ought_v to_o know_v by_o the_o drum_n 1._o a_o call_n 2._o a_o march_n 3._o a_o troop_n 4._o a_o charge_n 5._o a_o retreat_n 6._o a_o battalion_n 7._o a_o battery_n 8._o a_o relief_n for_o when_o the_o commander_n voice_n can_v extend_v to_o the_o hear_n of_o the_o company_n the_o drum_n denounce_v &_o express_v the_o same_o the_o next_o chapter_n show_v what_o the_o distance_n of_o file_n and_o rank_n be_v which_o soldier_n must_v know_v chap._n xiii_o what_o the_o distance_n in_o file_n and_o rank_n be_v which_o soldier_n must_v know_v there_o be_v five_o sort_n of_o distance_n in_o file_n say_v somme_fw-fr and_o they_o be_v these_o that_o follow_v fiâ—es_n distance_n in_o fiâ—es_n the_o first_o be_v close_a the_o second_o be_v close_o the_o three_o be_v order_n the_o forth_o be_v open_a order_n the_o five_o double_a distance_n which_o be_v pouldron_n to_o pouldron_n a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a three_o foot_n six_o foot_n twelve_o foot_n there_o be_v five_o sort_n of_o distance_n in_o rank_n say_v they_o rank_n distance_n in_o rank_n the_o first_o be_v close_a the_o second_o be_v close_o the_o three_o be_v order_n the_o four_o be_v open_a order_n the_o five_o double_a distance_n which_o be_v to_o the_o sword_n point_n three_o foot_n six_o foot_n twelve_o foot_n four_o &_o twenty_o foot_n although_o they_o be_v thus_o set_v down_o to_o be_v five_o in_o number_n yet_o most_o commander_n observe_v and_o teach_v as_o most_o proper_a only_o three_o viz._n close_o order_n and_o open_v order_n antiquity_n have_v no_o more_o yet_o the_o rest_n must_v not_o be_v casher_v or_o slight_v for_o some_o time_n a_o commander_n must_v do_v that_o in_o a_o double_a distance_n which_o can_v be_v do_v in_o a_o single_a therefore_o soldier_n be_v bind_v to_o know_v all_o distance_n in_o file_n and_o rank_n that_o they_o may_v the_o better_o execute_v what_o their_o captain_n command_v the_o next_o chapter_n show_v how_o a_o file_n and_o a_o rank_n be_v distinguish_v for_o a_o 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of_o man_n stand_v one_o by_o another_o pouldron_n to_o pouldron_n or_o shoulder_n to_o shoulder_n their_o face_n be_v direct_v all_o one_o way_n this_o distinction_n of_o file_n and_o rank_n a_o soldier_n must_v know_v that_o when_o he_o be_v bid_v to_o double_a file_n he_o may_v not_o rank_n and_o when_o he_o be_v bid_v to_o double_a rank_n he_o may_v not_o file_n the_o next_o chapter_n show_v what_o the_o fight_n be_v which_o soldier_n must_v be_v expertin_n chap._n xv._o what_o fight_v they_o be_v which_o soldier_n must_v be_v expert_a in_o the_o fight_v necessary_a for_o all_o soldier_n to_o be_v expert_a in_o be_v six_o first_o to_o fight_v advance_v upon_o a_o enemy_n this_o be_v when_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o vanguard_n enemy_n to_o fight_v advance_v upon_o a_o enemy_n and_o they_o by_o two_o rank_n a_o piece_n march_v from_o the_o body_n ten_o pace_n and_o give_v fire_n at_o the_o place_n appoint_v or_o when_o the_o first_o rank_n give_v fire_n march_v still_o on_o 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pike_n enemy_n to_o fight_v against_o horse_n in_o a_o set_a battle_n for_o the_o purpose_n against_o a_o enemy_n six_o to_o fight_v against_o horse_n in_o a_o set_a battle_n for_o that_o purpose_n this_o be_v when_o they_o countermarch_n their_o wing_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o be_v empale_v round_o with_o pike_n and_o so_o draw_v forth_o on_o either_o side_n under_o the_o shelter_n of_o they_o in_o these_o six_o fight_n your_o soldier_n must_v be_v very_o expert_a that_o they_o may_v avoid_v all_o confusion_n and_o thus_o much_o shall_v suffice_v for_o the_o twelve_o chapter_n before_o mention_v ☞_o ☞_o the_o next_o two_o chapter_n declare_v what_o quality_n they_o be_v which_o befit_v marshal_n man_n and_o how_o requisite_a it_o be_v for_o they_o to_o be_v wise_a and_o politic_a to_o preserve_v the_o life_n of_o their_o man_n and_o how_o politic_a wisdom_n may_v be_v attain_a with_o a_o brief_a summarie_n thereof_o chap._n xvi_o what_o quality_n they_o be_v which_o befitt_a marshal_n men._n the_o quality_n which_o befit_v marshal_n man_n be_v many_o but_o i_o will_v at_o this_o time_n treat_v but_o of_o eight_o and_o they_o be_v these_o viz._n silence_n obedience_n secrecy_n sobriety_n valour_n loyalty_n freedom_n from_o bribe_n moderation_n in_o expense_n i_o begin_v with_o the_o first_o silence_n silence_n silence_n silence_n be_v of_o such_o veneration_n among_o the_o egyptian_n that_o they_o make_v thereof_o a_o god_n which_o with_o they_o be_v call_v harpocrates_n and_o according_a to_o the_o greek_n sigaleon_n he_o they_o portrature_v in_o the_o likeness_n of_o a_o young_a child_n 5._o august_n de_fw-fr civet_n dei_fw-la li._n 18._o cap._n 5._o who_o close_o to_o his_o lip_n
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turn_n and_o by_o it_o may_v learn_v to_o make_v like_o use_n of_o it_o upon_o like_a occasion_n another_o singular_a use_n of_o this_o motion_n be_v to_o get_v the_o upper_a ground_n from_o the_o enemy_n this_o be_v find_v practise_v by_o philopaeman_n the_o achaean_n general_n when_o machanidas_n the_o lacedaemonian_a tyrant_n have_v put_v his_o left_a wing_n to_o flight_n yet_o he_o by_o this_o mean_v restore_v the_o battle_n and_o withal_o obtain_v the_o victory_n 634_o polybius_n lib._n 11._o 634_o polybius_n describe_v the_o manner_n of_o it_o thus_o the_o fight_n be_v begin_v between_o machanidas_n the_o lacedaemonian_a tyrant_n and_o philopaeman_n the_o achaean_n general_n it_o happen_v that_o machanidas_n have_v the_o better_a for_o he_o have_v put_v the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o achaean_n mercenary_n to_o flight_n follow_v hard_o the_o chase_n philopaeman_n as_o long_o as_o there_o be_v any_o hope_n endeavour_v to_o stay_v his_o man_n when_o he_o see_v they_o utter_o defeat_v he_o haste_v to_o the_o right_a wing_n and_o perceive_v the_o enemy_n busy_a in_o the_o chase_n and_o the_o place_n void_a where_o the_o fight_n have_v be_v command_v the_o first_o man_n first_o a_o merarchy_n consist_v of_o 2048_o man_n merarchy_n to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a â—â—and_n he_o lead_v they_o on_o with_o high_a speed_n not_o yet_o break_v the_o order_n of_o their_o imbattel_v and_o quick_o seize_v upon_o the_o forsake_a ground_n he_o both_o cut_v betwixt_o they_o that_o give_v chase_v and_o home_n and_o withal_o get_v the_o advantage_n of_o the_o upper_a ground_n against_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o arm_a whereby_o he_o obtain_v the_o victory_n â—5_n captain_n bingham_n upon_o the_o same_o motion_n aelian_a chap._n â—5_n if_o philopaeman_n have_v in_o this_o action_n use_v wheel_v of_o his_o battle_n which_o only_o be_v the_o other_o motion_n which_o will_v have_v serve_v his_o turn_n beside_o the_o troublesomnesse_n of_o the_o wind_a about_o he_o shall_v have_v be_v force_v to_o have_v use_v two_o wheeling_n and_o so_o fail_v of_o the_o celerity_n which_o be_v at_o time_n requisite_a face_n be_v turn_v in_o a_o trice_n and_o he_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o ground_n he_o desire_v before_o he_o can_v have_v wheel_v once_o his_o battle_n beside_o to_o have_v face_v and_o stand_v still_o have_v be_v to_o no_o purpose_n but_o face_v and_o march_v on_o be_v to_o some_o purpose_n as_o you_o have_v hear_v thus_o you_o see_v what_o facing_n be_v general_a of_o the_o use_n of_o face_v in_o general_a how_o it_o be_v the_o easy_a of_o all_o motion_n but_o of_o no_o less_o importance_n or_o necessity_n how_o it_o may_v be_v do_v in_o a_o trice_n though_o the_o enemy_n come_v very_o sudden_o upon_o we_o though_o he_o encompass_v both_o our_o wing_n though_o he_o environ_v we_o round_o with_o foot_n and_o horse_n yet_o we_o may_v face_n upon_o he_o and_o make_v he_o resistance_n how_o that_o there_o be_v no_o battle_n but_o have_v need_n of_o this_o motion_n so_o that_o when_o we_o find_v our_o enemy_n to_o encompass_v our_o right_a wing_n we_o turn_v our_o face_n and_o weapon_n that_o way_n to_o receive_v they_o to_o the_o left_a when_o they_o come_v to_o charge_v we_o on_o that_o side_n if_o on_o both_o side_n than_o we_o turn_v face_n half_a to_o the_o right_n and_o half_a to_o the_o left_a hand_n but_o be_v to_o remove_v the_o battle_n from_o any_o of_o the_o flank_n we_o cause_v face_n to_o be_v turn_v to_o that_o flank_n so_o we_o lead_v on_o upon_o the_o enemy_n either_o to_o assault_v he_o or_o to_o prevent_v he_o where_o he_o will_v assault_v which_o if_o we_o can_v do_v we_o make_v a_o stand_n and_o so_o receive_v he_o all_o this_o i_o
