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move_v at_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o wing_n which_o be_v near_a to_o the_o enemy_n the_o enemy_n appear_v to_o either_o flank_n and_o therefore_o incur_v the_o same_o imputation_n that_o be_v lay_v upon_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n as_o seem_v to_o run_v away_o because_o it_o dismarch_v from_o the_o enemy_n yet_o be_v there_o use_v of_o it_o as_o well_o as_o of_o that_o by_o file_n for_o by_o this_o countermarch_n you_o may_v set_v the_o strong_a part_n of_o your_o army_n against_o the_o enemy_n and_o apply_v the_o weak_a to_o some_o river_n lake_n hill_n or_o such_o like_a so_o that_o the_o enemy_n can_v not_o come_v to_o encompass_v it_o it_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o contrary_a wing_n the_o lacedaemonian_a take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o that_o wing_n which_o be_v towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o bring_v the_o best_a man_n to_o be_v foremost_a against_o the_o enemy_n and_o therefore_o begin_v the_o move_n on_o the_o contrary_a side_n the_o use_n of_o it_o be_v when_o your_o force_n be_v such_o as_o be_v able_a to_o encounter_v the_o enemy_n and_o you_o desire_v to_o bring_v your_o best_a man_n to_o fight_v the_o choraean_a keep_v the_o same_o ground_n the_o battle_n have_v at_o first_o &_o bring_v one_o wing_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n of_o the_o other_o or_o else_o the_o section_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n as_o may_v have_v be_v do_v in_o the_o last_o example_n cite_v concern_v scipio_n and_o asdrubal_n the_o manner_n of_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o countermarch_n by_o file_n in_o countermarch_n by_o file_n the_o motion_n be_v in_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o either_o the_o front_n remove_v towards_o the_o rear_n or_o the_o rear_n towards_o the_o front_n and_o take_v one_o a_o other_o place_n in_o this_o the_o motion_n be_v in_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n flanke-wise_a the_o wing_n either_o march_v into_o the_o midst_n or_o else_o clean_a through_o to_o the_o other_o wing_n in_o do_v it_o the_o soldier_n that_o stand_v uttermost_a in_o the_o flank_n of_o the_o wing_n must_v move_v first_o to_o the_o contrary_a wing_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o every_o rank_n several_o follow_v they_o in_o order_n the_o figure_n will_v show_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o motion_n patritius_fw-la utter_o mistake_v the_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n and_o ground_v himself_o upon_o a_o wrong_a principle_n namely_o that_o in_o all_o countermarch_v the_o fileleader_n must_v march_v towards_o the_o rear_n and_o the_o bringers-up_a towards_o the_o front_n and_o therefore_o in_o change_v the_o wing_n into_o section_n he_o make_v the_o wing_n to_o fall_v of_o behind_o in_o the_o rear_n the_o fileleader_n wheel_v about_o and_o there_o to_o join_v themselves_o as_o near_o as_o the_o middle_a section_n will_v give_v leave_n and_o the_o section_n fall_v back_o likewise_o to_o join_v themselves_o to_o the_o flank_n of_o they_o 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bringers-up_a the_o word_n of_o command_n may_v be_v these_o for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n fileleader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o every_o file_n pass_v through_o in_o order_n one_o after_o another_o and_o place_n yourselves_o at_o your_o distance_n after_o your_o leader_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o so_o stand_v for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n the_o first_o manner_n bringers-up_a turn_v your_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o and_o beginning_n at_o they_o that_o be_v next_o to_o the_o bringers-up_a countermarch_n and_o place_n yourselves_o in_o your_o distance_n before_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o one_o before_o a_o other_o till_o the_o fileleader_n be_v first_o the_o second_o manner_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o let_v every_o man_n file_n follow_v he_o and_o keep_v true_a distance_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_n by_o file_n fileleader_n countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o bringers-up_a and_o stand_v and_o let_v your_o file_n follow_v you_o keep_v their_o distance_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o right_a or_o left_a hand_n corner_n file_n turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o orderly_o behind_o your_o sideman_n keep_v your_o distance_n cap_n 29_o dobling_n of_o rank_n the_o front_n before_o dobling_n of_o rank_n dobling_n of_o rank_n in_o action_n the_o front_n after_o dobling_n of_o rank_n for_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o first_o manner_n the_o corner_n file_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o rest_n of_o each_o rank_n turn_v your_o face_n and_o pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n and_o place_n yourselves_o before_o your_o sideman_n orderly_o keep_v your_o distance_n the_o second_o manner_n the_o right_a or_o left_a wing_n where_o the_o enemy_n appear_v not_o countermarch_n to_o the_o contrary_a wing_n and_o all_o in_o the_o rank_n follow_v every_o man_n his_o side-man_n keep_v your_o distance_n for_o the_o choraean_a countermarch_n by_o rank_n the_o uttermost_a corner_n file_v of_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v wing_n countermarch_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o left_a or_o right_a wing_n and_o stand_v and_o the_o rest_n follow_v ranke-wise_a keep_v their_o distance_n of_o double_v and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o chap._n xxix_o 1_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o double_v one_o of_o rank_n the_o other_o of_o depth_n or_o file_n and_o 2_o either_o of_o these_o double_a the_o number_n or_o the_o place_n 3_o the_o length_n be_v double_v in_o number_n when_o of_o a_o front_n of_o 124_o file_n we_o make_v a_o front_n keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o 248_o file_n by_o insert_v in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o file_n and_o file_n some_o of_o the_o follower_n that_o stand_v in_o the_o depth_n this_o be_v do_v to_o the_o end_n to_o thicken_v the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n if_o we_o lift_v to_o recall_v they_o to_o their_o first_o posture_n we_o be_v to_o command_v those_o that_o be_v insert_v to_o countermarch_n to_o the_o place_n they_o have_v before_o 4_o there_o be_v that_o mislike_v these_o doubling_n especial_o the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n and_o will_v have_v a_o show_n of_o double_v make_v without_o indeed_o double_v the_o phalange_n already_o order_v by_o stretch_v out_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o the_o horse_n on_o both_o side_n of_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o battle_n 5_o the_o use_n of_o double_v the_o length_n be_v when_o either_o we_o will_v over-wing_n the_o enemy_n or_o else_o ourselves_o fear_v to_o be_v over-winged_n the_o depth_n be_v double_v 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n into_o the_o first_o so_o that_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v place_v next_o behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o second_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o four_o man_n of_o the_o first_o file_n and_o the_o three_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n be_v the_o six_o in_o the_o first_o file_n and_o so_o forth_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o whole_a second_o file_n be_v ingross_v into_o the_o first_o and_o likewise_o the_o four_o file_n into_o the_o three_o and_o all_o the_o even_a file_n into_o the_o odd_a doubâ—ing_v of_o the_o depth_n by_o countermarch_v be_v make_v either_o when_o the_o next_o side-file_n in_o several_a as_o in_o the_o former_a example_n the_o second_o and_o the_o four_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n to_o the_o rear_n and_o place_n themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a file_n or_o else_o the_o file_n remain_v in_o their_o first_o place_n and_o number_n half_a of_o they_o divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o 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nothing_o pertein_v to_o that_o argument_n i_o never_o make_v doubt_n be_v creep_v into_o the_o text_n and_o i_o be_o rather_o confirm_v in_o my_o opinion_n because_o i_o see_v it_o noteâ—_n with_o a_o asterisk_n in_o that_o aelian_a be_v of_o robortellus_n edition_n which_o the_o learned_a isaac_n casaubon_n have_v quote_v and_o purpose_v to_o set_v forth_o if_o untimely_a dâ—ath_n have_v not_o prevent_v he_o i_o will_v here_o set_v down_o the_o word_n because_o they_o differ_v not_o much_o from_o aelian_n and_o may_v give_v some_o light_n to_o the_o manner_n of_o double_v it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v so_o be_v the_o word_n â—hat_n a_o phalange_n be_v double_v in_o person_n or_o place_n when_o we_o therefore_o take_v half_a the_o soldier_n from_o the_o depth_n and_o make_v file_n of_o they_o place_v they_o even_o with_o the_o rest_n in_o length_n of_o the_o front_n so_o that_o of_o 124_o file_n we_o make_v 248_o this_o be_v double_v of_o person_n in_o like_a sort_n we_o double_v the_o place_n with_o 124_o file_n not_o increase_v the_o number_n but_o only_o command_v some_o to_o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n some_o to_o the_o target_n till_o the_o phalange_n be_v stretch_v out_o to_o a_o convenient_a length_n as_o from_o 5_o furlong_n to_o 10._o in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v the_o depth_n double_v for_o either_o one_o file_n be_v insert_v into_o a_o other_o man_n for_o man_n so_o that_o the_o second_o file-leader_n become_v the_o follower_n of_o the_o first_o and_o the_o second_o man_n in_o the_o second_o file_n the_o follower_n of_o the_o second_o in_o the_o first_o file_n and_o so_o the_o rest_n or_o else_o 16_o man_n be_v so_o extend_v that_o they_o hold_v as_o much_o ground_n in_o length_n as_o 32_o usuallydoe_n so_o far_o the_o insertion_n it_o follow_v in_o aelian_n 3_o the_o length_n be_v double_v in_o
