he conceal'd not the Respect that he had for him and this the other Ambassadors perceiv'd tho'he seem'd to have done Antaclidas the Spartan the greatest Honour by sending him that Garland dipp'd in Oyntment which he himself had worn at an Entertainment Indeed he did not deal so wantonly with Pelopidas but according to the Custom gave him the most splendid and considerable Presents and granted him his Desires that the Grecians should be free Messena inhabited and the Thebans accounted the King's ancient Friends with these Answers but not accepting one of the Presents except what was a Pledge of Kindness and Good-will he return'd This Behaviour of Pelopidas ruin'd the other Ambassadors The Athenians condemn'd and executed their Timagoras and indeed if they did it for receiving so many Presents from the King their Sentence was just and good for he not only took Gold and Silver but a rich Bed and Slaves to make it as if the Greeks were unskilful in that Art besides 80 Kine and Herdsmen as if he needed Cows Milk for some Distemper and lastly he was carry'd in a Chair to the Sea-side and 4 Talents given to the Chair-men by the King. But the Athenians were not so much concern'd at his greediness for the Presents for one Epicrates a Scullion did not only confess to the People that he had receiv'd Gifts from the King but made a Motion that instead of 9 Governours they should yearly chuse nine poor Citizens to be sent Ambassadors to the King and enrich'd by his Presents and the People only laugh'd at the Motion but were vex'd that the Thebans obtain'd their Desires never considering that Pelopidas his Fame was more powerful than all their Rhetorical Discourse with a Man who still inclin'd to the most victorious and this Embassy having obtain'd the Restitution of Messena the Freedom of the other Greeks got Pelopidas a great deal of Love at his Return At this time Alexander the Pherean falling back to his old Nature and having seiz'd many of the Thessalians and put Garrisons upon the Pthiotae Achaian and Magnesians the Cities hearing that Pelopidas was return'd sent an Embassy to Thebes requesting Succours and him for their Leader The Thebans willingly granted their desire and now when all things were prepar'd and the General beginning to march the Sun was eclips'd and darkness spread o're the City at Noon-day Now when Pelopidas saw them startled at the Prodigy he did not think it fit to force them on who were afraid and out of heart nor to hazard 7000 of his Citizens and therefore only with 300 Horse Voluntiers he set forward to Thessaly much against the will of the Augurs his Citizens who all imagin'd this considerable Accident to portend somewhat to this great Man. But he was fierce against Alexander for the Injuries he receiv'd and hop'd likewise by the Discourse which formerly he had with Thebe that his Family by this time was divided and out of order But the Glory of the Expedition chiefly excited him for he was extreamly desirous at this time when the Lacedaemonians assisted Dionysius the Sicilian Tyrant and the Athenians took Alexander's Pay and honour'd him with a brazen Statue as a Benefactor to show the other Greeks that the Thebans alone undertook their Cause who were oppress'd by Tyrants and destroy'd the violent and Illegal Forms of Government in Greece When Pelopidas was come to Pharsalus he form'd an Army and presently march'd against Alexander and Alexander understanding that Pelopidas had few Thebans with him and that his Inafntry was double the number of the Thessalians fac'd him at Thetidium and when one told Pelopidas The Tyrant meets us with a great Army So much the better he reply'd for then we shall overcome the more Between the two Armies lay some steep high Hills about Cynocephale which both Parties endeavour'd to take by their Footmen Pelopidas commanded his Horse which were good and many to charge the Enemies and those they routed and pursu'd through the Plain But Alexander took the Hills and charging the Thessalian Footmen that came up later and strove to climb the steep and craggy Ascent kill'd the foremost and the others much distress'd could do the Enemies no harm Pelopidas observing this sounded a Retreat to his Horse and gave Orders that they should charge the Enemies that kept their ground and he himself taking a Shield in his hand quickly joyn'd those that fought about the Hills and advancing to the Front fill'd his Men with such Courage and Alacrity that the Enemies imagin'd they came with other Spirits and other Bodies to the Onset They stood 2 or 3 Charges but finding they came on briskly and the Horse returning from the pursuit they gave ground and retreated in order But Pelopidas perceiving from a rising ground that the Enemies Army was not yet routed tho' full of Disorder and Confusion he stood and look'd about for Alexander and when he saw him in the right wing encouraging and ordering his Mercenaries he could not moderate his Anger but inflam'd at the sight and blindly and heedlesly following his Passion he advanc'd far before his Souldiers crying out and challenging the Tyrant he did not dare to receive him but retreating hid himself amongst his Guard. The foremost of the Mercenaries that came hand to hand were cut down by Pelopidas and many kill'd but many at a distance shot through his Arâ—our and wounded him till the Thessalians deeply concern'd at the Matter ran down from the Hill to his Relief Now when he was slain the Horse came up and routed the Phalanx and following the pursuit a great way fill'd the whole Country with the slain which were above 3000. 'T is no wonder that the Thebans then present were very much griev'd for the Death of Pelopidas calling him their Father Deliverer and Instructor in all that was good and commendable But the Thessalians and the Allies exceeding by their publick Edicts all the just Honours that could be given to Courage by their Concernment gave more certain demonstrations of the Kindness they had for him for 't is reported that none of the Souldiers when they heard of his Death would put off their Armour unbridle their Horses or dress their Wounds but still hot and with their Arms on ran to his Carkass as if he had been yet alive they heap'd up Spoyls about his Body cut off their Horses Mains and their own Hair and many kindled no Fire in their Tents took no Supper and Silence and Sadness was spread o're all the Army as if they had not gotten the greatest and most victorious Victory but were overcome by the Tyrant and inslav'd As soon as this was nois'd about the Cities the Magistrates Youth Children Priests came out to meet the Body and brought Trophies Crowns and Suits of golden Armour and when he was to be intâ—â—r'd the Elders of the Thessalians came and begg'd the Thebans that they might give the Funeral and
little niceties they stumbled not upon any Superstition because they neither varied nor exceeded the Institutes of their Ancestors So soon as Flaminius with his Collegue had resign'd up the Consulate M. Marcellus is by the Regents or Viceroys during the interregnum or vacancy declar'd Consul who entring into the Magistracy chose Cn. Cornelius his Collegue There was a report that the Gauls endeavouring a pacification and the Senate also inclining to peace yet still Marcellus inflamed the people to War. But notwithstanding a Peace was agreed upon which the Gesatae are said to have broken who to the number of thirty thousand passing the Alps stirr'd up the Insuâ—â—es and conjoyn'd themselves with them of whom there were far more Legions and proud of their strength they marched directly to Acerrae a City seated on the bank of the River Po. From thence Viridomarus King of the Gesatae taking with him ten thousand Souldiers harass'd the Country round about Of which the news being brought to Marcellus leaving his Collegue at Acerrae with the foot and all the heavy Arms with a third part of the Horse and carrying with him the rest of the Horse and six hundred light arm'd Foot marching night and day without remission he staid not till he came up to the Enemy near to a Village of Gallia call'd Clastidium which not long before had been subjected to the Roman jurisdiction Nor had he time to refresh his Souldiers or to give them rest For the Barbarians that were then present immediately seeing his approach contemn'd him because he had very few foot with him And the Gallic Horse being singularly skillful in Horsmanship and therefore thought to be therein excellent and at present in number also exceeding Marcellus made no account of him Instantly therefore they rush upon him as if they would trample him under their Horses feet threatning all kind of cruelties Before their Ensigns rode the King. But Marcellus because his Men were few that they might not be encompassed and charged on all sides by the Enemy extended his wings of Horse and riding about made thinner and drew forth in length his wings of Foot till he came near to the Enemy Then while he directed his Van-guard to charge the Enemy his Horse frighted by their yelling and shouts gave back and by force carried Marcellus aside He fearing lest this accident converted into an Omen might discourage his Souldiers quickly turning his Horse to the left again confronted the Enemy and adored the Sun as if he had wheel'd about his Horse not by chance but out of Devotion For it was customary to the Romans when they adored the Gods to turn themselves round in a circle When they came up now to charge 't is reported he vowed the best of the Enemies Arms to Jupiter Feretrius or the Helper Then the King of the Gauls beholding Marcellus and from the signs or badges of his Authority conjecturing him to be the General advanced far before his embattled Army and with a loud voice challenged him and brandishing his Lance fiercely ran with a full carreer at him exceeding the rest of the Gauls in stature and by reason of his Armour that was adorned with gold and silver and painted with various colours shining like lightning These Arms seeming to Marcellus while he view'd the Enemies Army drawn up in Battalia to be the best and fairest and he thinking them to be those he had vowed to Jupiter instantly ran upon the King and pierced through his Breast plate with his Launce then pressing upon him with the weight of his Horse threw him to the ground and with two or three strokes more slew him Immediately he leaped from his Horse laid his hand upon the dead Kings Arms and looking up toward Heaven thus spake O Jupiter Feretrius Arbiter of the remarkable Exploits of Captains and of the acts of Emperours in War and Battels thou being witness I a General have slain a General I a Consul have slain a King with my own hand to thee I consecrate these first and most excellent of the Spoils Give thou to us now proceeding to dispatch the reliques of the War the same course of Fortune Then the Roman Horse joyning Battel not onely with the Enemies Horse but also with the Battalion of Foot charging upon them obtain'd a singular and even now a new and stupendous Victory For never before or since have so few Horse and Foot defeated so numerous forces at least no such atchievement is recorded in History The Enemies being to a great number slain and the Spoils collected he returns to his Collegue who managing the War against the Enemies at the greatest and most populous City of Gallia they call it Millan had ill success This City the Gauls on this side the Alps have for their Head City Wherefore fighting valiantly in defence of it they were not so much besieg'd by Cornelius as they besieg'd him But Marcellus return'd and the Gaesatae so soon as they were certified of the death of the King and the defeat of his Army retiring Milan is taken The rest of their Towns and all they had the Gauls deliver up of their own accord to the Romans Peace upon conditions equitable enough was granted to the Gauls Marcellus alone by a decree of the Senate triumphed The triumph was in magificence opulency spoils and the gigantic Bodies of the Captives exceeding noble and memorable But the most grateful and most rare Spectacle of all was the General himself who carried the Arms of the barbarous King to the God to whom he had vowed them Of a tall and straight stock of an Oak lop'd off he had prepared a bearer shaped like a Trophy Upon this he bound and hung round about the Arms of the King fitly and decently â—ying on every piece of them The pomp advancing solemnly before he carrying this Trophy ascends the Chariot and being himself the fairest and most graceful triumphant Image was carried into the City The Army adorned with shining Armour followed in order and with Verses on that occasion composed and with songs of Victory celebrated the praises of Jupiter and of their General Then entering the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius he dedicated his gift the third and to our memory the last that ever did so The first Romulus who having slain Acron King of the Coeninenses brought home and dedicated rich spoils the second Cornelius Cossus from Volumnius the Hetruscan after them Marcellus from Viridomarus King of the Gauls after Marcellus no man. The God to whom they are consecrated is call'd Jupiter Feretrius from the Trophy carried on feretrum a bearer on which spoils were carried in triumph the name being deduced from the Greek Language which at that time was every where confused with the Latin. Others affirm that this Surname of Jupiter fulminans is derived à feriendo from striking because Lightning strikes and to strike is in the Roman Language â—erire Others there are who would have this name
And when they were deliberating about the choice of a Captain for that Expedition and the Magistrates of their City did nominate and propose several Persons that had made it their Care and Study to be esteem'd among them one of the Plebeians standing up happen'd to name Timoleon the Son of Timodemus who had long ago left off to concern himself in publick Business and had neither any hopes of nor the least pretension to an Employment of that nature insomuch that the thing was thought to proceed from a divine Instinct and that some God or other had put it in the man's heart to mention him so great an indulgence of Fortune did then immediately appear at his Election and so much of her Favour did accompany his following Actions as it were on purpose to recommend his worth and add some grace and ornament to his personal Vertues If you regard his Parentage both Timodemus his Father and his Mother Demariste were of a Noble and Illustrious Rank in that City as for himself he was a mighty Lover of his Country and one of admirable Meekness towards all excepting that extream hatred he bore to Tyrants and wicked men His Natural Abilities for the War were so happily temper'd and of that excellent and even mixture that as a rare and extraordinary Prudenee might be seen in all the Enterprises of his younger years so a strange firmness of Mind and the most undaunted Courage did attend him still even to the last Exploits of his declining Age. He had an Elder Brother whose Name was Timophanes one of a different Make and every way unlike him being indiscreet and rash and corrupted with a Love of Monarchy by the suggestion of some lewd Friends and foreign Souldiers which he kept always about him He seem'd to have a certain Force and Vehemence in all Attempts and even to delight in Dangers whereby he took much with the People and upon that account did not only aspire but was advanc'd to the highest Charges as a vigorous and effective Warriour for the obtaining of which Offices and Promotions Timoleon did very much assist him who either help'd wholly to conceal his Errors and Defaults or at least to lessen and diminish those he was thought guilty of and beside this took care to magnifie and adorn whatever was commendable in him and set off his good Qualities to the best advantage It happen'd once in a Battle of the Corinthians against those of Argos and Cleone that Timoleon serv'd among the Infantry when Timophanes commanding their Cavalry was brought into extraordinary danger for his Horse being wounded fell forward and threw him head long amidst the Enemies whereupon part of his Companions were presently dispers'd through a sudden fear and the small number that remain'd bearing up against a great Multitude had much ado to maintain the Fight and make any long Resistance As soon therefore as Timoleon was aware of that Accident he run hastily in to his Brother's rescue and covering the fallen Tâ—nophanes with his Buckler after having receiv'd abundance of Darts and several Strokes by the Sword into his Body and his Armour he at length with much difficulty oblig'd the Enemies to retire and brought off his Brother alive and safe out of that desperate extremity But when the Corinthians for fear of losing their City a second time by taking in Associates a thing they had formerly suffer'd from them made a Decree to entertain 400 Strangers for the security thereof and gave Timophanes the Command over them he without any regard to Honour and Equity put all those things in speedy Execution whereby he might become absolute and bring the Place under his own Power and having cut off many principal Citizens uncondemn'd and without Tryal that were most likely to hinder