have_v express_v full_o both_o by_o precept_n and_o example_n now_o it_o remain_v that_o i_o show_v you_o four_o other_o thing_n first_o by_o what_o word_n of_o command_n it_o may_v be_v do_v second_o in_o what_o order_n three_o with_o which_o leg_n come_v forward_o four_o how_o to_o reduce_v all_o this_o by_o way_n of_o document_n or_o observation_n shall_v be_v declare_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n follow_v chap._n xix_o observation_n for_o face_v show_v the_o manner_n how_o to_o perform_v the_o action_n with_o many_o other_o circumstance_n appertain_v to_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n in_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n mention_n be_v make_v of_o facing_n in_o this_o chapter_n be_v certain_a observation_n positive_o set_v down_o for_o the_o exact_a performance_n thereof_o they_o be_v in_o number_n four_o the_o first_o observation_n be_v for_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o leg_n the_o second_o for_o reducement_n to_o its_o first_o posture_n the_o three_o for_o distance_n to_o grace_v the_o action_n the_o four_o for_o word_n of_o command_n either_o to_o face_n and_o march_n or_o to_o face_n and_o stand_v express_v their_o use_n of_o these_o in_o order_n observation_n the_o first_o observation_n first_o then_o observe_v that_o in_o face_v upon_o a_o stand_n the_o motion_n must_v and_o aught_o to_o be_v perform_v with_o the_o right_a leg_n that_o be_v the_o left_a leg_n must_v stand_v firm_a the_o right_n must_v either_o remove_v forward_o or_o backward_o forward_a when_o you_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n backward_a when_o you_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n be_v it_o to_o the_o right_n about_o or_o to_o the_o leave_v about_o the_o left_a leg_n stand_v firm_a only_o you_o move_v the_o foot_n upon_o the_o heel_n or_o toe_n but_o in_o the_o march_n it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v march_v how_o to_o face_n march_v sometime_o with_o the_o right_a leg_n sometime_o with_o the_o left_a leg_n with_o the_o right_a leg_n when_o it_o be_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n with_o the_o left_a leg_n when_o it_o be_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n for_o you_o must_v gain_v ground_n and_o not_o lose_v observation_n the_o second_o observation_n in_o the_o second_o place_n observe_v or_o take_v notice_n how_o to_o reduce_v unto_o the_o first_o posture_n this_o must_v be_v thus_o perform_v when_o you_o face_n to_o the_o right_n return_v back_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n posture_n how_o to_o reduce_v unto_o your_o first_o posture_n when_o you_o face_n to_o the_o left_a return_v back_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n have_v face_v about_o to_o the_o right_n return_v about_o to_o the_o left_a have_v face_v about_o to_o the_o left_a return_v about_o to_o the_o right_n for_o still_o the_o contrary_n must_v be_v do_v observe_v it_o and_o forget_v it_o not_o observation_n the_o three_o observation_n in_o the_o three_o place_n observe_v or_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o distance_n appropriate_v to_o facing_n these_o distance_n be_v of_o three_o sort_n to_o wit_n open_v order_n order_n close_o order_n the_o first_o for_o exercise_n the_o two_o last_o for_o service_n no_o captain_n must_v be_v so_o absurd_a as_o to_o face_n upon_o a_o enemy_n in_o open_a order_n the_o enemy_n come_v to_o push_v of_o pike_n the_o grecian_n will_v never_o face_n to_o receive_v the_o charge_n of_o a_o enemy_n but_o in_o their_o close_a order_n their_o close_a order_n be_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a from_o file_n to_o file_v and_o three_o foot_n from_o rank_n to_o rank_n this_o we_o common_o use_v with_o pike_n but_o our_o musketeer_n be_v never_o to_o be_v close_o than_o the_o second_o distance_n of_o three_o foot_n in_o square_n because_o they_o be_v to_o have_v a_o free_a use_n of_o their_o arm_n if_o then_o they_o be_v at_o a_o close_a distance_n they_o will_v much_o throng_v and_o trouble_v one_o another_o and_o be_v subject_a to_o fire_v in_o the_o last_o place_n observe_v how_o to_o give_v the_o word_n of_o command_n observation_n the_o four_o observation_n either_o to_o face_n and_o march_n or_o to_o face_n and_o stand_v that_o you_o may_v do_v it_o orderly_o and_o proper_o i_o have_v fit_v they_o to_o your_o mouth_n thus_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n march_n march_n word_n of_o command_n to_o face_n and_o march_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n march_n face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n about_o march_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n about_o march_n thus_o you_o may_v set_v upon_o your_o enemy_n as_o you_o see_v advantage_n or_o prevent_v he_o where_o he_o will_v charge_v you_o to_o your_o disadvantage_n or_o shun_v a_o dangerous_a ground_n prepare_v for_o you_o as_o alexander_n do_v when_o darius_n will_v have_v entrap_v he_o thus_o much_o to_o face_n &_o march_n and_o of_o the_o word_n of_o command_n for_o it_o now_o to_o face_n and_o stand_v with_o the_o word_n of_o command_n for_o that_o motion_n the_o word_n of_o proper_a direction_n for_o it_o be_v these_o stand_v word_n of_o command_n to_o face_n &_o stand_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n be_v hand_n if_o you_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n you_o be_v to_o say_v as_o you_o be_v thus_o if_o the_o enemy_n have_v encompass_v your_o right_a flank_n you_o be_v ready_a for_o he_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n thus_o if_o the_o enemy_n have_v encompass_v your_o left_a flank_n you_o be_v ready_a for_o he_o face_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n by_o division_n thus_o if_o the_o enemy_n have_v encompass_v both_o the_o wing_n of_o your_o battle_n be_v unable_a to_o avoid_v it_o division_n it_o they_o face_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a by_o division_n you_o face_v thus_o to_o resist_v he_o face_n to_o the_o right_n and_o about_o thus_o if_o the_o enemy_n have_v sudden_o make_v his_o approach_n upon_o your_o rear_n you_o be_v ready_a for_o he_o and_o resist_v he_o in_o a_o instant_n middle_a man_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n about_o this_o form_n be_v call_v phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la describe_v by_o aelian_a chap._n 38._o and_o be_v of_o excellent_a use_n to_o resist_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n assault_v we_o in_o front_n and_o rear_n man_n observe_v the_o form_n of_o this_o face_n be_v ten_o in_o depth_n this_o be_v the_o pâ—inthium_n full_a of_o man_n the_o three_o last_o rank_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n the_o three_o first_o rank_n in_o the_o front_n stand_v as_o you_o do_v the_o rest_n in_o the_o midst_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a by_o division_n thus_o if_o the_o enemy_n have_v environ_v you_o about_o on_o all_o side_n on_o all_o side_n you_o be_v ready_a to_o resist_v he_o aemilius_n plutarch_n in_o the_o life_n of_o paulus_n aemilius_n this_o be_v the_o last_o remedy_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n oppose_v against_o paulus_n aemylius_fw-la in_o his_o battle_n with_o perseus_n which_o distress_v the_o roman_n and_o have_v gain_v the_o victory_n have_v it_o not_o be_v break_v for_o want_n of_o ground_n thus_o much_o for_o facing_n now_o if_o in_o stead_n of_o facing_n you_o will_v command_v charge_v give_v the_o word_n thus_o charge_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n charge_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n charge_v both_o to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n charge_v to_o the_o front_n charge_v to_o the_o rear_n charge_v both_o front_n and_o rear_n charge_v every_o way_n caution_n a_o caution_n when_o you_o charge_v upon_o a_o stand_n fall_v back_o with_o the_o right_a leg_n when_o you_o charge_v to_o go_v on_o come_v forward_o with_o the_o left_a leg_n this_o be_v to_o charge_v march_v thus_o much_o for_o this_o chapter_n chap._n xx._n of_o the_o use_n of_o wheeling_n wheel_v be_v of_o the_o same_o use_n with_o facing_n both_o may_v be_v do_v upon_o the_o sudden_a approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n whether_o he_o show_v himself_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a flank_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o your_o battle_n wheeling_n the_o excellency_n of_o wheeling_n if_o he_o show_v himself_o in_o the_o right_n or_o left_a flank_n wheeling_n will_v have_v the_o pre-eminence_n of_o facing_n for_o it_o will_v oppose_v he_o with_o thy_o front_n which_o be_v thy_o best_a man_n if_o he_o show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n wheeling_n will_v yet_o have_v the_o pre-eminence_n and_o oppose_v he_o there_o with_o thy_o fileleader_n or_o best_o man_n as_o it_o do_v before_o in_o the_o flank_n but_o wheeling_n but_o of_o the_o prehemincie_n of_o face_v over_o wheeling_n if_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o in_o front_n and_o rear_n or_o in_o more_o than_o these_o place_n at_o once_o sudden_o to_o charge_v thou_o facing_n will_v then_o have_v the_o pre-eminence_n and_o wheeling_n will_v do_v more_o harm_n then_o good_a therefore_o be_v in_o this_o straight_o the_o best_a remedy_n be_v to_o turn_v face_n and_o so_o receive_v he_o but_o have_v sufficient_a place_n and_o fit_a occasion_n to_o wheel_n
