there_o be_v any_o ground_n or_o alter_v both_o many_o time_n alter_v suspicion_n that_o the_o enemy_n have_v get_v they_o or_o any_o of_o they_o i_o remember_v when_o the_o iâ—perialists_n have_v lose_v the_o battle_n at_o oldendorpe_n in_o germany_n in_o the_o year_n 1633._o the_o prisoner_n who_o be_v all_o roman_a catholic_n pretend_v they_o have_v be_v beat_v by_o the_o just_a judgement_n and_o revenge_n of_o the_o bless_a virgin_n in_o regard_n before_o the_o battle_n begin_v the_o word_n be_v sancta_fw-la maria_n and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o fight_n it_o be_v change_v for_o the_o reason_n i_o speak_v of_o to_o viva_n ferdinando_n be_v ready_a to_o advance_v to_o the_o charge_n the_o general_n take_v his_o place_n have_v battle_n the_o battle_n assign_v before_o a_o station_n to_o all_o his_o general_n officer_n of_o the_o field_n many_o have_v reason_n enough_o to_o think_v that_o the_o general_n himself_o shall_v stand_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o infantry_n of_o the_o battle_n where_o he_o use_v to_o march_v but_o that_o be_v not_o constant_o practise_v yea_o and_o but_o seldom_o in_o our_o late_a war_n for_o many_o time_n he_o it_o a_o general_n station_n in_o time_n of_o it_o who_o command_v in_o chief_a take_v his_o station_n in_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o cavalry_n so_o do_v the_o great_a king_n of_o sweden_n at_o the_o first_o battle_n of_o leipsick_a and_o so_o he_o do_v at_o lutsen_n likewise_o so_o do_v count_n tili_n at_o that_o same_o battle_n at_o leipsick_a and_o so_o do_v banier_n at_o woodstock_n i_o tell_v you_o former_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o marshal_v army_n that_o charles_n the_o five_o intend_v to_o fight_v sultan_n solyman_n at_o vienna_n draw_v up_o all_o his_o cavalry_n in_o the_o two_o great_a interval_n which_o his_o three_o great_a batallion_n of_o foot_n make_v fifteen_o thousand_o horse_n be_v in_o each_o of_o the_o two_o body_n and_o in_o that_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n stand_v the_o emperor_n himself_o and_o with_o that_o on_o the_o left_a his_o brother_n king_n ferdinand_z nor_o be_v nor_o be_v this_o custom_n of_o a_o general_n stand_v in_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o horse_n or_o between_o it_o and_o the_o infantry_n a_o new_a thing_n the_o roman_a consul_n use_v it_o frequent_o when_o two_o of_o they_o join_v together_o sometime_o in_o our_o late_a war_n when_o the_o army_n be_v marshal_v in_o battle_n please_v shall_v be_v where_o he_o please_v and_o reserve_n five_o general_a person_n have_v command_v in_o five_o several_a place_n as_o thus_o in_o the_o right_a wing_n the_o commander_n in_o chief_a in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o infantry_n which_o make_v the_o battle_n he_o who_o have_v the_o command_n next_o to_o the_o general_n in_o the_o left_a wing_n stand_v the_o three_o person_n in_o dignity_n in_o the_o right_n of_o the_o reserve_v the_o four_o and_o in_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o it_o the_o five_o so_o the_o suedish_n general_n order_v their_o business_n at_o woodstock_n where_o two_o of_o their_o army_n be_v join_v against_o a_o imperial_a and_o a_o saxish_a army_n banier_n the_o first_o felt-marshal_n command_v the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o cavalry_n leslie_n the_o second_o felt-marshal_n command_v the_o battle_n of_o the_o avantguard_n lieutenant_n general_n king_n the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o horse_n lieutenant_n general_n vitsdrun_n the_o right_a hand_n of_o the_o reserve_v and_o major_a general_n ruthven_n the_o left_a but_o in_o ancient_a time_n a_o general_n of_o a_o army_n choose_v to_o stand_v where_o he_o please_v and_o where_o he_o think_v his_o presence_n can_v be_v most_o steadable_a so_o pompey_n make_v his_o station_n in_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o his_o army_n at_o pharsalia_n which_o caesar_n observe_v choose_v to_o stand_v on_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o he_o that_o he_o may_v be_v opposite_a to_o his_o grand_a competitor_n and_o i_o know_v nothing_o can_v tie_v a_o general_n in_o our_o time_n to_o take_v a_o station_n or_o no_o station_n to_o himself_o but_o as_o he_o please_v for_o my_o own_o part_n i_o think_v he_o shall_v tie_v himself_o to_o no_o particular_a place_n but_o shall_v ride_v where_o he_o see_v or_o hear_v the_o great_a danger_n to_o be_v indeed_o he_o ought_v to_o appoint_v particular_a station_n to_o all_o his_o general_a field-officer_n from_o which_o they_o shall_v not_o budge_v upon_o any_o pretence_n whatsoever_o without_o express_a command_n from_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a and_o these_o place_n shall_v be_v give_v they_o according_a to_o the_o honour_n and_o precedency_n they_o enjoy_v by_o their_o several_a charge_n as_o let_v we_o suppose_v he_o have_v under_o he_o a_o lieutenant_n general_n of_o the_o whole_a army_n a_o general_n and_o major_a general_n of_o the_o horse_n and_o a_o general_n and_o major_a general_n of_o the_o foot_n he_o may_v place_v his_o lieutenant_n general_n field-officer_n station_n of_o the_o general_a field-officer_n on_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o avantguard_n the_o general_n of_o the_o cavalry_n on_o the_o left_a and_o the_o general_n of_o the_o foot_n in_o the_o battle_n the_o major_a general_n of_o the_o horse_n on_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o reserve_v and_o the_o major_a general_n of_o the_o foot_n on_o the_o left_a and_o keep_v himself_o free_a from_o any_o one_o station_n to_o ride_v with_o his_o adjutant_n and_o guard_n where_o he_o think_v his_o presence_n be_v most_o necessary_a and_o short_o to_o be_v a_o ubiquitary_a that_o be_v restrict_v to_o no_o place_n he_o may_v be_v every_o ubiquitary_a a_o general_n a_o ubiquitary_a where_n if_o he_o have_v more_o general_a field_n officer_n than_o these_o just_a now_o mention_v he_o may_v place_v three_o more_o one_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o the_o right_a wing_n the_o second_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o the_o left_a wing_n and_o the_o three_o on_o the_o left_a