his Design declar'd himself to be King of Corinth a Procedure that did infinitely afflict the good Timoleon as reckoning the Wickedness of such a Brother to be his own Reproach and Calamâ—ty He therefore undertook to perswade him by his Discourse that desisting from that 〈◊〉 and unhappy Ambition he would bethiâ—k himself how he should make the Corinthians some Amends and find out an Expâ—â—â—ent to remedy and correct the Evils he had done them But when his single Admonition was rejected and contemn'd by him he makes a second and more powerful Attempt taking with him one Aeschylus his Kinsman Brother to the Wife of Timophanes and a certain Prophet or Diviner that was his Friend whom Theopompus in his History calls Satyrus but Ephorus and Timaeus mention in theirs by the Name of Orthagoras After a few days then he returns to his Brother with this Company all three of them surrounding and earnestly importuning him upon the same Subject that now at length he would listen to sober Counsel and use Reason and be of another mind But when Timophanes began first to laugh at the Mens simplâ—city and being vehemently press'd fell afterwards into Rage and Indignation against them Timoleon stepp'd aside from him and stood weeping with his Face cover'd while the other two drawing out their Swords dispatch'd him in a moment The rumour of this Fact being soon scatter'd about the better and more generous sort of the Corinthians did highly applaud Timoleon for his detestation of Improbity and extol the greatness of his Soul that being of a sweet and gentle Disposition and having so much Love and Kindness for his Family he should however think the Obligations to his Countrey much stronger than the Tyes of Consanguinity and prefer that which is handsome and just before Gain and Interest and his own particular Advantage for the same Brother which with so much Bravery had been sav'd by him when he fought valiantly in the Cause of Corinth he had now as nobly sacrific'd for enslaving her afterward by his base and treacherous Usurpation But then on the other side those that knew not how to live in a Democracy and had been us'd to make their humble Court unto the Men of Power though they did openly pretend to rejoyce at the death of such a Tyrant yet secretly reviling Timoleon as one that had committed the most impious and abominable Act they cast him into a strange Melancholy and Dejection And when he came to understand how heavily his Mother took it and that she likewise did utter the saddest Complaints and terrible Imprecations against him he went to satisfie and comfort her as to what had happen'd who would not endure so much as to look upon him but caus'd the Doors of her House to be shut that 〈◊〉 might have no admission into her preseâ—â—â— the grief whereof did so disorder his 〈◊〉 and make him grow so hugely discoâ—â—â—late that he determin'd to put an end 〈◊〉 that perplexity with his Life and staâ—â— himself by abstaining from all manner 〈◊〉 Sustenance but through the Care and Diligence of his Friends who were very instant with him and added force to thâ—â— Entreaties he came to resolve
after the Fight took a view of the slain and came to that Place where the three hundred that fought his Phalanx lay dead together he wondred and understanding that 't was the Band of Lovers he wept and said Let them be damn'd who suspect that these Men either did or suffer'd any thing that was base Indeed it was not the Disaster of Laius as the Poets imagine that first rais'd these Lovers amongst the Thebans but their Law-givers who designing to soften whilst they were young their natural Fierceness brought the Pipe into great Esteem both in serious and ludicrous Concerns and encourag'd an excellent Love in their Palestra's to temper the Manners of the Youth and therefore they did very well to make Harmony the Daughter of Mars and Venus their Tutelar because where Force and Courage is joyn'd with Gracefulness and winning Behaviour the most admirable and best contriv'd Government is fram'd All things being then Harmoniously dispos'd Gorgias dividing this sacred Band into the Front Ranks of his Infantry their Courage seem'd not so conspicuous for not being order'd in one Body they were weakned by being mingled with others of lesser Resolution But Pelopidas having sufficiently tryed their Bravery at Tegura and that they kept their Ground and fought well he never afterwards divided them but keeping them entire as one Body he gave the first Charge in the greatest Battels for as Horses run brisker in a Chariot than single not that their joynt Force divides the Air with greater ease but because they run together and their Emulation raiseth their Courage thus he thought stout Men provoking one another to commendable Actions would prove more useful and more resolv'd in an Enterprize where they were all concern'd Now when the Lacedaemonians had made Peace with the other Greeks and warr'd upon the Thebans only and their King Cleombrotus march'd with 10000 Foot and 1000 Horse and not only Slavery as heretofore but total Destruction threatned and Beotia was in a greater fear than ever Pelopidas going out of his own House and his Wife bringing him on his way and with tears begging him to be careful of his Life he reply'd Wife Private Men should be advis'd to look to themselves Generals to save others And when he came to the Camp and found the Generals disagreeing he first joyn'd with Epaminondas who advis'd to fight the Enemy he was not then Archon but Captain of the sacred Band and a Man in Trust as 't was fit he should be who had given his Countrey so great proof of his sincere Endeavours for their Freedom Well then when a Battel was agree'd on and they fac'd the Spartans at Leuctra Pelopidas saw a Vision which very much discompos'd him for in that Plain lye the Bodies of the Daughters of one Scedasus call'd from the Place Leuctridae for there they were bury'd having been ravish'd by some Spartan Strangers When this base and impious Deed was done and their Father could get no Satisfaction at Lacedaemon with bitter imprecations on the Spartans he kill'd himself at his Daughter's Tombs and from that time the Prophesies and Oracles still warn'd them to have a great Care of the Gods Revenge at Leuctra but many did not understand the meaning being uncertain of the Place because there was a little maritime Town of Laconia call'd Leuctron and near Megalopolis in Arcadia a Place of the same Name and the Villany was committed long before this Battel Now Pelopidas being asleep in the Camp thought he saw the Maidens weeping about their Tombs and cursing the Spartans and Scedasus commanding if they desir'd the Victory to sacrifice a red Virgin to his Daughters Pelopidas looking on this as an harsh and impious Injunction rose and told it to the Prophet and Commanders of the Army some of which contended that 't was fit to obey and brought for Examples from the Ancients Meneceus the Son of Creon Macaria the Daughter of Hercules and from latter Times Pherecydes the Philosopher slain by the Lacedaemonians and his Skin as the Oracles advis'd still kept by their Kings that Leonidas warn'd by the Oracle did as it were sacrifice himself for the Good of Greece that Themistocles offer'd some to Bacchus Omestes before the Engagement at Salamis and that the Success shew'd their Actions to be good On the contrary Agesilaus going from the same Place and against the same Enemies that Agamemnon did and being commanded in a Dream at Aulis to sacrifice his Daughter he being too fond deny'd it and therefore his Expedition was unsuccessful and inglorious But some on the other side urg'd that such a barbarous and impious Oblation could not be pleasing to any of those above that Typhons and Giants did not preside over the World but the Father of the Gods and Men that 't was absurd to imagine any Daemons delighted in Slaughter and Sacrifices of Men or if there were any such they were to be neglected as weak and unable to assist for unreasonable and impious Desires could only proceed from and live in weak and deprav'd Minds The Commanders thus disputing and Pelopidas being in a great Perplexity a Mare Colt breaking from the Herd ran through the Camp and when she came to the place where they were stood still and whilst some admir'd the sparkling Redness of her Colour others her Mettle or the strength and fury of her Neighing Theocritus the Augur having consider'd the Matter cry'd out to Pelopidas Happy Man look the Sacrifice is come expect no other Virgin but use that which the Gods have sent thee with that they took the Colt and leading her to the Maidens Sepulchers with the usual Solemnity and Prayers offer'd her with joy and then told the whole Army Pelopidas his Dream and how they had given the requir'd Sacrifice Now in the Battel Epaminondas bending his Phalanx to the left that as much as possible he might divide the right Wing compos'd of Spartans from the other Greeks and distress Cleombrotus by a brisk Charge on that Wing the Enemies perceiv'd the Design and began to change their Order to open their right Wing and far exceeding him in Number incompass Epaminondas But Petopidas came briskly up before Cleombrotus could open and close his Divisions and so fell upon the disorder'd Spartans tho' the Lacedaemonians are the most expert and cunning in the Art of War and are train'd up and accustom'd to nothing more than to keep themselves from Confusion when their Order is disturb'd but to follow any Leader or Right hand Man and order themselves and fight on what part soever Dangers press in this Battel Epaminondas his Phalanx neglecting the other Greeks and charging them alone and Pelopidas coming up with such incredible speed and fury so brake their Courage and baffled their Art that there began such a Flight and Slaughter amongst the Spartans as was never before known and so Pelopidas being neither Archon nor General but only a Captain of a small Band
Horseman stole into the Greek Camp and coming to the Watch desired them to call Aristides the Athenian to him who with speed obeying the Summons I am said he Alexander King of Macedonia but am arrived here through the greatest danger in the World for the good will I bear you lest a sudden Onsent should so dismay you that you behave your selves in the fight worse than usual For to morrow Mardonius will give you Battel not moved thereto by any hope of success or Courage but want of Victuals For the Prognosticators by their ill-aboding Sacrifices and Oracles prohibit him the Battel And the Army is in great despair and Consternation but necessity emboldens him to try his Fortune or sit still and endure the last extremity of want Alexander thus saying entreated Aristides to take notice of and remember the same and not reveal it to any other But he told him it was not convenient to conceal the matter from Pausanias because he was General but as for any other he determined to keep it secret from them till such time as the Battel was fought but if the Grecians obtained the Victory that then no one should be ignorant of Alexander's good will and kindness towards them After this the King of Macedonia rode back again and Aristides went to Pausanias his Pavilion and told him what had been said and they sent for the rest of the Captains and gave Orders that the Army should be in Battel Array Here according to Herodotus Pausanias spake to Aristides desiring him to transfer his Athenians to the right Wing of the Army opposite to the Persians for that they would do better service against them having been experienc'd in their way of Combat and embolden'd with their former Victories and give him the left where the Medizing Greeks were to make their Assault The rest of the Athenian Captains therefore looked upon Pausanias as very unjust and arrogant because permitting the rest of the Army to keep their stations he removed them only from place to place like so many Slaves opposing them ********** to the greatest strength of the Enemy 〈◊〉 Aristides said they were altogether 〈◊〉 if they of late contended with the â—â—geatae for the right Wing and gloried in â—â—ing preferred before them but now whâ—â— the Lacedemonians give them place in the lâ—ft and yielded them in a manner the leading of the Army they neither are contented with the honour that is done them nor look â—â—on it as an advantage not to fight against their Countrymen and Kindred but Barâ—arians and such as were by nature their Enemies Hereupon the Athenians very â—â—dily changed places with the Lacedaemonians and there went a great talk amongst them as they were encouraging each other that the Enemy approached with no better Arms or stouter Hearts than those who fought the Battel of Marathon but had the same embroidered Coats and Gold upon their delicate Bodies and effeminate Minds but we have the same Weapons and Bodies and our Courage augmented by our Victories and fight not like them in defence of our Country onely but for the Trophies of Salamis and Marathon that they may not be looked upon as due to Miltiades or Fortune but the people of Athens Thus therefore were they making haste to change the Order of their Battel But the Thebans understanding it by their Fugitives forthwith acquaint Mardonius and he either for fear of the Athenians or a desire to engage the Lacedaemonians marched over his Persians to the Right and commanded the Greeks of his party to be posted opposite to the Athenians But this Transposition being mainifest both Pausanias wheeling about again ranged himself in the Right and Mardonius as at first took the left Wing over against the Lacedaenians So the day passed without Action After this the Grecians determined in Council to remove their Camp something further to possess themselves of a place convenient for watering because the Springs near them were troubled and polluted by the Barbarian Cavalry But Night being come and the Captains marching towards the place designed for their encamping the Souldiers were not very ready to follow and keep in a Body but as soon as they passed the first fortifications made towards the City of Plateae and a great Tumult was there caused by those who were dispersed and pitched their Tents in disorder The Lacedaemonians though against their wills had the fortune to be left by the rest For Amompharetus a brave and daring Man who being a long time before fired with a desire of the Fight and ill resenting their many lingrings and delays calling the removal of the Camp a meer running away and flight protested 〈◊〉 would not desert his Post but there to 〈◊〉 main with his Company and sustain the charge of Mardonius And when Pausanias came to him and told him he did theâ—â— things by the Votes and determinations of the Grecians Amompharetus taking up a great stone and flinging it at Pausanias his feet and by this token said he do I give my suffrage for the Battel not minding the cowardly Consultations and Decrees of other Men. Pausanias not knowing what to do in the present juncture sent to the Athenians who were drawing off to stay and accompany him so he himself marched the rest of the Army to Plateae to the intent to make Amompharetus move In the interim Day came upon them and Mardonius for he was not ignorant of the Grecians deserting their Camp having his Army in Array fell upon the Lacedaemonians with great shouting and noise of the barbarous people as if they were not about to joyn Battel but spoil the Greeks in their flight Which within a very little time came to pass For Pausanias perceiving what was done made a halt and commanded every one to put themselves in order for the Battel but either through his anger with Amompharetus or the disturbance he was in by reason of the sudden approach of the Enemy forgot to give the Grecians the Word Whence it was that they came not immediately or in a body to their assistance but by small Companies and stragling when the Fight was already begun For Pausanias offering Sacrifice he found it not acceptable to the Gods so commanded the Lacedaemonians laying down their Shields at their feet to abide quietly and attend his directions making no resistance to any of their Enemies And offering a second time as the Horsâ— charged one of the Lacedaemonians was 〈◊〉 At this time also Callicrates who by report was the most comely proper man in the Army being shot with an Arrow and upon the point of expiring said that he lamented not his death for he came from home to lay down his life in the defence of Greece but that he died without Action The case was hard and wonderful the forbearance of the Men for they Repelâ—ed not the Enemy that charged them but expecting their opportunity from the Gods and their General suffered themselves to be wounded and