sleeve_v they_o upon_o one_o side_n which_o you_o will_v may_v be_v use_v without_o danger_n as_o well_o when_o the_o enemy_n be_v near_o as_o when_o the_o fight_n be_v in_o as_o much_o as_o they_o disturb_v not_o the_o battle_n but_o advance_v fresh_a aide_n against_o the_o enemy_n on_o the_o flank_n of_o it_o 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n there_o be_v two_o manner_n of_o doubling_n of_o the_o depth_n or_o of_o file_n one_o in_o number_n the_o other_o in_o place_n in_o number_n when_o one_o file_n be_v insert_v into_o another_o the_o leader_n or_o first_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n stand_v behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o the_o second_o behind_o the_o second_o the_o three_o behind_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o of_o the_o rest_n or_o when_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n and_o their_o leader_n place_v themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a their_o file_n follow_v they_o or_o which_o come_v all_o to_o one_o the_o file_n be_v whole_a they_o divide_v themselves_o into_o two_o part_n in_o the_o front_n and_o half_a countermarch_n and_o place_n themselves_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o other_o file_n to_o file_v albeit_o the_o two_o last_o be_v doubling_n both_o in_o number_n and_o place_n and_o not_o in_o place_n alone_o the_o true_a double_v of_o the_o place_n alone_o be_v not_o aelian_a the_o insertion_n whereof_o i_o speak_v remedi_v this_o defect_n also_o there_o it_o be_v say_v that_o when_o 16_o man_n that_o be_v a_o file_n be_v so_o extend_v that_o they_o possess_v as_o much_o length_n as_o 32_o shall_v do_v that_o be_v as_o 2_o file_n it_o be_v double_v of_o place_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o change_v of_o the_o soldier_n order_n into_o open_a order_n for_o in_o their_o order_n they_o have_v 48_o foot_n in_o depth_n in_o their_o open_a order_n 96_o foot_n in_o depth_n in_o this_o double_v of_o depth_n we_o must_v take_v heed_n that_o we_o make_v not_o the_o front_n of_o our_o army_n to_o narrow_a lest_o we_o give_v opportunity_n to_o the_o enemy_n to_o encircle_v and_o encompass_v it_o polybius_n note_v this_o a_o great_a faulâ—_n in_o marcus_n atilius_n regulus_n at_o such_o time_n as_o he_o fight_v with_o the_o carthaginian_n and_o be_v take_v prisoner_n his_o word_n have_v this_o effect_n k_o the_o roman_n see_v the_o enemy_n order_v 1._o his_o battle_n march_v out_o against_o he_o fuâ—l_o of_o courage_n be_v notwithstanding_o somewhat_o appall_v at_o and_o foresee_v the_o elephant_n violence_n in_o come_v on_o they_o set_v their_o darter_n before_o and_o place_v many_o maniple_n of_o arm_v behind_o one_o after_o a_o other_o and_o divide_v the_o horse_n half_a into_o one_o wing_n half_a into_o the_o other_o then_o make_v the_o whole_a battle_n short_a but_o deep_a than_o they_o be_v wont_a they_o provide_v well_o against_o the_o elephant_n but_o not_o against_o the_o horse_n that_o far_o exceed_v they_o in_o number_n be_v now_o come_v to_o hand_n the_o roman_a horse_n overpress_v with_o multitude_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n quick_o flee_v from_o either_o wing_n but_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o left_a wing_n partly_o avoid_v the_o elephant_n partly_o contemn_v the_o mercenary_n fall_v on_o and_o charge_v the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n and_o put_v it_o to_o flight_n follow_v hard_o and_o give_v chase_v even_o to_o the_o trench_n but_o of_o those_o that_o be_v place_v against_o the_o elephant_n the_o first_o sink_v under_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o beast_n perish_v be_v overturn_v and_o tread_v to_o death_n by_o heap_n the_o body_n of_o the_o battle_n remain_v a_o while_n unbroken_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o depth_n of_o they_o that_o be_v after_o place_v but_o when_o the_o rear_n of_o all_o encompass_v by_o the_o horse_n be_v force_v to_o turn_v about_o and_o fight_v with_o they_o and_o the_o other_o that_o have_v by_o force_n make_v way_n through_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o elephant_n and_o be_v now_o behind_o their_o back_n come_v up_o to_o the_o fresh_a phalange_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n stand_v in_o good_a order_n they_o be_v by_o they_o slay_v thus_o fortune_n be_v contrary_a on_o all_o side_n the_o roman_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v tread_v to_o death_n by_o the_o excessive_a might_n of_o the_o beast_n and_o the_o rest_n die_v with_o the_o dart_n of_o the_o horseman_n in_o the_o place_n where_o they_o fight_v the_o error_n of_o attilius_n regulus_n be_v in_o order_v his_o battle_n too_o deep_a by_o mean_n whereof_o it_o be_v easy_o encompass_v and_o distress_a by_o the_o carthaginian_a horse_n b._n appian_n likewise_o blame_v antiochus_n for_o order_v his_o phalange_n 32_o man_n in_o depth_n where_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n ought_v to_o but_o 16_o deep_a show_v that_o by_o that_o oversight_n it_o be_v encompass_v by_o the_o roman_n and_o overthrow_v i_o have_v touch_v the_o history_n in_o my_o note_n before_o many_o other_o example_n may_v be_v allege_v but_o these_o two_o be_v sufficient_a for_o our_o purpose_n the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o double_v of_o the_o length_n by_o number_n middle_a man_n double_v your_o rank_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n by_o this_o command_n the_o middle_a man_n with_o their_o half_a file_n march_v up_o to_o the_o front_n in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o file_n and_o stand_v even_o with_o the_o fileleader_n and_o the_o rest_n even_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n double_v of_o the_o length_n in_o place_n stand_v in_o your_o open_a order_n one_o half_n open_v their_o file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a and_o stand_v six_o foot_n one_o from_o another_o double_v of_o the_o depth_n in_o number_n double_o your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o even_a file_n fall_v into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o odd_a file_n double_o your_o file_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n and_o fall_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o odd_a and_o place_n themselves_o lineal_o after_o they_o observe_v their_o first_o distance_n divide_v your_o file_n and_o double_v they_o by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n half_n the_o file_n divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o other_o half_a and_o countermarch_n out_o behind_o the_o rear_n then_o turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o place_n behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o stand_a file_n which_o remove_v not_o then_o march_v on_o and_o place_n themselves_o orderly_o behind_o they_o file_n to_o file_v then_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o at_o first_o double_v the_o depth_n in_o place_n rank_n open_v behind_o to_o your_o open_a order_n the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n the_o deep_a phalange_n or_o hearse_n and_o the_o uneven-fronted_n phalange_n chap._n xxx_o plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o length_n much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n orthiophalanx_n or_o the_o deep_a phalange_n common_o call_v the_o hearse_n be_v that_o which_o procee_v by_o wing_n have_v the_o depth_n much_o exceed_v the_o length_n in_o general_a speech_n every_o thing_n be_v call_v parameke_n which_o have_v length_n more_o than_o the_o depth_n and_o that_o which_o have_v the_o depth_n more_o than_o the_o length_n orthion_n and_o so_o likewise_o a_o phalange_n the_o phalange_n loxe_n or_o uneven_a front_a be_v that_o which_o put_v forth_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n which_o be_v think_v fit_a towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o with_o it_o beginning_n the_o fight_n hold_v off_o the_o other_o in_o a_o convenient_a distance_n till_o opportunity_n be_v to_o advance_v of_o parembole_n protaxis_fw-la epitaxis_fw-la prostaxis_fw-la eutaxis_fw-la &_o hypotaxis_fw-la chap._n xxxi_o parembole_n or_o insertion_n be_v when_o place_v soldier_n before_o we_o take_v off_o the_o hindmost_a and_o rank_n they_o within_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o first_o protaxis_fw-la or_o fore-fronting_a be_v when_o we_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o arm_a and_o make_v they_o forestander_n as_o the_o fileleader_n be_v when_o we_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n behind_o it_o be_v call_v epitaxis_fw-la as_o it_o be_v a_o after-placing_a prostaxis_fw-la or_o adjoin_v be_v when_o to_o both_o flank_n of_o the_o battle_n or_o to_o one_o flank_n some_o part_n of_o the_o hindmost_a be_v add_v the_o front_n of_o they_o that_o be_v add_v lie_v even_o with_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n such_o addition_n be_v call_v prostaxis_fw-la entaxis_fw-la or_o insition_n be_v when_o it_o seem_v good_a to_o set_v the_o lightarmed_n within_o the_o space_n of_o the_o file_n of_o the_o phalange_n man_n to_o man_n hypotaxis_fw-la or_o double-winging_a be_v when_o you_o bestow_v the_o lightarmed_n under_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_v they_o in_o a_o embow_v form_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a figure_n resemble_v a_o
of_o the_o horse_n in_o general_n chap._n 20_o the_o diligence_n to_o be_v use_v in_o choice_n and_o exercise_n of_o the_o best_a form_n of_o battle_n chap._n 21_o of_o chariotts_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o the_o commander_n chap._n 22._o of_o the_o elephant_n the_o name_n and_o degree_n of_o their_o ruler_n chap_n 23._o the_o name_n of_o the_o military_a motion_n express_v in_o this_o book_n chap._n 24._o of_o turn_v and_o double_a turn_n of_o the_o soldier_n face_n as_o they_o stand_v embattle_v chap._n 25._o of_o wheel_v double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o a_o battle_n and_o of_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n 26._o of_o file_v rank_v and_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n 27._o of_o counter_a march_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v chap._n 28._o of_o double_v and_o the_o kind_n thereof_o chap._n 29._o of_o the_o broadfronted_a phalange_n the_o deep_a phalange_n or_o hearse_n and_o the_o uneven_a front_a phalange_n chap._n 30._o of_o parembole_n protaxis_fw-la epitaxis_fw-la prostaxis_fw-la entaxis_fw-la &_o hypotaxis_fw-la chap._n 31._o the_o manner_n how_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o wheel_a double_a and_o treble_a wheel_a of_o a_o battle_n be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n 32._o of_o close_v of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n &_o to_o the_o midst_n chap._n 33._o the_o use_n and_o advantage_n of_o these_o exercise_n of_o arm_n chap._n 34._o of_o sign_n of_o direction_n that_o be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o army_n and_o their_o several_a kind_n chap._n 35._o of_o march_v of_o diverse_a kind_n of_o battle_n fit_a for_o a_o march_n of_o the_o right_a induction_n of_o the_o coelembole_n and_o of_o the_o triphalange_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o the_o coelembole_n chap._n 36._o of_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n chap._n 37._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v amphistomus_fw-la chap._n 38._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v antistomus_n chap._n 39_o of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v antistomus_n chap._n 40._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v peristomus_fw-la chap._n 41._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v himoiostomus_n and_o of_o the_o plinthium_fw-la chap._n 42._o of_o the_o phalange_n call_v heterostomus_fw-la chap._n 43._o again_o of_o the_o horsebattaile_n call_v the_o rhombe_n