masterpiece_n of_o a_o captain_n be_v to_o make_v a_o retreat_n to_o take_v a_o fortify_v place_n captain_n four_o masterpiece_n of_o a_o great_a captain_n and_o to_o defend_v one_o of_o the_o first_o i_o shall_v speak_v in_o this_o of_o the_o other_o two_o in_o the_o two_o follow_a chapter_n here_o i_o be_o not_o to_o speak_v of_o those_o petty_a retreat_n which_o party_n of_o horse_n and_o foot_n make_v purposely_o dissemble_v fear_n to_o make_v a_o unwary_a enemy_n follow_v too_o eager_o till_o he_o be_v bring_v to_o that_o ambush_n prepare_v to_o entrap_v he_o as_o be_v frequent_o practise_v in_o skirmish_n when_o two_o army_n face_n each_o other_o or_o in_o battle_n when_o they_o fight_v or_o when_o either_o a_o army_n or_o a_o strong_a party_n face_v a_o town_n whether_o it_o be_v block_v up_o or_o not_o but_o this_o discourse_n be_v of_o the_o retreat_n of_o a_o army_n from_o the_o post_n it_o once_o undertake_v to_o maintain_v from_o the_o country_n through_o which_o it_o once_o intend_v to_o march_v or_o from_o the_o town_n castle_n or_o fort_n which_o it_o once_o intend_v to_o besiege_v or_o block_n up_o the_o occasion_n of_o retreat_n may_v be_v these_o pestilence_n flux_n or_o other_o contagious_a retreat_n occasion_n and_o reason_n of_o retreat_n disease_n in_o the_o army_n want_v of_o provision_n and_o munition_n the_o approach_n of_o a_o unexpected_a or_o a_o strong_a enemy_n some_o disorder_n discontent_n or_o mutiny_n or_o just_a apprehension_n of_o they_o the_o courageous_a or_o sometime_o obstinate_a hold_v out_o of_o a_o fortify_v place_n contrary_a to_o expectation_n the_o sudden_a diminution_n of_o the_o army_n by_o some_o accident_n of_o war_n not_o foresee_v or_o to_o join_v with_o those_o force_n who_o be_v come_v to_o strengthen_v the_o army_n which_o conjunction_n without_o such_o a_o retreat_n may_v be_v hinder_v by_o a_o active_a enemy_n or_o though_o none_o of_o those_o be_v yet_o he_o who_o command_v a_o army_n often_o retire_v for_o reason_n know_v only_o to_o himself_o or_o when_o he_o think_v it_o not_o conducible_a for_o his_o master_n service_n to_o hazard_v battle_n with_o a_o enemy_n though_o no_o strong_a perhaps_o not_o so_o strong_a as_o himself_o to_o make_v a_o retreat_n from_o a_o advancing_z enemy_n or_o from_o army_n who_o conjunction_n can_v be_v hinder_v be_v not_o at_o all_o difficult_a if_o he_o who_o be_v to_o make_v it_o time_n retreat_n shall_v be_v make_v in_o time_n have_v so_o good_a intelligence_n as_o he_o may_v begin_v it_o in_o time_n but_o if_o it_o be_v bad_a or_o uncertain_a or_o that_o his_o scout_n and_o party_n disappoint_v he_o nothing_o be_v more_o difficult_a and_o in_o this_o place_n i_o refer_v you_o to_o my_o discourse_n of_o intelligence_n when_o a_o enemy_n be_v near_o order_n be_v give_v and_o obey_v with_o so_o great_a haste_n and_o confusion_n that_o the_o march_n look_v rather_o like_o a_o flight_n than_o a_o retreat_n and_o this_o have_v ruin_v many_o army_n and_o load_v their_o general_n with_o dishonour_n and_o disgrace_n if_o for_o want_n of_o good_a intelligence_n a_o enemy_n come_v unlooked_a for_o or_o that_o a_o general_n have_v fight_v with_o loss_n in_o both_o these_o case_n the_o retreat_n shall_v begin_v in_o the_o night_n it_o be_v true_a all_o retreat_n infuse_v fear_n in_o a_o army_n which_o be_v augment_v by_o the_o darkness_n and_o horror_n of_o the_o night_n and_o therefore_o the_o common_a soldier_n shall_v be_v encourage_v and_o tell_v by_o their_o several_a officer_n that_o the_o retreat_n will_v be_v but_o of_o a_o short_a continuance_n and_o that_o if_o a_o enemy_n follow_v they_o will_v face_v about_o and_o fight_v he_o but_o withal_o very_o strict_a and_o severe_a discipline_n shall_v be_v keep_v that_o none_o straggle_v for_o in_o such_o occasion_n they_o be_v very_o apt_a to_o run_v away_o and_o indeed_o at_o some_o time_n and_o in_o some_o place_n it_o be_v better_a to_o hazard_v a_o battle_n than_o to_o offer_v to_o retire_v for_o if_o a_o army_n must_v be_v lose_v it_o be_v do_v night_n to_o begin_v a_o retreat_n in_o the_o night_n with_o more_o honour_n by_o the_o first_o than_o by_o the_o last_o but_o if_o a_o enemy_n be_v near_o and_o a_o retreat_n be_v resolve_v on_o it_o shall_v i_o say_v begin_v in_o the_o night_n because_o in_o the_o day_n time_n it_o will_v be_v see_v and_o then_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v suppose_v that_o a_o enemy_n will_v be_v so_o supine_o negligent_a as_o not_o to_o follow_v the_o rear_n immediate_o but_o though_o one_o enemy_n know_v of_o another_o dislodging_n yet_o he_o will_v be_v very_o cautious_a to_o pursue_v he_o in_o the_o night_n time_n have_v just_a reason_n to_o fear_v ambush_n and_o other_o stratagem_n and_o if_o a_o retire_a army_n get_v the_o advantage_n of_o one_o night_n march_v he_o who_o command_v it_o may_v next_o day_n possess_v himself_o of_o some_o fortify_v place_n or_o pass_v and_o thereby_o be_v able_a to_o force_v he_o who_o follow_v to_o stand_v and_o then_o he_o may_v advise_v whether_o retire_v in_o some_o case_n better_a fight_n than_o retire_v it_o will_v be_v more_o convenient_a for_o his_o affair_n to_o continue_v his_o retreat_n or_o to_o fight_v and_o many_o time_n this_o last_o succeed_v well_o but_o sometime_o it_o succeed_v ill_a but_o i_o say_v still_o better_a fight_n than_o still_o retire_v when_o the_o retreat_n can_v probable_o be_v make_v without_o the_o loss_n of_o all_o or_o most_o of_o the_o army_n a_o champain_n or_o a_o long_a heath_n a_o numerous_a cavalry_n of_o a_o pursue_a enemy_n the_o weariness_n of_o both_o man_n and_o horse_n of_o the_o retire_a army_n hunger_n and_o want_n of_o sleep_n very_o often_o render_v the_o fight_v a_o battle_n more_o feasible_a than_o a_o retreat_n cornelius_n arvina_n a_o roman_a dictator_n perceive_v the_o sabine_n will_v storm_v his_o camp_n not_o yet_o well_o fortify_v leave_v his_o fire_n all_o burn_a and_o retire_v in_o the_o dead_a time_n of_o the_o night_n instance_n instance_n with_o all_o imaginable_a silence_n and_o diligence_n but_o be_v overtake_v next_o morning_n and_o see_v he_o can_v not_o make_v his_o retreat_n good_a without_o a_o visible_a loss_n face_v about_o and_o fight_v with_o success_n cneius_n scipio_n speed_v not_o so_o well_o because_o he_o fight_v not_o in_o time_n this_o consul_n perceive_v three_o army_n against_o he_o in_o spain_n retire_v in_o the_o night_n time_n next_o day_n the_o enemy_n