gave him a Blow with his Fist and went away Another Schoolmaster telling him that he had Homer corrected by himself How said Alcibiades and do you imploy your time in teaching Children to read You who are able to amend Homer may well undertake to instruct Men. Being once desirous to speak with Pericles he went to his House and was told there that he was not at leisure but busied in considering how to give up his Accompts to the Athenians Alcibiades as he went away said It were better for him to consider how he might avoid giving up any Accompts at all Whilst he was very young he was a Souldier in the Expedition against Potidaea where Socrates lodg'd in the same Tent with him and seconded him in all Encounters Once there happen'd a sharp skirmish wherein they both behav'd themselves with much Bravery but Alcibiades receiving a Wound there Socrates threw himself before him to defend him and most manifestly sav'd him and his Arms from the Enemy and therefore in all Justice might have challeng'd the Prize of Valour But the Generals appearing earnest to adjudge the Honour to Alcibiades because of his Quality Socrates who desir'd to increase his Thirst after Glory was the first who gave Evidence for him and press'd them to Crown him and to decree to him the compleat Suit of Armour Afterwards in the Battel of Delium when the Athenians were routed and Socrates with a few others was retreating on Foot Alcibiades who was on Horse-back observing it would not pass on but stay'd to shelter him from the danger and brought him safe off tho' the Enemy press'd hard upon them and cut off many of the Party But this happened some time after He gave a Box on the Ear to Hipponicus the Father of Callias whose Birth and Wealth made him a Person of great Power and Esteem And this he did unprovok'd by any Passion or Quarrel between them but only because in a Frolick he had agreed with his Companions to do it All men were justly offended at this Insolence when it was known through the City But early the next Morning Alcibiades went to his House and knock'd at the Door and being admitted to him stripp'd off his Garment and presenting his naked Body desir'd him to beat and chastize him as he pleas'd Upon this Hipponicus forgot all his Resentment and not only pardon'd him but soon after gave him his Daughter Hipparete in Marriage Some say that it was not Hipponicus but his Son Callias who gave Hipparete to Alcibiades together with a Portion of 10 Talents and that after when she had a Child Alcibiades forc'd him to give 10 Talents more upon pretence that such was the Agreement if she brought him any Children And yet after Callias for fear of being assassinated by him in a full Assembly of the People did declare that if he should happen to die without Children Alcibiades should inherit his House and all his Goods Hipparete was a vertuous Lady and fond of her Husband but at last growing impatient of the injuries done to her Marriage-bed by his continual entertaining of Curtezans as well Strangers as Athenians she departed from him and retir'd to her Brother's House Alcibiades seem'd not at all concern'd at it and liv'd on still in the same Luxury but the Law requiring that she should deliver to the Archon in Person and not by Proxy the Instrument whereby she sought a Divorce when in obedience to the Law she presented her self before him to perform this Alcibiades came in and took her away by force and carried her home through the Market-place no one all this while daring to oppose him nor to take her from him And she continu'd with him till her death which happened not long after when Alcibiades made his Voyage to Ephesus Nor was this Violence to be thought so very enormous or unmanly For the Law in making her who desires to be divorc'd appear in pubblick seems to design to give her Husband an opportunity of discoursing with her and of endeavouring to retain her Alcibiades had a Dog which cost him 70 Mina and was a very great one and very handsom his Tail which was his principal Ornament he caus'd to be cut off and his Acquaintance childing him for it and telling him that all Athens was sorry for the Dog and cried out upon him for this Action he laugh'd and said It is then come to pass as I desir'd for I would have the Athenians entertain themselves with the Discourse of this lest they should be talking something worse of me It is said that the first time he came into the Assembly was upon occasion of a Largess of Money which he made to the People This was not done by Design but as he pass'd along he heard a Shout and enquiring the Cause and having learn'd that there was a Donative made to the People he went in amongst them and gave Money also The Multitude thereupon applauding him and shouting he was sotransported at it that he forgot a Quail which he had under his Robe and the Bird being frighted with noise fled from him Thereupon the People made louder Acclamations than before and many of them rose up to pursue the Bird but one Antiochus a Pilot caught it and restor'd it to him for which he was ever after very dear to Alcibiades He had great Advantages to introduce himself into the Management of Affairs His noble Birth his Riches the personal Courage he had shewn in divers Battels and the multitude of his Friends and Dependents But above all the rest he chose to make himself Considerable to the People by his Eloquence That he was a Master in the Art of Speaking the Comick Poets bear him witness and Demosthenes the most eloquent of men in his Oration against Midias does allow that Alcibiades among other Perfections was a most exact Orator And if we give Credit to Theophrastus who of all Philosophers was the most curious Enquirer and the most faithful Relator he says that Alcibiades was very happy at inventing Things proper to be said upon the Occasion Nor did he consider the Things only which ought to be said but also what Words and what Expressions were to be us'd and when those did not readily occur he would often pause in the middle of his Discourse for want of apt words and would be silent and stop till he could recollect himself and had consider'd what to say His Expences in Horses kept for the publick Games and in the number of his Chariots were very magnificent for never any one besides himself either private Person or King sent seven Chariots to the Olympick Games He carried away at once the first the second and the fourth Prize as Thucydides says or the third as Euripides relates it wherein he surpass'd all that ever pretended in that kind Euripides celebrates his success in this manner Thee lovely Son of Clinias will I sing Thy Triumphs
themselves Masters 〈◊〉 the Ways which lead from Athens to Elâ—â—sis and by reason thereof the Processioâ— being of necessity to go by Sea could not 〈◊〉 perform'd with Solemnity but they weâ—â— forc'd to omit the Sacrifices and Danceâ— and other holy Ceremonies which were usâ—â— to be done in the way when they brinâ— forth Iacchus Alcibiades therefore judg'd 〈◊〉 would be a glorious Action whereby hâ— should do Honour to the Gods and gaiâ— Esteem with Men if he restor'd the ancienâ— Splendor to these Rites in conducting thâ— Procession again by Land and protectinâ— it with his Army from the Enemy Foâ— thereby he was sure if Agis stood still anâ— did not oppose him it would very much diminish and obscure his Glory or otherwise that he should engage in a Holy War in the Cause of the Gods and in defencâ— of the most sacred and solemn Ceremonieâ— and this in the sight of his Countrey where he should have all his fellow-Citizens Witnesses of his Valour As soon as he had resolv'd upon this Design and had communicated it to the Eumolpides and other holy Officers he plac'd Sentinels on the â—ops of the Mountains and at the break of day sent forth his Scouts And then taking with him the Priests and consecrated Persons and those who had the Charge of â—nitiating others in the holy Mysteries and compassing them with his Souldiers he conducted them with great Order and profound Silence This was an august and venerable Procession wherein all who did not envy him said He perform'd at once the Office of an High-Priest and of a General The Enemy durst not attempt any thing against them and thus he brought them back in safety to the City Upon which as he was exalted in his own Thought so the opinion which the People had of his Conduct was rais'd to that degree that they look'd upon their Armies as irresistible and invincible while he commanded them He so won upon the lower and meaner sort of People that they passionately desir'd he would take the Soveraignty upon him some of them made no difficulty to tell him so and to advise him to put himself out of the reach of Envy by abolishing the Laws and Ordinances of the People and suppressing those ill affected peâ—sons who would overturn the State that 〈◊〉 he might act and take upon him the management of Affairs without standing in feaâ— of being call'd to an Account How far hiâ— own Inclinations led him to usurp soveraigâ— Power is uncertain but the most considâ—rable Persons in the City were so much afraiâ— of it that they hastned him on Ship boaâ—â— all they could granting him Liberty 〈◊〉 choose his own Officers and allowing hiâ— all other things as he desir'd Thereupon 〈◊〉 set Sayl with a Fleet of an 100 Ships anâ— arriving at Andros he there fought with anâ— defeated as well the Inhabitants as the Lâ—cedaemonians who assisted them But yet 〈◊〉 took not the City which gave the first occasion to his Enemies for all their Accusatâ—ons against him Certainly if ever 〈◊〉 was ruin'd by his own Glory it was Alcibiades For his continual Success had begoâ— such an opinion of his Courage and Conduct that if he fail'd in any thing he undertook 〈◊〉 was imputed to his Neglect and no one woulâ— believe it was through want of Power Foâ— they thought nothing was too hard foâ— him if he went about it in good earnest They fanci'd also every day that they should hear News of the reducing of Chios and of the rest of Ionia and grew impatâ—ent that things were not effected as faâ— and as suddenly as they imagin'd They never consider'd how extreamly Money was wanting and that being to make War with an Enemy who had Supplyes of all things from a great King he was often forc'd to forsake his Camp in order to procure Money and Provisions for the Subsistance of his Souldiers This it was which gave occasion for the last Accusation which was made against him For Lysander being sent from Lacedaemon with a Commission to be Admiral of their Fleet and being furnish'd by Cyrus with a great Sum of Money gave every Mariner four Oboles a day whereas before they had but three Alcibiades could hardly allow his Men three Oboles and therefore was constrain'd to go into Caria to furnish himself with Money He left the Care of the Fleet in his absence to Antiochus an experien'd Sea-man but rash and inconsiderate who had express Orders from Alcibiades not to engage tho' the Enemy provok'd him But he slighted and disregarded the Orders to that degree that having made ready his own Galley and another he presently stood for Ephesus where the Enemy lay and as he sail'd before the Heads of their Galleys us'd the highest Provocations possible both in Words and Deeds Lysander at first mann'd out a few Ships and pursu'd him But all the Athenian Ships coming in to his Assistance Lysander also brought up his whâ—â— Fleet which gain'd an entirâ— Victory Hâ— flew Antiochus himself took many Men and Ships and erected a Trophy As soon as Alcibiades heard this News he return'd to Samos and loosing from thence with his whole Fleet he came anâ— offer'd Battel to Lysander But Lysander câ—â—tent with the Victory he had gaind 〈◊〉 not stir Amongst others in the Armâ— who had a malice to Alcibiades Thrasybulâ—â— the Son of Thrason was his particular Eâ—â—my and went purposely to Athens to accâ—â—â— him and to exasperate his Enemies in thâ— City against him In an Oration to the Pâ—â—ple he represented that Alcibiades had ruin'â— their Affairs and lost their Ships by insolently abusing his Authority committiâ—â— the Government of the Army in his absenâ—â— to such as by their Debauchery and scurâ—lous Discourses were got most into Creâ—â— with him whilst he wandred up and down 〈◊〉 pleasure to raise Money giving himself up 〈◊〉 all Luxury and Excesses amongst the Abydâ—nian and Ionian Curtezans at a time whâ—â— the Enemy's Navy rode at Anchor so 〈◊〉 his It was also objected to him that he hâ—â— fortify'd a Castle near Byzanthe in Thrâ—â— for a safe retreat for himself as one thâ—â— either could not or would not live in 〈◊〉 own Country The Athenians gave Credâ—â— to these Informations and discover'd the Resentment and Displeasure which they had conceiv'd against him by choosing other Generals As soon as Alcibiades heard of this he immediately forsook the Army being afraid of what might follow And getting many Strangers together he made War upon his own account against those Thracians who pretended to be free and acknowledg'd no King. By this means he amass'd to himself a great Treasure out of the Spoyls which he took and at the same time secur'd the bordering Graecians from the Incursions of the Barbarians Tydeus Menander and Adimantus the new made Generals were at that time riding in the River Aegos with all the Ships which the Athenians had left From whence they were us'd to go out
to Sea every Morning and offer Battel to Lysander who lay at Anchor near Lampsachus and when they had done so returning back again they lay all the rest of the day carelesly and without order as Men who despis'd the Enemy Alcibiades who was not far off did not think so slightly of their Danger nor did neglect to let 'em know it but mounting his Horse he came to the Generals and represented to them that they had chosen a very inconvenient Station as wanting a safe Harbour and far distant from any Town so that they were constrain'd to send for their necessary Provisions as far as Sestos He alsâ— reprov'd them for their Carlesness in suffeâ—ing the Souldiers when they went ashore 〈◊〉 disperse themselves and wander up and down at their pleasure when the Enemies Fleet which was under the Command of one General and strictly obedient to Discipline lay so very near them Alcibiades admonish'd them of these things and advis'd them to remove the Fleet to Sestos But the Admirals did not only disregard what he said but Tydeus with great Insolence commanded him to be gone saying that now not he but others had the Command of the Forces Whereupon Alcibiades suspecting something of Treachery in them departed But he told his Friends who accompani'd him out of the Camp that if the Generals had not us'd him with such insupportable Contempt he would within a few days have forc'd the Lacedaemonians however unwilling either to have fought the Athenians at Sea or to have deserted their Ships Some look'd upon this as a piece of Ostentation only but others said the thing was probable for that he might have brought down by Land great Numbers of the Thracian Cavalry and Archers to assault and disorder them in their Camp. The Event did soon make it evident how very rightly he judg'd of the Errors which the Athenians committed For Lysander fell upon them on a sudden when they least suspected it with such Fury that Conon with 8 Galleys only escap'd him all the rest which were about 200 he took and carried away together with 3000 Prisoners which he afterwards put to death And within a short time after he took Athens it self burnt all the Ships which he found there and demolish'd their long Walls After this Alcibiades standing in dread of the Lacedaemonians who were now Masters both at Sea and Land retir'd into Bithynia He sent thither great Treasure before him took much with him but left much more in the Castle where he had before resided But he lost great part of his Wealth in Bithynia being robb'd by some Thracians who liv'd in those Parts and thereupon he determin'd to go to the Court of Artaxerxes not doubting but that the King if he would make tryal of his Abilities would find him not inferior to Themistocles besides that he was recommended by a more honourable Cause For he went not as Themistocles did to offer his Service against his fellow-Citizens but against their Enemies and to implore the King's Aid for the defence of his Country He concluded that Pharnabazus would most readily procure him a safe Conduct and therefore went into Phrygia to him and continu'd to dwell there some time paying him great Respect and being honourably treated by him The Athenians in the mean time were miserably afflicted â—â— their loss of Empire but when they werâ— depriv'd of Liberty also and Lysander had impos'd 30 Governours upon the City and their State was finally ruin'd then they began to reflect on those things which they would never consider whilst they were in a prospâ—rous condition then they did acknowledge and bewail their former Errors and Follies and judg'd this second ill Usage of Alcibiades to be of all others the most inexcusable For he was rejected without any Fault committed by himself and only because they were incens'd against his Lieutenant for having shamefully lost a few Ships they much more shamefully depriv'd the Common-wealth of a most valiant and most accomplish'd General Yet in this sad state of Affairs they had still some faint Hopes left them nor would they utterly despair of the Athenian Common-wealth while Alcibiades was safe For they perswaded themselves before when he was an Exile he could not content himself to live idly and at ease much less now if he could find any favourable opportunity would he endure the Insolence of the Lacedaemonians and the Outrages of the 30 Tyrants Nor was it an absurd thing in the People to entertain such Imaginations when the 30 Tyrants themselves were so very solicitous to be inform'd and to get Intelligence of all his Actions and Designs In fine Critias represented to Lysander that the Lacedaemonians could never securely enjoy the Dominion of Greece till the Athenian Democracy was absolutely destroy'd And tho' now the People of Athens seem'd quietly and patiently to submit to so small a number of Governours yet Alcibiades whilst he liv'd would never suffer them to acquiesce in their present Circumstances Yet Lysander would not be prevail'd upon by these Discourses till at last he receiv'd secret Letters from the Magistrates of Lacedaemon expresly requiring him to get Alcibiades dispatch'd Whether it was that they fear'd the vivacity of his Wit or the greatness of his Courage in enterprizing what was hazardous or whether it was done to gratify King Agis Upon receipt of this Order Lysander sent away a Messenger to Pharnabazus desiring him to put it in execution Pharnabazus committed the Affair to Magaeus his Brother and to his Uncle Susamithres Alcibiades resided at that time in a small Village in Phrygia together with Timandra a Mistress of his As he slept he had this Dream He thought himself attir'd in his Mistresses Habit and that she holding him in her Arms dress'd his Head and painted his Face as if he had been a Woman Others say he dream'd that Magaeuâ— cut off his Head and burnt his Body And it is said that it was but a little while before his Death that he had these Visions They who were sent to assassinate him had not Courage enough to enter the House but surrounding it first they set it on fire Alcibiades as soon as he perceiv'd it getting together great Quantities of Cloaths and Furniture threw them upon the Fire with a Design to choke it and having wrapp'd his Robe about his left Arm and holding his naked Sword in his right he cast himself into the middle of the Fire and escap'd securely through it before his Cloaths were burnt The Barbarians as soon as they saw him retreated and none of them durst stay to expect him or to engage with him but standing at a distance they slew him with their Darts and Arrows When he was dead the Barbarians departed and Timandra took up his dead Body and covering and wrapping it up in her own Robes she bury'd it as decently and as honourably as her present Circumstances would allow 'T is said that the