and_o the_o foot_n halfmoon_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 44._o of_o the_o horse_n battle_n heteromeres_n and_o the_o broad_a front_a foot_n battle_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n 45._o of_o another_o kind_n of_o rhombe_n for_o horseman_n and_o of_o the_o epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 46._o of_o the_o foot_n battle_n call_v cyrte_n which_o be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la chap._n 47._o of_o the_o horse_n battle_n which_o be_v square_a in_o ground_n and_o the_o wedge_n of_o foot_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n 48._o of_o the_o foot_n battle_n call_v plaesium_n and_o the_o sawefronted_a foot_n battle_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n 49._o of_o overfront_v the_o enemy_n battle_n and_o overw_v it_o and_o of_o attenuation_n chap._n 50._o of_o the_o lead_n of_o the_o carriage_n of_o the_o army_n chap._n 51._o of_o the_o word_n of_o command_n &_o of_o certain_a rule_n to_o be_v observe_v therein_o chap._n 52_o of_o silence_n to_o be_v use_v by_o soldier_n chap._n 53._o the_o manner_n of_o pronounce_v the_o word_n of_o command_v chap._n 54._o the_o author_n that_o have_v write_v tactic_n of_o this_o book_n and_o of_o the_o profitt_a of_o the_o arte._n chap._n i._n homer_n the_o poet_n seem_v to_o be_v the_o first_o at_o least_o we_o read_v of_o that_o have_v the_o skill_n of_o imbattail_v a_o army_n and_o that_o admire_a man_n endue_v with_o that_o knowledge_n as_o appear_v by_o mnestheus_n of_o who_o he_o write_v he_o like_o no_o live_a wight_n be_v find_v nor_o any_o age_n do_v yield_v to_o martial_a troop_n of_o horse_n or_o band_n of_o foot_n in_o bloody_a field_n concern_v homer_n discipline_n military_a the_o work_n of_o stratocles_n &_o of_o 1_o frontine_n a_o man_n of_o consular_a dignity_n in_o our_o time_n be_v to_o be_v read_v 2_o aeneas_n perfect_v the_o theory_n thereof_o at_o large_a publish_v many_o volume_n of_o warfare_n which_o be_v abridge_v by_o 3_o cyneas_n the_o thessalian_a likewise_o 4_o pyrrhus_n the_o epirot_n write_v tactic_n and_o his_o son_n 5_o alexander_n and_o clearchus_n and_o pausanias_n and_o 6_o euangelus_n &_o 7_o polybius_n the_o megapolitan_a a_o man_n of_o great_a learning_n scipio_n companion_n &_o eupolemus_n and_o 8_o iphicrates_n 9_o possidonius_fw-la also_o the_o stoic_a set_v forth_o the_o art_n of_o war_n &_o many_o other_o some_o in_o introduction_n as_o brion_n some_o in_o large_a tactick_a volume_n all_o which_o i_o have_v see_v and_o read_v and_o yet_o think_v it_o not_o much_o to_o purpose_n to_o mention_v perticulerlie_o be_v not_o ignorant_a that_o it_o have_v be_v the_o manner_n of_o those_o writer_n for_o the_o most_o part_n to_o apply_v their_o stile_n not_o to_o the_o ignorant_a but_o to_o such_o as_o be_v already_o acquaint_v with_o the_o matter_n they_o entreat_v of_o as_o for_o the_o impediment_n which_o present_v themselves_o to_o i_o when_o first_o i_o give_v my_o mind_n to_o the_o study_n of_o this_o art_n as_o namely_o neither_o to_o happen_v upon_o sufficient_a instructour_n nor_o yet_o to_o find_v light_n or_o perspicuity_n enough_o in_o the_o precept_n deliver_v i_o will_v endeavour_v as_o much_o as_o i_o can_v to_o remove_v out_o of_o other_o man_n way_n and_o as_o often_o as_o word_n shall_v fail_v to_o express_v my_o meaning_n i_o will_v for_o plainness_n sake_n use_v the_o direction_n of_o figure_n and_o pourtraict_n adjoin_v thereby_o the_o view_n of_o the_o eye_n as_o a_o aid_n and_o assistance_n to_o the_o understanding_n &_o withal_o retain_v the_o term_n of_o ancient_a author_n to_o the_o end_n that_o whosoever_o shall_v follow_v this_o book_n for_o a_o introduction_n be_v therein_o exercise_v both_o to_o the_o same_o word_n &_o also_o to_o the_o usage_n of_o thing_n express_v in_o they_o may_v grow_v as_o it_o be_v acquaint_v and_o imagine_v himself_o no_o strange_a when_o he_o come_v to_o read_v their_o work_n by_o which_o way_n by_o i_o prescribe_v i_o make_v no_o doubt_n they_o will_v easy_o be_v understand_v now_o that_o this_o art_n of_o all_o other_o be_v of_o most_o use_n may_v appear_v by_o plato_n in_o his_o book_n of_o law_n where_o he_o say_v that_o the_o cretan_a law_n giver_n so_o contrive_v his_o law_n as_o if_o man_n be_v always_o praepare_v to_o fight_v for_o all_o city_n have_v by_o nature_n unproclaim_v war_n one_o against_o another_o which_o be_v so_o what_o discipline_n be_v more_o to_o be_v esteem_v or_o more_o avaylable_a to_o man_n life_n than_o this_o of_o war_n note_n it_o seem_v by_o this_o chapter_n that_o the_o author_n that_o have_v of_o ancient_a time_n write_v tactic_n have_v be_v many_o and_o those_o 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eupolemus_n stratocles_n hermias_n clear_a chus_fw-la pausanias_n albeit_o such_o name_n may_v often_o be_v find_v the_o rest_n be_v special_o mention_v and_o much_o commend_v of_o who_o i_o will_v set_v down_o what_o i_o find_v 1_o frontine_n a_o man_n of_o consular_a dignity_n i_o have_v before_o note_v some_o what_o of_o frontine_n we_o have_v of_o he_o as_o it_o be_v think_v other_o work_n beside_o his_o stratagem_n but_o this_o book_n of_o tactic_n whereof_o aelian_n speak_v we_o have_v not_o i_o will_v only_o add_v the_o relation_n of_o â—_o vegetius_n towch_v frontine_n who_o write_v thus_o cato_n the_o elder_a albeit_o he_o have_v be_v both_o invincible_a in_o arm_n and_o often_o general_n of_o great_a army_n believe_v yet_o he_o shall_v more_o profit_v his_o country_n if_o he_o lay_v down_o in_o write_v the_o
art_n which_o be_v call_v habit_n arise_v out_o of_o a_o number_n of_o action_n precae_v so_o can_v no_o man_n atteyne_v to_o a_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o arm_n till_o he_o have_v with_o care_n and_o diligence_n employ_v his_o study_n and_o labour_n therein_o and_o upon_o the_o foundation_n of_o practice_n raise_v the_o frame_n of_o sound_n and_o perfect_a skill_n no_o man_n be_v natural_o bear_v a_o soldier_n one_o may_v more_o incline_v to_o war_n then_o another_o but_o the_o skill_n come_v not_o without_o industry_n and_o pain_n pelop._n plutarch_n say_v that_o it_o be_v neither_o eurotas_n nor_o the_o place_n betwixt_o babyx_n and_o gnation_n that_o bring_v forth_o valiant_a and_o warlike_a man_n but_o they_o be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o all_o place_n where_o youth_n be_v breed_v up_o in_o shame_n of_o vice_n and_o boldness_n to_o undergo_v peril_n for_o virtue_n sake_n eurotas_n be_v a_o river_n near_o lacedaemon_n lycur_n babyx_n and_o gnation_n two_o river_n with_o in_o the_o 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be_v elder_a all_o of_o they_o unmatcheable_a in_o skill_n &_o readiness_n of_o fight_n &_o strength_n of_o body_n such_o be_v their_o dexterity_n and_o courage_n gather_v in_o continuance_n of_o danger_n which_o they_o have_v pass_v afterwards_o rehearse_v the_o battle_n he_o say_v the_o argyraspides_fw-la serring_n themselves_o close_a and_o with_o lively_a force_n fall_v upon_o the_o enemy_n kill_v some_o and_o put_v other_o some_o to_o flight_n and_o fight_v against_o the_o whole_a phalange_n of_o the_o enemy_n with_o irresistible_a fury_n not_o lose_v one_o of_o their_o own_o man_n &_o yet_o through_o skill_n &_o manhood_n slayeng_v of_o the_o enemy_n above_o 5000._o &_o rout_v their_o whole_a foot_n which_o in_o number_n be_v many_o time_n more_o than_o themselves_o thus_o write_v diodorus_n siculus_n of_o the_o old_a practise_a macedonian_n who_o yet_o fight_v not_o against_o stranger_n or_o raw_a soldier_n or_o such_o as_o be_v new_o bring_v into_o the_o field_n but_o against_o 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21._o ambush_n and_o lochan_n signify_v to_o lie_v in_o ambush_n it_o signify_v beside_o a_o number_n of_o man_n that_o be_v of_o one_o body_n as_o it_o be_v and_o under_o one_o commander_n who_o be_v call_v lochagos_n and_o lochizo_n be_v to_o set_v in_o file_n the_o number_n of_o this_o body_n have_v be_v diverse_o take_v the_o theban_n lochos_n hieros_n first_o institute_v by_o gorgida_n gorgidas_n or_o as_o other_o say_v by_o 602._o epaminondas_n consist_v of_o three_o hundred_o man_n the_o lochos_n of_o the_o pelop._n lacedaemonian_n of_o five_o hundred_o and_o twelve_o xenophon_n in_o his_o return_n out_o of_o persia_n tell_v that_o the_o number_n of_o the_o d_o lochoi_n of_o the_o grecian_n which_o he_o lead_v be_v almost_o a_o hundred_o arm_a man_n and_o when_o they_o choose_v extraordinary_a man_n to_o preserve_v the_o plaesium_n a_o hollow_a form_n of_o square_a
more_o than_o a_o long_a line_n as_o it_o be_v and_o carry_v neither_o thickness_n nor_o breadth_n but_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o phalange_n the_o depth_n whereof_o be_v measure_v by_o the_o file_n and_o in_o the_o four_o the_o twelve_o and_o fourtenth_fw-mi chapter_n he_o term_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n itself_o thickness_n pachos_n alone_a with_o out_o add_v bathos_n show_v thereby_o that_o pachos_n also_o signify_v the_o dimension_n of_o the_o phalange_n from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n but_o where_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o plato_n breadth_n aught_o to_o be_v read_v in_o those_o place_n in_o stead_n of_o pachos_n thickness_n they_o persuade_v i_o not_o to_o be_v of_o their_o mind_n 50._o for_o aelian_n himself_o give_v a_o attenuation_n or_o thin_a which_o he_o call_v liptysmos_n to_o the_o phalange_n and_o that_o can_v be_v understand_v unless_o there_o be_v in_o it_o a_o kind_n of_o thickness_n before_o and_o to_o make_v it_o more_o plain_a he_o say_v 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depth_n or_o ten_o in_o length_n and_o five_o in_o depth_n these_o in_o number_n be_v of_o unequal_a side_n but_o in_o figure_n four_o square_n for_o the_o length_n of_o a_o horse_n from_o head_n to_o tail_n compare_v with_o his_o breadth_n require_v more_o man_n in_o rank_n then_o in_o file_n to_o make_v up_o the_o square_a some_o allow_v thrice_o as_o many_o in_o length_n as_o in_o depth_n and_o think_v by_o that_o mean_v a_o perfect_a square_n may_v be_v form_v because_o for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o length_n of_o a_o horse_n seem_v thrice_o as_o much_o as_o the_o breadth_n betwixt_o his_o shoulder_n therefore_o they_o give_v nine_o in_o front_n and_o three_o in_o flank_n for_o a_o multitude_n of_o horseman_n yield_v not_o the_o same_o advantage_n behind_o that_o foot_n do_v when_o in_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n they_o joint_o thrust_v on_o in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o horse_n help_v nothing_o to_o the_o settledness_n of_o fast_a resistance_n be_v neither_o able_a to_o thrust_v those_o forward_o that_o be_v before_o nor_o yet_o to_o link_v and_o knit_v with_o they_o and_o so_o to_o make_v one_o weight_n as_o it_o be_v of_o the_o whole_a body_n and_o in_o case_n they_o press_v upon_o the_o foremost_a by_o disorder_v and_o distemper_a their_o own_o horse_n they_o annoy_v themselves_o more_o than_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o it_o always_o fall_v out_o