cavalry_n be_v in_o his_o rear_n with_o who_o he_o only_o skirmish_v but_o that_o retard_v his_o march_n so_o much_o that_o the_o carthaginian_a infantry_n reach_v he_o at_o night_n before_o he_o can_v entrench_v himself_o he_o fight_v they_o but_o be_v beat_v and_o kill_v but_o if_o he_o have_v face_v about_o in_o the_o day_n time_n with_o his_o whole_a army_n and_o fight_v the_o enemy_n cavalry_n he_o know_v not_o what_o effect_n it_o may_v have_v produce_v philip_n of_o macedon_n be_v worsted_n by_o the_o roman_n retire_v in_o the_o night_n time_n to_o the_o mountain_n and_o thereafter_o present_v they_o battle_n let_v we_o brief_o sum_n up_o some_o of_o hannibal_n retreat_n from_o the_o roman_n and_o they_o from_o he_o for_o they_o will_v very_o apt_o show_v the_o benefit_n and_o safety_n of_o night-retreat_n after_o this_o great_a carthaginian_a have_v fight_v marcellus_n at_o numistrâ—_n with_o equal_a he_o hannibal_n retreat_n from_o the_o roman_n and_o they_o from_o he_o fortune_n know_v his_o own_o want_n he_o dislodge_v in_o the_o night_n and_o retire_v marcellus_n know_v it_o but_o dare_v not_o follow_v he_o for_o fear_n of_o his_o ambush_n next_o year_n marcellus_n seek_v out_o his_o redoubt_a enemy_n find_v he_o at_o canusium_n fight_v with_o he_o and_o be_v beat_v but_o fight_v the_o next_o day_n and_o do_v beat_v hannibal_n into_o his_o camp_n out_o of_o which_o he_o retire_v that_o same_o night_n marcellus_n not_o dare_v to_o follow_v he_o in_o the_o bruâ—ian_a country_n the_o consul_n sempronius_n be_v worsted_n by_o hannibal_n and_o get_v he_o to_o his_o camp_n and_o in_o the_o night_n with_o great_a silence_n retire_v and_o join_v with_o the_o proconsul_n licinius_n return_n fight_v the_o carthaginian_a and_z defeat_v he_o and_o he_o in_o the_o night_n retire_v with_o safety_n to_o croton_n julius_n caesar_n intend_v to_o march_v away_o from_o pompey_n to_o appollâ—nia_n send_v away_o his_o sick_a man_n and_o baggage_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o night_n well_o guard_v with_o a_o pompey_n caesar_n retrâ—â—â—_n from_o pompey_n legion_n at_o the_o four_o watch_n he_o send_v away_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o army_n except_z two_o legion_n and_o the_o cavalry_n so_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v go_v to_o save_v a_o punctilio_fw-la of_o honour_n he_o cause_v a_o march_n to_o be_v sound_v
those_o who_o have_v article_n the_o first_o class_n we_o may_v sub-divide_a into_o those_o who_o have_v quarter_n verbal_o promise_v they_o and_o those_o who_o submit_v to_o the_o mercy_n of_o the_o victor_n of_o all_o these_o and_o each_o of_o these_o i_o shall_v say_v one_o word_n in_o general_a that_o though_o quarter_v be_v promise_v by_o inferior_a officer_n or_o soldier_n or_o that_o the_o vanquish_a hope_v for_o mercy_n yield_v without_o any_o such_o promise_n he_o who_o command_v in_o chief_a provide_v he_o be_v on_o the_o place_n may_v put_v all_o those_o prisoner_n to_o the_o sword_n for_o quarter_n give_v by_o the_o inferior_a signify_v nothing_o till_o it_o be_v confirm_v by_o he_o who_o command_v on_o the_o place_n and_o then_o the_o prisoner_n have_v quarter_n that_o chief_a commander_n may_v order_v they_o all_o to_o be_v kill_v without_o any_o imputation_n of_o breach_n of_o faith_n or_o justice_n as_o not_o be_v tie_v by_o any_o promise_n his_o inferior_a have_v make_v and_o this_o he_o may_v do_v by_o the_o law_n of_o war_n and_o that_o be_v ground_v on_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o nation_n and_o if_o you_o will_v believe_v cyrus_n and_o the_o ahtenians_n it_o be_v ground_v on_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n by_o which_o prisoner_n of_o war_n may_v be_v use_v as_o the_o victor_n please_v and_o grotius_n say_v in_o captivos_fw-la quicquam_fw-la impune_fw-la fieri_fw-la and_o captivi_fw-la jure_fw-la belli_n occidi_fw-la possunt_fw-la war._n what_o a_o general_n may_v do_v with_o prisoner_n of_o war._n suppose_v still_o that_o no_o quarter_n have_v be_v promise_v by_o he_o who_o command_v in_o chief_a on_o the_o place_n but_o though_o i_o say_v a_o general_n may_v do_v this_o by_o the_o law_n of_o war_n yet_o he_o can_v do_v it_o without_o the_o imputation_n of_o horrible_a cruelty_n and_o inhumanity_n except_o in_o some_o case_n and_o though_o jure_fw-la belli_n they_o may_v be_v kill_v yet_o without_o invincible_a reason_n to_o kill_v man_n in_o cold_a blood_n be_v not_o the_o part_n of_o a_o man_n for_o they_o cast_v up_o their_o account_n that_o the_o bitterness_n of_o death_n be_v past_a and_o therefore_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v put_v to_o death_n unless_o he_o who_o inflict_v it_o can_v produce_v as_o good_a a_o warrant_n for_o it_o as_o he_o can_v who_o hew_v the_o king_n of_o the_o amalekite_n in_o piece_n after_o saul_n have_v give_v he_o quarter_n the_o heathen_a tacitus_n can_v say_v trucidare_fw-la deditos_fw-la saevum_fw-la it_o be_v cruelty_n to_o kill_v those_o who_o submit_v yet_o you_o will_v blood_n cruelty_n to_o kill_v prisoner_n in_o cold_a blood_n see_v anon_o that_o christian_a prisoner_n of_o war_n have_v be_v put_v to_o death_n in_o cold_a blood_n by_o christian_a prince_n and_o general_n without_o any_o other_o authority_n for_o their_o so_o do_v than_o what_o the_o law_n of_o war_n give_v they_o but_o after_o quarter_n be_v confirm_v or_o grant_v by_o the_o general_n the_o question_n be_v whether_o upon_o the_o emergency_n of_o three_o several_a accident_n they_o may_v not_o be_v put_v to_o the_o sword_n the_o first_o be_v if_o a_o enemy_n rally_v after_o a_o battle_n be_v win_v and_o make_v case_n whether_o prisoner_n may_v not_o be_v kill_v after_o quarter_n give_v they_o by_o the_o general_n in_o three_o case_n or_o offer_v to_o make_v a_o fierce_a onset_n the_o victorious_a army_n not_o be_v so_o strong_a to_o oppose_v the_o charge_n and_o guard_v the_o prisoner_n from_o who_o also_o danger_n be_v to_o be_v expect_v this_o be_v henry_n the_o five_o of_o england_n case_n at_o agincourt_n where_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n 6000_o french_a prisoner_n by_o his_o order_n be_v in_o a_o instant_n put_v to_o the_o sword_n froissard_n passionate_o relate_v to_o we_o the_o sad_a fate_n of_o about_o one_o thousand_o french_a man_n who_o be_v take_v prisoner_n and_o have_v