25._o captain_n bingham_n in_o his_o note_n upon_o aelian_a chapt._n 25._o omit_v not_o this_o opportunity_n but_o meet_v he_o with_o thy_o best_a man_n for_o example_n whereof_o i_o bring_v the_o graetian_o they_o covet_v always_o to_o bring_v their_o best_a man_n that_o be_v the_o fileleader_n to_o fight_v do_v thus_o in_o open_a order_n they_o choose_v to_o countermarch_n in_o close_a order_n have_v place_n to_o wheel_v their_o battle_n about_o they_o do_v turn_v the_o face_n of_o it_o against_o the_o enemy_n if_o they_o can_v do_v neither_o of_o these_o they_o come_v to_o the_o last_o remedy_n which_o be_v turn_v of_o face_n of_o every_o particular_a man_n in_o the_o battle_n this_o be_v the_o grecian_n order_n which_o show_v the_o excellency_n of_o their_o discipline_n and_o therefore_o we_o be_v willing_a to_o follow_v they_o be_v the_o mirror_n of_o art_n and_o arm_n they_o be_v so_o perfect_a in_o these_o motion_n by_o their_o continual_a practice_n and_o exercise_n that_o 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a_o comely_a sight_n to_o look_v upon_o will_v to_o god_n all_o will_v do_v it_o as_o exact_o as_o they_o but_o wish_n be_v in_o vain_a man_n will_v do_v as_o they_o listen_v not_o as_o they_o shall_v a_o some_o will_v neither_o observe_v the_o distance_n use_v by_o the_o grecian_n no_o the_o distance_n appoint_v by_o our_o tactic_n for_o the_o comely_a grace_n thereof_o this_o distance_n be_v three_o foot_n from_o file_n to_o file_v and_o three_o foot_n from_o rank_n to_o rank_n if_o this_o be_v not_o observe_v the_o motion_n will_v want_v grace_n the_o use_n of_o it_o will_v be_v frustrate_v the_o enemy_n will_v prevail_v against_o they_o for_o how_o can_v those_o man_n fight_v who_o hand_n be_v tie_v be_v throng_v and_o pester_v together_o they_o be_v as_o it_o be_v bind_v and_o tie_v and_o can_v neither_o assault_v the_o enemy_n nor_o defend_v themselves_o but_o be_v subject_a to_o be_v kill_v one_o of_o another_o therefore_o true_a distance_n must_v be_v observe_v but_o of_o distance_n more_o hereafter_o face_v and_o wheel_v be_v the_o subject_n on_o which_o i_o treat_v now_o face_v and_o wheel_v be_v join_v together_o be_v of_o singular_a use_n to_o prevent_v the_o enemy_n where_o he_o will_v assault_v you_o to_o give_v the_o assault_n on_o he_o and_o to_o circumvent_v he_o in_o take_v of_o advantage_n of_o ground_n wind_z and_o sun_n it_o likewise_o serve_v to_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o your_o battle_n with_o the_o best_a man_n by_o wheel_v the_o wing_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o do_v whereof_o you_o curtail_v the_o depth_n and_o extend_v the_o length_n bring_v more_o man_n to_o fight_v than_o you_o have_v before_o thus_o much_o of_o wheeleing_n the_o word_n of_o command_n follow_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n chap._n xxi_o of_o the_o word_n of_o command_n for_o wheeling_n the_o word_n of_o command_n for_o wheeling_n may_v be_v thus_o give_v viz._n wheel_v the_o body_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n use_n the_o use_n thus_o if_o the_o enemy_n appear_v to_o the_o right_a flank_n you_o bring_v your_o best_a man_n to_o fight_v against_o he_o wheel_v the_o body_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n use_n the_o use_n thus_o if_o the_o enemy_n come_v to_o charge_v your_o left_a flank_n you_o bring_v your_o best_a man_n against_o he_o wheel_v the_o body_n about_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n use_n the_o use_n thus_o if_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n you_o bring_v your_o fileleader_n that_o be_v your_o best_a man_n to_o fight_v wheel_v the_o body_n about_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n thus_o you_o be_v reduce_v to_o your_o first_o posture_n use_n the_o use_n but_o it_o may_v be_v you_o will_v face_n then_o march_v after_o face_n again_o then_o wheel_n if_o you_o will_v it_o may_v be_v command_v thus_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n march._n face_n &_o march._n and_o march_v twenty_o pace_n face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o march_v twenty_o pace_n then_o wheel_n to_o the_o left_a and_o charge_v over-hand_n thus_o you_o may_v gain_v the_o advantage_n of_o ground_n upon_o the_o right_a flank_n use_n the_o use_n you_o may_v assault_v your_o enemy_n on_o the_o left_a wing_n with_o your_o fileleader_n or_o front_n you_o may_v gain_v the_o advantage_n of_o wind_n and_o sun_n from_o the_o enemy_n and_o present_o fall_v upon_o a_o charge_n it_o may_v be_v you_o will_v extend_v the_o length_n of_o your_o battle_n by_o wheel_v by_o bring_v the_o wing_n into_o the_o midst_n then_o you_o may_v command_v thus_o wheel_v the_o wing_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n face_n to_o your_o commander_n thus_o the_o strength_n of_o your_o battle_n lie_v in_o the_o midst_n use_n the_o use_n it_o may_v be_v you_o will_v reduce_v then_o command_v thus_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n about_o then_o begin_v with_o the_o bringer_n up_o and_o say_v wheel_v your_o wing_n again_o into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n then_o bid_v they_o face_n to_o their_o commander_n after_o that_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n about_o and_o so_o they_o be_v full_o reduce_v as_o they_o be_v it_o may_v be_v you_o will_v know_v the_o way_n how_o to_o perform_v this_o wheeling_n for_o as_o yet_o you_o be_v ignorant_a then_o observe_v how_o to_o do_v it_o by_o this_o instance_n which_o will_v somewhat_o explain_v it_o unto_o you_o there_o be_v ten_o fileleader_n in_o front_n instance_n the_o instance_n five_o of_o they_o on_o the_o right_a wing_n wheel_v forward_o to_o the_o left_a transfer_v their_o face_n to_o the_o contrary_a wing_n their_o follower_n move_v with_o they_o and_o stand_v behind_o they_o as_o they_o do_v at_o the_o first_o only_o they_o change_v their_o former_a ground_n as_o do_v the_o fileleader_n the_o other_o five_o on_o the_o left_a wing_n wheel_v forward_o to_o the_o right_n meet_v they_o in_o the_o midst_n face_n to_o face_n have_v all_o their_o follower_n behind_o they_o as_o the_o other_o five_o then_o the_o commander_n bid_v they_o face_n to_o he_o and_o so_o the_o countenance_n of_o all_o the_o soldier_n be_v direct_v or_o transfer_v all_o one_o way_n thus_o you_o may_v perform_v this_o wheel_a but_o action_n do_v better_a perform_v it_o than_o word_n this_o wheel_a of_o the_o wing_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battalion_n be_v use_v by_o the_o ancient_a grecian_n to_o make_v their_o diphalange_n antistomus_n their_o diphalange_n peristomus_fw-la their_o hollow-wedge_n the_o figure_n of_o which_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o aelian_a with_o the_o description_n of_o they_o chap._n 36._o 40._o and_o 41._o what_o victory_n have_v be_v gain_v by_o this_o kind_n of_o imbattalling_a i_o have_v see_v and_o read_v in_o a_o write_a copy_n of_o captain_n binghams_n compose_v to_o be_v diwlge_v short_o for_o a_o public_a good_a that_o be_v now_o but_o for_o a_o private_a use_n this_o worthy_a captain_n be_v the_o man_n that_o do_v first_o show_v the_o gentleman_n of_o the_o artillery_n garden_n how_o they_o shall_v perform_v this_o kind_n of_o wheel_v which_o now_o they_o do_v most_o exact_o and_o he_o will_v prove_v the_o use_n of_o it_o to_o be_v as_o profitable_a for_o service_n now_o as_o heretofore_o with_o the_o grecian_n if_o we_o will_v but_o do_v what_o he_o shall_v advise_v thus_o much_o of_o this_o kind_a of_o wheel_v and_o of_o the_o other_o wheel_v which_o must_v not_o be_v use_v when_o the_o enemy_n be_v upon_o you_o but_o when_o he_o be_v aloof_o off_o now_o of_o countermarch_v chap._n xxii_o of_o countermarche_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v make_v and_o of_o their_o use_n countermarche_n be_v twofold_a for_o either_o we_o countermarch_v the_o file_n or_o the_o rank_n and_o these_o either_o by_o change_v of_o ground_n or_o keep_v still_o
the_o same_o ground_n if_o we_o counter_a march_n by_o file_n it_o be_v to_o oppose_v the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n with_o our_o best_a man_n if_o by_o rank_n it_o be_v to_o bring_v one_o wing_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o other_o or_o all_o our_o best_a man_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n if_o we_o countermarch_v by_o file_n or_o rank_n to_o change_v our_o ground_n we_o do_v it_o either_o by_o the_o macedonian_a the_o lacedaemonian_a oâ—_n the_o ground_n the_o the_o modern_a countermarch_v stand_v be_v thus_o perform_v the_o fyle-leader_n countermarch_a to_o the_o right_n the_o next_o rank_n stand_v till_o they_o be_v pass_v than_o they_o follow_v the_o like_a do_v all_o the_o rest_n transfer_v themselves_o to_o a_o new_a ground_n modern_a countermarch_v which_o be_v invent_v for_o that_o purpose_n and_o to_o be_v perform_v stand_v if_o to_o maintain_v ground_n than_o we_o do_v it_o by_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_v which_o make_v the_o fileleader_n to_o take_v the_o ground_n of_o the_o bringer_n up_o and_o the_o bringer_n up_o the_o same_o ground_n in_o the_o which_o the_o fileleader_n stand_v the_o like_a in_o the_o wing_n these_o countermarche_n namely_o the_o macedonian_a the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o the_o choraean_a be_v describe_v by_o aelian_a thus_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v file_n countermarch_v aelian_a chap._n 20_o of_o the_o macedonian_a crunter-march_a by_o file_n by_o file_n be_v say_v to_o be_v when_o the_o fileleader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n &_o all_o the_o rest_n with_o the_o bringer-up_a go_v against_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o pass_v on_o to_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n place_n themselves_o in_o order_n one_o after_o another_o according_a as_o the_o fileleader_n himself_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n this_o countermarch_v you_o see_v transfer_v the_o whole_a file_n to_o another_o place_n equal_a to_o the_o first_o by_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v before_o the_o front_n in_o lieu_n of_o that_o it_o lose_v behind_o it_o likewise_o make_v show_n to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o run_v away_o but_o it_o be_v of_o excellent_a use_n say_v that_o before_o thy_o battle_n lie_v a_o river_n file_n the_o use_n of_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n and_o between_o the_o river_n and_o thou_o a_o fair_a plot_n of_o ground_n high_a than_o that_o thou_o stand_v upon_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n and_o compel_v thou_o to_o fight_v the_o only_a way_n to_o oppose_v he_o with_o the_o best_a man_n and_o to_o get_v this_o ground_n for_o thy_o advantage_n be_v this_o macedonian_a countermarch_v this_o countermarch_v