that_o when_o there_o be_v as_o many_o horse_n in_o length_n as_o in_o depth_n a_o square_a of_o number_n be_v make_v but_o the_o side_n of_o the_o figure_n be_v unequal_a the_o depth_n exceed_v the_o length_n in_o proportion_n but_o when_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o troop_n be_v square_a the_o number_n of_o the_o side_n and_o front_n be_v unequal_a note_n in_o the_o second_o chapter_n of_o this_o book_n the_o army_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o kind_n footman_n and_o rider_n footman_n again_o into_o three_o arm_v targeteer_n and_o light_v arm_v of_o these_o three_o be_v hither_o to_o treat_v rider_n follow_v who_o either_o use_a horse_n or_o elephant_n horse_n either_o alone_o or_o else_o in_o chariot_n of_o these_o aelian_a treat_v several_o hereafter_o for_o the_o arm_n and_o place_n of_o horse_n in_o the_o field_n he_o have_v sufficient_o speak_v already_o the_o follow_a discourse_n be_v first_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v horse_n wherein_o he_o set_v down_o the_o diversity_n of_o usage_n in_o ancient_a time_n then_o of_o chariot_n and_o last_o of_o elephant_n 56._o that_o a_o horse_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o beast_n that_o love_n man_n and_o be_v most_o faithful_a unto_o he_o pliny_n testify_v the_o use_n of_o he_o be_v for_o carriage_n and_o for_o service_n in_o the_o field_n and_o in_o the_o service_n of_o the_o field_n a_o army_n without_o horse_n be_v in_o a_o manner_n no_o army_n iphicrates_n as_o i_o have_v say_v before_o compare_v a_o army_n to_o a_o man_n body_n resemble_v the_o horse_n to_o foot_n and_o as_o the_o body_n have_v no_o power_n of_o move_v or_o rather_o remove_v the_o foot_n be_v lame_a or_o take_v away_o so_o be_v the_o army_n slow_a and_o unfit_a for_o expedition_n that_o be_v destitute_a of_o horse_n and_o may_v be_v well_o resemble_v to_o those_o beast_n that_o creep_v upon_o their_o belly_n who_o great_a haste_n be_v with_o little_a speed_n the_o horse_n do_v great_a service_n in_o the_o field_n of_o themselves_o alone_o and_o be_v principal_o employ_v in_o matter_n that_o require_v quickness_n in_o dispatch_n therefore_o be_v they_o fit_a for_o discovery_n either_o of_o the_o enemy_n country_n or_o of_o his_o camp_n or_o of_o his_o march_v or_o of_o other_o thing_n whereof_o the_o general_n desire_v to_o have_v notice_n and_o not_o for_o discovery_n alone_o but_o to_o spoil_v and_o destroy_v whatsoever_o the_o enemy_n have_v grow_v to_o make_v prey_n of_o his_o cattle_n burn_v his_o house_n kill_v his_o people_n surprise_v his_o place_n of_o strength_n and_o to_o â—mbarre_v he_o from_o do_v the_o like_a to_o we_o to_o bring_v and_o convey_v provision_n for_o our_o camp_n to_o shut_v in_o the_o enemy_n that_o he_o go_v not_o out_o his_o camp_n for_o like_a cause_n to_o hinder_v the_o enemy_n march_v by_o fall_v on_o the_o rear_n brief_o all_o expedition_n of_o celerity_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n deliver_v to_o the_o horse_n alone_o especial_o as_o long_o as_o they_o be_v in_o such_o place_n as_o give_v they_o liberty_n to_o go_v on_o or_o retire_v at_o their_o pleasure_n yet_o be_v they_o often_o join_v with_o the_o light_n arm_v as_o i_o have_v show_v they_o often_o join_v likewise_o with_o the_o arm_a b._n and_o if_o they_o may_v come_v to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n battle_n in_o the_o flank_n or_o rear_v at_o such_o time_n as_o our_o arm_a charge_n in_o front_n they_o â—ndanger_v all_o but_o for_o employment_n alone_o against_o the_o arm_a foot_n many_o example_n of_o former_a time_n show_v how_o weak_a there_o force_n be_v 164._o and_o how_o little_o they_o prevail_v especial_o against_o arm_a that_o be_v practise_v in_o fight_n and_o resolute_a soldier_n the_o example_n i_o have_v quote_v in_o the_o margin_n make_v the_o matter_n clear_a for_o further_a confirmation_n i_o will_v set_v down_o xenophons_n opinion_n which_o all_o be_v it_o it_o be_v deliver_v concern_v the_o persian_a horse_n that_o come_v against_o the_o arm_a foot_n of_o the_o grecian_n in_o their_o return_n out_o of_o persia_n yet_o the_o reason_n stretch_v to_o all_o horse_n in_o general_n his_o word_n sound_v thus_o c._n if_o any_o of_o you_o faint_v in_o mind_n say_v he_o to_o the_o grecian_n because_o we_o have_v none_o the_o enemy_n many_o horse_n let_v he_o consider_v that_o ten_o thousand_o horseman_n be_v no_o more_o than_o ten_o thousand_o man_n for_o no_o man_n be_v
hinder_v no_o more_o the_o readiness_n of_o frame_v they_o than_o the_o use_n of_o file_v and_o rank_v help_v the_o other_o the_o four_o be_v rather_o curious_a then_o profitable_a as_o i_o take_v neither_o do_v i_o findâ—_n example_n of_o it_o and_o it_o may_v be_v true_o affirm_v of_o it_o that_o the_o square_n be_v much_o easy_a to_o be_v fashion_v we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o speak_v of_o the_o last_o three_o in_o due_a place_n touch_v the_o joint_a fall_v on_o of_o the_o commander_n i_o confess_v the_o advantage_n be_v great_a for_o when_o the_o best_a man_n such_o as_o the_o commander_n ought_v to_o be_v altogether_o fall_v upon_o the_o enemy_n they_o be_v very_o like_a to_o put_v hard_o to_o they_o and_o as_o it_o be_v a_o great_a part_n of_o skill_n to_o bring_v many_o hand_n to_o fight_v so_o be_v it_o no_o less_o to_o bring_v the_o best_a hand_n to_o fight_v many_o hand_n make_v light_a work_n the_o best_a hand_n sure_a work_n now_o for_o the_o rhombe_n aelian_n allege_v these_o reason_n first_o that_o it_o be_v fit_a for_o all_o encounter_n because_o the_o horseman_n be_v ready_a to_o turn_v their_o face_n every_o way_n with_o speed_n then_o that_o they_o can_v be_v surprise_v in_o flank_n or_o rear_v have_v the_o best_a man_n in_o their_o flank_n and_o the_o commander_n in_o every_o point_n of_o the_o rhombe_n and_o can_v the_o square_a turn_n face_n every_o way_n they_o can_v but_o not_o with_o the_o same_o advantage_n for_o the_o rhombe_n which_o way_n soever_o face_n be_v turn_v remain_v in_o the_o first_o form_n and_o whether_o it_o be_v to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v flank_n or_o to_o the_o rear_n it_o keepeeh_a still_o 4_o even_a side_n and_o the_o man_n of_o most_o service_n in_o the_o side_n beside_o that_o one_o point_n always_o affront_v the_o enemy_n not_o unlike_o a_o calthrop_n which_o howsoever_o you_o cast_v it_o to_o the_o ground_n have_v one_o point_n bear_v right_o up_o to_o wound_v the_o horse_n foot_n but_o the_o square_n in_o turn_v face_n to_o either_o flank_n alter_v the_o form_n of_o the_o front_n in_o a_o broad_a square_n the_o front_n at_o the_o first_o be_v long_o than_o the_o side_n face_n be_v turn_v to_o either_o flank_n the_o side_n become_v long_o than_o the_o front_n contrariwise_o in_o the_o hearse_n battle_n beside_o in_o such_o turn_n of_o face_n the_o square_a leese_v the_o advantage_n of_o embattatle_a the_o commander_n that_o stand_v in_o the_o front_n stand_v now_o in_o one_o of_o the_o flank_n and_o be_v not_o able_a to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n joint_o the_o great_a advantage_n of_o that_o form_n and_o so_o the_o front_n be_v without_o commander_n be_v subject_a and_o in_o danger_n of_o surprise_n where_o the_o rhombe_n which_o way_n soever_o face_n turn_v have_v as_o many_o commander_n in_o the_o front_n as_o at_o first_o but_o let_v we_o take_v the_o horse_n square_a in_o full_a strength_n with_o all_o commander_n in_o front_n whether_o shall_v that_o form_n be_v better_o than_o the_o rhombe_n i_o dare_v not_o affirm_v it_o for_o where_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o fight_n one_o with_o main_a force_n the_o other_o with_o sleight_n and_o art_n in_o the_o first_o i_o will_v prefer_v the_o square_n in_o the_o last_o the_o rhombe_n the_o square_a for_o slaughter_n and_o violent_a overthrow_v the_o rhombe_n for_o pierce_v and_o artificial_a break_v the_o enemy_n battle_n which_o last_o among_o great_a commander_n have_v always_o be_v account_v the_o best_a kind_n of_o win_v in_o the_o square_a all_o the_o commander_n fall_v joint_o upon_o the_o enemy_n and_o because_o they_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v the_o chief_a of_o the_o army_n in_o all_o likelihood_n they_o will_v overthrow_v the_o foremost_a and_o slay_v many_o yet_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o length_n of_o their_o front_n they_o stick_v man_n to_o man_n and_o can_v make_v no_o far_a entrance_n and_o the_o victory_n hang_v doubtful_a till_o they_o have_v slay_v the_o most_o of_o they_o that_o resist_v and_o so_o make_v the_o rest_n to_o fly_v the_o rhombe_n contrariwise_a be_v narrow_a and_o point_v in_o the_o front_n first_o force_v a_o passage_n with_o the_o point_n which_o make_v way_n to_o the_o rest_n that_o follow_v and_o then_o without_o great_a labour_n pierce_v further_o and_o further_o break_v the_o adverse_a battle_n &_o disperse_v and_o put_v they_o to_o flight_n and_o after_o do_v execution_n at_o pleasure_n neither_o can_v i_o make_v a_o fit_a resemblance_n then_o by_o compare_v the_o 2_o figure_n one_o to_o a_o axe_n the_o other_o to_o a_o wedge_n both_o instrument_n use_v for_o divide_v solid_a mass_n of_o wood_n for_o the_o axe_n albeit_o sharp_a than_o the_o wedge_n yet_o have_v the_o edge_n draw_v out_o in_o length_n can_v not_o by_o any_o strength_n be_v drive_v far_o into_o the_o wood_n but_o by_o double_v many_o stroke_n and_o by_o much_o labour_n come_v at_o last_o to_o divide_v it_o the_o wedge_n contrariwise_a though_o not_o so_o sharp_a be_v once_o enter_v insinuate_v itself_o more_o by_o little_a and_o little_a with_o the_o narrowne_n of_o the_o point_n and_o maintain_v the_o hold_n it_o first_o get_v at_o last_o force_v it_o asunder_o though_o it_o be_v never_o so_o tough_a so_o be_v it_o in_o the_o square_a and_o rhombe_n whereof_o the_o square_a begin_v and_o end_v with_o violence_n the_o other_o use_v first_o cunning_n and_o mildness_n as_o it_o be_v to_o enter_v be_v once_o enter_v rent_v a_o piece_n and_o dispart_v all_o that_o stand_v in_o the_o way_n the_o manner_n of_o our_o time_n allow_v not_o of_o rhombe_n experience_n of_o former_a time_n high_o prize_v they_o i_o will_v insist_v upon_o the_o thessalian_n alone_o who_o be_v account_v the_o inventor_n of_o the_o rhombe_n &_o fight_v always_o rhombe_n wise_n polybius_n have_v see_v their_o service_n and_o be_v general_n of_o the_o horse_n in_o his_o own_o country_n and_o therefore_o able_a to_o judge_v he_o give_v this_o censure_n of_o they_o c._n that_o in_o troop_n and_o be_v imbattail_v they_o can_v not_o be_v resist_v to_o fight_v man_n to_o man_n in_o single_a combat_n they_o have_v neither_o will_n nor_o courage_n what_o then_o shall_v be_v the_o reason_n they_o shall_v be_v so_o powerful_a in_o troop_n no_o other_o than_o the_o form_n of_o their_o imbattail_v which_o form_n be_v the_o rhombe_n here_o mention_v by_o aelian_n in_o this_o form_n they_o common_o beat_v the_o grecian_a and_o persian_a square_n and_o get_v the_o reputation_n of_o the_o best_a horseman_n of_o europe_n 3_o the_o scythian_n and_o thracian_n use_v the_o wedge_n the_o rhombe_n be_v of_o 4_o side_n the_o