and that in the mean time he did not refuse to give the Antiates satisfaction as to all Particulars of his Conduct if they were desirous of it An Assembly then being call'd there arose certain Orators appointed for that Design who by their popular Harangues did exasperate and incense the Multitude but when Marcius stood up to answer those Objections and Impeachments they had brought against him the more unruly and tumultuous part of the People waxed calm and quiet on the sudden and out of Reverence to his Person gave him liberty to speak without the least disturbance beside that all the better sort of Antium and such as were most delighted with a Peace made it evident by their whole Composure that they would give him a favourable Hearing and then judge and pronounce according to Equity Tullus therefore began to dread his Apology and suspect the issue of that Defence he was going to make for himself for he was an excellent Spokes-man and one of singular Eloquence and the former Services he had done the Volscians did procure and still preserve for him a much greater Kindness than could possibly be out-weigh'd by that new Displeasure and the Blame of his late Conduct yea the very Crime and Accusation it self was a proof and testimony of the greatness of his Merits for that People could never have complain'd or thought that he had been injurious to them because Rome was not then brought into their Power without a plain Confession that by his means only they were so near taking it For these Reasons the Confederates judg'd it prudent not to make any further Delays or Attempts upon the Vulgar and so the boldest of their Faction crying out that they ought not to listen to a Traytor nor allow him still to bear Rule and play the Tyrant among them fell upon Marcius in a Body and slew him there none of those that were present so much as offering to defend him But it quickly appear'd that this base and unworthy Action was in no wise approv'd by the Majority of the Volscians for they came running out of their several Cities to shew Respect unto his Corps which they did by an honourable Interment of it adorning his Sepulchre with Arms and Trophies as the Monument of a noble Hero and a famous General When the Romans heard tidings of his death they gave no other signification either of Honour or of Anger towards him but only granted this Request of the Women that they might put themselves into Mourning and bewail him for ten Months as their Custom was upon the loss of a Father or a Son or a Brother that being a period set for the longest Lamentation in such Cases by the ancient Laws of Numa Pompilius as it is more amply related in what I have written of his Life and Actions Now Marcius was no sooner deceased but the Volscians came to need his Assistance and wish for him again for they fell to swabble first with the Sicani their Confederates and their Friends about the nomination of a â—â—neral that should be Commander in Chief of their joynt Forces which Dispute for Preheminence was carried on with so much fierceness that it came at length to Bloodshed and Slaughter on both sides After this they were defeated by the Romans in a pitch'd Battle where not only Tullus lost his Life but the principal Flower of their whole Army was cut in pieces so that they were forc'd to submit and accept of Peace upon very dishonourable terms promising to observe the Roman Orders and obey their Enemy in whatever he should impose See where Emilius does a couqueror stand While at his feet y e once great Perseus lyes A generous valour may y e world command And Kings may fall thus low by Avarice THE LIFE OF PAULUS EMILIUS English'd from the Greek By Mr. Joseph Arrowsmith late Fellow of Trin. Coll. Camb. Volume II. I First undertook this History that I might be serviceable unto others but go on and persevere in my Design that I may advantage my self whilst the Vertues of these great Men are as a Looking-glass by which I learn how I ought to order and adorn my own Life For by this means I enjoy the greatest Familiarity and am no less conversant with them all by Turns than if the same Table and Bed were common to us both When I read their Story each particular Vertue and Excellence makes a deep Impression in my Mind and hence I gather how great and valuable the Owner of these Accomplishments must needs have been and with Care collect the most beautiful and remarkable Passages of their Lives as Patterns for Imitation A greater Pleasure than which the Gods can scarce grant us or a more ready way to teach us Vertue Democritus laid it down as a Principle in his Philosophy though utterly false and tending to endless Superstitions That there were Phantasms appearing in the Air and tells us that we ought to pray that such may present themselves as are propitious and that we may see those that are agreeable to our Natures and would instruct us in that which is good rather than such as are unfortunate and would lead us into Vice. But my Method is by daily conversing with History and a diligent Collection of what I read to fix in my Mind things worthy Memory of the best and most vertuous of Men. For thus am I enabled to free my self from that Contagion of Idleness Vice which I may have contracted from the ill company I am sometimes forc'd to converse with it being a powerful Remedy with a sedate and quiet Mind seriously to consider such noble Examples Of this kind are those of Timoleon the Corinthian and Paulus Emilius to write whose Lives is my present Business Men not only equally famous for their Virtues but Success insomuch that they have left it doubtful whether they owe their greatest Atchievments to good Fortune or their own Prudence and Conduct Almost all Historians agree That the Family of the Emilii was one of the most ancient of the Roman Nobility and those Authors who affirm that King Numa was Pupil to Pythagoras tell us that the first who gave the Name to his Posterity was Marcus the Son of that wise Man who for his particular Eloquence and grace in Speech was call'd Emilius The greatest part of this Race that have been celebrated for their Virtue which they with Zeal pursued have been crown'd with Success and even the Misfortune of Lucius Emilius at the Battel of Canna gave ample Testimony of his Wisdome and Valour For not being able to perswade his Colleague from hazarding the Battel he though against his Judgement engaged with him but was no Companion in his flight on the contrary when he that was so resolute to engage deserted him in the midst of danger 〈◊〉 kept the Field and died fighting This Emilius had a Daughter nam'd Emilia that 〈◊〉 married to Scipio the Great and
this gave them not so many as Polybius relates but as many as Nasica himself tells us he took in that short Epistle he writ to a certain King concerning this Expedition for he had 3000 Italians that were not Romans and his left Wing consisted of 5000 besides these taking with him 120 Horse-men and 200 Thracians and Cretans intermix'd that Harpalus had sent he began his Journey towards the Sea and encamp'd near the Temple of Hercules as if he design'd to embark and so to sail round and environ the Enemy But when the Souldiers had supp'd and that it was dark he made the Captains acquainted with his real Intentions and marching all night a quite contrary way to that of the Sea till he came under the Temple of Apollo Pithius he there rested his Army In this Place Mount Olympus stretches it self in heighth more than ten Furlongs as appears by this Epigram made by him that measured it Thy top Olympus measur'd from the Place The Pythian Temple does so nobly grace Ten compleat Furlongs does in height exceed Xenagoras this did leave upon Record He travell'd here here he that God ador'd 'T is confess'd Geometricians affirm that no Mountain in heighth or Sea in depth exceeds ten Furlongs yet it seems probable that Xenagoras took not his Measures at all adventures but according to the Rules of Art and with Instruments fit for that purpose Here it was that Nasica pass'd the night A traiterous Cretian who fled to the Enemy in the March discovered to Perseus the Design which the Romans had to incompass him who seeing Emilius lay still mistrusted no such Attempt He was startled at the News yet removed not his Camp but sent 2000 mercenary Souldiers and 2000 Macedonians under the Command of Milo with Order to hasten with all Diligence and possess themselves of the Streights Polybius relates that the Romans set upon them whilst they slept but Nasica that there was a sharp and dangerous Conflict on the top of the Mountain that he himself encountred a mercenary Thracian pierc'd him through with his dart and slew him and that the Enemy being forc'd to retreat and Milo stript to his Coat shamefully flying without his Armour he followed without danger and all the Army march'd down into the Countrey These things happening to Perseus now grown fearful and fallen from his Hopes he removed his Camp in all haste yet was it necessary for him either to stop before Pydne and there run the hazard of a Battel or disperse his Army into Cities and there expect the event of the War which being once entred into his Country could not be driven out without great Slaughter and Bloodshed But Perseus being told by his Friends that he was much superior in number and that such as fought in the defence of their Wives and Children must needs be endued with great Courage especially when all things were done in the sight of their King who himself was engaged in equal danger was again encouraged and pitching his Camp prepared himself to fight view'd the Country gave out the Commands as if he design'd to set upon the Romans as soon as they approach'd The Place was a Field both proper to draw up a Phalanx which required a plain Valley and even Ground and also had divers little Hills one joyn'd to another which serv'd for a Retreat to such as were lightly arm'd and fitted to skirmish and gave them withal Opportunities to incompass the Enemy through the middle ruâ— the Rivers Eson and Leucus which though not very deep it being the latter end of Summer yet were they likely enough to give the Romans some trouble As soon as Emilius was joyned to Nasica he advanced in Battel-array against the Enemy but when he found how they were drawn up and the number of their Forceâ— he stood still as one amazed and considering within himself But the young Commandeâ—â— being eager to fight press'd him earnestly not to delay and most of all Nasica flush'd with his late Success on Olympus To whom Eâ—â—lius answer'd with a Smile So would I dâ— were I of your Age but my many Victories have taught me the Miscarriages of the Conquer'd and forbid me to engage such as are weary with their long March against an Army so well draâ—â— up and prepar'd for Battel Then he gave Command that the Front of his Army and such as were in sight of the Enemy should imbattel themselves as ready to engage and those in the Rear should cast up the Trenches and fortifie the Camp so that the foremost of his Men still wheeling ofâ— by degrees their whole Order was chang'd the Battel insensibly broke and all his Army incamped without noise When it was Night and no Man after his Supper thought of any thing but Sleep and Rest all on a sudden the Moon which was then at Full and great height grew dark and by degrees losing her Light cast divers sort of Colours till at length she was totally eclipsed The Romans according to their Custom with the noise of brass Pans and lifting up a great many Firebrands and Torches endeavoured to recover her Light whilst the Macedonians behav'd themselves far otherwise for Horror and Amazement seiz'd their whole Army and a Rumour crept by degrees into their Camp that this Eclipse portended no less than that of their King. But Emilius that was no Novice in these things but very well understood the seeming Irregularities of Eclipses and that in a certain Revolution of Time the Moon in her Course was obscur'd and hid by the Shadow of the Earth till passing that Region of Darkness she is again enlightned by the Sun. Yet being very devout a religious Observer of Sacrifices and well skill'd in the Art of Divination as soon as he perceiv'd the Moon regain'd her former Lustre he offer'd up to her a 11 Heifers at the break of day he sacrific'd 20 to Hercules without any token that his Offering was accepted but at the one and twentieth the Signs promis'd Victory to such as were forc'd to defend themselves Then he vow'd a Hecatomb and Solemn Sports to Hercules and commanded his Captains to make ready for Battel staying only till the Sun should decline and come about to the West lest being in their Faces in the Morning it should dazle the Eyes of his Souldiers so he whil'd away the time in his Tent which was open towards the Valley where his Enemies were incamp'd When it grew towards Evening some tell us Emilius himself laid the following Design that the Enemy might first begin the Fight he turn'd loose a Horse without a Bridle and sent some of the Romans to catch him upon whose following the Beast the Battel begun Others relate that the Thracians under the Command of one Alexander set upon the Roman Carriages that brought Forrage to the Camp that to oppose these a Party of 700 Ligurians were immediately detach'd and that