fair_a quarter_n give_v they_o by_o john_n king_n of_o portugal_n in_o a_o battle_n that_o he_o fight_v with_o one_o of_o his_o own_o name_n king_n of_o castille_n the_o story_n be_v brief_o this_o the_o king_n of_o castille_n have_v a_o just_a pretence_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o portugal_n to_o which_o in_o hatred_n of_o the_o castillan_n the_o portuguese_n have_v advance_v a_o bastard_n invade_v portugal_n with_o a_o great_a army_n in_o which_o be_v many_o french_a auxiliary_n the_o portuguese_n king_n be_v reinforce_v with_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o english_a archer_n resolve_v to_o fight_v the_o french_a will_v needs_o have_v the_o point_n which_o be_v give_v they_o with_o much_o indignation_n by_o the_o castillan_n who_o lage_v behind_o they_o at_o a_o very_a great_a distance_n these_o french_a valiant_o fight_v be_v rout_v and_o most_o of_o the_o thousand_o i_o speak_v of_o be_v take_v thereafter_o the_o castillan_n advance_v with_o a_o resolution_n to_o fight_v the_o portuguese_n see_v he_o be_v to_o fight_v a_o new_a battle_n command_v under_o pain_n of_o death_n every_o man_n to_o kill_v his_o prisoner_n which_o be_v instant_o perform_v with_o much_o pity_n and_o compassion_n and_o not_o without_o the_o sad_a tear_n of_o those_o who_o massacre_v they_o the_o second_o case_n be_v when_o a_o army_n be_v retire_v and_o a_o powerful_a enemy_n fierce_o pursue_v it_o will_v be_v dangerous_a to_o leave_v your_o prisoner_n behind_o you_o and_o forward_o you_o can_v hardly_o bring_v they_o and_o the_o three_o be_v when_o you_o be_v reduce_v to_o great_a penury_n and_o want_n of_o meat_n whether_o you_o have_v not_o better_o kill_v your_o prisoner_n than_o let_v they_o starve_v for_o if_o you_o maintain_v they_o they_o insensible_o cut_v your_o throat_n by_o eat_v your_o bread_n all_o these_o three_o case_n grotius_n comprehend_v in_o these_o word_n si_fw-la captivorum_fw-la multitudo_fw-la oneri_fw-la aut_fw-la periculo_fw-la sit_fw-la if_o say_v he_o the_o multitude_n of_o your_o prisoner_n be_v dangerous_a or_o burdensome_a in_o these_o case_n he_o advise_v rather_o to_o dismiss_v they_o than_o kill_v they_o i_o think_v he_o speak_v like_o a_o good_a christian_a but_o i_o be_o afraid_a that_o they_o who_o lead_v army_n will_v think_v by_o such_o mercy_n they_o will_v prove_v cruel_a to_o themselves_o and_o treacherous_a to_o their_o prince_n and_o when_o in_o any_o of_o these_o case_n they_o be_v put_v to_o death_n often_o their_o number_n occasion_v their_o destruction_n which_o in_o other_o case_n the_o same_o gâ—otius_n will_v have_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o their_o safety_n but_o the_o prince_n or_o general_n promise_n of_o fair_a quarter_n admit_v â—a_n salvo_fw-la for_o notorious_a give_v to_o who_o quarter_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v give_v thief_n robber_n murderer_n such_o as_o have_v desert_v their_o service_n and_o run_v over_o to_o the_o enemy_n or_o have_v break_v their_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v comprehend_v in_o this_o promise_n nor_o can_v it_o save_v they_o from_o the_o stroke_n of_o justice_n indeed_o if_o they_o get_v article_n sign_v for_o their_o life_n these_o article_n shall_v be_v religious_o observe_v for_o faith_n shall_v be_v keep_v to_o the_o worst_a of_o man_n neither_o can_v the_o promise_n of_o quarter_n secure_a rebel_n from_o that_o death_n rebellion_n deserve_v for_o nothing_o can_v save_v they_o but_o the_o mercy_n of_o the_o sovereign_a prince_n or_o state_n against_o who_o the_o crime_n be_v commit_v yet_o my_o humble_a opinion_n shall_v be_v that_o when_o rebel_n what_o to_o be_v do_v with_o rebel_n rebellion_n be_v come_v to_o that_o growth_n that_o she_o be_v not_o ashamed_a to_o take_v her_o mask_n off_o and_o that_o the_o success_n of_o rebel_n have_v clothe_v they_o with_o usurp_a authority_n prince_n and_o state_n shall_v rather_o suffer_v quarter_n though_o without_o article_n to_o be_v keep_v to_o those_o of_o they_o who_o be_v take_v prisoner_n than_o provoke_v they_o to_o shed_v the_o blood_n of_o loyal_a person_n on_o scaffold_n as_o have_v be_v do_v too_o oft_o for_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o rebel_n will_v both_o by_o their_o paper_n and_o leaden_a bullet_n vindicate_v themselves_o and_o maintain_v their_o authority_n to_o be_v lawful_a and_o roar_v out_o these_o distinction_n which_o yet_o make_v our_o ear_n tingle_v of_o the_o prince_n his_o virtual_a and_o personal_a power_n of_o his_o legal_a and_o personal_a capacity_n have_v tell_v you_o who_o have_v power_n to_o give_v quarter_n and_o have_v speak_v of_o discretion_n prisoner_n who_o yield_v on_o discretion_n prisoner_n who_o yield_v upon_o promise_n of_o quarter_n let_v we_o speak_v next_o of_o those_o who_o submit_v to_o the_o victor_n discretion_n and_o have_v no_o promise_n of_o quarter_n who_o certain_o may_v be_v put_v to_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o sword_n without_o any_o imputation_n of_o breach_n of_o faith_n or_o promise_n yet_o not_o without_o the_o
so_o much_o a_o admirer_n of_o a_o sling_n that_o he_o do_v not_o at_o all_o wonder_n that_o david_n kill_v goliath_n with_o one_o of_o they_o nor_o shall_v i_o wonder_v either_o if_o lipsius_n can_v assure_v i_o that_o the_o giant_n helmet_n do_v not_o cover_v his_o forehead_n but_o if_o it_o do_v as_o probable_o it_o do_v and_o that_o his_o head-piece_n be_v proportionable_a to_o the_o coat_n of_o mail_n he_o have_v on_o his_o body_n as_o probable_o it_o be_v than_o i_o shall_v say_v david_n can_v slinger_n david_n a_o good_a slinger_n not_o kill_v he_o with_o pebble-stone_n cast_v out_o of_o a_o sling_n without_o a_o miracle_n for_o the_o stone_n that_o can_v pierce_v such_o a_o head-piece_n require_v a_o great_a force_n than_o david_n and_o twenty_o of_o the_o strong_a israelites_n be_v master_n of_o and_o no_o doubt_n it_o be_v assist_v from_o above_o upon_o this_o whole_a business_n of_o arm_n i_o think_v it_o be_v well_o for_o lipsius_n that_o he_o be_v take_v up_o with_o more_o grave_a study_n that_o can_v allow_v he_o no_o time_n to_o read_v romance_n for_o if_o the_o author_n of_o those_o have_v but_o declare_v all_o the_o act_n of_o knight-errantry_a to_o have_v be_v do_v by_o the_o ancient_a roman_n lipsius_n have_v