wedge_n but_o of_o three_o and_o half_o a_o rhombe_n make_v a_o wedge_n as_o will_v be_v show_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n the_o wedge_n be_v use_v by_o the_o scythian_n and_o thracian_n and_o whether_o king_n philip_n of_o macedonia_n borrow_v it_o of_o they_o i_o be_o uncertain_a but_o i_o rather_o incline_v to_o think_v that_o his_o the_o ban_n master_n teach_v he_o as_o well_o the_o wedge_n as_o other_o form_n of_o battle_n the_o cause_n of_o my_o conjecture_n be_v for_o that_o i_o find_v that_o his_o 510._o fellow_n scholar_n epaminondas_n beat_v the_o lacedaemonian_a horse_n at_o mantinaea_n in_o that_o form_n b._n xenophon_n recount_v the_o story_n to_o this_o effect_n the_o enemy_n they_o be_v the_o lacedaemonian_n order_v their_o horse_n like_o a_o phalange_n of_o arm_a in_o depth_n without_o mingle_v foot_n with_o they_o but_o epaminondas_n make_v a_o strong_a wedge_n of_o horse_n also_o for_o before_o he_o tell_v the_o theban_a arm_v be_v cast_v into_o a_o wedge_n and_o join_v some_o foot_n with_o they_o conceive_v after_o he_o have_v cut_v in_o piece_n the_o horse_n he_o shall_v not_o miss_v of_o overcome_v the_o other_o force_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o so_o go_v to_o charge_n he_o be_v not_o deceive_v of_o his_o hope_n thus_o xenophon_n of_o join_v horse_n and_o light_n arm_v together_o i_o have_v speak_v before_o and_o that_o they_o be_v lightarmed_n that_o epaminond_a as_o join_v to_o his_o horse_n 502._o diodorus_n siculus_n show_v by_o xenophon_n than_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o not_o only_o the_o scythian_n and_o thracian_n but_o the_o grecian_n also_o when_o they_o think_v it_o convenient_a use_v the_o horse-wedge_n and_o that_o epaminondas_n order_v both_o foot_n and_o horse_n in_o a_o wedge_n and_o consider_v king_n philip_n be_v bring_v up_o in_o epaminondas_n his_o father_n house_n and_o make_v partaker_n of_o the_o learning_n wherewith_o epaminondas_n be_v institute_v it_o be_v like_a in_o erect_v a_o new_a military_a discipline_n among_o the_o macedonian_n as_o he_o take_v many_o other_o thing_n from_o the_o grecian_n so_o he_o borrow_v this_o form_n have_v first_o see_v
metabole_n for_o metabole_n be_v the_o conversion_n of_o every_o man_n face_n particular_o to_o the_o place_n which_o be_v behind_o his_o back_n and_o the_o same_o that_o metabole_n be_v in_o each_o several_a soldier_n the_o same_o be_v perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o in_o the_o whole_a battle_n there_o be_v 4_o two_o kind_n of_o metabole_n the_o one_o from_o the_o enemy_n the_o other_o to_o the_o enemy_n metabole_n be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o change_n of_o every_o man_n face_n in_o particular_a from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n or_o contrariwise_o turn_v about_o from_o the_o enemy_n be_v when_o the_o soldier_n turn_v his_o face_n twice_o towards_o the_o pike_n to_o the_o enemy_n when_o he_o turn_v twice_o towards_o the_o target_n note_n four_o kind_n of_o motion_n be_v set_v down_o by_o aelian_a whereby_o upon_o any_o occasion_n the_o battle_n may_v be_v somewhat_o change_v turn_v of_o face_n countermarch_n wheel_v and_o double_v whereof_o the_o first_o may_v be_v use_v in_o 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hand_n they_o convey_v they_o back_o again_o the_o manner_n of_o their_o imbattail_v be_v this_o the_o roman_n and_o likewise_o the_o carthaginian_n mingle_v with_o the_o african_n have_v the_o middle_n their_o confederate_n the_o wing_n the_o opinion_n be_v they_o shall_v fight_v in_o that_o order_n scipio_n when_o he_o perceive_v this_o to_o be_v firm_o believe_v the_o day_n before_o he_o mean_v to_o fight_v make_v a_o alteration_n of_o all_o when_o night_n come_v he_o give_v the_o word_n through_o the_o whole_a camp_n that_o horse_n and_o man_n shall_v dine_v before_o it_o be_v light_a day_n and_o that_o the_o horseman_n in_o arm_n shall_v keep_v their_o horse_n bridle_v and_o saddle_v the_o day_n be_v scarce_o sprunge_v when_o he_o send_v his_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n to_o beat_v in_o the_o carthaginean_a guard_n himself_o straight_o follow_v with_o the_o arm_a legion_n dispose_v the_o roman_n contrary_a to_o the_o settle_a opinion_n of_o his_o own_o people_n and_o of_o the_o enemy_n in_o the_o wing_n and_o receive_v the_o ally_n into_o the_o midst_n asdrubal_n raise_v out_o of_o his_o bed_n with_o the_o cry_n of_o his_o horseman_n have_v no_o soon_o leap_v out_o of_o his_o tent_n and_o see_v the_o tumult_n before_o the_o trench_n of_o his_o camp_n and_o the_o amazednes_n of_o his_o people_n and_o the_o ensign_n of_o the_o legion_n shine_v a_o far_o of_o and_o the_o field_n full_a of_o enemy_n present_o send_v out_o his_o whole_a power_n of_o horse_n to_o undertake_v the_o roman_a horse_n himself_o issue_v out_o of_o the_o camp_n with_o his_o foot_n not_o change_v any_o thing_n of_o his_o wont_a manner_n of_o imbattail_v the_o fight_n of_o the_o horseman_n have_v now_o a_o long_a time_n be_v doubtful_a and_o can_v not_o be_v try_v because_o still_o as_o they_o be_v beat_v which_o
the_o distance_n require_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o your_o hinder_a rank_n forward_o and_o order_v your_o pike_n restore_a to_o the_o first_o posture_n fileleader_n stand_v firm_a the_o other_o rank_n turn_v face_n about_o and_o open_v behind_o to_o the_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v the_o right-wing-corner-file_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n and_o proceed_v to_o your_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v your_o pike_n close_v to_o the_o left_a wing_n it_o differ_v not_o from_o the_o other_o but_o that_o the_o move_a be_v to_o the_o contrary_a hand_n close_v to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o right-wing_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o left_a to_o the_o pike_n each_o move_v up_o to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o stand_v at_o the_o distance_n name_v face_n as_o you_o be_v close_o the_o hinder_a rank_n forward_o and_o order_v your_o pike_n restore_a to_o the_o first_o posture_n the_o first_o rank_n stand_v firm_a the_o rest_n turn_v face_n about_o and_o open_v the_o rank_n to_o the_o first_o distance_n face_n as_o you_o be_v the_o file_n next_o the_o middle_a section_n stand_v fast_o and_o the_o right_a wing_n turn_v face_n to_o the_o target_n the_o left_a to_o the_o pike_n and_o move_v on_o till_o the_o first_o distance_n recover_v face_n as_o you_o be_v and_o order_v the_o pike_n we_o may_v not_o forget_v aelians_n general_a rule_n for_o turn_v of_o face_n out_o of_o closing_n that_o the_o pike_n be_v always_o advance_v for_o when_o you_o come_v up_o to_o the_o closeness_n require_v the_o pike_n upon_o the_o shoulder_n will_v hardly_o admit_v turn_v of_o the_o face_n the_o like_a fall_v out_o when_o you_o will_v open_v from_o the_o close_v the_o use_n and_o advantage_n of_o these_o exercise_n of_o arm_n chap._n xxxiv_o these_o precept_n of_o turn_v about_o of_o face_n of_o wheel_v and_o double_a wheel_a of_o the_o battle_n and_o of_o reduce_v it_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v of_o great_a use_n in_o sudden_a approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n whether_o he_o show_v himself_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n or_o in_o front_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o our_o march_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o countermarche_n of_o which_o the_o macedonian_n be_v hold_v to_o be_v the_o inventor_n of_o the_o macedonian_a the_o lacedaemonian_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o for_o this_o cause_n either_o to_o have_v name_n according_o the_o history_n witness_v that_o philip_n who_o much_o enlarge_v the_o macedonian_a kingdom_n and_o overcome_v the_o grecian_n in_o battle_n at_o cheronea_n and_o make_v himself_o general_n of_o greece_n and_o likewise_o his_o son_n alexander_n that_o in_o short_a time_n conquer_v all_o asia_n make_v small_a account_n of_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n unless_o necessity_n force_v it_o and_o that_o they_o both_o by_o the_o use_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a become_v victorious_a over_o their_o enemy_n for_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n the_o enemy_n fall_v upon_o the_o rear_n be_v cause_n of_o great_a confusion_n in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o hindermost_a dismarch_v towards_o the_o front_n and_o make_v a_o show_n of_o run_v away_o it_o more_o encourage_v and_o embolden_v the_o enemy_n to_o follow_v for_o fear_v and_o pursuit_n of_o the_o enemy_n ordinary_o deny_v that_o kind_n of_o countermarch_n but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v of_o contrary_a effect_n for_o when_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o in_o the_o rear_n the_o leader_n with_o their_o follower_n brave_o advance_v and_o oppose_v themselves_o it_o strike_v no_o small_a fear_n and_o terror_n into_o their_o mind_n cap._n 30_o the_o fileleader_n a_o deduction_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n a_o right_a induction_n the_o front_n a_o deduction_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n cap._n 36._o the_o coelembolos_fw-la or_o hollow_a front_a wedge_n the_o front_n the_o right_a induction_n cap._n 36._o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o left_a wing_n the_o right_a wing_n the_o front_n the_o phalange_n set_v against_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o phalange_n set_v against_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o coelmebolos_fw-la the_o forbear_n phalange_n of_o the_o sign_n of_o direction_n that_o be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o army_n and_o their_o soverall_a kind_n chap._n xxxv_o we_o be_v to_o acquaint_v our_o force_n both_o foot_n and_o horse_n partly_o with_o the_o voice_n and_o partly_o with_o visible_a sign_n that_o whatsoever_o be_v fit_v be_v execute_v and_o do_v as_o occasion_n shall_v require_v some_o thing_n also_o be_v to_o be_v denounce_v by_o the_o trumpet_n for_o so_o all_o direction_n will_v be_v full_o accomplish_v and_o sort_n to_o a_o desire_a effect_n the_o sign_n therefore_o which_o be_v deliver_v by_o voice_n be_v most_o evident_a and_o clear_a if_o they_o have_v no_o impediment_n but_o the_o most_o certain_a and_o least_o tumultuous_a be_v such_o as_o be_v present_v to_o the_o eye_n if_o they_o be_v not_o obscure_v the_o voice_n sometime_o can_v hardly_o be_v hear_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o clash_n of_o armour_n or_o trample_v and_o neigh_v of_o horse_n or_o tumult_n of_o carriage_n or_o noise_n and_o confuse_a sound_n of_o the_o multitude_n the_o visible_a sign_n also_o become_v many_o way_n incertain_a by_o thickness_n of_o air_n and_o dust_n or_o rain_n or_o snow_n or_o sunshine_n or_o else_o through_o ground_n that_o be_v uneven_a or_o full_a of_o tree_n or_o of_o turn_n and_o sometime_o it_o will_v not_o be_v easy_a to_o find_v out_o sign_n for_o all_o use_n occasion_n eftsoon_o present_v new_a matter_n to_o the_o