ordinary Vertue thought his Life but a burden should he live and permit his Eâ—â—mies to enjoy this Spoyl Wherefore 〈◊〉 speeded through the Army and wherâ—ever he spy'd a Friend or Companion 〈◊〉 declar'd his Misfortune and begg'd 〈◊〉 Assistance the number of these being great and valiant they with one accord made their way through their Fellows after their Leader and fell upon the Enemy whoâ— after a sharp Conflict many Wounds and much Slaughter they repuls'd possess'd thâ— Place that was now deserted and free and set themselves to search for the Sword whicâ— at last they found cover'd with great heapâ— of Arms and dead Carkasses Over-joy'd with this Success they sang Songs of Triumph and with more eagerness than eveâ— charg'd the Foes that yet remain'd firm and unbroke In the end 3000 of the choseâ— Men who kept their Stations and fougâ—â— valiantly to the last were all cut in pieceâ— and very great was the Slaughter of such 〈◊〉 fled insomuch as the Plain and the 〈◊〉 were fill'd with dead Bodies and the Water of the River Leucus which the Romans did not pass till the next day after the Bâ—ttel was then mingled with Blood for it is said there fell more than 25000 of the Enemy of the Romans as Possidonius relates a 100â— as Nasica only fourscore This Battel though so great was very quickly decided it being 9 of the Clock when they first engag'd and not 10 when the Enemy was vanquish'd the rest of the day was spent in the pursuit of such as fled whom they follow'd 120 Furlongs so that it was far in the Night when they return'd All the rest were met by their Servants with Torches and brought back with Joy and great Triumph to their Tents which were set out with Lights and deck'd with Wreaths of Joy and Laurel But the General himself was overwhelm'd with Grief â—or of the two Sons that serv'd under him â—n the War the youngest was missing whom he held most dear and whose Courage and good Qualities he knew much excell'd those of his Brethren and though yet a Stripling that he was valiant and thirsting ofter Honour which made him conclude he was lost whilst for want of Experience he had too far engag'd himself amongst his Enemies The whole Army was sensible of his Dejection and Sorrow and quitting their Supâ—ers ran about with Lights some to Emilius his Tents some out of the Trenches to seek him amongst such as were slain in the first Onset There was nothing but Grief in the Camp and the Valley was fill'd with â—he Cryes of such as call'd out for Scipio for from his very Youth he was endu'd above â—ny of his Equals with all the good Qualities requisite either to command or Counsel At length when it was late and they almost despair'd he return'd from the Pursuit with only two or three of his Companions all cover'd with the fresh Blood of his Enemies having like a well-bred Dog follow'd the Chase with too eager pleasure of Victory This was that Scipio that afterwards destroy'd Carthage and Numantiuâ— that was without Dispute the valiantest of the Romans and had the greatest Authority amongst them Thus Fortune deferring the execution of her Spite at so brave aâ— Exploit to some other time let Emilius at present enjoy this Victory with full Satisfaction and Delight As for Perseus from Pydne he fled to Pellâ— with his Horse-men which were as yet almost entire But when the Foot met them and upbraiding them as Cowards and Traytors threw them off their Horses and fell to Blows Perseus fearing the Tumult forsook the common Road and lest he should be known pull'd off his Purple and carry'd it before him and took his Crown in his hand and that he might the better conversâ— with his Friends alighted from his Horsâ— and led him Of those that were about him one pretended to tye his shoe that was loose another to water his Horse a thiâ—â— to drink himself so that thus lagging behind they by degrees left him as having not so much reason to fear their Enemies as his cruelty who fretted at his misfortune sought to free himself by laying the cause of the overthrow upon every body else He arrived at Pella in the night where Eactus and Eudeus two of his Treasurers came to him and what with their reflecting on his former miscarriages and their free and mistimed admonitions and counsels so exasperated him that he kill'd them both stabbing them with his own dagger After this no body stuck to him but Evander the Cretan Archedemus the Etolian and Neo the Beotian and of the common Souldiers there followed him only those from Crete not out of any good will but that they were as constant to his Riches as the Bees to their Hive For he carried a great treasure with him out of which he had suffered them to take Cups Bowls and other vessels of Silver and Gold to the value of fifty talents But when he was come to Amphipolis and afterwards to Alepse and his fears were a little abated he relapsed into his old and natural disease of Covetousness and bewailed to his Friends that he had through inadvertency distributed the gold Plate belonging to Alexander the Great amongst the Cretans and beseeched those that had it with tears in his eyes to exchange with him again for money Those that understood him throughly knew very well he only plaid the Cretan with those of Crete but those that believed him and restored what they had were cheated for he not only did not pay the Money but by craft got thirty Talents more of his friends into his hands which in a short time after fell to the Enemy and with them sail'd into Samothracia and there fled to the Temple of Castor and Pollux for refuge The Macedonians were always accounted great lovers of their Kings but now as if their chief prop was broken they submitted themselves with an unanimous consent to Emilius and in two days made him Master of their whole Country Which seems to confirm their opinion who ascribe whatsoever he did to his good fortune to which agreed the Omen that happen'd to the Sacrifice at Amphipolis where Emilius being about to offer and the holy Rites begun on a sudden the Lightning fell upon the Altar set the Wood on fire and sanctify'd the Sacrifice But above all that of Fame does far exceed all they tell us of the Gods or his good Fortune for the 4th day after Perseus was vanquish'd at Pydne whilst the People were beholding the running of the Horses in the Place design'd for those Games there arose an unexpected Report at the entrance of the Theatre that Emilius had overcome Perseus and brought all Macedonia under his Power and from thence when the Rumour was spread amongst the People there was a general Joy with Shoutings and Acclamations for that whole day through the City But when no certain Author was found
into the Territories of those that us'd it he compell'd Icetes first to renounce the Carthaginian Interest and further to consent that demolishing the Fortresses which were held by him he should live among the Leontinians as a private Person Leptines also the Tyrant of Apollonia and divers other little Towns after some Resistance made seeing the danger he was in to be taken by Force surrender'd himself wherupon Timoleon spar'd his Life and sent him away to Corinth counting it a very glorious thing both for himself and Countrey that their Mother-City should expose those Sicilian Tyrants to the view of other Greeks living now in an Exil'd and a low condition After this he return'd to Syracuse that he might have leisure to attend the Constitution of their Community and assist Cephalus and Dionysius who were sent from Corinth to make Laws in establishing the principal Things and the best Orders for a publick Settlement In the mean while having a mind that his hired Souldiers should not want Action but rather enrich themselves by some Plunder from the Enemy he dispatch'd Dinarchus and Demaretus with a select Body of them into a certain Province that belong'd to the Carthaginians who obliging several Cities to revolt from the Barbarians did not only live in great abundance themselves but rais'd Money from their Captives and their Prey to carry on the War. But when these Matters were transacting the Carthaginians landed at the Promontory of Lilybaeum bringing with them an Army of 70000 Men aboard 200 Galleys besides a 1000 other Vessels laden all with Engines of Battery and Chariots and quantity of Corn and other military Preparations as if they did intend not to manage the War by piece-meal and in parts as heretofore but to drive the Grecians altogether and at once out of all Sicily And indeed it was a Force sufficient to seize and subdue the Sicilians though they had then had the Entireness and the Strength of a perfect Union among themselves and much more when they were so infeebled through their own Distempers and harass'd in pieces by one another Hearing therefore that a Territory of their Dependance was laid waste they presently made toward the Corinthians with great Fury having Asdrubal and Hamilcar for their Generals the report of whose multitude and Approach flying suddenly to Syracuse they were so terrifi'd there at the greatness of such a Power that hardly 3000 among so many Myriads of them had the Courage to take up Arms and joyn themselves with Timoleon The Strangers that serv'd for Pay were not above 4000 in all and about a 1000 of those grew faint-hearted by the way and forsook Timoleon in his March toward the Enemy looking on him as a frantick and distracted Person destitute of that Sense and Consideration which might have been expected from one of his Age who must needs venture out against an Army of 70000 Men with no more than 5000 Foot and a 1000 Horse and when he should have stay'd to defend the City with the small Forces which he had chose rather to remove them eight days journey from Syracuse so that if they were beaten out of the Field there was no Place of Retreat whither they might retire with safety or if they happen'd to die upon the spot there would be none to take care of their Burial Timoleon however reckon'd it some kind of Advantage that they had thus discover'd themselves before the Battel and encouraging the rest he led them with all speed to the River Crimesus where it was told him the Carthaginians were drawn together and as he was marching up an Ascent from the top of which they might take a view of the Army and strength of the Enemy there met him by chance a company of Mules loaden with Parsly that which his Souldiers conceiv'd to be an ominous Occurrence or ill-boding Token because this is the very Herb wherewith we usually adorn the Sepulchres of the Dead which Custom gave birth to that desparing Proverb when we pronounce of one who is dangerously sick that he has need of nothing but Parsly which is in effect to say He is a dead Man and ready for his Grave Now that Timoleon might ease their Minds and free them from these superstitious Thoughts and such a fearful Expectation he put a stop to his March and having alledg'd many other things in a Discourse suitable to the Occasion he concluded it by saying That a Garland of Triumph was here luckily brought them and had fallen into their hands of its own accord as an Anticipation of Victory inasmuch as the Corinthians do crown those that get the better in their Isthmian Games with Chaplets of Parsly accounting it a sacred Wreath and proper to their Countrey for Parsly was ever then the conquering Ornament of the Isthmian as it is now of the Nemean Sports and it is not very long that Branches of the Pine-tree came to succeed and be made use of for that purpose Timoleon therefore as I said having thus bespoke his Souldiers took part of the Parsly wherewith he made himself a Chaplet first and then his Captains and their Companies did all crown themselves with it in imitation of their Leader The Soothsayers then observing also two Eagles on the wing toward them one of which bore a Dragon struck through with her Talons and the other as she flew made a great and terrible kind of noise which argu'd Boldness and Assurance they presently shew'd them to the Souldiers who with one consent fell to supplicate the Gods and call them in to their Assistance It was now about the beginning of Summer and conclusion of the Month call'd Thargelion when the season of the year inclines toward the Solstice the River then sending up a thick Mist all the adjacent Plain was first darkned with the Fog so that in a while they could discern nothing from the Enemies Camp only a confused Buz and undistinguish'd mixture of Voices came up to the Hill from the distant Motions and Clamours of so vast a Multitude When the Corinthians were mounted and stood upon it and had laid down their Bucklers to take breath and repose themselves the Sun coming about and drawing up the Vapours from below the gross foggy Air that was now gather'd and condens'd above did overcloud the Mountains and all the under Places being clear and open the River Crimesus appear'd to them again and they could easily desery the Enemies passing over it who mov'd in this order First with their warlike Chariots that were terribly appointed for the Conflict after these came 10000 Foot-men with white Targets on their Arms whom they guess'd to be all Carthaginians from the splendour of their Weapons and the slowness of their motion and the order of their March and when several other Nations flowing in behind them did throng for Passage in a turbulent and unruly manner Timoleon perceiving that the River gave them opportunity to single out as many of their Enemies
number of young Gentlemen over that Ground where the Palace and Castle of Dionysius stood before they were demolish'd by Timoleon There attended on the Solemnity several thousands of Men and Women all crowned with Flowers all aray'd in fresh and cleanly Attire which made it look like the Procession of a publick Festival the Discourse of all which and their Tears mingled with the Praise and Benediction of the dead Timoleon did manifestly show that it was not any superficial Honour or commanded Homage which they then paid him but the testimony of a just sorrow for his Death and the expression and recompence of true Kindness The Bier at length being plac'd upon the Pile of Wood that was kindled to consume his Corps Demetrius one of their loudest Cryers began to read a Proclamation or written Edict to this purpose The People of Syracuse has made a special Decree to interr Timoleon the Son of Timodemus that noble Corinthian at the common Expence of 200 Attick pounds and to honour his Memory for ever by an Appointment of annual Prizes to be celebratee in Musick and Horse-races and all sorts of bodily Exercise and that because he destroy'd Tyrants and overthrew the Barbarians and replenish'd many great Cities that were ruinous and desolate before with new Inhabitants and then restor'd the Sicilians to a State of Freedom and the Priviledge of living by their own Laws Beside this they made a Tomb for him in the Market-place which they afterward built round with Galleries and joyn'd certain Cloisters thereto as a Place of Exercise for their Youth which had the Name of Timoleontâ—um and then keeping to that Form and Order of Civil Policy and observing those Laws and Constitutions which he left them they liv'd themselves a long time in all manner of Prosperity PELOPIDAS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 M Burg. sculp THE LIFE OF PELOPIDAS Translated from the Greek By Thomas Creech of Wadham Colledge in Oxon. Volume II. CAto Major hearing some commend one that was rash and inconsiderately daring in a Battel said There is a difference between a man's prizing Valour at a great rate and valuing Life at little an excellent Saying for Antigonus had a Souldier a venturous Fellow but of an ill Complexion and very meager and the King asking the Cause of his Paleness and understanding from him that 't was a secret Disease he strictly commanded his Physicians to imploy their utmost Skill and recover him if possible but this brave Fellow being cur'd never afterward sought Danger never appear'd venturous in a Battel insomuch that Antigonus wondred and upbraided him with his Change but the Man told him the Reason and said Sir You are the Cause of my Cowardise by freeing me from those Miseries which made me despise Life And upon the same account the Sybarite seems to have said concerning the Spartans That 't was no commendable thing in them to die in the Wars since by that they were freed from such hard Labour and miserable Diet but in truth the Sybarites a soft and dissolute People might imagine that they hated Life because in their eager pursuit of Vertue and Glory they were not afraid to die yet the Lacedaemonians esteem it a Vertue to be willing either to die or live as that Epicedium testifies They dy'd but not as lavish of their Blood Or thinking Death it self was simply good Or Life both these the strictest Vertue try'd And as that call'd they gladly liv'd or dy'd For an Endeavour to avoid Death is not discommendable if we do not basely desire to live nor willingness to die good and vertuous if it proceeds from a Contempt of Life and therefore Homer always takes care to bring his brave and stout Men well arm'd into the Battel and the Greek Law-givers punish'd those that threw away their Shields but not him that lost his Sword or Spear intimating that they should be more careful to defend themselves than offend their Enemies This every one ought to mind but especially a Governour of a City or a General for if as Iphicrates divides the light arm'd are the Hands the Horse the Feet the Infantry the Breast and the General the Head when he puts himself upon danger he doth not only venture his own Person but all those whose safety depend on his and so on the contrary And therefore Callicratides though in other things a great Man did not answer the Augur well who advis'd him the Sacrifice being unlucky to be careful of his Life Sparta says he doth not consist in one Man 't is true Callicratides in any Engagement either at Sea or Land was but a single Person but being General he seem'd to contain the Life of all and so must be more than one since by his Death so many must be ruin'd But better was the Saying of old Antigonus who when he was to fight at Andros and one told him The Enemies Ships are more than ours reply'd For how many then wilt thou reckon me intimating that a stout and experienc'd Commander is highly to be valued whose principal care it is to save him that preserves the rest and therefore I applaud Timotheus who when Chares show'd the Wounds he had receiv'd and his Shield pierc'd by a Dart told him Indeed I should have been asham'd if when I fought against Samos a Dart should have fallen near me as behaving my self more rashly than became a General of such an Army Indeed where the General 's hazarding himself will do a great deal of good there he must fight and venture his Person and not mind their Maxims who would have a General still die with Age or at least an old Man but when the Advantage will be but small if he gets the better and the Loss considerable if he falls who then would desire that good which a common Souldier might perform with the danger of the Commander This I thought fit to premise before the Lives of Pelopidas and Marcellus who were both great Men but both ruin'd by their Rashness for being stout Men and having gotten their Countrey great Glory and Reputation by their Conduct and fighting against terrible Enemies the one as History delivers overthrew Annibal who was till then invincible the other in a set Battel beat the Lacedaemonians the Commanders at Sea and Land but they ventur'd too far and were heedlesly prodigal of their Lives when there was the greatest need of such Men and such Commanders and this Agreement in their Tempers and their Deaths is the Reason why I compare their Lives Pelopidas the Son of Hippoclus was descended as likewise Epaminondas was from an honourable Family in Thebes and being bred in Gallantry and having a fair Estate left him whilst he was young he made it his business to relieve the good and deserving amongst the Poor that he might shew himself Lord and not Slave to his Estate For amongst Men as Aristotle observes some are too narrow-minded to use their Wealth and some are