undoubted_o believe_v they_o all_o to_o be_v true_a story_n let_v we_o hear_v what_o he_o say_v more_o he_o find_v our_o modern_a artillery_n good_a for_o nothing_o but_o for_o batter_v the_o wall_n of_o town_n and_o fort_n for_o in_o battle_n say_v he_o any_o rise_a ground_n little_a bank_n or_o breast-work_n be_v quick_o cast_v up_o elude_v all_o the_o hurt_n artillery_n can_v do_v he_o be_v so_o far_o in_o the_o right_n that_o these_o help_n whereof_o he_o speak_v be_v very_o good_a if_o the_o general_n mistake_n lipsius_n his_o mistake_n who_o use_v they_o stand_v still_o and_o only_a endeavour_n to_o keep_v his_o ground_n but_o in_o day_n of_o battle_n unless_o he_o advance_v he_o shall_v not_o win_v the_o field_n and_o if_o he_o advance_v he_o must_v quit_v those_o shelter_n and_o the_o sudden_a and_o quick_a his_o march_n be_v the_o less_o hurt_n he_o shall_v receive_v from_o the_o enemy_n ordnance_n but_o i_o think_v it_o be_v very_o fair_a that_o lipsius_n be_v so_o modest_a that_o he_o do_v not_o prefer_v the_o ancient_a catapult_n and_o balist_n to_o the_o modern_a artillery_n and_o i_o wonder_v much_o he_o do_v it_o hot_a in_o the_o four_o place_n he_o bring_v embattel_v or_o marshal_n army_n on_o the_o embattel_v four_o embattel_v stage_n and_o according_a to_o his_o custom_n prefer_v the_o roman_a yet_o do_v not_o tell_v we_o wherein_o the_o modern_a be_v deficient_a and_o this_o be_v not_o so_o fair_a deal_n as_o may_v have_v be_v expect_v from_o such_o a_o man_n as_o lipsius_n but_o i_o be_o only_a to_o trace_v he_o in_o his_o own_o step_n and_o that_o which_o he_o say_v on_o this_o subject_a amount_n to_o this_o he_o first_o say_v he_o will_v let_v we_o see_v the_o velite_n fight_n and_o retire_v in_o who_o room_n he_o have_v the_o hastati_fw-la they_o be_v weary_a go_v back_o to_o they_o succeed_v the_o principes_fw-la who_o not_o prevail_v retire_v then_o the_o triarii_n who_o be_v say_v he_o the_o veteran_n and_o the_o chieftain_n take_v the_o work_n in_o hand_n and_o they_o can_v but_o prosper_v yet_o he_o who_o write_v this_o can_v but_o know_v for_o all_o this_o that_o both_o the_o roman_a velite_n their_o hastati_fw-la principes_fw-la and_o triarii_fw-la have_v be_v beat_v out_o of_o the_o field_n often_o than_o once_o all_o these_o thing_n have_v be_v already_o sufficient_o speak_v of_o but_o i_o wonder_v who_o can_v tell_v lipsius_n that_o modern_a general_n have_v not_o their_o reserve_v as_o well_o as_o the_o roman_n have_v sure_a in_o his_o own_o time_n if_o he_o have_v but_o inquire_v after_o it_o he_o may_v have_v learn_v that_o the_o duke_n of_o alva_n and_o prince_n of_o parma_n divide_v their_o army_n into_o van_n battel_n and_o rear_n and_o what_o be_v the_o roman_a three_o fold_n batallion_n but_o the_o same_o and_o since_o lipsius_n his_o time_n if_o great_a captain_n for_o good_a reason_n have_v think_v they_o can_v do_v their_o business_n better_a with_o one_o reserve_n than_o with_o two_o i_o suppose_v lipsius_n if_o he_o be_v alive_a may_v acquiesce_v to_o it_o and_o not_o examine_v their_o reason_n why_o they_o do_v not_o tie_v themselves_o to_o the_o roman_a method_n but_o the_o jest_n be_v lipsius_n will_v have_v a_o retreat_n from_o one_o body_n to_o the_o second_o and_o from_o mystery_n a_o ridiculous_a mystery_n that_o to_o the_o three_o to_o be_v a_o great_a secret_a magnum_fw-la arâ—â—num_fw-la he_o call_v it_o this_o may_v be_v a_o secret_a to_o he_o and_o those_o of_o his_o profession_n but_o to_o no_o soldier_n and_o yet_o he_o have_v the_o vanity_n to_o desire_v all_o general_n deuce_n he_o call_v they_o to_o consider_v well_o of_o his_o secret_n but_o i_o suppose_v few_o of_o they_o need_n thank_v he_o for_o reveal_v such_o secret_n in_o the_o next_o place_n he_o cry_v up_o the_o roman_a manner_n of_o embattel_v for_o place_v say_v he_o their_o cavalry_n on_o the_o wing_n or_o horn_n that_o their_o foot_n shall_v not_o be_v surround_v nor_o their_o battle_n out-winged_a what_o folly_n be_v this_o in_o he_o inadvertency_n lipsius_n his_o inadvertency_n to_o appropriate_v that_o to_o the_o roman_n which_o be_v a_o ordinary_a custom_n with_o other_o ancient_n it_o may_v be_v before_o rome_n be_v a_o city_n and_o it_o be_v strange_a he_o do_v not_o know_v that_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n of_o all_o army_n since_o the_o downfall_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n but_o i_o must_v come_v near_o he_o and_o say_v that_o this_o be_v a_o defect_n very_o oft_o in_o the_o roman_a militia_n to_o marshal_v their_o army_n so_o that_o it_o can_v not_o save_v they_o from_o be_v surround_v by_o a_o numerous_a enemy_n in_o regard_n they_o draw_v up_o so_o many_o body_n one_o behind_o another_o and_o those_o body_n be_v marshal_v so_o deep_a in_o file_n that_o their_o army_n can_v not_o especial_o consular_a army_n have_v a_o large_a front_n the_o best_a mean_n in_o a_o champaign_n where_o there_o be_v no_o advantage_n of_o hill_n rivers_n ditch_n or_o marsh_n to_o be_v expect_v to_o save_v a_o army_n from_o be_v out-winged_a when_o lipsius_n write_v this_o it_o seem_v he_o forget_v that_o at_o cannae_n the_o roman_a horse_n do_v so_o little_o hinder_v the_o foot_n to_o be_v surround_v that_o the_o not_o embattel_v defect_n in_o the_o roman_a manner_n of_o embattel_v advert_v to_o it_o lose_v they_o the_o day_n for_o asarubal_n have_v beat_v aenilius_fw-la on_o the_o right_a wing_n fall_v on_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o legion_n while_o they_o fight_v in_o front_n with_o hannibal_n his_o foot_n and_o rout_v they_o and_o if_o lipsius_n distrust_n livy_n in_o this_o relation_n let_v he_o look_v on_o the_o first_o book_n of_o his_o own_o polybius_n and_o there_o he_o will_v find_v that_o xantippus_n the_o lacedaemonian_a with_o a_o army_n of_o carthaginian_n who_o have_v be_v often_o beat_v and_o baffle_v before_o and_o a_o few_o mercenary_a laconian_n rout_v the_o roman_a army_n where_o the_o consul_n regulus_n be_v take_v only_o by_o outw_v it_o and_o fall_v on_o the_o rear_n of_o their_o infantry_n by_o which_o say_v the_o author_n cogebatur_fw-la factâ—_n conversione_n cum_fw-la iis_fw-la dimicare_fw-la he_o be_v force_v by_o face_v to_o the_o rear_n to_o fight_v with_o they_o that_o be_v with_o the_o carthaginian_n five_o and_o last_o he_o compare_v the_o ancient_n suppose_v