which_o a_o man_n be_v not_o accustom_v yet_o can_v it_o not_o fall_v out_o that_o either_o by_o voice_n or_o by_o signal_n we_o shall_v not_o give_v certain_a and_o sure_a direction_n of_o march_v and_o of_o diverse_a kind_n of_o battle_n fit_a for_o a_o march_n and_o first_o of_o the_o right-induction_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la and_o the_o triphalange_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n xxxvi_o be_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o march_v i_o will_v first_o give_v to_o understand_v that_o some_o kind_n of_o march_n be_v a_o right-induction_n other_o some_o a_o deduction_n on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o that_o in_o a_o single_a or_o double_a or_o treble_a or_o quadruple-sided-battaile_n in_o a_o single_a when_o one_o enemy_n be_v fear_v in_o a_o double_a when_o two_o in_o a_o treble_a when_o three_o in_o a_o quadruple_a when_o the_o enemy_n purpose_v to_o give_v on_o on_o all_o side_n therefore_o the_o march_n be_v undertake_v sometime_o in_o a_o single_a phalange_n sometime_o in_o a_o twofold_a phalange_n or_o else_o in_o a_o threefold_a phalange_n or_o in_o a_o fourfold_a phalange_n a_o right-induction_n be_v when_o one_o body_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n follow_v another_o as_o if_o a_o xenagy_a lead_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v xenage-wise_a or_o a_o tetrarchy_n lead_v and_o the_o rest_n follow_v according_a to_o that_o form_n it_o be_v so_o call_v when_o the_o march_n stretch_v itself_o out_o into_o a_o wing_n have_v the_o depth_n much_o exceed_v the_o length_n against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o wedge_n coelembolos_fw-la which_o be_v frame_v when_o the_o antistomos_n phalange_n diphalange_n disjoin_v the_o leading-wing_n close_v the_o rear_n in_o manner_n of_o the_o letter_n v_o as_o the_o figure_n after_o place_v do_v teach_v in_o which_o the_o front_n be_v dissever_v &_o the_o rear_v join_v and_o knit_v together_o for_o the_o right-induction_n point_v at_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o enemy_n battle_n the_o coelembolos_fw-la quick_o open_v before_o serve_v both_o to_o frustrate_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o front_n and_o to_o clasp_v in_o and_o circumvent_v the_o flank_n of_o the_o right-induction_n furthermore_o a_o phalange_n triphalange_n be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la one_o phalange_n fight_v against_o one_o wing_n of_o the_o coelembolos_fw-la the_o second_o against_o the_o other_o and_o the_o middle_n and_o three_o forbear_v and_o expect_v a_o time_n fit_a to_o charge_v of_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n chap._n xxxvii_o paragoge_n or_o deduction_n be_v when_o the_o phalange_n proceed_v in_o a_o wing_n not_o by_o file_n but_o by_o rank_n have_v the_o commander_n or_o fileleader_n either_o on_o the_o right_a hand_n which_o be_v call_v a_o right-hand-deduction_n or_o on_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o be_v call_v a_o left-hand_a deduction_n for_o the_o phalange_n march_v in_o a_o double_a treble_a or_o quadruple-side_n accornd_v to_o the_o place_n and_o part_n it_o be_v suspect_v the_o enemy_n will_v give_v on_o and_o both_o the_o paragogy_n begin_v the_o fight_n in_o flank_n do_v make_v the_o length_n double_a to_o the_o depth_n this_o form_n of_o fight_n be_v devise_v to_o teach_v a_o soldier_n to_o receive_v heedful_o the_o charge_n of_o
the_o enemy_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o also_o in_o flank_n of_o the_o phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la chap._n xxxviii_o the_o phalange_n phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la for_o it_o be_v so_o call_v because_o it_o have_v two_o front_n and_o that_o part_n of_o the_o battle_n that_o be_v set_v and_o advance_v against_o the_o enemy_n be_v call_v a_o front_n see_v then_o in_o this_o form_n the_o middlemost_a be_v order_v back_o to_o back_n and_o those_o in_o front_n and_o rear_v make_v head_n against_o the_o enemy_n the_o one_o be_v commander_n of_o the_o front_n the_o other_o of_o the_o rear_n therefore_o it_o be_v call_v amphistomus_fw-la it_o be_v of_o great_a use_n against_o a_o enemy_n strong_a in_o horse_n and_o able_a to_o give_v a_o hot_a and_o dangerous_a charge_n and_o principal_o practise_v against_o those_o barbarian_n that_o inhabit_v about_o the_o river_n ister_n who_o they_o also_o call_v upon_o amphippi_n because_o they_o change_v horse_n in_o fight_n the_o horse_n battle_n to_o encounter_v this_o form_n have_v a_o tetragonall_a shape_n be_v for_o the_o purpose_n divide_v into_o two_o broad-squares_a they_o be_v broad-squares_a that_o have_v the_o front_n twice_o as_o much_o as_o the_o depth_n and_o these_o square_n be_v oppose_v several_o against_o the_o division_n of_o the_o foot-battaile_n of_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n chap._n thirty-nine_o the_o phalange_n phalange_n antistomus_n be_v like_o the_o amphistomus_fw-la the_o form_n be_v a_o little_a alter_v so_o that_o it_o accustome_v the_o soldier_n to_o resist_v the_o several_a kind_n of_o incursion_n of_o horse_n all_o that_o have_v be_v speak_v concern_v the_o former_a phalange_n both_o for_o foot_n and_o horse_n agree_v with_o this_o figure_n also_o herein_o they_o differ_v that_o cap._n 37._o a_o four_o front_a phalange_n against_o all_o allempte_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o front_n of_o the_o rear_v the_o front_n of_o the_o right_a flank_n the_o front_n of_o the_o march_n the_o front_n of_o the_o left_a flank_n cap._n 38._o the_o phalange_n amphistomus_fw-la cap_n 39_o the_o phalange_n antistomus_n front_n cap._n 40._o the_o horsmans_n wedge_n front_v a_o diphalange_n antistomus_n the_o amphistomus_fw-la receive_v the_o charge_n in_o front_n and_o rear_v the_o antistomus_n in_o flank_n but_o aswell_o in_o the_o one_o as_o the_o other_o they_o fight_v with_o long_a pike_n as_o do_v the_o alan_o and_o sauromatans_n and_o the_o one_o half_a of_o the_o soldier_n in_o the_o file_n turn_v their_o face_n forward_o the_o other_o half_o backward_o so_o that_o they_o stand_v back_o to_o back_o this_o form_n have_v two_o front_n the_o one_o before_o where_o the_o fileleader_n the_o other_o behind_o where_o the_o back-commander_n stand_v and_o be_v also_o divide_v into_o a_o diphalange_n it_o make_v the_o forefront_n with_o the_o one_o and_o the_o after-front_n with_o the_o other_o phalange_n of_o the_o diphalange_n antistomus_n chap._n xl._o a_o diphalange_n antistomus_n be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o fileleader_n place_v not_o in_o deduction_n outward_o but_o inward_o face_n to_o face_n one_o against-an_a other_o and_o the_o reare-commander_n without_o one_o half_a in_o a_o right_n the_o other_o in_o a_o left-hand_a deduction_n this_o form_n be_v use_v when_o the_o horse_n give_v on_o and_o charge_v wedge-wise_a for_o the_o *_o wedge_n shoot_v forth_o into_o a_o point_n and_o have_v the_o commander_n follow_v in_o flank_n and_o endeavour_v to_o dissever_v and_o break_v the_o front_n of_o the_o foot_n the_o leader_n of_o the_o foot_n foresee_v their_o purpose_n place_n themselves_o in_o the_o midst_n with_o intent_n either_o to_o repulse_v they_o or_o else_o to_o give_v they_o a_o thorough_a passage_n without_o loss_n for_o the_o wedge_n fly_v upon_o the_o foot_n in_o hope_n to_o charge_v the_o multitude_n in_o the_o midst_n and_o to_o disorder_v the_o whole_a battle_n and_o the_o foot_n commander_n conceive_v well_o the_o fury_n of_o that_o kind_n of_o form_n leave_v a_o little_a space_n betwixt_o either_o front_n and_o stand_v like_o wall_n on_o both_o side_n and_o joint_o turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o midst_n give_v they_o a_o fruitless_a and_o empty_a passage_n this_o form_n of_o horsebattaile_n be_v call_v a_o wedge_n by_o tactic_n which_o be_v invent_v by_o philip_n king_n of_o macedon_n who_o place_v his_o best_a man_n before_o that_o by_o they_o the_o weak_a sort_n may_v be_v hold_v in_o and_o enable_v to_o the_o charge_n as_o we_o see_v in_o a_o spear_n or_o in_o a_o sword_n the_o point_n whereof_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o sharpness_n quick_o pierce_v make_v way_n for_o and_o let_v in_o the_o middle_n blunt_a iron_n of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v peristomus_fw-la chap._n xli_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o diphalange_n *_o peristomus_fw-la proceed_v by_o deduction_n in_o a_o wing_n the_o oblique_a deduction_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n have_v the_o fileleader_n without_o the_o left_a hand_n oblique_a deduction_n the_o reare-commander_n within_o the_o figure_n show_v the_o intent_n of_o they_o that_o fight_v so_o order_v for_o the_o battle_n go_v to_o charge_n have_v be_v at_o first_o tetragonall_n divide_v itself_o into_o two_o oblique_a wing_n the_o right_n and_o the_o left_a of_o purpose_n to_o enclose_v the_o adverse_a square-battaile_n and_o they_o fear_v to_o be_v enclose_v transform_v themselves_o into_o two_o several_a marching-phalanges_a direct_v one_o against_o the_o right_n the_o other_o against_o the_o left_a wing_n therefore_o it_o be_v call_v peristomus_fw-la as_o have_v the_o front_n bend_v against_o the_o enemy_n both_o way_n of_o the_o diphalange_n call_v homoiostomos_n and_o of_o the_o plinthium_fw-la chap._n xlii_o a_o diphalange_n *_o homoiostomus_n be_v so_o name_v because_o a_o whole_a file_n that_o be_v 16_o man_n move_v by_o itself_o another_o file_n follow_v it_o and_o it_o be_v therefore_o call_v homoiostomus_n because_o they_o that_o follow_v follow_v in_o a_o like_a figure_n this_o kind_n be_v oppose_v against_o the_o plinthium_fw-la *_o plinthium_fw-la be_v a_o form_n of_o battle_n that_o have_v the_o side_n equal_a both_o in_o figure_n and_o number_n in_o figure_n because_o the_o distance_n be_v every_o where_o equal_a in_o number_n because_o there_o be_v as_o many_o man_n in_o length_n as_o in_o depth_n in_o this_o foure-sided-battaile_n be_v none_o in_o the_o flank_n but_o arm_v without_o archer_n or_o slinger_n to_o help_v when_o therefore_o two_o phalanges_fw-la march_n together_o one_o by_o another_o and_o both_o have_v their_o leader_n either_o in_o a_o right-hand_a or_o left-hand_a deduction_n it_o be_v call_v a_o diphalange_n homoiostomus_n of_o the_o diphalange_n heterostomus_fw-la chap._n xliii_o a_o diphalange_n *_o heterostomus_fw-la be_v that_o which_o proceed_v by_o deduction_n have_v the_o leader_n of_o the_o former_a phalange_n in_o a_o right-hand-deduction_n and_o of_o the_o follow_a phalange_n in_o a_o left-hand-deduction_n so_o that_o the_o battle_n march_v counterchangeable_o one_o have_v the_o leader_n in_o one_o flank_n and_o the_o other_o in_o the_o other_o and_o so_o the_o rest_n again_o of_o the_o battle_n call_v a_o rhombe_n and_o of_o the_o foote-halfe_a moon_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n xliv_o the_o battle_n frame_v in_o form_n of_o a_o rhombe_n be_v first_o invent_v by_o ileon_n the_o thessalian_a and_o be_v call_v i_o will_v after_o his_o name_n and_o to_o this_o form_n he_o exercise_v and_o accustom_v the_o thessalian_n it_o be_v of_o good_a use_n in_o that_o it_o have_v a_o leader_n at_o every_o corner_n at_o the_o point_n the_o captain_n of_o the_o troop_n the_o reare-commander_n behind_o and_o on_o either_o side_n the_o flanke-commander_n the_o foot_n battle_n fit_a to_o affront_v this_o be_v the_o menoide_n or_o crescent_a have_v both_o the_o wing_n stretch_v out_o and_o in_o they_o the_o leader_n and_o the_o midst_n embow_v to_o environ_v and_o wrap_v in_o the_o horseman_n in_o 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that_o which_o have_v the_o depth_n double_a to_o the_o length_n it_o be_v profitable_a in_o many_o respect_n for_o seem_v to_o carry_v but_o few_o in_o so_o small_a a_o breadth_n it_o deceive_v the_o enemy_n and_o