is reported Antaclides the Spartan said to Agesilaus returning wounded from Beotia Indeed Sir the Thebans have given you a very fair Reward for instructing them in the Art of War against their Wills but in truth Agesilaus was not their Master in this but those that did prudently and opportunely as Men do young Mastiffs set them on their Enemies and then cherish them after they had tasted the Sweets of Victory and Resolution Of all those Leaders Pelopidas deserves the most Honour for after they had once chosen him General he was every year in Command as long as he liv'd either Captain of the sacred Band or what was most frequent Governour of Beotia About Platea and Thespia the Spartans were routed and fled and Phebidas that surpriz'd the Cadmea slain and at Tenagra they worsted a considerable Force and kill'd the Leader Panthoides But these Encounters though they rais'd the Victors Spirits did not quite dishearten the Unfortunate for there was no set Battel or regular Fighting but Incursions on Advantage Charges and Pursuits and thus they fought and got the better But the Battel at Tegura which seem'd a Praeludium to Leuctra won Pelopidas a great Reputation for none of the other Commanders could pretend an hand in the Design nor the Enemies a shew of Victory for the City of the Orchomenians siding with the Spartans and receiving two Companies for their Guard he kept a constant Eye upon them and watch'd his Opportunity Now when he heard that the Garison drew off to Locris hoping to find Orchomenum defenceless he march'd with his sacred Band and some few Horse-men but when he approach'd the City and found that a reinforcement of that Garison was on its March from Sparta he fetch'd a Compass round the foot of the Mountains and retreated with his little Army through Tegura that being the only way he could march for the River Melas almost as soon as it rises spreads its self into Marshes and navigable Pools and makes all the Plain unpassable a little below the Marshes stands the Temple of Apollo Tegureus now forsaken nor was it famous long but flourish'd till the Medes Wars Echecrates being then Priest Here they report that the God was born the neighbouring Mountain is call'd Delos and there the River Melas comes again into a Channel behind the Temple rise two Springs admirable for the sweetness abundance and coolness of the Streams one they call Phaenix the other Elaea as if Lucina had not been deliver'd between two Trees but Fountains besides there is a Place hard by call'd Ptoum where they say she was affrighted by the appearance of a Boar and all the Stories of the Python Tytius and the like these Places apply to the Birth of the God. I omit a thousand other Conjectures for our Tradition doth not rank this God amongst those that were born and so made immortal as Hercules and Bacchus whom their Vertue rais'd above a mortal and passible condition but he is one of the eternal if we may gather any certainty concerning these things from the Discourses of the oldest and wisest in these Matters Now the Thebans retreating from Orchomenum towards Tegura the Spartans at the same time marching from Locris met them and as soon as they had pass'd the Straits and came in view of one another and one told Pelopidas We are fallen into our Enemies hands he reply'd And why not they into ours as well and presently commanded his Horse to advance from the Rear and charge and he himself drew his Infantry being three hundred in number into a close Body hoping by that means whatsoever way he press'd he should make the greater Slaughter on his more numerous Enemies The Spartans had two Divisions each consisted as Ephorus reports of five hundred Calisthenes says seven hundred others as Pollybius nine hundred and their Leaders Gorgoleon and Theopompus confident of success press'd upon the Thebans The Charge being made against the Leaders of both Divisions with much Fury and Bravery the Spartan Captains that engag'd Pelopidas were first kill'd and then their Companies being most wounded or slain the whole Army was disheartned and a Lane opened for the Thebans as if they desired to pass through and escape But when Pelopidas entred and turning against those that stood their ground still went on with a bloody Slaughter there began an open Flight amongst the Spartans They pursu'd but a little way because they fear'd the neighbouring Orchomenians and the Reinforcement from Lacedaemon but they press'd on to a full Victory and a total Rout of the flying Army then erecting a Trophy and spoyling the slain they return'd home extreamly rais'd with the Success for in all the great Wars manag'd against the Greeks or the Barbarians the Spartans were never before beaten by a smaller Company than their own nay nor when their Number was equal and thus their Courage seem'd irresistible their Fame wounded their Enemies before the Battel and made them afraid to venture an Engagement though on equal terms But this Battel first taught the other Greeks that not only Eurotas or the Countrey between Bubace and Cnacion breeds Men of Courage and Resolution but where-ever the Youth is asham'd of Baseness and would venture in a good Cause where-ever they fly Disgrace more than Danger there are the stoutest Men then the most dreadful to their Enemies Gorgidas as some report first form'd the sacred Band of three hundred chosen Men to whom being a Guard for the Castle the City allow'd Provision and all things necessary for Exercise and hence they were call'd the City Bands for Castles of old were usually call'd Cities Others say that it was compos'd of Lovers and their Belov'd and there goes a merry Saying of Pammenes that Homer's Nestor was not well skill'd in ordering an Army when he advis'd the Greeks to rank Tribe and Tribe and Family and Family together he should have joyn'd Lovers and their Belov'd for Men of the same Tribe or Family little value one another when Dangers press but a Band cemented by Friendship grounded upon Love is never to be Broken and invincible since the Lovers asham'd to be base in sight of their Belov'd and the Belov'd before their Lovers willingly rush into Danger for the Relief of one another and Reason good since they have more Regard for their absent Lovers than others present an Instance of which that Man gave who when his Enemy was ready to kill him earnestly requested to run him through the Breast that his Lover might not blush to see him wounded in the Back 'T is reported likewise that Iolaus being the Lover of Hercules assisted him in his Labours and Aristotle observes that even in his Time the Lovers plighted their Faith at Iolaus his Tomb. 'T is likely therefore this Band was call'd sacred on this account as Plato calls a Lover a divine Friend and Fame says that it was never beaten till the Battel at Cheronaea and when Philip
to be deduced from the strokes that are given in fight for now also in all conflicts when they press upon their Enemies they mutually encourage each other to strike These Spoils are properly call'd Opima i. e. magnifie and ample though in their Commentaries they say that Numa Pompilius made mention of first second and third opime Spoils and that he prescribes that the first taken be consecrated to Jupiter Feretrius the second to Mars the third to Quirinus as also that the reward of the first be three hundred asses or half-pennies of the second two hundred of the third one hundred but fame hath obtain'd that those Spoils only are honourable which the General first takes in Battel and takes from the Enemies chief Captain whom he hath slain with his own hand But of these things enough This Victory and the ending of the War was so highly grateful to the people of Rome that they sent to Apollo of Delphos in testimony of their gratitude a Present a golden Cup of an hundred pound weight and gave a great part of the prey to their associate Cities and took care that many Presents should be carried also to Hiero King of the Syracusans their Friendand Allie But at what time Hannibal made an irruption into Italy Marcellus was dispatch'd with a Fleet into Sicily Soon after the Roman Army having suffer'd that sad defeat in the Battel of Cannae in which many thousands of them perished when few had saved themselves by flying to Cannusium and all fear'd lest Hannibal who had destroy'd the strength of the Roman Army should straight post with his Victorious Troops to Rome Marcellus first sent for a guard of the City 1500 Souldiers which were design'd for the Fleet. Then by decree of the Senate going to Cannusium having heard that many of the Souldiers had come together in that place he brought them out of the Fortifications to prevent the Enemies ravaging and depopulation of the Countrey And the Princes and chief Noblemen of Rome had most of them fallen in Battels But the Citizens complain'd that the anxious care of Fabius Maximus who for his Faith and Prudence was of greatest authority in bewaring lest the Common-wealth might sustain any detriment 〈◊〉 too slow for the management of Affairs aâ—d full of fear They thought him indeed â—t and confided in him for providing for theâ— safety yet they held him not to be a Captain brisk and daring enough to repel thâ— Enemy Wherefore converting their thoughâ— upon Marcellus and tempering and compounding his boldness confidence anâ— promptitude with Fabius's caution and providence they sent one while both witâ— Consular command otherwhile one as Consul the other as Proconsul against the Enemy Posidonius writes that Fabius waâ— call'd the Buckler Marcellus the Sword oâ— Rome Certainly Hannibal himself confessed that he feared Fabius as a Schoolmaster Marcellus as an Adversary the former lest he should be hindred from doing mischief the latter lest he should receive harm And when among Hannibal's Souldiers proud of their late Victory licentiousness and cruelty was grown to a great height Marcellus setting upon them dispersed without their Camp and loaden with prey and plunder gotten in the Countrey cut them off and by little and little diminished his Forces Hence bringing aid to the Neapolitans and Nolans he confirmed the minds of the former of their own accord faithful enough to the Romans But entring Nola he there found discord the Senate not being able â—o rule and keep in the common people â—ho were generally favourers of Hannibal There was in the Town one Bantius a man renown'd for Nobility and Virtue This man after he had fought most fiercely at Cannae killed many of the Enemies and at last lying in a heap of dead bodies covered with Darts being found and brought â—o Hannibal Hannibal so honoured him â—hat he not only dismissed him without ranâ—om but also contracted an entire friendâ—hip with him and became his guest In gratitude for this great favour he became â—ne of those that drew all things to Hanâ—ibal's interest and being powerful in Riâ—hes sollicited the people to Sedition Marâ—ellus could not be induced to put this man to death a man so eminent and who had pass'd so great dangers in fighting on the Romans side but knowing that himself was able not only by singular humanity â—ut also by gentle and winning Speech to â—eeten and endear men and to gain upâ—n even a proud mind when Bantius came â—ne day to salute him he asked him who â—e was not that he knew him not beâ—â—re but seeking an entrance and occasion â—f conference When Bantius had told who he â—as Marcellus seeming surpriz'd with joy and wonder replied art thou that Bantius whom the Romans commend above the rest that fought at Cannae and praise as the person that did not onely not forsake the Consul Paulus Aemilius but receive in his own body many Darts thrown at him Bantius owning himself to be that very man and shewing his Scars why then saith Marcellus didst not thou having so great marks of thy good affection toward us come to me at my first arrival here Dost thou think that we are unwilling to requite with favour those who have well deserved and who are honoured even by our Enemies Besides this obliging courtesie of Speech embracing the young Gentleman he gave him an excellent Horse and five hundred Bigates that is pieces of money stamp'd with a Chariot drawn by two Horses From that time Bantius became a most faithful Assistant and Allie of Marcellus and a most sharp Discoverer and Delator of those that attempted Innovation and Sedition These were many and had enter'd into a Conspiracy to plunder the Waggons and other Carriages of the Romans when they should make an eruption against the Enemy Wherefore Marcellus having marshal'd his Army within the City placed the baggage near to the Gates and by an Edict forbad the Nolans to go to the Walls Without the City no Arms appear'd by which prudent device he allured Hannibal to move with his Army in some disorder to the City thinking that there all things were full of tumult Then Marcellus the next Gate being as he had commanded thrown open issuing forth with the flower of his Horse in front fights with the Enemy By and by the Foot sallying out of another Gate with a loud shout ran up to them And while Hannibal opposes to these part of his forces the third Gate also is opened out of which the rest break forth and on all quarters charge the Enemies surprized with fear at this unexpected encounter nor strongly enough resisting those with whom they had been first engaged because of their attack by others that sallied later Here it was that Hannibal's Souldiers with huge consternation and many wounds beaten back even to their Camp first turned their backs to the Romans pursuing them There fell in this Action as it is related of them more than five thousand of the Romans