still_o roman_a and_o modern_a three_o five_o in_o discipline_n which_o he_o divide_v into_o three_o militia_n in_o their_o discipline_n and_o this_o he_o divide_v into_o three_o part_n duty_n exercise_n and_o law_n i_o shall_v trace_v he_o in_o all_o the_o three_o and_o first_o he_o subdivide_v duty_n into_o three_o these_o be_v private_a service_n to_o officer_n watch_n and_o public_a serviâ—â—â—_n first_o duty_n subdivide_v private_a serviâ—â—â—_n work_n as_o to_o the_o first_o he_o say_v private_a service_n to_o superior_n a_o ither_o cease_v or_o be_v voluntary_a he_o be_v right_a they_o be_v voluntary_a yet_o no_o soldier_n now_o will_v refuse_v to_o do_v any_o honest_a service_n to_o his_o captain_n or_o any_o officer_n either_o above_o or_o under_o he_o and_o lipsius_n know_v the_o roman_a soldier_n be_v no_o slave_n and_o why_o shall_v christian_n soldier_n be_v slave_n as_o to_o the_o second_o part_n of_o duty_n which_o be_v watch_n and_o guard_n he_o confess_v there_o be_v some_o show_n of_o watch_n watch_n they_o in_o the_o modern_a militia_n not_o to_o be_v contemn_v for_o so_o i_o interpret_v his_o word_n which_o be_v aliqua_fw-la nec_fw-la improba_fw-la apud_fw
learn_v and_o practise_v his_o art_n of_o soldiery_n so_o happy_o against_o the_o enemy_n of_o god_n people_n for_o so_o deodati_n interpret_v it_o that_o his_o countryman_n by_o a_o solemn_a embassy_n invite_v he_o to_o be_v their_o captain_n general_n against_o the_o ammonite_n which_o he_o accept_v and_o wrought_v their_o deliverance_n here_o have_v you_o a_o soldier_n who_o know_v no_o other_o art_n or_o profession_n but_o that_o of_o soldiery_n approve_v of_o by_o the_o lord_n and_o elect_v by_o he_o and_o the_o people_n at_o mispa_n to_o fight_v the_o lord_n battle_n against_o the_o enemy_n of_o his_o people_n and_o this_o very_a soldier_n be_v reckon_v among_o the_o elect_a and_o faithful_a by_o the_o author_n of_o the_o epistle_n to_o the_o hebrew_n chap._n 2._o v._n 32._o in_o the_o gospel_n we_o read_v that_o the_o soldier_n ask_v the_o baptist_n what_o they_o shall_v do_v to_o he_o save_v be_v content_v with_o your_o wage_n say_v he_o and_o do_v violence_n to_o no_o man_n here_o he_o bid_v they_o not_o learn_v other_o trade_n and_o i_o be_o bind_v to_o believe_v that_o most_o of_o those_o who_o ask_v he_o the_o question_n if_o not_o all_o of_o they_o were_z romans_z who_o know_v no_o other_o livelihood_n but_o to_o be_v soldier_n and_o be_v then_o quarter_v in_o judea_n to_o keep_v the_o jew_n under_o the_o subjection_n of_o the_o roman_a emperor_n and_o whether_o this_o be_v a_o lawful_a employment_n or_o not_o shall_v be_v speak_v to_o hereafter_o the_o apostle_n paul_n move_v the_o question_n who_o go_v to_o war_n on_o his_o own_o charge_n mean_v none_o be_v bind_v to_o do_v it_o hence_o it_o will_v follow_v that_o a_o soldier_n may_v serve_v for_o wage_n or_o if_o any_o will_v serve_v without_o wage_n as_o some_o volunteer_n do_v it_o be_v not_o forbid_v they_o however_o in_o these_o two_o place_n nothing_o be_v speak_v against_o the_o profession_n of_o soldiery_n i_o may_v safe_o conclude_v that_o the_o profession_n of_o a_o soldier_n without_o any_o other_o trade_n be_v allow_v and_o authorise_a by_o those_o two_o great_a saint_n our_o bless_a lord_n bear_v witness_v that_o the_o centurion_n who_o say_v he_o be_v not_o worthy_a that_o our_o saviour_n shall_v come_v under_o his_o roof_n have_v more_o faith_n than_o he_o have_v find_v in_o israel_n and_o i_o make_v no_o doubt_n but_o if_o the_o profession_n of_o soldiery_n have_v be_v unlawful_a he_o will_v have_v bid_v he_o learn_v some_o other_o art_n wherewith_o to_o gain_v his_o livelihood_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o that_o centurion_n who_o send_v to_o joppa_n for_o st._n peter_n to_o come_v to_o caesarea_n for_o we_o find_v not_o that_o the_o apostle_n when_o he_o instruct_v that_o captain_n and_o his_o friend_n of_o the_o mean_n of_o their_o salvation_n give_v he_o either_o advice_n or_o command_n to_o learn_v any_o other_o trade_n than_o that_o of_o soldiery_n and_o it_o may_v not_o only_o be_v probable_o conjecture_v but_o assert_v that_o these_o two_o centurion_n have_v learn_v no_o other_o trade_n but_o that_o of_o soldiery_n as_o much_o may_v be_v say_v of_o a_o three_o centurion_n who_o confess_v our_o saviour_n to_o be_v the_o son_n of_o god_n even_o when_o he_o see_v he_o suffer_v on_o the_o cross_n as_o a_o man_n who_o as_o church_n history_n mention_v die_v a_o martyr_n for_o the_o christian_a faith_n these_o of_o who_o i_o speak_v who_o know_v no_o art_n or_o way_n of_o livelihood_n but_o by_o the_o trade_n of_o soldiery_n be_v ordinary_o call_v soldier_n of_o fortune_n though_o most_o of_o they_o may_v rather_o be_v call_v the_o son_n of_o misfortune_n from_o what_o i_o have_v say_v this_o argument_n may_v be_v frame_v that_o that_o profession_n art_n or_o trade_n that_o be_v neither_o direct_o indirect_o or_o consequential_o condemn_v by_o any_o divine_a law_n or_o ordinace_n mention_v in_o holy_a scripture_n be_v in_o itself_o lawful_a but_o the_o profession_n or_o art_n of_o soldiery_n without_o any_o relation_n to_o any_o other_o art_n be_v neither_o direct_o indirect_o nor_o consequential_o discharge_v in_o scripture_n ergo_fw-la the_o profession_n of_o mere_a soldiery_n be_v lawful_a if_o it_o be_v object_v here_o that_o the_o apostle_n write_v to_o the_o corinthian_n order_n every_o man_n that_o will_v eat_v to_o work_v with_o his_o hand_n i_o answer_v first_o that_o the_o corinthian_n be_v a_o people_n conquer_v by_o the_o roman_n be_v not_o permit_v to_o be_v soldier_n and_o next_o if_o the_o command_n be_v general_a for_o all_o nation_n and_o in_o all_o age_n than_o soldier_n be_v include_v for_o they_o work_v with_o their_o hand_n and_o very_o oft_o a_o bloody_a work_n and_o if_o no_o divine_a law_n be_v against_o this_o profession_n as_o little_o can_v it_o be_v allege_v that_o any_o positive_a law_n of_o man_n have_v forbid_v it_o and_o daily_a experience_n teach_v we_o that_o all_o prince_n and_o state_n make_v use_v of_o man_n who_o know_v no_o other_o trade_n but_o that_o of_o soldiery_n which_o they_o can_v not_o do_v without_o sin_n if_o that_o profession_n be_v unlawful_a in_o itself_o nay_o i_o have_v know_v the_o time_n thirty_o year_n ago_o when_o i_o serve_v in_o germany_n