be_v first_o invent_v by_o philip_n king_n of_o macedon_n father_n of_o alexander_n the_o great_a the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n be_v 28._o of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n describe_v by_o aelian_a chap._n 28._o when_o the_o bringer_n up_o turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n turn_v also_o their_o face_n and_o proceed_v forward_o together_o with_o their_o fyle-leader_n order_n themselves_o proportionable_o in_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n or_o else_o when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o he_o that_o stand_v next_o before_o he_o passi_v by_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n be_v place_v again_o next_o before_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v be_v place_v one_o before_o another_o in_o their_o former_a order_n till_o the_o fyle-leader_n be_v first_o in_o this_o countermarch_v you_o see_v the_o proceed_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o former_a that_o take_v the_o ground_n before_o the_o phalange_n or_o battle_n this_o take_v the_o ground_n after_o in_o that_o the_o move_n be_v from_o the_o rear_n to_o the_o front_n in_o this_o from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n 28._o rear_n captain_n bingham_n in_o his_o note_n upon_o aelian_a chap._n 28._o aelian_a prefer_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v before_o the_o macedoman_n because_o in_o it_o the_o soldier_n seem_v to_o fall_v on_o and_o charge_n wherein_o the_o macedonian_a they_o seem_v to_o fly_v there_o be_v notwithstanding_o time_n as_o captain_n bingham_n note_v when_o it_o be_v better_a to_o use_v the_o macedonian_a as_o when_o you_o seek_v to_o gain_v some_o ground_n of_o advantage_n or_o in_o case_n you_o mean_v to_o march_v on_o and_o not_o to_o fight_v with_o the_o enemy_n unless_o you_o be_v compel_v for_o the_o macedonian_a continue_v still_o the_o march_n and_o stay_v not_o the_o lacedaemonian_a return_v upon_o the_o enemy_n and_o so_o lose_v ground_n in_o march_v there_o be_v likewise_o time_n say_v i_o when_o it_o be_v more_o requisite_a to_o use_v this_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v than_o any_o other_o as_o in_o case_n you_o have_v pass_v the_o ground_n which_o the_o enemy_n follow_v seek_v to_o gain_v and_o to_o charge_v you_o sudden_o the_o only_a way_n to_o possess_v it_o again_o and_o to_o fight_v with_o he_o with_o your_o best_a man_n be_v thus_o to_o countermarch_v the_o macedonian_a here_n will_v do_v no_o good_a 28._o aeâ—ian_n chap._n 28._o the_o lacedaemonian_n have_v another_o countermarch_v which_o bear_v the_o name_n and_o that_o be_v this_o the_o fyle-leader_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o every_o one_o in_o their_o file_n follow_v they_o orderly_o this_o be_v no_o other_o than_o our_o modern_a countermarch_v now_o in_o use_n the_o cretan_a the_o of_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_v by_o file_n otherwise_o call_v persian_a or_o cretan_a choraean_a countermarch_v by_o file_n be_v say_v to_o be_v when_o the_o fyle-leader_n turn_v about_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n precede_v the_o file_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n follow_v till_o the_o fyle-leader_n have_v the_o place_n of_o the_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o bringer-up_a the_o place_n of_o the_o fyle-leader_n this_o countermarch_v say_v aelian_a be_v call_v likewise_o persian_a &_o cretan_a persian_a and_o câ—etan_n say_v captain_n bingham_n because_o it_o be_v use_v among_o the_o persian_n and_o cretan_n 28._o captain_n bingham_n in_o his_o note_n upon_o aelian_a chap._n 28._o choraean_a also_o for_o the_o similitude_n it_o have_v with_o the_o solelmne_v grecian_a dance_n upon_o stage_n the_o company_n that_o show_v themselves_o in_o such_o dance_n be_v call_v chorus_n who_o in_o their_o dance_n order_v themselves_o into_o syle_n and_o rank_n as_o soldier_n do_v in_o battle_n and_o move_v themselves_o to_o the_o brink_n of_o the_o stage_n when_o be_v straighten_v by_o the_o place_n they_o can_v pass_v no_o further_o they_o retire_v one_o through_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o other_o exceed_v not_o the_o bound_n of_o the_o place_n as_o be_v do_v in_o this_o countermarch_v file_n the_o word_n of_o command_n for_o the_o choraean_a cuunter-march_a by_o file_n it_o may_v be_v command_v thus_o fyle-leader_n countermarch_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o stand_v and_o let_v your_o file_n follow_v you_o keep_v your_o distance_n or_o thus_o fyles_n countermarch_v and_o maintain_v ground_n the_o lacedaemonian_a may_v be_v command_v thus_o word_n thus_o the_o word_n of_o command_n for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n deliver_v in_o captain_n binghams_n own_o word_n bringers-up_a turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o rest_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o beginning_n at_o they_o that_o be_v next_o the_o bringers-up_a countermarch_v and_o place_n yourselves_o in_o your_o distance_n before_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o one_o before_o another_o till_o the_o fyle-leader_n be_v first_o or_o thus_o face_n all_o to_o the_o rear_n bringers-up_a stand_n the_o next_o rank_n pass_v through_o by_o their_o right_a hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o before_o they_o keep_v your_o distance_n all_o the_o rest_n move_v with_o they_o place_v yourselves_o one_o before_o another_o till_o the_o fyle-leader_n be_v first_o when_o your_o man_n be_v perfect_v you_o need_v but_o say_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v and_o it_o be_v enough_o this_o gain_v the_o ground_n lie_v after_o the_o rear_n as_o the_o macedonian_a the_o groundlying_a before_o the_o front_n now_o the_o macedonian_a may_v be_v thus_o command_v fileleader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n 28._o word_n of_o command_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n aelian_a chap._n 28._o the_o rest_n of_o every_o file_n pass_v through_o in_o order_n one_o after_o another_o and_o place_n yourselves_o at_o your_o distance_n after_o your_o leader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o so_o stand_v look_v what_o these_o countermarche_n do_v by_o file_n the_o very_a same_o they_o do_v by_o rank_n for_o like_a advantage_n the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v by_o rank_n take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o contrary_a wing_n begin_v to_o move_v at_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o wing_n
which_o be_v near_a the_o enemy_n seem_v therefore_o to_o he_o to_o run_v away_o because_o it_o dismarch_v from_o he_o as_o that_o of_o the_o file_n do_v before_o the_o word_n of_o command_n for_o it_o may_v be_v these_o the_o right_a hand_n corner_n file_n face_n to_o the_o left_a rank_n word_n of_o command_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v by_o rank_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o file_n pass_v through_o to_o the_o left_a and_o place_n yourselves_o orderly_o behind_o your_o sideman_n keep_v your_o distance_n use_n the_o use_n this_o gain_v the_o ground_n lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o right_a wing_n far_a of_o from_o the_o enemy_n the_o enemy_n appear_v to_o the_o left_a wing_n bâ—â—his_n counter_n march_v you_o may_v set_v the_o strong_a part_n of_o your_o battle_n against_o the_o enemy_n and_o apply_v the_o weak_a unto_o some_o river_n lâ—ke_v hill_n or_o such_o like_a place_n so_o that_o the_o enemy_n can_v come_v to_o encompass_v it_o rank_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v by_o rank_n take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o that_o wing_n which_o be_v towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o bring_v the_o best_a wing_n to_o be_v foremost_a against_o the_o enemy_n come_v still_o on_o upon_o he_o without_o any_o show_n of_o run_v away_o and_o by_o these_o word_n of_o command_n may_v be_v effect_v use_n word_n of_o command_n for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v by_o rank_n the_o use_n left_a hand_n corner_n file_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n turn_v your_o face_n and_o pass_v thorough_a to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o before_o your_o sideman_n keep_v your_o distance_n thus_o when_o our_o force_n be_v able_a to_o encounter_v the_o enemy_n and_o we_o desire_v to_o bring_v our_o best_a wing_n to_o fight_v then_o we_o proceed_v after_o this_o manner_n to_o oppose_v he_o rank_n of_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_v by_o rank_n the_o choraean_a countermarch_v by_o rank_n keep_v the_o same_o ground_n the_o battle_n have_v at_o first_o and_o bring_v one_o wing_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o other_o or_o else_o the_o section_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n thereby_o to_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n these_o two_o may_v be_v effect_v as_o the_o other_o by_o several_a word_n of_o command_n the_o first_o by_o this_o word_n of_o command_n rank_n word_n of_o command_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_v by_o rank_n rank_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n countermarch_v and_o maintain_v ground_n the_o second_o by_o this_o word_n of_o command_n countermarch_v the_o wing_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o way_n to_o do_v it_o be_v this_o first_o they_o be_v to_o face_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n by_o division_n then_o to_o countermarch_v into_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n