not above five hundred Livy affirms that neither the Victory nor the slaughter of the Enemies was so great but certain it is that the adventure brought great glory to Marcellus and to the Romans mighty confidence after their Calamities because they now conceived a strong hope that the Enemy with whom they contended was not invincible but obmoxious to Defeats Therefore the other Consul being deceas'd the people recall absent Marcellus that they might put him into his place and in spight of the Magistrates obtained that the Consular Assembly should be prorogued till his arrival and that he was by all the Suffrages created Consul But because it happen'd to thunder the Augurs muttering that he was not legitimately created and yet not daring for fear of the people to declare this their Sentence openly Marcellus voluntarily resigned the Consulate but declined not the Sovereign Command of the Army So being created Proconsul and returning to the Camp at Nola he with fire and Sword wasted the fields of those that followed the Party of the Carthaginian Who coming with speed to succour them Marcellus though provoked by Hannibal declined fighting a set Battel with him But when Hannibal had sent forth a Party to plunder and now expected no Fight Marcellus brake forth upon him with his incensed Army He had distributed to the Foot long Lances such as are commonly used in Naval fights and instructed them to throw them with great force at convenient distance against the Enemies unexperienced in that way of Darting and used to Fight with short Darts Which seems to have been the cause why in that conflict the Carthaginians as many as were engaged turned their backs and shamefully fled There fell of them five thousand Of Elephants four were killed two taken But what was of greatest moment on the third day after more than three hundred Horse Spaniards and Numidians mix'd fled over to him a disaster that had never to that Day hapned to Hannibal who had long kept together in highest Concord a fierce Army gathered out of the sink and dregs of dissonant and disagreeing Nations Marcellus and his Successors in all this War made good use of the faithful service of these Horsemen Now he a third time created Consul sailed over into Sicily For the success of Hannibal had excited the Carthaginians to lay claim to that whole Island chiefly because after the murther of the Tyrant Hieronymus all things had been in tumult and confusion at Syracuse For which reason the Romans also had sent before to that City some Legions under the conduct of Appius Praetor While Marcellus was receiving that Army the Roman Souldiers in great numbers cast themselves at his feet upon occasion of this calamity Of those that surviv'd the Battel at Cannae some had escaped by flight some were taken alive by the Enemy in so great a multitude that it was thought there were not remaining Romans enough to defend the walls of the City And yet the magnanimity and constancy of the City was so great that it would not redeem the Captives from Hannibal though it might have done so for little ransom nay by a decree of the Senate denied it and chose rather to leave them to be kill'd by the Enemy or sold out of Italy and commanded that all who had saved themselves by flight should be transported into Sicily nor permitted to return into Italy until the War with Hannibal should be ended These therefore when Marcellus was arriv'd in Sicily address'd to him in great numbers and casting themselves at his feet with much lamentation and tears humbly besought him to admit them into the honourable Order of Souldiers and promised to make it appear by their future fidelity and services that that defeat had been received rather by some misfortune than by any cowardise of theirs Marcellus pitying them petitioned the Senate by Letters that he might have leave at all times to recruit his Legions out of them But after much debate about the thing the Senate Decreeâ— They were of opinion that the Commonwealth ought not to be committed to Cowardly Souldiers if Marcellus perhaps thought otherwise he might make ufe oâ— them provided no one of them be by the General honoured with a Crown or military Gift as a reward of his Virtue or Courage This Decree pinched Marcellus who being return'd to Rome after the Sicilian War was ended smartly upbraided the Senate that they had denied to him who had so highly deserved of the Republick Liberty to relieve so great a number of Citizens in great calamity About the same time Marcellus first incensed by injuries done him by Hippocrates Praetor of Syracuse who to give proof of his good affection to the Carthaginians and to acquire the Tyranny to himself had made a great slaughter of the Romans upon the borders of the Leontins besieged and by force took the City of the Leontins yet violated none of the Townsmen Onely Deserters as many as he took underwent the punishment of the Rods and Ax. But Hippocrates first sending a report to Syracuse that Marcellus had put all the young men to the Sword and then coming upon the Syracusans risen up into a tumult upon that false Report surpriz'd the City Hereupon Marcellus moved with his whole Army to Syracuse and encamping near the Wall sent Ambassadors into the City to relate to the Syracusans the truth of what had been done in Leontium When these could not prevail by Treaty the Syracusans being now no longer at their own will and pleasure because the whole power was in the hands of Hippocrates the City began to be oppugned both by Land and by Sea. All the Foot Appius brought up Marcellus with LX. Gallies each with five Oars in a Seat furnish'd with all sorts of Arms and Weapons to be thrown and a huge Bridge of Planks laid upon eight Ships chain'd together upon which he carried the Engin to cast stones and Darts assaulted the Walls animated with confidence by the abundance and magnificence of his preparations and by his own glory All which were easily eluded by Archimedes and his Machines Of these he had design'd and contriv'd none as worth the pains and cost but to divert and sport himself in the exercise of his skill in Geometry A good while before King Hiero had courted and induced Archimedes to put into practice some part of his admirable speculations in this Art to shew some example of the power of it and to exhibit to the sense an experiment accommodated to use For Eudoxus and Archytas had first begun to set on foot this celebrated and admired Machinal Science by this elegancy illustrating Geometry and Propositions by demonstration that may be explicated by reason and clear evidence and confirming the more remote by examples of Organs or Instruments objected to Sense As both of them brought to light that abstruce and by demonstration inexplicable Proposition of two middle lines an Element necessary to delineate many things by contriving
if any thing too hard or sever was decreed concerning the Aetnensians or Megarensians or Syracusans the blame thereof seems to belong rather to them upon whom the storm fell than to those who brought it upon them One example of many I will commemorate In Sicily there is a Town called Enguium not great indeed but very ancient and ennobled by the presence of the Goddesses call'd the Mothers The Temple they say was built by the Cretians and they shew some Spears and brazen Helmets partly of Merion partly of Vlysses who consecrated them to the Goddesses This City highly favouring the party of the Carthaginians Nicias the most eminent of the Citizens counselled them to make a defection to the Romans to that end acting most freely and openly in Harangues to their Assemblies arguing the Adversaries guilty of imprudence and madness They fearing his wealth power and authority resolv'd to deliver him in bonds to the Carthaginians This their design when he had smelt out and knew it to be kept secret he spake irreligiously to the vulgar of the Mothers and shewed many signs of disrespect as if he denied and contemned the receiv'd Opinion of the presence of those Goddesses his Enemies the while rejoycing that he of his own accord sought the destruction hanging over his head When they were just now about to lay hands upon him the people were assembled together to hear him haranguing Here Nicias making a Speech to the people concerning some Affair then under deliberation in the middest of his Speech cast himself upon the ground and soon after while amazement as usually it happens on such surprizing occasions held the Assembly immoveable raising and turning his head round he began in a trembling and deep Tone but by degrees sharpen'd his Voice When he saw the whole Theatre struck with horrour and silence throwing off his Mantle and rending his Tunick he leaps up half naked and runs towards the Door crying out aloud that he was driven by the Furies of the revenging Mothers When no man durst out of religious fear lay hands upon him or stop him but all gave way to him he ran out of the Gate not omitting any shriek or gesture of men possess'd and mad His Wife conscious of his counterfeiting and privy to his design taking her Children with her first cast her self a supplicant before the Temple of the Goddesses then pretending to seek her wandering Husband no man hindering her went out of the Town in safety and by this means they all escaped to Marcellus at Syracuse Now after many other such practices and affronts offered him by the men of Enguium Marcellus having taken them all Prisoners and cast them into bonds resolved to inflict upon them the last punishment Nicias with tears in his eyes address'd himself to him In fine casting himself at Marcellus's feet and deprecating for his Citizens begged most earnestly their lives chiefly of his Enemies Marcellus herewith relenting set them at liberty and rewarded Nicias with ample Lands and rich Presents This History Posidonius the Philosopher hath committed to memory Marcellus at length recall'd by the people of Rome to a near and suburban War to illustrate his Triumph and adorn the City carried away with him very many and the most beautiful Ornaments of Syracuse For before that Rome neither had nor had seen any thing of those polite and exquisite Rarities nor were there any pieces of workmanship of the like Elegancy and Skill Stuffed with barbarous Arms and Spoils stain'd with blood and every where crown'd with triumphal Ornaments and Trophies she was no pleasant or delightful Spectacle fit to feed the eyes of peaceful or delicate Spectators But as Epaminondas named the Fields of Boeotia the Stage of Mars and Xenophon call'd Ephesus the work-house of War so in my judgment may you call Rome at that time that I may use the words of Pindarus the Temple of Mars rustling in Armour Whence Marcellus was more grateful to the People because he had adorned the City with delights that had the Grecian gracefulness and symmetry of parts exhibiting grateful variety to the beholders Fabius Maximus touched not nor brought away any thing of this kind from Tarentum when he had taken it The Money and Richeâ—â—e carried thence but forbad the Statues to be moved adding withal as it is vulgarly related Let us leave to the Tarentines these offended Gods. But they reprehended Marcellus first that he had rais'd up envy against the City in which there was now a Triumph not onely over men but also over the Gods as Captives then that he had cast into idleness and pratling about the curious Artifices and Artificers the common people which bred up in Wars and Agriculture had never tasted of Luxury and Sloth and as Euripides said of Hercules Rude in ill Arts Skilful in things of Vse so that now they mispent much of their time in gazing upon and pratling about these new-induced Monuments of the Grecian Magnificence and Delicacy And yet notwithstanding this Reprimand Marcellus gloried even before the Greeks themselves in this that he had taught the Romans till then rude and unskilful in such Master-pieces of Art to esteem and admire the Elegant and wonderful things of Greece But when the Envious opposed his being brought triumphant into the City because there were some reliques of the War in Sicily and a thâ—â— triumph would offer it self to the eyes of men he gave way He triumphed in monte Albano thence enter'd the City in Ovation but in this Ovation he was neither carried in a Chariot nor crown'd with Lawrel nor usher'd by Trumpets sounding but went a foot with shoes on many Flutes or Pipes sounding in consort the while he passed along wearing a Garland of Myrtle as peaceable with an aspect raising rather love and respect than fear Whence I am by conjecture led to think that heretofore the difference betwixt Ovation and Triumph was not from the greatness of Atchievements but from the manner of performing them For they who having fought a set Battel and slain the Enemies returned Victors led that Martial and in my judgment cruel Triumph and as the custom then was in lustrating the Army adorned their Arms and Souldiers with a great deal of Lawrel but they who without force by benevolence favour and civil Language had done the business and prevented shedding of human blood to these Captains custom gave the honour of this Pacate and plausible Ovation For a Pipe is the Ensign or badg of Peace and Myrtle the plant of Venus who more than the rest of the Gods and Goddesses abhors force and War. It is call'd Ovation as most think 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they act it with shouting and Songs of Bacchus But the Greeks have wrested the word to their own Language thinking that this honour also ought to be in part referr'd to father Bacchus whom we call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But the thing is
at Rome there was dedicated to his memory at Catana in Sicily an ample Wrestling-place call'd Gymnasium Marcelli Statues and Pictures of those he took from Syracuse were set up in Samothracia in the Temple of the Gods named Cabiri Phaenician Gods chiefly worship'd at Berytus and in the Temple of Minerva at Lindum one of the three best Towns in the Island Rhodes where to a Statue of his was added as Posidonius delivers this Epigram This Stranger was to Rome a Glorious Star Noble by Blood but nobler much by War Marcellus Claudius seven times Consul made His Sword sent Foes in millions to the shades The Author of this Epigram accounts to Marcellus's five Consulates his two Proconsulates His Progeny continued in high honour even to Marcellus Son of Octavia Sister of Augustus whom she brought to her Husband C. Marcellus He deceased a Bridegroom in the year of his Aedileship having not long before married Caesars Daughter His Mother Octavia dedicated a Library to his honour and memory and Caesar the Theatre on which he caused to be engraven Theatrum Marcelli The PARALLEL THESE are the memorable things I have found in Historians of Marcellus and Pelopidas Betwixt which two great Men though in Wit Inclinations and Manners they nearly resembled each other because both were valiant and diligent and daring and haughty there was yet some diversity in this that Marcellus in many Cities that he reduced into his Power committed great slaughter but Epaminondas and Pelopidas when they had gotten a Victory never kill'd any Man nor deprived the Citizens of their Liberty They report that the Thebans also would not when they were present have so resolved against the Orchomenians Marcellus's Exploits against the Gauls are admirable and ample when guarded by a few Horse he defeated and put to flight a vast number of Horse and Foot together an action you cannot easily in Historians find to have been done by any other Captain and took their King Prisoner To which honour though Pelopidas aspired he attain'd not to it but was kill'd by the Tyrant and prevented But to these you may perhaps oppose those two most noble and very great Battels the one at Leuctra the other at Tegyrae But there is extant no Memoir of any Atchievement of Marcellus by stealth or treachery or Ambuscade such as were those of Pelopidas when he returned from Exile and kill'd the Tyrants at Thebes But in this he seems to be worthy of commendation more than for all his Atchievements performed in the dark and by cunning and stratagems Now Hannibal a terrible Enemy and a hard urged the Romans as in truth the Lacedaemonians did then the Thebans But that these were in the Fights of Leuctra and Tegyrae beaten and put to flight by Pelopidas is confess'd Polybius writes that Hannibal was never so much as once vanquished by Marcellus but remain'd in all Encounters invincible until Scipio managed the War against him But we believe rather Livius Caesar Cornelius Nepos and among the Greeks King Juba who all expresly affirm that the whole Army of Hannibal was in some Fights routed and put to flight by Marcellus though these defeats conduced little to the sum of the War. And it appears that the Carthaginians cunning and stratagems deceived him in those Conflicts But this may seem truly admirable that Marcellus made the Romans after the defeat of so many Armies the slaughter of so many Captains and in fine the confusion of almost the whole Roman Empire valiant still and of courage equal to their losses and fit to engage in new Battels For Marcellus was the only man that took from them that great and inveterate fear and dread and revived raised confirmed the Spirits of the Souldiers fighting with the Enemies for Glory and Victory to that degree of bravery that they would not easily yield the Victory but contend for it to the last For the same men whom assiduous Defats had accustomed to think themselves happy if they coud but save themselves by running from Hnnibal These he taught to esteem it base and ignominious to return safe after a loss of the Victory lest thereby they should implicitly confess that they had given back in the ardor of the Fight and to grieve to extremity they had not forced the Palm out of the Enemies hands Truth is though Pelopidas was never overcome in any Battel where himself was present and commanded in Chief and Marcellus referr'd many Victories to his equals truly he that could not be easily overcomeâ—â— was of right to be compared with the most invincible But Marcellus took Syracuse whereas Pelopidas was frustrated of his hope to reap the spoils of Sparta But in my judgment 't was more difficult to advance his Standard even to the Walls of Sparta and to be the first of Mortals that ever passed the River Eurotas in Arms than it was to tame Sicily unless it be your judgment that that Adventure is with more of right to be attributed to Epaminondas as was also the Leuctrick Battel Whereas Marcellus's Renown and the glory of his brave Actions came intire and undiminished to him alone For he alone took Syracuse and without a Companion or Rival fought with Hannibal and quite changing the face of the War was the first Captain that durst attempt any thing memorable upon him even at a time when all other Captains declined to fight him The Gauls in like manner he routed and put to most shameful flight without his Collegue I commend not the death of either of these nay rather I sigh and groan and am truly afflicted for their sudden and unexpected fall But I much admire that in so many sharp Conflicts more than can be reckon'd in one day Hannibal received not so much as one wound I commend also Chrysantes in Xenophon's Cyrotâ—dia who having lost his Sword and about to strike his Enemy so soon as a Retreat was sounded left his Enemy and retired himself sedately and modestly Yet the anger which provoked Pelopidas to pursue revenge in the heat of fight may excuse him The first thing for a Captain is to gain Safe Victory the next to be with honour slain as Euripides teacheth For then no incommodity is offer'd but Death is called the action of him going off Now the end of Pelopidas's Victory which consisted in the slaughter of the Tyrant besides the flame presenting it self to his eyes did not wholly carry him away unadvisedly because it was not easie to lay hold of another glorious occasion conjoyned with matter so honourable and splendid But Marcellus when it made little to his advantage and when no violent ardour as it usually falls out in present danger transported him to passion throwing himself into danger fell into an unexplored Ambush he who had born five Consulates three Triumphs won the spoils and glories of Kings and Victories to act the part of a fore-runner Scout or Centinel and to expose all his Atchievements to be trod under foot by