that_o prince_n and_o state_n though_o they_o bestow_v levy-shoney_a very_o plentiful_o can_v not_o get_v half_a so_o many_o of_o that_o profession_n as_o they_o desire_v and_o at_o this_o very_a time_n when_o i_o write_v this_o those_o european_a prince_n who_o be_v hot_a in_o war_n with_o other_o can_v get_v man_n enough_o of_o that_o trade_n and_o yet_o i_o shall_v easy_o grant_v they_o get_v more_o than_o they_o pay_v well_o but_o hugh_n de_fw-fr grot_n common_o call_v grotius_n a_o very_a learned_a and_o grave_a author_n examine_v grotius_n opinion_n examine_v towards_o the_o end_n of_o the_o twenty_o five_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n de_fw-fr fare_n belli_n ac_fw-la pacis_fw-la be_v a_o heavy_a enemy_n to_o the_o trade_n of_o soldiery_n for_o there_o he_o say_v nullum_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la genus_fw-la est_fw-la improbius_fw-la quam_fw-la eorum_fw-la qui_fw-la sine_fw-la causa_fw-la respectu_fw-la mercede_fw-la conducti_fw-la militant_a no_o kind_n of_o life_n say_v he_o be_v so_o godless_a as_o of_o those_o who_o without_o regard_n to_o the_o cause_n fight_v for_o wage_n and_o he_o subjoin_v et_fw-la quibus_fw-la ibifas_fw-la ubi_fw-la plurima_fw-la merces_fw-la and_o with_o who_o it_o be_v a_o rule_n that_o war_n be_v most_o lawful_a where_o great_a pay_n be_v to_o be_v get_v for_o answer_v what_o if_o i_o grant_v all_o this_o it_o will_v make_v just_o nothing_o against_o my_o assertion_n the_o abuse_n of_o a_o thing_n can_v make_v the_o thing_n unlawful_a i_o shall_v confess_v it_o be_v so_o as_o he_o say_v with_o very_a many_o soldier_n who_o have_v another_o false_a maxim_n which_o de_n grot_n mention_n not_o and_o that_o be_v it_o be_v all_o one_o with_o they_o who_o they_o serve_v so_o they_o serve_v faithful_o these_o be_v great_a fault_n in_o too_o many_o soldier_n but_o all_o soldier_n not_o be_v guilty_a of_o they_o all_o shall_v not_o be_v charge_v with_o they_o nor_o shall_v the_o profession_n suffer_v for_o the_o fault_n of_o some_o of_o its_o professor_n de_fw-fr grot_n will_v have_v take_v it_o unkind_o if_o i_o shall_v have_v argue_v thus_o with_o he_o no_o such_o a_o godless_a kind_n of_o life_n as_o of_o those_o who_o without_o any_o regard_n to_o the_o justice_n of_o the_o cause_n embrace_v the_o quarrel_n though_o never_o so_o unjust_a of_o such_o client_n who_o be_v best_a able_a to_o reward_v they_o for_o though_o this_o be_v true_a enough_o in_o thesi_fw-la yet_o grotius_n will_v have_v think_v that_o by_o such_o a_o expression_n i_o reflect_v on_o all_o lawyer_n and_o advocate_n and_o their_o profession_n too_o for_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o too_o many_o lawyer_n do_v so_o which_o grotius_n who_o profess_a law_n know_v but_o too_o well_o and_o perhaps_o practise_v it_o too_o much_o and_o as_o grotius_n must_v confess_v that_o it_o be_v a_o sin_n in_o a_o advocate_n to_o plead_v for_o a_o fee_n in_o a_o client_n cause_n which_o he_o know_v to_o be_v unjust_a so_o i_o shall_v acknowledge_v all_o soldier_n to_o be_v sinner_n who_o fight_v in_o a_o cause_n which_o they_o know_v to_o be_v unjust_a but_o i_o must_v tell_v you_o there_o be_v a_o great_a difference_n between_o soldier_n and_o lawyer_n in_o this_o case_n for_o there_o be_v but_o few_o advocate_n â—ho_n can_v discern_v between_o the_o justice_n and_o unjustice_n of_o the_o cause_n they_o undertake_v to_o defend_v whereas_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n there_o be_v but_o few_o and_o very_o few_o soldier_n who_o can_v discern_v between_o a_o just_a and_o a_o unjust_a cause_n for_o which_o they_o be_v to_o fight_v i_o know_v a_o person_n abroad_o who_o
actor_n and_o this_o they_o do_v either_o upon_o hear_v say_v register_n the_o fable_n of_o vain_a and_o ignorant_a â—_z who_o either_o have_v be_v or_o pretend_v to_o have_v be_v in_o the_o action_n for_o truth_n or_o write_v according_a to_o their_o own_o apprehension_n of_o thing_n which_o many_o time_n be_v so_o pitiful_o weak_a that_o their_o extravagancy_n put_v know_v reader_n on_o the_o rack_n and_o force_v they_o to_o cast_v their_o book_n away_o from_o they_o and_o indeed_o i_o have_v read_v the_o description_n of_o some_o battle_n in_o book_n write_v by_o no_o mean_a author_n wherein_o both_o army_n be_v marshal_v in_o such_o order_n that_o i_o can_v not_o fancy_v it_o can_v be_v do_v by_o any_o except_o aâ—adis_n de_fw-fr gaul_n or_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o sun_n let_v we_o except_v from_o these_o of_o modern_a historian_n paolo_n giovio_n d'avita_n and_o the_o other_o unknown_a author_n of_o the_o history_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o france_n philip_n hisâ—orians_n noble_a hisâ—orians_n de_fw-fr comines_n cardinal_n bentivoglio_n strada_n john_n peâ—it_fw-la edward_n philips_n his_o late_a history_n of_o england_n chemnitius_n his_o history_n of_o the_o swedish_n expedition_n theatrum_fw-la europâ—um_fw-la these_o two_o last_o write_v in_o high_a dutch_a and_o diego_n sirâ—_n who_o have_v write_v the_o history_n of_o these_o time_n very_o voluminous_o in_o italian_a these_o have_v either_o be_v actor_n themselves_o or_o have_v get_v their_o relation_n from_o those_o emperor_n king_n prince_n or_o general_n who_o manage_v the_o war_n have_v give_v we_o history_n well_o worth_a the_o read_n to_o these_o we_o may_v add_v guicciardinâ—_n though_o for_o his_o prolixity_n he_o be_v use_v very_o scurrilous_o by_o bocâ—alini_n who_o tell_v we_o that_o in_o boccalini_n guicciardini_n tax_v by_o boccalini_n parnassâ—â—_n a_o laconian_a who_o have_v express_v his_o thought_n in_o three_o word_n which_o he_o may_v have_v do_v in_o two_o be_v order_v for_o his_o punishment_n to_o read_v guicciardini_n the_o poor_a fellow_n beg_v rather_o to_o be_v fley_v alive_a than_o be_v torture_v with_o read_v a_o historian_n who_o in_o the_o relation_n of_o the_o war_n between_o the_o florentines_n and_o pisans_n make_v long_a discourse_n of_o the_o take_v a_o pigeon_n house_n than_o he_o need_v to_o have_v make_v of_o the_o best_a fortify_v castle_n yet_o thus_o much_o most_o if_o not_o all_o historian_n agree_v on_o when_o they_o speak_v of_o army_n they_o mention_v van_n battel_n and_o rear_n which_o show_v that_o the_o roman_a method_n of_o marshal_n their_o army_n in_o three_o body_n one_o behind_o