after_o they_o be_v to_o face_n to_o their_o commander_n and_o so_o the_o countermarch_v be_v effect_v use_n the_o use_n thus_o we_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o our_o battle_n with_o our_o best_a man_n bring_v they_o to_o fight_v with_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v the_o end_n of_o countermarch_v wherein_o notwithstanding_o there_o be_v a_o caution_n to_o be_v hold_v that_o if_o the_o enemy_n be_v very_o near_o that_o we_o can_v convenient_o countermarch_v before_o he_o come_v upon_o we_o we_o forbear_v lest_o we_o fall_v into_o disorder_n and_o in_o disorder_n be_v easy_o defeat_v in_o which_o case_n the_o best_a remedy_n be_v to_o turn_v face_n and_o so_o receive_v he_o as_o countermarche_n be_v not_o to_o be_v do_v unless_o the_o enemy_n be_v aloof_o off_o so_o neither_o can_v they_o well_o be_v do_v but_o at_o open_a order_n when_o then_o your_o file_n and_o rank_n be_v at_o six_o foot_n which_o be_v your_o first_o distance_n than_o you_o have_v sufficient_a room_n to_o countermarch_v any_o way_n but_o in_o countermarch_v observe_v this_o if_o the_o word_n be_v for_o the_o right_a hand_n then_o step_v forth_o with_o the_o right_a leg_n and_o bring_v the_o left_a leg_n over_o if_o to_o the_o left_a then_o step_v forth_o with_o the_o left_a leg_n and_o bring_v the_o right_n over_o but_o if_o the_o word_n be_v to_o the_o right_n and_o maintain_v ground_n then_o stand_v fast_o with_o the_o right_a leg_n and_o bring_v the_o leave_v over_o thus_o much_o of_o countermarch_v now_o of_o double_v chap._n xxiii_o of_o the_o use_n of_o double_v there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o double_v the_o one_o of_o rank_n the_o other_o of_o fiâ—es_n the_o first_o do_v double_a the_o suidas_n the_o the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v the_o rank_n the_o depth_n be_v the_o file_n rank_n stretch_v forth_o in_o length_n file_n in_o depth_n say_v suidas_n length_n the_o second_o the_o depth_n of_o your_o battle_n the_o length_n of_o your_o battle_n may_v be_v double_v in_o place_n or_o number_n in_o place_n in_o double_v of_o the_o length_n of_o a_o battle_n in_o place_n place_n when_o every_o file_n do_v open_a from_o three_o foot_n to_o six_o foot_n which_o be_v your_o open_a order_n in_o file_n by_o this_o mean_v the_o front_n possess_v double_a ground_n to_o that_o it_o have_v before_o there_o be_v another_o way_n to_o double_a the_o front_n in_o place_n as_o you_o shall_v hear_v anon_o the_o length_n of_o your_o battle_n be_v number_n be_v double_v of_o the_o length_n of_o a_o battle_n in_o number_n double_v in_o number_n when_o of_o twenty_o in_o a_o rank_n it_o be_v make_v forty_o and_o of_o forty_o fourscore_o so_o that_o you_o have_v twice_o as_o many_o man_n in_o the_o front_n as_o you_o have_v before_o this_o double_n of_o the_o length_n of_o your_o battle_n by_o number_n may_v be_v do_v upon_o fit_a occasion_n either_o in_o open_a order_n or_o in_o order_n in_o open_a order_n by_o double_v of_o rank_n by_o middle_a man_n do_v the_o same_o by_o bringer_n up_o double_v the_o front_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n at_o discretion_n in_o order_n by_o middle_a man_n double_v of_o the_o front_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n entire_a or_o by_o devission_n to_o both_o which_o do_v likewise_o double_a the_o length_n of_o a_o battle_n not_o only_o in_o number_n but_o in_o place_n also_o as_o captain_n bingham_n do_v observe_v in_o his_o note_n upon_o aelian_a chap._n 29._o 29._o chap._n 29._o two_o cause_n be_v assign_v for_o the_o double_n of_o the_o length_n of_o your_o battle_n both_o in_o number_n and_o place_n the_o one_o to_o overw_v the_o enemy_n the_o other_o to_o avoid_v overw_v two_o way_n you_o may_v avoid_v overw_v one_o be_v by_o make_v choice_n of_o such_o a_o ground_n as_o may_v give_v you_o this_o advantage_n of_o the_o enemy_n that_o he_o can_v never_o compass_v you_o in_o behind_o 478_o pâ—â—tarâ—â—_n in_o the_o life_n of_o aâ—esâ—laus_n and_o s_o lla_o pag._n 630._o &_o 478_o nor_o flank_n you_o on_o the_o side_n now_o if_o you_o can_v 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the_o face_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o be_v bring_v forth_o to_o battle_n chap._n four_o how_o soldier_n must_v be_v arm_v soldier_n must_v be_v arm_v in_o every_o kind_n according_a as_o they_o be_v divide_v pikeman_n the_o dragon_n be_v light_a horse_n man_n otherwise_o call_v harqnebusier_n arm_n of_o a_o pikeman_n soldier_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o kind_n foot_n and_o horse_n the_o foot_n again_o be_v of_o two_o kind_n pikeman_n and_o musketeir_n the_o horse_n man_n again_o into_o two_o kind_n curassier_n and_o dragon_n the_o arm_n of_o pickeman_n be_v a_o gorget_n cuirass_n headpiece_n pike_n sword_n g_o rdle_n and_o hanger_n muskateire_n arm_n of_o a_o muskateire_n the_o arm_n of_o muskateir_n be_v a_o musket_n a_o rest_n bandeleire_n headpiece_n sword_n girdle_n and_o hanger_n curassier_n arm_n of_o a_o horseman_n curassier_n the_o arm_n of_o a_o horseman_n curassier_n be_v a_o gorget_n cuirass_n cutase_n pondrons_n vambrace_n a_o lefthand_n gauntlet_n taces_fw-la cush_n a_o 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shall_v go_v to_o fight_v against_o the_o goathe_n be_v naked_a on_o their_o breast_n &_o have_v nothing_o for_o their_o head_n they_o be_v oftentimes_o by_o the_o multitude_n of_o archer_n vanquish_v and_o overcome_v therefore_o let_v soldier_n still_o accustom_v themselves_o to_o wear_v their_o armour_n and_o when_o want_n of_o employment_n bid_v they_o cast_v they_o off_o let_v they_o not_o forget_v to_o use_v exercise_n at_o home_n to_o keep_v their_o body_n still_o in_o strength_n so_o when_o they_o shall_v reasume_v their_o arm_n again_o their_o body_n will_v be_v strong_a and_o able_a to_o bear_v they_o the_o next_o chapter_n show_v what_o exercise_n they_o shall_v use_v when_o they_o want_v employment_n chap._n v._o what_o exercise_n soldier_n shall_v use_v at_o idle_a time_n when_o they_o want_v employment_n because_o soldier_n may_v want_v employment_n and_o want_v of_o employment_n may_v breed_v idleness_n and_o idleness_n procure_v a_o stiffness_n in_o the_o joint_n therefore_o they_o must_v use_v at_o idle_a time_n such_o exercise_n as_o may_v put_v life_n into_o they_o which_o may_v make_v they_o strong_a and_o healthful_a 2._o vegetius_n lib._n 3._o chap._n 2._o for_o exercise_n be_v more_o available_a than_o physician_n the_o body_n by_o idleness_n engender_v many_o gross_a and_o cold_a humour_n which_o will_v be_v very_o painful_a to_o lazy_a soldier_n but_o moderate_a exercise_n take_v in_o time_n will_v not_o only_o prevent_v it_o but_o when_o they_o be_v come_v expelle_fw-fr they_o soon_o and_o give_v they_o ease_v therefore_o let_v soldier_n use_v exercise_n and_o such_o exercise_n as_o have_v in_o they_o the_o token_n of_o courage_n and_o feat_n of_o activity_n as_o run_v leap_v vault_a and_o swim_v the_o use_n of_o they_o follow_v in_o the_o 6._o 7._o 8._o and_o 9_o chapter_n chap._n vi_o why_o soldier_n must_v use_v run_v the_o ancient_a roman_n do_v exercise_v their_o young_a soldier_n to_o run_v that_o so_o with_o great_a violence_n they_o may_v set_v upon_o their_o enemy_n gain_v the_o commodious_a place_n from_o the_o enemy_n or_o prevent_v they_o if_o they_o will_v do_v the_o like_a 9_o vegetius_n lib._n 1._o chap._n 9_o for_o this_o cause_n say_v vegetius_n they_o be_v often_o exercise_v to_o run_v that_o so_o be_v set_v out_o for_o scout_n they_o may_v more_o cheerful_o go_v forward_o more_o ready_o return_v and_o more_o easy_o overtake_v their_o enemy_n when_o they_o flee_v we_o that_o do_v imitate_v the_o roman_n in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v useful_a do_v love_o incite_v our_o soldier_n at_o vacant_a time_n to_o use_v run_v that_o so_o they_o may_v be_v the_o better_o breathe_v and_o the_o more_o able_a to_o help_v we_o when_o we_o call_v for_o it_o the_o enemy_n be_v too_o strong_a in_o shot_n for_o we_o we_o command_v they_o to_o run_v ☜_o ☜_o that_o so_o we_o may_v join_v with_o he_o soon_o thereby_o avoid_v the_o inconvenience_n of_o play_v upon_o our_o battle_n he_o have_v liberty_n to_o dispose_v of_o his_o shot_n as_o he_o listen_v himself_o the_o enemy_n seek_v to_o gain_v some_o hill_n or_o strong_a place_n by_o we_o ☜_o ☜_o we_o command_v they_o to_o run_v that_o so_o he_o may_v be_v prevent_v the_o enemy_n fly_v we_o command_v they_o to_o pursue_v he_o run_v not_o in_o disorder_n but_o in_o good_a order_n for_o their_o safety_n thus_o must_v of_o run_v now_o of_o leap_v and_o the_o use_n chap._n vii_o why_o soldier_n must_v use_v leap_v soldier_n must_v use_v leap_v for_o pass_v of_o deep_a place_n that_o when_o such_o kind_n of_o difficulty_n happen_v they_o may_v go_v over_o without_o all_o manner_n of_o trouble_n pompey_n the_o great_a excel_v herein_o touch_v who_o sallust_n in_o this_o wise_a seem_v to_o make_v mention_n with_o the_o light_a in_o leap_v with_o the_o swift_a in_o run_v with_o the_o strong_a he_o strive_v in_o cast_v the_o bar_n our_o gracious_a sovereign_n king_n charles_n as_o a_o second_o pompey_n excel_v in_o this_o thus_o much_o of_o run_v and_o leap_v now_o of_o vault_a and_o the_o use_n chap._n viii_o why_o soldier_n must_v use_v vault_a soldier_n must_v use_v vault_a to_o make_v they_o ready_a nimble_a and_o quick_a on_o horseback_n the_o ancient_a roman_n say_v vegetius_n have_v horse_n of_o wood_n 1._o vegetius_n lib._n 1._o which_o in_o winter_n be_v set_v in_o a_o house_n in_o summer_n in_o the_o open_a field_n upon_o these_o the_o young_a soldier_n be_v compel_v to_o mount_v at_o the_o first_o without_o armour_n afterward_o with_o armour_n when_o be_v perfect_a they_o can_v with_o sword_n and_o long_a pole_n in_o their_o hand_n get_v up_o upon_o any_o side_n let_v soldier_n then_o use_v vault_v to_o make_v they_o ready_a nimble_a and_o quick_a on_o horseback_n that_o if_o it_o shall_v so_o chance_v that_o they_o be_v unhorse_v in_o