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and_o manage_v arm_n or_o else_o of_o those_o that_o fight_v not_o but_o remain_v in_o the_o camp_n for_o necessary_a use_n they_o fight_v that_o stand_v order_v in_o battle_n and_o with_o arm_n assail_v or_o repulse_n the_o enemy_n the_o rest_n fight_v not_o as_o physician_n merchant_n servant_n and_o other_o which_o follow_v the_o camp_n to_o minister_v unto_o it_o such_o as_o fight_v be_v either_o footman_n or_o rider_n footman_n proper_o that_o serve_v on_o foot_n of_o rider_n some_o use_v horse_n some_o elephant_n they_o that_o use_v horse_n be_v carry_v â—ither_o one_o horseback_n or_o else_o in_o chariotts_n and_o these_o be_v the_o difference_n in_o general_n but_o in_o special_a the_o foot_n and_o horse_n receive_v many_o other_o division_n only_o the_o elephant_n and_o chariotts_n never_o vary_v footman_n than_o be_v repart_v into_o three_o kind_n one_o be_v arm_v another_o targeteer_n the_o three_o light_n or_o naked_a 2_o the_o arm_a bear_v the_o heavy_a furniture_n of_o all_o footman_n 3_o use_v according_a to_o the_o macedonian_a manner_n large_a round_o targett_v and_o 4_o long_a pike_n 5_o the_o light_n contrariwise_o bear_v the_o light_a have_v neither_o cuirass_n nor_o greve_v nor_o long_o or_o round_a targett_n of_o any_o weight_n but_o 6_o fly_v weapon_n only_o as_o 7_o arrow_n 8_o dart_n 9_o stone_n either_o for_o hand_n or_o sling_z to_o this_o kind_n be_v refer_v the_o 10_o armour_n of_o the_o argilos_n who_o have_v his_o furniture_n like_a to_o the_o macedonian_a but_o something_o light_a for_o he_o carry_v 11_o a_o little_a slight_n torgett_v 12_o and_o his_o pike_n be_v much_o short_a than_o the_o macedonian_a pike_n which_o manner_n of_o arm_v seem_v a_o mean_a betwixt_o the_o light_n or_o naked_a and_o that_o which_o be_v proper_o call_v heavy_a as_o be_v light_a than_o the_o heavy_a and_o heavy_a than_o the_o light_n and_o that_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o many_o place_n it_o among_o the_o light_n the_o force_n of_o horse_n which_o we_o 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strike_v through_o with_o a_o sword_n this_o wool_n so_o wrought_v he_o call_v coactam_fw-la which_o in_o caesar_n as_o i_o take_v it_o be_v call_v subcoactum_n caesar_n word_n sound_v thus_o 3_o pompey_n although_o he_o have_v no_o purpose_n to_o hinder_v caesar_n work_n with_o his_o whole_a army_n nor_o yet_o to_o hazard_v battle_n send_v notwithstanding_o archer_n and_o slinger_n of_o who_o he_o have_v great_a store_n to_o convenient_a place_n and_o by_o they_o many_o of_o our_o soldier_n be_v wound_v &_o a_o general_a fear_n of_o arrow_n fall_v upon_o they_o and_o well_o nigh_o our_o whole_a camp_n make_v themselves_o coat_n and_o case_n of_o either_o felt_n subcoactis_n or_o quilt_n or_o leather_n thereby_o to_o avoid_v the_o danger_n of_o fly_v weapon_n but_o we_o will_v leave_v patricius_n to_o his_o fancy_n and_o add_v a_o example_n out_o of_o xenophon_n of_o arm_n use_v by_o the_o chalybes_n a_o nation_n inhabit_v the_o chaldaean_a mounteine_v bow_n the_o chalybes_n say_v he_o be_v the_o most_o valiant_a nation_n that_o the_o grecian_n pass_v through_o &_o such_o as_o dare_v come_v to_o hand_n with_o they_o they_o use_v linen_n cuirass_n reach_v down_o to_o their_o belly_n and_o in_o steed_n of_o wing_n they_o have_v rope_n thick_o wind_v and_o fasten_v together_o the_o strength_n of_o rope_n thick_o wind_v together_o must_v no_o quaestion_n be_v great_a caesar_n confirm_v it_o amongst_o other_o defence_n which_o his_o soldier_n devise_v for_o assurance_n of_o a_o turret_n against_o the_o engine_n of_o the_o marsilian_o he_o say_v â—_o they_o make_v four_o story_n of_o cable_n fit_v the_o length_n of_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o turret_n and_o four_o foot_n broad_a and_o fasten_v they_o hang_v downward_o to_o the_o beam_n stick_v out_o of_o the_o turret_n on_o those_o tâ—ee_v part_n which_o lie_v towards_o the_o enemy_n which_o kind_n of_o cover_v alone_o they_o â—ad_v in_o other_o place_n make_v trial_n can_v be_v force_v or_o strike_v through_o by_o no_o missive_a weapon_n or_o engine_n whatsoever_o this_o i_o have_v hear_v be_v the_o device_n of_o the_o spaniard_n in_o 88_o to_o defend_v their_o ship_n against_o the_o fury_n of_o our_o artillery_n whereof_o i_o may_v infer_v that_o if_o cable_n combine_v together_o be_v of_o such_o assurance_n against_o engine_n rope_n thick_o lay_v and_o fasten_v together_o must_v be_v a_o strong_a defence_n against_o a_o sword_n to_o end_v with_o the_o matter_n whereof_o arm_n be_v make_v i_o find_v likewise_o that_o the_o a_o macrones_n use_v in_o steed_n of_o cuirass_n coat_n make_v of_o hair_n and_o thus_o much_o of_o the_o matter_n of_o arm_n beside_o arm_n shall_v be_v fit_a for_o the_o body_n and_o for_o the_o strength_n of_o he_o that_o bear_v they_o when_o 38_o david_n be_v to_o fight_v against_o goliath_n k._n saul_n see_v he_o without_o armour_n cause_v his_o own_o head-piece_n &_o cuirass_n to_o be_v put_v upon_o he_o david_n assay_v to_o march_v but_o find_v these_o arm_n to_o heavy_a 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&_o arm_n such_o as_o be_v give_v he_o be_v so_o lead_v against_o the_o enemy_n they_o be_v beat_v say_v xenophon_n receive_v horse_n &_o arm_n at_o all_o adventure_n not_o know_v whether_o they_o be_v fit_a for_o service_n or_o not_o whether_o arm_n be_v to_o big_a or_o to_o little_a they_o hurt_v a_o like_a to_o little_a they_o pinch_n the_o bearer_n &_o make_v he_o not_o able_a to_o endure_v labour_n because_o he_o be_v in_o pain_n to_o great_a by_o their_o slap_n and_o loose_v hang_v about_o the_o body_n they_o hinder_v the_o motion_n of_o those_o part_n that_o be_v to_o be_v employ_v in_o fight_n be_v fit_n they_o differ_v little_a from_o ordinary_a apparel_n except_o it_o be_v in_o weight_n which_o inconvenience_n be_v easy_o remedy_v by_o use_n and_o practice_v 2_o tully_n write_v of_o the_o roman_a soldier_n that_o his_o continual_a use_n of_o arm_n be_v such_o that_o he_o no_o more_o reckon_v his_o target_n sword_n head-piece_n &_o other_o arm_n to_o be_v burdenous_a unto_o 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the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o athenian_n join_v with_o they_o the_o same_o 〈…〉_z philip_n at_o cheronaea_n defeat_v the_o power_n of_o the_o theban_n and_o athenian_n join_v together_o 〈…〉_z alexander_n take_v and_o sack_v the_o city_n of_o thebes_n that_o about_o that_o time_n be_v account_v the_o might_a city_n of_o greece_n 〈…〉_z his_o lieutenant_n antipater_n foil_v the_o lacedâ—nians_n 〈◊〉_d battle_n â—nd_v steâ—_n their_o king_n agis_n 〈…〉_z antigonus_n tutor_n of_o king_n phiâ—p_n the_o son_n of_o demetrius_n break_v a_o army_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o peloponesiâ—_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o chase_v out_o of_o greece_n cleomenes_n the_o last_o brave_a king_n of_o sparta_n 〈◊〉_d they_o be_v not_o beat_v in_o the_o field_n by_o any_o nation_n but_o only_o by_o the_o roman_n and_o yet_o the_o judgement_n of_o 〈…〉_z polybius_n do_v in_o this_o also_o prove_v itself_o good_a for_o where_o the_o roman_n have_v these_o victory_n against_o the_o macedonian_n he_o assign_v this_o to_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o phalange_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o fight_n have_v not_o the_o proper_a place_n nor_o mean_n to_o use_v it_o own_o power_n in_o the_o encounter_n so_o long_o as_o the_o phalange_n have_v ground_n enough_o and_o can_v meet_v the_o enemy_n with_o a_o right_a front_n he_o hold_v it_o not_o possible_a to_o be_v foil_v be_v divide_v and_o in_o place_n uneven_a he_o be_v of_o opinion_n and_o experience_n have_v teach_v it_o may_v easy_o be_v put_v in_o a_o rout_n 〈…〉_z plutarch_n compare_v it_o for_o strength_n so_o long_o as_o it_o be_v one_o body_n and_o maintain_v the_o synaspisme_n joint_o to_o a_o invincible_a beast_n be_v disâ—evered_v he_o say_v it_o lose_v the_o force_n in_o the_o whole_a and_o in_o every_o man_n particular_a both_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o arm_v and_o also_o because_o the_o violence_n oâ—_n it_o consist_v rather_o in_o knit_v of_o all_o part_n together_o than_o in_o particular_a of_o any_o man_n valour_n three_o battle_n to_o praetermit_v aivers_a skirmish_n i_o find_v the_o roman_n 〈◊〉_d with_o and_o thiem_v 〈◊〉_d the_o macedonian_n one_o against_o king_n philip_n the_o son_n of_o demeâ—us_n a_o 〈◊〉_d against_o antiochus_n the_o three_o against_o perâ—eus_n the_o soâ—e_a of_o king_n pâ—lip_n 〈…〉_z for_o i_o paâ—_n over_o those_o wherein_o they_o be_v beat_v by_o pyâ—hus_n 〈◊〉_d worâ—_n 〈…〉_z philip_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d phalange_n and_o not_o use_v the_o whole_a together_o but_o fight_v against_o the_o roman_n with_o the_o right_a wing_n only_o yet_o have_v the_o better_a and_o wâ—_n too_o â—ard_o for_o that_o part_n of_o the_o roman_a army_n that_o join_v with_o he_o but_o the_o other_o 〈…〉_z winâ—_n come_v into_o the_o field_n fit_v rather_o for_o a_o march_n than_o a_o fight_n and_o not_o be_v able_a to_o order_v themselves_o phalaâ—ge-wise_a be_v soon_o defeat_v and_o the_o roman_a victorious_a fall_v upon_o the_o râ—re_a oâ—_n the_o right_a winâ—_n where_o philip_n be_v and_o have_v now_o get_v the_o victory_n and_o so_o 〈◊〉_d the_o field_n antiochus_n unskilful_a in_o true_a order_n of_o a_o phalange_n trusteâ—_n 〈…〉_z 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d horse_n than_o his_o phalange_n and_o be_v to_o fight_v with_o l_o scipio_n where_o he_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d give_v full_a scope_n anâ—_n extend_v the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n by_o make_v it_o 16_o deep_a 〈◊〉_d contrariwise_a narrow_v it_o 〈◊〉_d out_o the_o depth_n into_o 32_o whereby_o he_o lose_v the_o advantage_n of_o match_v the_o â—ront_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o after_o his_o horse_n be_v beat_v give_v facility_n to_o the_o enemy_n of_o 〈◊〉_d on_o it_o all_o side_n 〈…〉_z perseus_n join_v battle_n with_o paulus_n aemiâ—us_n 〈◊〉_d long_a 〈◊〉_d the_o phalange_n continue_v in_o the_o right_a figure_n slay_v many_o of_o the_o roman_n anâ—_n force_v they_o to_o retire_v but_o follow_v on_o too_o eager_o he_o come_v to_o uneven_a and_o rough_a ground_n wherein_o the_o phalange_n be_v