another_o be_v observe_v by_o most_o nation_n till_o of_o late_a year_n some_o master_n of_o the_o military_a art_n for_o some_o good_a reason_n think_v it_o convenient_a to_o reduce_v they_o to_o two_o it_o be_v pity_n so_o few_o since_o vegetius_n his_o time_n have_v show_v themselves_o tactic_n that_o tactic_n we_o have_v but_o few_o tactic_n be_v to_o teach_v we_o the_o art_n of_o war_n use_v in_o their_o own_o time_n for_o so_o we_o shall_v have_v know_v the_o military_a custom_n of_o several_a nation_n and_o of_o several_a age_n i_o have_v hear_v tâ—â—t_a gonsalvo_n di_fw-it corduba_n who_o by_o his_o gallant_a conduct_n recover_v the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n from_o the_o french_a for_o the_o house_n of_o arragon_n write_v in_o spanish_a traâ—â—ado_fw-it de_fw-fr re_fw-mi militari_fw-la if_o it_o be_v extant_a it_o must_v be_v well_o worth_a the_o perusal_n as_o the_o work_n of_o one_o who_o by_o his_o great_a action_n have_v acquire_v to_o himself_o the_o title_n of_o capitanâ—_n iâ—_n grand_fw-mi capitanâ—_n it_o grand_fw-mi capitano_fw-it the_o â—reat_a captain_n in_o the_o last_o year_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o henry_n the_o four_o of_o france_n about_o sixty_o year_n ago_o lovis_n de_fw-fr mâ—mgomery_n lord_n of_o carbâ—â—sâ—â—_n write_v a_o little_a book_n de_fw-fr â—â—_o mâ—â—gomery_n lovis_z de_fw-fr mâ—â—gomery_n milice_fw-la francoise_n of_o the_o french_a militia_n it_o show_v he_o to_o have_v be_v very_o much_o a_o soldier_n but_o the_o marrow_n of_o that_o piece_n lie_v in_o his_o description_n of_o some_o artificial_a firework_n the_o knowledge_n whereof_o lie_v not_o in_o every_o man_n way_n nor_o be_v it_o preissac_n preissac_n necessary_a for_o every_o soldier_n though_o it_o add_v to_o his_o perfection_n the_o siâ—â—r_n de_fw-fr prâ—issaâ—_n write_v a_o little_a treatise_n in_o french_a of_o military_a question_n and_o resolve_v very_o well_o english_v by_o mr._n cruso_n a_o understand_a captain_n who_o i_o suppose_v write_v bockler_n captain_n crusâ—_n bockler_n himself_o in_o english_a a_o book_n of_o cavalry_n well_o worth_a the_o read_n bockler_n a_o german_a engineer_n have_v not_o many_o year_n ago_o write_v in_o his_o own_o language_n a_o piece_n wherein_o he_o give_v we_o a_o pretty_a good_a account_n of_o the_o military_a custom_n of_o his_o own_o country_n in_o his_o own_o time_n which_o may_v be_v from_o the_o year_n 1630_o till_o the_o year_n 1664_o or_o thereabouts_o lieutenant_n colonel_n elton_n his_o complete_a body_n of_o the_o military_a elton_n lieutenant_n colonel_n elton_n art_n with_o the_o supplement_n add_v to_o it_o by_o captain_n rud_n without_o which_o it_o be_v not_o a_o complete_a body_n be_v a_o piece_n well_o worth_a the_o perusal_n there_o be_v certain_o other_o who_o have_v write_v of_o this_o subject_a who_o i_o have_v neither_o see_v nor_o read_v some_o again_o there_o be_v who_o instead_o of_o inform_v we_o what_o method_n or_o ordinance_n of_o war_n prince_n and_o state_n use_v in_o their_o time_n the_o want_n whereof_o i_o so_o much_o lament_v give_v we_o model_n of_o their_o own_o frame_n either_o in_o whole_a or_o in_o part_n for_o militia_n prince_n and_o state_n only_o to_o mould_n new_a militia_n my_o part_n i_o think_v any_o new_a mould_n of_o a_o militia_n or_o the_o reformation_n of_o a_o old_a one_o be_v the_o work_n of_o a_o prince_n or_o state_n who_o be_v able_a to_o bring_v together_o person_n experience_v in_o all_o kind_n of_o military_a affair_n to_o give_v their_o advice_n out_o of_o which_o the_o prince_n or_o state_n may_v frame_v such_o constitution_n as_o be_v think_v most_o conducible_a to_o carry_v on_o a_o war_n and_o then_o by_o their_o authority_n impose_v a_o necessity_n of_o obedience_n to_o those_o constitution_n and_o therefore_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v the_o work_n of_o any_o private_a person_n brancatiâ—_n a_o italian_a peremptory_o condemn_v the_o use_n of_o the_o pike_n and_o in_o imitation_n of_o he_o mr._n lâ—ptoâ—_n a_o english_a man_n write_v a_o book_n wherein_o he_o endeavour_v to_o prove_v the_o uselessness_n of_o that_o ancient_a weapon_n but_o i_o shall_v meet_v with_o his_o argument_n in_o another_o place_n machiavelli_n go_v a_o great_a length_n and_o present_v the_o world_n with_o a_o milice_fw-la of_o war._n machiavelli_n his_o book_n of_o war._n his_o own_o the_o birth_n of_o his_o own_o brain_n a_o hodge_n podg_v of_o some_o of_o the_o ancient_n and_o some_o of_o the_o modern_a militia_n with_o a_o mixture_n of_o many_o of_o his_o own_o invention_n in_o his_o book_n of_o that_o subject_a he_o father_n most_o of_o his_o notion_n on_o fabritio_n colâ—â—â—â—_n a_o excellent_a captain_n who_o no_o doubt_n if_o ever_o he_o have_v see_v they_o have_v reject_v they_o as_o spurious_a some_o of_o his_o mistake_n i_o have_v touch_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o roman_a art_n of_o war_n i_o shall_v only_o in_o this_o place_n trouble_v my_o reader_n with_o two_o or_o three_o animadversion_n that_o will_v show_v his_o skill_n in_o martial_a affair_n in_o his_o four_o book_n he_o make_v it_o one_o of_o his_o maxim_n that_o all_o good_a captain_n shall_v rather_o receive_v than_o give_v the_o charge_n of_o this_o i_o speak_v in_o the_o nineteenth_o they_o first_o observation_n of_o they_o chapter_n of_o my_o essay_n of_o the_o roman_a art_n of_o war_n here_o i_o shall_v tell_v you_o the_o reason_n he_o give_v for_o his_o opinion_n the_o first_o fury_n say_v he_o be_v easy_o sustain_v by_o firm_a and_o experience_a soldier_n and_o then_o it_o vanish_v in_o smoke_n but_o i_o ask_v first_o what_o if_o they_o who_o be_v charge_v be_v neither_o firm_a nor_o experience_v for_o all_o army_n be_v not_o compose_v of_o veteran_n next_o i_o ask_v what_o if_o they_o be_v both_o firm_a and_o experience_a and_o yet_o do_v not_o sustain_v the_o charge_n in_o thosew_n two_o case_n the_o first_o charge_n vanish_v not_o in_o smoke_n pompey_n his_o soldier_n be_v firm_a and_o experience_a yet_o do_v not_o sustain_v câ—sarâ—_n charge_v at_o pharsalia_n but_o of_o this_o i_o speak_v enough_o in_o another_o place_n in_o that_o same_o four_o book_n this_o author_n show_v we_o how_o a_o enemy_n may_v be_v surround_v in_o time_n of_o battle_n and_o i_o pray_v you_o observe_v the_o lesson_n he_o give_v