battle_n they_o may_v with_o ease_n mount_v themselves_o up_o again_o and_o renew_v the_o fight_n thus_o much_o of_o run_v leap_v and_o vault_a now_o of_o swym_v and_o the_o use_n chap._n ix_o why_o soldier_n must_v use_v swim_v soldier_n must_v use_v swym_v to_o pass_v over_o river_n for_o bridge_n be_v not_o ever_o ready_a likewise_o in_o retire_v or_o chase_v a_o army_n may_v be_v often_o time_n compel_v or_o constrain_v thereunto_o 1._o vegetius_n lib._n 1._o sudden_a shower_n or_o great_a snow_n say_v vegetius_n make_v the_o water_n break_v out_o and_o by_o ignorance_n herein_o soldier_n be_v subject_a to_o danger_n not_o only_o on_o the_o behalf_n of_o the_o enemy_n but_o also_o for_o drown_v and_o perish_v themselves_o for_o this_o cause_n they_o must_v be_v expert_a in_o swim_v the_o ancient_a roman_n which_o by_o so_o many_o war_n and_o contynuall_a peril_n come_v to_o be_v excellent_a in_o all_o war_n matter_n choose_v the_o field_n campus_n martius_n say_v vegetius_n hard_o by_o the_o river_n tiber_n that_o in_o the_o same_o when_o they_o have_v leave_v exercise_v their_o weapon_n they_o may_v wash_v off_o all_o the_o sweat_n and_o dust_n and_o when_o they_o be_v weary_a with_o run_v refresh_v themselves_o with_o swim_v thus_o much_o of_o the_o use_n of_o run_v leap_v vault_a swym_v the_o next_o chapter_n show_v unto_o what_o young_a soldier_n must_v be_v discipline_v and_o how_o often_o train_v in_o a_o month_n chap._n x._o unto_o what_o young_a soldier_n must_v be_v discipline_v and_o how_o often_o train_v in_o a_o month_n young_a soldier_n must_v be_v discipline_v in_o the_o right_a use_n of_o their_o arm_n in_o all_o the_o beat_v of_o the_o drum_n in_o all_o military_a motion_n to_o march_v well_o to_o face_n to_o wheel_n to_o countermarch_v to_o double_a rank_n and_o file_n to_o do_v all_o these_o either_o by_o word_n of_o mouth_n by_o motion_n of_o hand_n or_o by_o any_o other_o mute_a sign_n therefore_o if_o you_o will_v confirm_v their_o knowledge_n in_o these_o thing_n it_o be_v requisite_a that_o they_o shall_v be_v train_v either_o once_o a_o week_n or_o at_o the_o least_o thrice_o a_o quarter_n for_o continual_a use_n of_o the_o thing_n bring_v perfectness_n the_o latin_n have_v give_v we_o two_o word_n for_o a_o army_n acies_fw-la and_o exercitus_fw-la acies_fw-la be_v latin_n for_o a_o army_n set_v in_o battle_n array_n exercitus_fw-la be_v latin_n for_o a_o army_n which_o be_v in_o exercise_n this_o name_n denote_v unto_o we_o that_o it_o shall_v be_v ever_o in_o labour_n and_o never_o out_o of_o practice_n a_o army_n therefore_o that_o be_v out_o of_o exercise_n do_v loose_v a_o name_n therefore_o we_o must_v train_v the_o often_o and_o in_o our_o trayning_n at_o home_n practice_v that_o which_o may_v befall_v we_o in_o battle_n abroad_o this_o we_o learn_v from_o the_o roman_n the_o ancient_a roman_n do_v use_v to_o train_v their_o young_a soldier_n twice_o a_o day_n their_o old_a once_o 24._o vegetius_n lib._n 2._o chap._n 24._o and_o this_o they_o never_o miss_v what_o weather_n soever_o come_v in_o fair_a weather_n they_o exercise_v abroad_o in_o foul_a under_o covert_n erect_v for_o that_o purpose_n thrice_o a_o month_n the_o whole_a army_n be_v bring_v forth_o to_o march_v their_o march_n be_v ten_o mile_n from_o the_o camp_n the_o footman_n arm_v &_o furnish_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o weapon_n the_o horseman_n divide_v by_o troop_n &_o in_o complete_a arm_n in_o which_o march_n they_o make_v semblance_n of_o batel_n the_o horseman_n begin_v first_o sometime_o they_o follow_v sometime_o they_o give_v back_o and_o forse_v their_o horse_n run_v they_o upon_o the_o spur_n not_o only_o in_o plain_a field_n but_o in_o strange_a dificult_a place_n in_o breach_n &_o gape_v of_o ditch_n sometime_o the_o foot_n rescue_v the_o horse_n sometime_o the_o horse_n rescue_v the_o foot_n and_o both_o horse_n and_o foot_n do_v ascend_v and_o run_v down_o high_a and_o steep_a place_n thus_o be_v they_o practise_v at_o home_n in_o that_o which_o may_v befall_v they_o abroad_o so_o that_o hap_n what_o can_v happen_v to_o they_o in_o fight_n these_o practise_v soldier_n have_v very_o well_o forelearned_a no_o maruile_a then_o though_o they_o be_v the_o conqueror_n of_o so_o many_o nation_n and_o when_o they_o neglect_v this_o that_o they_o be_v so_o foil_v by_o hannibal_n and_o his_o carthaginian_n four_o &_o 20._o year_n they_o lay_v idle_a &_o be_v weaken_v by_o pleasure_n and_o difuse_v of_o arm_n that_o in_o the_o second_o war_n of_o carthage_n as_o vegetius_n report_v they_o be_v by_o no_o mean_n comparable_a hannibal_n but_o after_o so_o many_o consul_n lose_v so_o many_o captain_n slay_v so_o many_o army_n cast_v away_o fall_v to_o their_o former_a exercise_n they_o come_v at_o length_n to_o be_v conqueror_n again_o oh_o england_n england_n remember_v this_o by_o a_o presumption_n of_o long_a security_n thou_o do_v bring_v these_o thing_n out_o of_o use_n but_o follow_v what_o thou_o have_v begin_v and_o the_o the_o end_n will_v be_v glory_n practice_v war_n in_o peace_n &_o peace_n shall_v be_v thy_o reward_n 12_o august_n de_fw-fr civit._n dei_fw-la lib_fw-la 19_o chap._n 12_o for_o war_n end_n be_v peace_n be_v diligent_a in_o trayning_n &_o instruct_v thy_o soldier_n according_a as_o his_o majesty_n have_v direct_v every_o week_n for_o three_o month_n together_o and_o every_o holiday_n after_o in_o every_o year_n so_o thou_o shall_v abate_v the_o pride_n of_o thy_o sovereign_n enemy_n make_v he_o unwillng_v to_o come_v to_o handy_a blow_n see_v thou_o so_o expert_a and_o withal_o thou_o shall_v encourage_v the_o friend_n of_o thy_o sovereign_n and_o retain_v still_o the_o name_n of_o a_o valiant_a victorious_a nation_n therefore_o covet_v to_o be_v victorious_a still_o practice_v arm_n and_o desire_v peace_n prepare_v for_o war_n and_o so_o both_o will_v be_v effect_v the_o next_o chapter_n show_v when_o young_a soldier_n must_v be_v bring_v forth_o into_o the_o field_n for_o battle_n chap._n xi_o when_o young_a soldier_n must_v be_v bring_v into_o the_o field_n for_o battle_n when_o they_o know_v the_o beat_v of_o the_o drum_n the_o distance_n in_o rank_n and_o file_n a_o rank_n from_o a_o file_n and_o a_o file_n from_o a_o rank_n be_v expert_a in_o all_o fight_n and_o have_v such_o quality_n as_o befit_v martial_a man_n then_o let_v they_o be_v bring_v forth_o into_o the_o field_n for_o battle_n for_o the_o knowledge_n of_o war_n will_v make_v they_o the_o more_o bold_a to_o fight_v and_o when_o they_o be_v perfect_a in_o it_o they_o will_v not_o be_v afraid_a but_o take_v pleasure_n to_o meet_v the_o enemy_n in_o the_o field_n for_o we_o see_v by_o experience_n that_o no_o man_n fear_v at_o any_o time_n to_o do_v that_o which_o he_o persuade_v himself_o he_o have_v thorough_o learn_v and_o this_o may_v be_v conclude_v as_o a_o well_o ground_a proposition_n viz._n that_o as_o the_o well_o try_a and_o exercise_v soldier_n desire_v the_o battle_n even_o so_o the_o unexpert_a and_o ignorant_a will_v fear_v the_o same_o then_o take_v with_o you_o vegetius_n counsel_n never_o bring_v your_o soldier_n into_o the_o field_n till_o you_o have_v try_v and_o prove_v what_o they_o can_v do_v the_o next_o chapter_n show_v what_o the_o beat_v of_o the_o drum_n be_v which_o soldier_n must_v know_v chap._n xii_o what_o the_o beat_v of_o the_o drum_n be_v which_o soldier_n must_v know_v the_o drum_n have_v be_v of_o long_a use_n and_o be_v now_o for_o great_a service_n the_o beat_n of_o which_o each_o soldier_n ought_v true_o to_o understand_v in_o the_o right_a name_n the_o wisdom_n of_o the_o roman_n be_v such_o that_o when_o they_o will_v change_v their_o pace_n in_o march_n or_o inflame_v their_o soldier_n in_o fight_n war_n read_v garrad_n art_n of_o war_n they_o do_v use_v a_o contrary_a sound_n and_o as_o the_o sound_n do_v vary_v so_o likewise_o use_v they_o variety_n of_o name_n to_o they_o some_o they_o call_v the_o doric_a &_o the_o phrygian_a sound_n the_o one_o do_v inflame_v the_o soldier_n heart_n the_o other_o do_v make_v meek_a and_o appease_v they_o they_o have_v also_o the_o aeolian_a jasan_n and_o lydian_a and_o diverse_a other_o which_o do_v serve_v to_o incite_v or_o cool_v the_o courage_n of_o men._n which_o diversity_n of_o sound_n not_o only_o we_o but_o most_o nation_n do_v retain_v unto_o this_o day_n the_o drum_n be_v first_o invent_v by_o bacchus_n drum_n the_o antiquity_n of_o the_o drum_n from_o he_o it_o come_v into_o india_n from_o india_n into_o asia_n from_o asia_n into_o aeurope_n &_o now_o be_v use_v of_o all_o european_a nation_n as_o the_o learned_a captain_n bingham_n report_v in_o his_o note_n upon_o aelian_o tacttick_n chap._n 9_o the_o soldier_n than_o