their Enemies would march no longer under Foreigners The truth is Aratus as we have written at large in his Life was not of so War-like a temper but did most by sweetness and his taking carriage and friendship with Foreign Princes But Philopoemen being a man both of Execution and Command a great Souldier and fortunate in his first attempts wonderfully heightned both the Power and courage of the Achaeans accustomed to Victory under his Conduct But first he alter'd what he found amiss in their Arms and form of battel Formerly they us'd light thin Bucklers too narrow to cover the body and Javelins much shorter than Pikes By which means they were practis'd in skirmishing at a distance but in a close Fight had much the disadvantage Then in their form of Battel they understood nothing of fighting in a Ring nor any figure but a Square To which too not allowing front enough nor closing it strongly as in the Macedonian Phalanx where the Souldiers shoulder close and their Bucklers touch they were easily opened and broken Philopoemen reform'd all this persuading them to change the narrow Target and short Javelin into a large Buckler and long Pike to arm their heads bodies thighs and legs and instead of loose skirmishing fight firmly and foot to foot After he had brought them all to wear Armour and by that means into the confidence of thinking themselves now invincible he turn'd their wanton riotous profusions into an honourable expence For being long us'd to vie in Cloaths furniture of their Houses and service of their Tables and to glory in out-doing one another the disease by custom was grown incurable and which there was no thinking to take quite away But he diverted the humour and brought them instead of these superfluities to love useful and more manly bravery and sparing from other things to take delight in appearing magnificent in their Equipage of War. Nothing then was to be seen in the shops but Plate breaking or Melting down gilding of Backs and Breasts studding Bucklers and Bits with Silver Nothing in the places of Exercise but Horses managing and young men Exercising their Arms Nothing in the Ladies hands but Helmets and Crests Feathers of all colours Embroidered Coat-armours and Caparisons for Horses The sight of which bravery quickning and raising their Spirits made them contemn dangers and ready to venture on any honourable dangers Their former Gallantry did indeed please but withal effeminate the tickling of the sense slackning the vigour of the mind but in these it strengthned and heightned their courage as Homer makes Achilles at the sight of his new Arms springing with joy and on fire to use them When Philopoemen had obtain'd of them to Arm and set themselves out in this manner he proceeded to Train them Mustering and Exercising them perpetually and they obey'd him with great exactness For they vvere vvonderfully pleas'd with their new form of battel vvhich being so knit and cemented together seem'd almost impossible to be broken And then their Arms vvhich for their Riches and Beauty they wore with pleasure becoming light and easie with constant use they longed for nothing more than to try them with an Enemy and fight in earnest The Achaeans at that time were at War with Machanidas the Tyrant of Lacedaemon who having a strong Army watch'd all opportunities of becoming entire Master of Peloponnesus When intelligence came that he was fall'n upon the Mantineans Philopoemen presently took the field and march't towards him They met near Mantinea and drew up in sight of the City Both besides the whole strength of their several Cities had a good number of Mercenaries in pay When they came to fall on Machanidas with his hir'd Souldiers beat the Darts and Lances which Philopoemen had placed in the Front. But when he should have charged immediately into the main Battel which stood close and firm he hotly follow'd the chace and instead of routing the Achaeans Army disorder'd his own With so untoward a beginning the rest of the Confederates gave themselves for lost but Philopoemen seem'd to slight and make it a matter of small consequence And observing the Enemies oversight who left his main body undefended behind and the ground clear would not make head against him but let him pursue the chace freely till he had run himself a great distance from his main body Then seeing the Lacedaemonians before him deserted by their Horse with their flanks quite bare he charged suddenly and surprized them without a Commander and not so much as expecting an Encounter For when they saw Machanidas driving the beaten enemy before him they thought the Victory already gain'd He overthrew them with great slaughter for they report above 4000 kill'd in the place and then fac'd about against Machanidas who was returning with his Mercenaries from the pursuit There hapned to be a broad deep ditch between them where both strove a while one to get over and fly the other to hinder him It bore a resemblance of wild beasts forc'd to fight for their Lives when prest by so eager a Huntsman as Philopaemen rather than of Generals in a field The Tyrant's Horse was mettled and strong and feeling the bloudy Spurs in his sides ventur'd to take the ditch He had already planted his hinder-feet on the bank and rais'd his fore-feet to leap when Simmias and Polyaenus who us'd to fight by the side of Philopoemen came up on Horse-back to his assistance But Philopoemen preventing both stood Machanidas himself and perceiving that the Horse with his head high rear'd cover'd his Master's body he turned his own a little and striking at the Tyrant with all his force tumbled him dead into the ditch The Achaeans wonderfully taken with his Valour in this single Combat and conduct the whole day set up his Statue in Brass at Delphos in the posture in which he kill'd the Tyrant The reports goes that at the Nemaean-games a little after the Victory Philopoemen being then General the second time and at leisure by reason of the solemnity first shew'd the Grecians his Army drawn up as if they were to fight with all the motions occurring in a battel perform'd with wonderful order strength and nimbleness After which he went into the Theatre while the Musicians were singing for the prize waited on by Gentlemen in their Leaguer-cloaks and Scarletarming Coats all handsom men and in the flower of their age and all carrying a great respect to their General yet breathing out a noble confidence in themselves rais'd by success in many glorious Encounters At their coming in by chance one Pilades with a voice well suited to the lofty style of the Poet was Singing this Verse out of the Persians of Timotheus Vnder his Conduct Greece was free and great The whole Theatre presently cast their eyes on Philopoemen and fell a clapping with wonderful joy and ravish'd with hopes to recover again their former fame and a confidence little short of their ancient
for Sicily Iâ— retall'd to answer the accusaion Andocides accuses himself and other of breaking the Mercuries Alcibiades escapes from those who were to bring him task The Information against him He is condemn'd He goes to Sparta Takes up the Laconic way of living He â— the â—â— King The Lacedaemonians design his Death He flees to Tisaphernes And does ill Offices in the Lacedaemonians Alcibiades makes Offers to the Athenians Phrynichus Treachery The Government chang'd in Athens Alcibiades made General of the Athenians at Samos Is recall'd by the Athenians Alcibiades defeats the Lacedaemonians at Sea. Is made Prisoner by Tisaphernes Destroys the Lacedaemonian 〈◊〉 at Cyzicum He makes War upon the Chalcedonians Takes the City of Sâ—lybria Treaty between Pharnabazus and the Athenians He besieges and takes Byzantium Alcibiades returns â—o Athens His Reception there Alcibiades conducts the Procession to Eleusis with his Army He defeats the Lacedaemonians at Andros The Athenian Fleet is defeated in his absence Alcibiades is accus'd again at Athens He forsâ—kâ—s the Army The Atheniars create new Generals The Athenians finally overthrown Athens taken Alcibiades flyes into Bithynia Lysander sets 30 Governours over Athens The Lacedaemonians send Orders that Alcibiades should be slain The-manner of his Death His first going to the Wars The Romans besiege Corioli Corioli taken The Volscian Army is routed The tenth part of the Spoils offer'd to Marcius He nobly refuses ' em The Name of Coriolanus is given to him Coriolanus invades the Antiates Stands for the Consulship Is rejected A great quantity of Corn brought to Rome Coriolanus 's Speech against its being distributed among the People The People rise against him Sicinnius the Tâ—ibune pronounces Sentence of Death against Coâ—iolanus His Accusation He is banished He leaves Rome He goes to the Volscians His Arrival at Antium His Speech to Tullus Aufidius Valeria 's Speech to Volumnia c. Volumnia 's Answer Volumnia 's Speech to her Son Marcius The use of History Democritus his Opinion of Phantasms Emilius his Extraction * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Facundia lepor His way to Honour Is chosen Edile Then Augur His strictness in Military Discipline Emilius sent Praetor into Spain His Wives and Children The Character of Elius Tubero He is chosen Consul and wages War with the Ligurians He stands to be Consul a second time but is â—â—puls'd The Education of his Children The Romans at War with Perseus King of Macedon Perseus his Extraction * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qâ—an â—aturus His War with the Romans He over-comes Licinius Surprizes their Fleet. Fights with Hostilius Soliâ—its the Barbarians to joyn with him Emilius a 2d time Consul General against the Macedonians A good Omen Emilius his Speech to the People His Success not to be ascribed to Fortune Perseus ruin'd by his Covetousness A Description of the Basternae He cheats Genthius Perseus his strength * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Emilius his Conduct His Army wants Wâ—ter how supply'd Of the Original of Springs This Place is still call'd Pythagone in the modern Greâ—k Emilius sends Nasica to surprize the Enemy by the way of Perrebia * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 To heighth of Mount Olympus Nasica his Design discover'd Perseus removes his Camp. Prepares to fight The Places of Battel Emilius joyns again with Nasica Emilius incamps An Eclipse of the Moon The Reason of an Eclipse The Rise of the Battel The Army of the Macedonians and Order of their March. The Battel between Emilius and Perseus Perseus his Cowardize Perseus vindicated by Possidonius Salius flings his Ensign amongst his Enemies The Romans forc'd to retreat The Phalanx broken by Emilius The Valour of Marcus Cato * Three in the Afternoon Emilius his grief for the suppos'd loss of his Sâ—n Scipio Scipio his Character Perseus flyes in Disgâ—ise His Cruelty And Covetousness All Mâ—cedonia de â—ver'd up to Emilius This News miralously convey'd to Rome Examples of the like Perseus surrenders himself Emilius his Speech to Perseus His Speech to the young Men. Emiliâ—s goes inâ—o Greeâ—â— He goes into Epire. He returns into Italy Galba endeavours to hinder his Triumph Servilius his Speech Emilius his Triumph describ'd Two of Emilius his Sons die about the time of his Triumph Emilius his Speech upon the death of his Sons Perseus his Death Emilius always sided with the Nobles Emilius his Sickness and Death A moral reflection * About 31 l. 5 s. sterling * Which answers to our May. N. * valu'd at 625 l. in our Money Pelopidas of a good Family Careless of his Estate Tâ—â— Friendship 〈…〉 and 〈…〉 Phaebidas surprizeth the Cadmea Pelopidas exâ—ites the 〈…〉 to frâ—e their Countâ—â—y He goes to Thebes The Plot almost ruin'd Archias inform'd that the Exiles were come Charon 's bravery A Letter sent to Archias concerning the Design Archias and Philip kill'd Pelopidas kills Leontidas and Hypates Pelopidas râ—gains the Cadmea The Athenians refus'd to assist Thebes Sphodrias the Spartan designs against the Athenians The Thebans prevail'd against the Spartans Pelopidas beats the Spartaus at Tenagra The Spartans Courage The sacred Band of Lovers Pelopidas his Saying Pelopidas his Vision Of Men-Sacrifices The Battel at Leuctra The Spartans very expert Pelopidas tâ—y'd for his Life Pelopidas generous Pelopidas assists the Thessalians against Alexander Settles Macedon Of Philip of Macedon Pelopidas goâ—s to Pharsalus Pelopidas taken by Alexander Pelopidas his Bravery in Prison Alexander's Savageness Pelopidas set free Pelopdas goes Ambassadour to Persia Is honour'd by Artaxerxes Pelopidas goes against Alexander The Battel Pelopidas slain Alexander 's death * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mensam argentariam reddit interpres Latinus verum rectius reddi potest in usum eorum qui nummorum commutationem exercent in foro Nam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 retributionem permutationem commercium poenae responsionem indicat * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Because at Atbens they reckoned the years by their Archons as the Romans by their Consuls One of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was to this purpose chose by lot out of the rest and his Name Inscribed in the publick Records * A Prison or Dungeon in Athens * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Demetrius Polycrates b Seleucus Ptolomeus Ceraunus c Demetrius Nicanor d Pyrrhus is surnamed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the following Account of his Life e Antiochus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * The Athenians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * The Lacedaemonians * The Lacedaemonians * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 August 125 Italian Miles * Septem 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A Measure containing six Bushels 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The difference between their Adversaries Cato always esteemed for his Courage and Counsel Aristides supplanted by Themistocles Cato 's excellent husbandry Aristides an ill manager of his own private concerns Vid. Homer in his 14 Odyss 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 three Asses made two pence Ambition odious in a Common-wealth Cato 's worst actions reckon'd up Cato 's second marriage condemn'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Above 2000 pound Fifty Miles * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Titus his Character Liv. L. 2. Dec. 4. Chosen Consul at thirty 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But I read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sets out immediately for the War. * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—IV Ibid. †Spain Takes the Army of Publius * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Apsus Liv. ibid. Liv. ibid Herdsmen discover a way to Titus to bring his Men up the Mountains 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Macedonians routed Titus plunders not the Country * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Titus proffers Philip a peace on condition that Greece be left free 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Nobles of Thebes come to meet Titus An Embassy sent to Rome * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Titus advances with an Army against Philip The second Engagement betwixt Titus and Philip. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Liv. Dec. 4. L. 3. †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Titus made Peace with Nabis Titus his triumph †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 †The place where the Exercises of Wrestling and the like were perform'd * Thâ— Temâ— of Apollo †Eatiâ—g and drinking in a Festival wâ—y of part of thâ— things Sacâ—ifiâ—ed and after the â—ffering thereof 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Titus bis witty answers Polybius in his 17 book p. 747 Ed. Caus. tells this a little differently Titus made Censor an Enemy to Cato * Cum Consul esset in Gallia Sayâ— Cato in Cicero de senectute Cicero in his Cato Major agâ—ees with Antias the words are Exoratus in Convivio a Scorto est 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Titus Embassadour to Prusias Procures the death of Hannibal The Commendations of Scipio †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * His misfortune 't was to have always his arms employed against some part of Greece * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Conquer'd upon the stock of former preparations