all_o malady_n and_o that_o which_o lengthen_v a_o man_n life_n socrates_n by_o sobriety_n have_v always_o a_o strong_a body_n and_o live_v ever_o in_o health_n whereas_o alexander_n by_o his_o drunkenness_n dye_v in_o the_o flower_n of_o his_o age_n though_o he_o be_v better_o bear_v and_o of_o a_o sound_a constitution_n than_o socrates_n all_o the_o great_a personage_n of_o the_o world_n have_v be_v sober_a so_o be_v cyrus_n the_o elder_a so_o be_v caesar_n so_o be_v julian_n the_o emperor_n therefore_o let_v all_o soldier_n be_v sober_a and_o embrace_v sobriety_n for_o it_o will_v make_v they_o as_o king_n and_o prince_n to_o govern_v their_o passion_n and_o to_o bridle_v their_o insatiate_a appetite_n to_o sobriety_n let_v they_o add_v temperance_n temperance_n temperance_n temperance_n be_v a_o rule_n that_o sweet_o accommodate_v all_o thing_n unto_o nature_n necessity_n simplicity_n facility_n health_n constancy_n temperance_n will_v wean_v their_o soul_n from_o the_o sweet_a milk_n of_o the_o pleasure_n of_o this_o world_n and_o make_v they_o capable_a of_o a_o more_o solid_a and_o sovereign_a nourishment_n these_o two_o will_v high_o advance_v they_o in_o the_o favour_n of_o their_o general_n and_o raise_v they_o in_o time_n to_o great_a preferment_n whereas_o drunkard_n and_o untemperate_a person_n be_v contemn_v of_o all_o man_n and_o no_o matter_n of_o importancy_n to_o be_v commit_v unto_o they_o warâ—e_n read_v garrards_n art_n of_o warâ—e_n the_o turk_n be_v famous_a for_o their_o sobriety_n a_o certain_a gentleman_n at_o his_o return_n from_o constantinople_n do_v declare_v unto_o the_o earl_n of_o salma_n that_o he_o have_v see_v four_o miracle_n in_o the_o turkish_a dominion_n which_o be_v first_o a_o infinite_a army_n almost_o without_o number_n consist_v of_o more_o than_o four_o hundred_o thousand_o man_n second_o that_o among_o so_o many_o man_n be_v see_v not_o one_o woman_n three_o that_o there_o be_v no_o mention_n make_v of_o wine_n last_o at_o night_n when_o they_o have_v cry_v with_o a_o high_a voice_n alla_fw-mi which_o be_v god_n there_o continue_v so_o great_a a_o silence_n through_o the_o whole_a camp_n that_o even_o in_o the_o pavilion_n they_o do_v not_o speak_v but_o in_o a_o low_a voice_n a_o thing_n worthy_a to_o be_v admire_v and_o imitate_v though_o from_o turk_n the_o next_o quality_n require_v in_o a_o soldier_n be_v valour_n valour_n valour_n valour_n be_v the_o great_a the_o most_o generous_a and_o heroycall_a virtue_n for_o a_o soldier_n of_o all_o other_o it_o consist_v in_o the_o stoutness_n of_o his_o heart_n in_o the_o resolution_n and_o staidness_n of_o his_o mind_n ground_v upon_o the_o duty_n the_o honesty_n and_o justice_n of_o the_o enterprise_n which_o resolution_n never_o slack_v whatsoever_o happen_v until_o he_o have_v valiant_o end_v the_o enterprise_n or_o his_o life_n here_o be_v valour_n let_v soldier_n strive_v to_o be_v thus_o valiant_a some_o do_v seek_v this_o virtue_n in_o the_o body_n and_o in_o the_o power_n and_o strength_n of_o the_o limb_n but_o they_o be_v mistake_v for_o it_o be_v not_o a_o quality_n of_o the_o body_n but_o of_o the_o mind_n a_o settle_a strength_n not_o of_o the_o arm_n and_o leg_n it_o they_o term_v it_o but_o of_o the_o courage_n this_o valour_n be_v philosophical_a not_o altogether_o humane_a be_v a_o impregnable_a bulwark_n a_o complete_a armour_n to_o encounter_v all_o accident_n arm_v a_o man_n against_o his_o own_o adverse_a fortune_n 499._o peter_n charron_n of_o wisdom_n lib._n 3._o pag._n 499._o and_o make_v he_o to_o brook_v the_o constancy_n and_o virtue_n of_o his_o enemy_n contain_v magnanimity_n patience_n and_o other_o chief_a heroical_a virtue_n all_o other_o help_n be_v strange_a and_o borrow_a strength_n of_o arm_n &_o leg_n be_v the_o quality_n of_o a_o porter_n to_o make_v a_o enemy_n to_o stoop_v to_o dasle_n his_o eye_n at_o the_o light_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v a_o accident_n of_o fortune_n he_o who_o 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have_v sufficient_a precedent_n for_o these_o thing_n fear_v not_o to_o put_v they_o in_o execution_n when_o you_o see_v fit_a time_n i_o conclude_v now_o as_o i_o begin_v that_o all_o these_o policy_n and_o more_o be_v to_o be_v attain_v with_o learning_n and_o often_o read_v of_o history_n as_o by_o all_o brave_a commander_n which_o ever_o be_v yet_o may_v well_o be_v understand_v and_o therefore_o let_v no_o man_n think_v but_o a_o soldier_n ought_v to_o be_v learned_a and_o read_v the_o which_o join_v with_o experience_n make_v he_o a_o perfect_a man_n of_o war_n and_o without_o this_o learning_n and_o read_v a_o soldier_n may_v haunt_v the_o war_n many_o year_n and_o never_o attain_v to_o the_o deep_a point_n of_o soldiery_n 173._o in_o barret_n be_v of_o war_n lib._n 8._o pag._n 173._o the_o which_o by_o much_o read_n and_o few_o year_n of_o experience_n may_v be_v far_o better_a perfect_v as_o may_v be_v see_v by_o lucullus_n the_o roman_a commander_n and_o many_o other_o of_o other_o nation_n thus_o much_o of_o policy_n and_o of_o the_o quality_n which_o befit_v martial_a man_n the_o next_o eight_o chapter_n follow_v declare_v the_o use_n of_o facing_n the_o use_n of_o wheeling_n the_o use_n of_o counter-marching_a the_o use_n of_o double_v the_o use_n of_o those_o distance_n which_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o battle_n natural_o arise_v out_o of_o double_v with_o the_o word_n of_o command_n for_o either_o chap._n xviii_o of_o the_o use_n of_o facing_n in_o exercise_n we_o common_o prefix_v unto_o ourselves_o this_o method_n or_o order_n first_o to_o face_n and_o stand_v second_o to_o face_n and_o march_v when_o we_o face_n and_o stand_v stand_v ☜_o of_o face_v and_o stand_v it_o be_v to_o show_v our_o soldier_n how_o they_o shall_v defend_v themselves_o if_o they_o shall_v be_v set_v upon_o in_o front_n in_o rear_n in_o flank_n by_o transfer_v their_o face_n that_o way_n to_o receive_v they_o close_v or_o sering_a themselves_o together_o at_o a_o convenient_a distance_n and_o bear_v out_o a_o bingham_n a_o this_o be_v lively_o express_v in_o the_o hollow_a battle_n call_v plaesium_n wherâ—_n the_o musketier_n be_v in_o the_o midst_n the_o pike_n outward_o front_v every_o way_n and_o charginâ—_n over-hand_n to_o shelter_v the_o musketeer_n apian_a in_o the_o war_n of_o syria_n and_o capt._n bingham_n multitude_n of_o pike_n every_o way_n upon_o they_o as_o that_o phalange_n of_o antiochus_n the_o great_a do_v when_o domitius_n scipio_n lieutenant_n encompass_v it_o round_o with_o horseman_n and_o light_n arm_v i_o can_v do_v amiss_o in_o relate_v the_o manner_n of_o it_o unto_o you_o it_o be_v so_o pertinent_a for_o my_o purpose_n and_o so_o fit_a for_o the_o understanding_n of_o the_o motion_n therefore_o out_o of_o apian_a i_o will_v dilate_v it_o thus_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o horse_n and_o chariot_n of_o antiochus_n be_v put_v to_o flight_n by_o the_o roman_a horseman_n and_o by_o eumenes_n his_o phalange_n of_o foot_n be_v destitute_a of_o horse_n first_o open_v and_o receive_v the_o light_n arm_v that_o have_v all_o the_o while_n fight_v in_o the_o front_n into_o the_o midst_n of_o it_o then_o afterward_o again_o close_v and_o when_o domitius_n scipio_n lieutenant_n encompass_v it_o about_o with_o horse_n and_o light_n arm_v which_o he_o may_v easy_o do_v by_o reason_n it_o be_v thrust_v up_o in_o a_o thick_a midst_n thick_a this_o plinthâ—um_n be_v a_o greaâ—_n square_a battle_n full_a of_o man_n and_o not_o the_o hollow_a plinthium_fw-la speak_v of_o in_o xâ—nophon_n the_o depth_n oâ—_n this_o plinthium_fw-la be_v 32._o in_o depth_n the_o light_n arm_v in_o the_o midst_n plinthium_fw-la it_o be_v drive_v to_o great_a distress_n be_v neither_o able_a to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n nor_o yet_o to_o countermarch_n in_o so_o great_a a_o depth_n as_o it_o carry_v it_o grieve_v they_o much_o that_o their_o long_a experience_n nothing_o avail_v they_o to_o annoy_v the_o enemy_n and_o that_o notwithstanding_o they_o be_v subject_a to_o arrow_n and_o dart_n at_o all_o hand_n yet_o bear_v out_o a_o multitude_n of_o pike_n on_o every_o side_n of_o their_o square_n they_o call_v the_o roman_n to_o come_v to_o handle_v blow_n and_o still_o make_v a_o countenance_n as_o though_o they_o mean_v to_o charge_n keep_v themselves_o for_o all_o that_o within_o their_o rank_n as_o be_v footman_n and_o heavy_a arm_v and_o the_o rather_o because_o they_o have_v to_o do_v with_o a_o enemy_n on_o horseback_n beside_o they_o be_v loath_a to_o break_v the_o thickness_n of_o their_o battle_n which_o form_n they_o can_v not_o now_o alter_v the_o roman_n also_o dare_v not_o approach_v they_o and_o come_v to_o sword_n fear_v their_o experience_n in_o war_n and_o closeness_n of_o array_n and_o desperation_n but_o run_v about_o here_o and_o there_o ply_v they_o with_o arrow_n and_o dart_n whereof_o none_o be_v throw_v in_o vain_a fall_v among_o a_o troop_n so_o close_o put_v together_o that_o they_o can_v neither_o avoid_v and_o decline_v any_o thing_n throw_v nor_o give_v a_o way_n albeit_o they_o see_v it_o come_v at_o last_o be_v weary_a and_o irresolute_a what_o to_o do_v they_o retire_v easy_o with_o a_o threaten_a countenance_n notwithstanding_o and_o in_o good_a order_n and_o not_o deliver_v the_o roman_n of_o fear_n who_o dare_v not_o yet_o come_v near_o but_o seek_v to_o annoy_v they_o aloof_o till_o the_o elephant_n place_v in_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n be_v affright_v and_o not_o to_o be_v rule_v by_o their_o governor_n trouble_v all_o and_o give_v occasion_n of_o flight_n hitherto_o appian_n whereby_o you_o may_v see_v how_o sudden_o they_o do_v face_n maintain_v a_o charge_n as_o it_o be_v upon_o a_o stand_n and_o when_o the_o roman_n will_v not_o come_v to_o handy_a stroke_n with_o they_o they_o angry_o yet_o
your_o double_a distance_n the_o use_n of_o this_o be_v twofold_a first_o to_o employ_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o ground_n for_o your_o own_o advantage_n make_v your_o number_n seem_v more_o than_o it_o be_v second_o to_o make_v way_n for_o the_o canon_n shoot_v by_o which_o the_o enemy_n afar_o of_o will_v annoy_v your_o flank_n therefore_o you_o march_v at_o a_o double_a distance_n the_o depth_n of_o your_o battle_n be_v double_v by_o number_n number_n double_v thâ—_n depth_n of_o a_o battle_n by_o number_n when_o of_o ten_o in_o file_n it_o be_v make_v twenty_o of_o twenty_o forty_o and_o of_o sorry_a fourscore_o the_o double_n of_o the_o depth_n of_o your_o battle_n may_v be_v do_v upon_o fit_a occasion_n either_o in_o open_a order_n or_o in_o close_a order_n in_o open_a order_n by_o double_v of_o file_n when_o file_n double_v by_o countermarch_v either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n or_o when_o half_o the_o rank_n double_v the_o right_n or_o left_a flank_n when_o rank_n file_v by_o conversion_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n which_o be_v usual_o do_v at_o a_o double_a distance_n in_o order_n or_o close_a order_n by_o advance_v of_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n by_o fileleader_n draw_v forth_o their_o file_n into_o one_o or_o if_o you_o will_v both_o to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n by_o division_n then_o both_o right_a and_o left_a hand_n file_n lead_v forth_o together_o so_o the_o body_n be_v draw_v into_o two_o file_n all_o these_o way_n and_o more_o may_v the_o depth_n of_o your_o battle_n be_v double_v in_o place_n and_o number_n not_o to_o change_v the_o form_n thereof_o or_o if_o it_o be_v to_o alter_v the_o fashion_n whereby_o your_o battle_n may_v be_v make_v suitable_a to_o the_o ground_n upon_o any_o occasion_n which_o be_v not_o the_o least_o thing_n to_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o observe_v a_o large_a front_a battle_n be_v unfit_a for_o a_o narrow_a place_n a_o deep_a narrow_a battle_n for_o a_o champion_n be_v not_o so_o suitable_a this_o the_o roman_n and_o grecian_n know_v full_a well_o and_o therefore_o they_o will_v order_v themselves_o according_o make_v a_o politic_a use_n of_o either_o as_o they_o see_v occasion_n it_o be_v report_v of_o manius_n acilius_n the_o roman_a consul_n that_o be_v to_o fight_v with_o antiochus_n the_o great_a in_o the_o strait_n of_o thermopyle_n because_o therein_o he_o can_v march_v with_o his_o man_n no_o more_o than_o five_o in_o front_n he_o order_v all_o his_o legion_n into_o a_o syrians_n a_o orthiophalaâ—_n be_v a_o deep_a pâ—lange_n common_o call_v a_o heir_n have_v the_o depth_n much_o excee_v the_o length_n aegean_a chap._n 30._o appian_n in_o the_o warn_v of_o the_o româ—nes_n with_o syrians_n orthiophalanx_n which_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o battle_n in_o form_n of_o a_o heirse_n of_o far_o great_a depth_n than_o length_n thus_o be_v extend_v in_o depth_n and_o but_o five_o in_o rank_n he_o proceed_v on_o appoint_v marcus_n cato_n one_o of_o his_o tribune_n with_o a_o select_a band_n of_o man_n to_o fetch_v a_o compass_n about_o to_o seek_v some_o other_o passage_n if_o not_o to_o scale_v the_o rock_n and_o then_o to_o seize_v upon_o antiochus_n campe._n and_o likewise_o he_o send_v lucius_n valerius_n another_o of_o his_o tribune_n wiâ—h_v a_o like_a band_n of_o man_n to_o force_v the_o aetâ—lians_n from_o the_o rock_n on_o the_o other_o side_n he_o be_v to_o pass_v under_o they_o that_o so_o have_v gain_v the_o rock_n they_o may_v further_o his_o passage_n and_o annoy_n antiochus_n from_o thence_o wiâ—h_v missive_a weapon_n he_o himself_o lead_v his_o army_n in_o front_n against_o antiochus_n in_o the_o manner_n before_o say_v now_o antiochus_n have_v fortify_v the_o strait_n with_o a_o wall_n where_o it_o be_v broad_a stand_v there_o ready_a to_o receive_v he_o with_o his_o battle_n of_o macedonian_n far_o broad_a in_o front_n than_o acilius_n army_n be_v but_o when_o marcus_n cato_n have_v gain_v the_o hill_n antiochus_n be_v instant_o strike_v into_o amazement_n and_o acilius_n take_v courage_n thereby_o come_v brave_o on_o and_o force_v antiochus_n to_o flight_n thus_o suit_v his_o battle_n to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o place_n and_o yet_o make_v use_n of_o his_o man_n for_o his_o best_a advantage_n he_o obtain_v a_o glorious_a victory_n one_o example_n more_o out_o of_o xenophons_n history_n and_o so_o i_o will_v conclude_v 4._o â—â—nophon_fw-mi lib._n 4._o the_o grecian_n which_o cherisophus_n and_o xenophon_n conduct_v out_o of_o persia_n be_v in_o the_o champagne_n order_v into_o a_o square_n hollow_a battle_n every_o part_n of_o like_a strength_n with_o their_o baggage_n and_o loose_a multitude_n in_o the_o midst_n these_o grecian_n when_o they_o come_v into_o the_o country_n of_o the_o carduchans_n and_o colchans_n be_v otherwise_o order_v there_o be_v high_a hill_n huge_a steep_a mountain_n and_o but_o narrow_a passage_n they_o must_v now_o be_v imbattel_v not_o in_o a_o hollow_a â—ddest_a hollow_a the_o pâ—aesium_n a_o square_a batel_n of_o man_n â—ollow_v in_o the_o â—ddest_a plaesium_n but_o in_o several_a company_n and_o every_o company_n into_o a_o single_a file_n every_o file_n have_v a_o hundred_o man_n a_o piece_n ascend_v those_o steep_a mountain_n and_o beat_v the_o enemy_n from_o thence_o which_o stand_v thereon_o in_o battle_n array_n do_v more_o with_o ten_o thousand_o man_n than_o a_o king_n of_o persia_n can_v do_v with_o twelve_o myriad_o that_o be_v twelve_o hundred_o thousand_o thus_o the_o grecian_n and_o roman_n mirror_n of_o arm_n and_o learning_n do_v always_o shape_v their_o battle_n according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o ground_n and_o be_v perfect_a in_o the_o art_n of_o imbattel_v do_v all_o thing_n proper_a as_o they_o see_v occasion_n the_o like_a must_v we_o and_o thus_o much_o shall_v suffice_v for_o the_o double_n of_o the_o length_n and_o depth_n of_o a_o phalange_n or_o battle_n now_o follow_v the_o distance_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o they_o so_o the_o word_n of_o command_n shall_v follow_v for_o all_o in_o the_o five_o and_o twenty_o chapter_n chap._n xxiiii_o of_o the_o distance_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o battle_n and_o of_o their_o use_n disorder_n be_v the_o confusion_n of_o a_o battle_n but_o good_a order_n prevent_v â—â—is_n confusion_n therefore_o all_o commander_n as_o much_o as_o in_o they_o lie_v must_v study_v to_o prevent_v this_o in_o time_n and_o this_o may_v be_v do_v by_o observe_v of_o distance_n for_o distance_n be_v the_o rule_n that_o square_n all_o distance_n be_v to_o the_o battle_n as_o the_o soul_n to_o the_o body_n the_o battle_n may_v be_v call_v a_o body_n now_o take_v away_o distance_n from_o this_o body_n and_o it_o fall_v to_o ruin_v for_o want_n of_o a_o soul_n iphicrates_n the_o athenian_a say_v that_o in_o a_o army_n of_o man_n the_o light_a horseman_n resemble_v the_o hand_n the_o man_n at_o arm_n the_o foot_n the_o battle_n of_o footman_n the_o stomach_n and_o breast_n and_o the_o captain_n the_o head_n of_o the_o body_n see_v here_o a_o military_a body_n proportion_v to_o the_o body_n of_o a_o man_n see_v how_o it_o receive_v motion_n and_o life_n distance_n be_v the_o soul_n that_o make_v it_o move_v care_v then_o ought_v to_o be_v have_v in_o move_v now_o this_o care_n be_v effect_v by_o the_o observe_n of_o distance_n three_o kind_n of_o distance_n be_v mention_v by_o aelian_a â—â—_o aeâ—â—aâ—_n chap._n â—â—_o for_o the_o open_n and_o shut_v of_o a_o phalange_n or_o battle_n the_o first_o be_v large_a distance_n of_o four_o cubit_n which_o amount_v to_o six_o foot_n the_o second_o be_v less_o but_o of_o two_o cubit_n which_o amount_v to_o three_o foot_n the_o three_o be_v of_o a_o lesser_a kind_n but_o of_o a_o cubit_n which_o amount_v at_o the_o most_o but_o to_o a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a these_o be_v all_o one_o and_o the_o same_o with_o open_a order_n order_n and_o close_a order_n open_v order_n be_v when_o every_o soldier_n in_o the_o battle_n take_v six_o foot_n both_o in_o file_n and_o ranke_n and_o march_v with_o their_o pike_n shoulder_v it_o be_v for_o ease_n in_o march_v be_v likewise_o of_o great_a use_n go_v against_o a_o fort_n or_o strong_a place_n of_o the_o enemy_n for_o it_o give_v way_n to_o the_o cannon_n shoot_v and_o be_v of_o singular_a use_n to_o save_v your_o man_n we_o use_v to_o march_v thus_o when_o the_o enemy_n keep_v aloof_o off_o order_n be_v when_o every_o soldier_n in_o battle_n take_v three_o foot_n both_o in_o file_n and_o ranke_n and_o march_v with_o their_o pike_n either_o advance_v or_o port_a this_o be_v to_o prepare_v for_o skirmish_v when_o the_o enemy_n be_v near_o close_o order_n be_v when_o every_o soldier_n in_o the_o battle_n take_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a in_o file_n
and_o a_o foot_n a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a from_o the_o sword_n point_n which_o be_v three_o foot_n in_o rank_n and_o this_o be_v to_o endure_v the_o brunt_n of_o a_o charge_n the_o first_o be_v use_v in_o ancient_a time_n for_o march_n solemn_a pomp_n and_o show_n the_o second_o for_o their_o fight_n only_o before_o they_o do_v join_v 11._o note_a â—y_a capt._n bâ—ngham_n 〈◊〉_d aelian_a ch_n 11._o the_o three_o be_v the_o sinaspisme_n of_o the_o macedonian_n so_o call_v because_o therein_o they_o join_v target_n to_o target_n which_o they_o never_o use_v but_o when_o either_o they_o give_v upon_o or_o receive_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o target_n so_o knit_v together_o serve_v for_o a_o wall_n as_o it_o be_v to_o the_o whole_a phalange_n and_o by_o they_o the_o soldier_n be_v defend_v from_o the_o missive_a weapon_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o his_o body_n cover_v even_o from_o the_o pierce_a of_o the_o sword_n this_o be_v former_o use_v by_o the_o ancient_a hero_n at_o 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