dissever_v left_a space_n and_o breach_n for_o the_o roman_n to_o enter_v and_o defeat_v it_o so_o long_o then_o as_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v fit_a ground_n and_o the_o right_a property_n of_o embattail_v it_o stand_v fast_o against_o the_o roman_n the_o great_a soldier_n that_o ever_o be_v be_v in_o their_o hand_n that_o know_v not_o how_o to_o use_v it_o as_o a_o sword_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o child_n it_o yield_v to_o time_n and_o fortune_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v assign_v to_o be_v 2_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v which_o consist_v principal_o in_o order_v of_o target_n and_o pike_n in_o close_v of_o the_o target_n by_o synaspisme_n and_o in_o joint_a charge_v of_o the_o pike_n which_o lie_v out_o thick_a from_o the_o front_n beside_o the_o horror_n of_o the_o sight_n give_v almost_o a_o impossibility_n to_o enter_v the_o phalange_n i_o have_v allege_v the_o judgement_n of_o aemilio_n aemilius_n concern_v the_o sight_n present_v by_o a_o phalange_n when_o the_o pike_n lie_v so_o charge_v out_o of_o the_o front_n a._n polybius_n think_v nothing_o can_v resist_v the_o force_n thereof_o c._n livy_n albeit_o many_o time_n more_o than_o partial_a to_o the_o roman_n yet_o in_o the_o selfsame_o fight_n between_o perseus_n and_o aemilius_n give_v his_o judgement_n thus_o of_o the_o phalange_n the_o second_o legion_n say_v he_o insinuate_v itself_o into_o the_o middle_n empty_a place_n and_o so_o break_v asunder_o the_o phalange_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o more_o evident_a cause_n of_o victory_n than_o the_o fight_v in_o diverse_a place_n at_o once_o which_o first_o trouble_v the_o phalange_n in_o turn_v many_o way_n and_o afterward_o plain_o disjoint_v and_o scatter_v it_o who_o force_n be_v unite_a and_o rough_a with_o charge_a pike_n be_v intolerable_a if_o by_o give_v on_o in_o diverse_a place_n you_o constrain_v it_o to_o bring_v about_o the_o pike_n immovable_a through_o length_n and_o weight_n it_o entangle_v itself_o with_o confuse_a cross_n if_o at_o one_o time_n you_o charge_v it_o both_o flank_n and_o rear_v they_o fall_v asunder_o like_o a_o ruinous_a building_n as_o than_o they_o be_v compel_v many_o way_n to_o answer_v the_o roman_n and_o so_o to_o break_v their_o battle_n into_o many_o parcel_n and_o the_o roman_n upon_o the_o first_o opportunity_n of_o a_o breach_n straight_o way_n convey_v in_o their_o troop_n who_o if_o they_o have_v meet_v the_o enemy_n in_o front_n have_v run_v upon_o the_o pike_n as_o in_o the_o beginning_n it_o happen_v to_o the_o pelignan_n be_v too_o forward_o to_o come_v to_o hand_n and_o can_v not_o have_v resist_v the_o phalange_n fast_o shut_v and_o ser_v up_o for_o the_o encounter_n thus_o livy_n concern_v the_o phalange_n who_o albeit_o a_o roman_a hold_v the_o same_o opinion_n that_o polybius_n do_v 18._o and_o in_o another_o place_n tell_v of_o philip_n encamp_v â—e_n say_v he_o be_v lodge_v in_o a_o woody_a plot_n which_o be_v unfit_a for_o the_o phalange_n especial_o of_o the_o macedon_n which_o unless_o it_o cast_v the_o pike_n as_o it_o be_v a_o muniment_n before_o the_o target_n and_o that_o can_v be_v but_o in_o open_a ground_n be_v of_o no_o great_a use_n so_o than_o if_o pike_n may_v be_v charge_v out_o before_o the_o target_n the_o phalange_n be_v of_o great_a use_n but_o that_o i_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o rely_v upon_o bare_a opinion_n let_v we_o hear_v by_o a_o example_n or_o two_o the_o experience_n of_o the_o pike_n and_o target_n of_o the_o macedonian_a against_o the_o roman_a arm_n c._n when_o t._n quintus_fw-la flaminius_n the_o rome_n consul_n have_v drive_v king_n philip_n and_o his_o army_n from_o the_o straits_n near_o antigonia_n see_v that_o the_o enemy_n keep_v himself_o with_o his_o strength_n and_o abstein_v from_o the_o field_n he_o determine_v to_o try_v the_o city_n of_o thessaly_n and_o have_v win_v some_o
ever_o slay_v in_o battle_n by_o bite_v or_o stroke_n of_o a_o horse_n man_n they_o be_v that_o perform_v whatsoever_o be_v do_v in_o fight_n as_o for_o we_o the_o foot_n he_o mean_v our_o mount_a be_v much_o more_o firm_a and_o steadfast_a than_o they_o they_o hang_v upon_o their_o horse_n and_o be_v in_o fear_n not_o only_o of_o we_o but_o to_o be_v shake_v of_o and_o throw_v to_o ground_n we_o contrariwise_o have_v stable_a foot_n and_o shall_v be_v able_a both_o with_o great_a assuredness_n to_o strike_v and_o direct_v our_o aim_n with_o more_o certainty_n one_o advantage_n the_o horseman_n have_v they_o may_v more_o secure_o run_v away_o hitherto_o xenophon_n and_o so_o much_o be_v summary_o speak_v of_o the_o service_n of_o horse_n 1_o the_o thessalian_n who_o power_n be_v great_a in_o horse_n the_o thessalian_n inhabit_v about_o the_o mountain_n pelius_n be_v the_o first_o that_o fight_v on_o horseback_n and_o be_v therefore_o call_v centaur_n when_o they_o water_v their_o horse_n in_o the_o river_n peneus_n the_o horse_n head_n stoop_v to_o drink_v make_v the_o unskilful_a multitude_n who_o see_v the_o body_n of_o man_n join_v to_o the_o shoulder_n of_o the_o horse_n conceive_v that_o the_o upper_a part_n be_v man_n and_o the_o neither_o ox_n for_o it_o shall_v seem_v horse_n be_v not_o so_o well_o know_v then_o as_o ox_n with_o which_o they_o labour_v and_o plough_v their_o land_n the_o poet_n therefore_o feign_v that_o they_o be_v monster_n compound_v of_o two_o diverse_a nature_n man_n and_o ox_n or_o bull_n and_o that_o centaurus_n the_o beginner_n of_o the_o race_n be_v beget_v by_o ixion_n upon_o a_o cloud_n which_o be_v figure_v like_o juno_n howbeit_o servius_n give_v a_o better_a original_n of_o the_o name_n say_v that_o certain_a servant_n of_o a_o thessalian_a king_n see_v their_o master_n neat_n rage_v with_o the_o brimse_n a_o fly_n that_o bit_v cattle_n get_v a_o horse_n back_o and_o prick_v they_o with_o goad_n reduce_v they_o to_o their_o stable_n and_o that_o they_o be_v after_o call_v centaur_n para_n kentein_v tous_fw-fr taurous_a of_o prick_v the_o neat_a the_o great_a etymologicon_n give_v yet_o a_o other_o beginning_n of_o the_o name_n for_o where_o i_o have_v say_v that_o centaurus_n be_v beget_v by_o ixion_n upon_o a_o cloud_n which_o be_v figure_v like_o juno_n with_o who_o ixion_n be_v in_o love_n the_o etymologicon_n say_v the_o son_n of_o ixion_n and_o of_o the_o cloud_n be_v call_v centaurus_n apo_n thou_fw-mi ton_fw-fr patera_fw-la autou_fw-mi kentein_v ten_o auran_n but_o 189._o diodorus_n sicul._n report_v the_o history_n of_o the_o centaur_n speak_v not_o of_o centaurus_n the_o father_n of_o the_o race_n but_o say_v notwithstanding_o that_o they_o be_v breed_v of_o a_o cloud_n and_o that_o the_o nymph_n bring_v they_o up_o and_o that_o they_o be_v the_o first_o horseman_n and_o therefore_o call_v hippocentauri_fw-la which_o give_v occasion_n to_o the_o fable_n that_o they_o have_v two_o nature_n it_o be_v general_o agree_v that_o these_o centaur_n be_v thessalian_n and_o that_o they_o be_v the_o first_o horseman_n that_o be_v mention_v in_o any_o history_n and_o as_o they_o be_v the_o first_o so_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o long_a practice_n d._n they_o be_v account_v the_o best_a the_o most_o valiant_a and_o the_o most_o expert_a horseman_n of_o all_o greece_n even_o to_o the_o time_n of_o philip_n son_n of_o amintas_n king_n of_o macedonia_n who_o conquer_v all_o thessaly_n say_v c._n justin_n not_o of_o desire_n to_o make_v himself_o rich_a of_o the_o prey_n of_o that_o country_n but_o to_o win_v to_o his_o army_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o thessalian_a horseman_n who_o service_n he_o use_v afterward_o in_o all_o his_o war_n neither_o do_v they_o less_o service_n to_o his_o son_n 594._o alexander_n in_o who_o great_a alexand._n battle_n their_o virtue_n clearelie_o appear_v and_o be_v especial_o commend_v by_o history_n pyrth_n pyrrhus_n also_o principal_o by_o their_o valour_n put_v the_o roman_n to_o flight_n agesilao_n agesilaus_n return_v out_o of_o asia_n towards_o his_o country_n lead_v his_o army_n through_o thessaly_n and_o be_v much_o encumber_v in_o his_o mareh_n by_o the_o thessalian_a horseman_n that_o be_v his_o enemy_n he_o charge_v they_o a._n and_o overthrewe_v they_o and_o please_v himself_o marvellous_o therein_o because_o with_o troop_n of_o horse_n which_o himself_o have_v raise_v and_o discipline_v he_o have_v overthrow_v the_o thessalian_n that_o be_v say_v xenophon_n so_o high_o renown_v for_o horsemanship_n 2_o fashion_v and_o form_n of_o a_o rhombe_n there_o be_v three_o kind_n of_o horse_n battle_n mention_v by_o aelian_n the_o rhombe_n the_o wedge_n and_o the_o square_n and_o the_o square_n be_v either_o a_o just_a square_a or_o long_o in_o flank_n then_o in_o front_n or_o in_o front_n then_o in_o flank_n the_o rhombe_n be_v the_o invention_n of_o the_o thessalian_n and_o in_o that_o form_n they_o usual_o fight_v but_o where_o he_o make_v jason_n to_o be_v the_o inventor_n of_o it_o he_o afterward_o expound_v his_o own_o meaning_n attribute_v the_o invention_n to_o ileon_n the_o thessalian_a from_o who_o also_o it_o be_v term_v isle_n but_o the_o chief_a practice_n to_o jason_n euclyde_n define_v a_o rhombe_n in_o this_o sort_n f_o a_o rhombe_n be_v a_o square_a figure_n that_o have_v the_o side_n equal_a but_o the_o angle_n not_o right_a 31._o that_o be_v the_o four_o side_n of_o the_o square_n be_v of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o length_n but_o the_o point_n which_o make_v the_o angle_n be_v two_o of_o they_o stretch_v out_o in_o great_a length_n and_o become_v more_o sharp_a two_o of_o they_o bring_v narrow_a together_o and_o make_v more_o blunt_a than_o the_o right_a angle_n of_o a_o tetragonall_a square_n see_v the_o figure_n it_o be_v the_o same_o figure_n in_o a_o battle_n that_o at_o this_o day_n we_o call_v the_o diamond_n battle_n which_o be_v sometime_o practise_v among_o the_o foot_n for_o show_v and_o evercise_v sake_n but_o among_o the_o horse_n i_o have_v not_o see_v it_o practise_v and_o as_o the_o square_n go_v to_o charge_v with_o all_o the_o soldier_n that_o stand_v in_o one_o of_o the_o side_n that_o be_v with_o the_o front_n for_o the_o front_n be_v but_o a_o side_n of_o the_o square_a so_o the_o rhombe_n charge_v with_o one_o of_o the_o point_n which_o be_v the_o front_n of_o the_o rhombe_n whether_o of_o they_o be_v of_o most_o use_n in_o the_o field_n i_o be_o not_o to_o determine_v for_o the_o square_n stand_v the_o practice_n of_o our_o day_n beside_o the_o usage_n of_o the_o persian_n sicilian_n and_o most_o grecian_n as_o aelian_n say_v for_o the_o rhombe_n the_o thessalian_n alone_o which_o notwithstanding_o be_v acknowledge_v the_o best_a horseman_n of_o greece_n unless_o we_o allow_v the_o wedge_n for_o a_o parcel_n of_o the_o rhombe_n a_o rhombe_n be_v but_o a_o double_a wedge_n as_o make_v two_o wedge_n when_o it_o be_v divide_v in_o two_o and_o then_o have_v we_o for_o the_o rhombe_n not_o only_o the_o scythian_n and_o thracian_n both_o nation_n very_o good_a horseman_n but_o king_n philip_n amintas_n son_n and_o alexander_n the_o great_a and_o his_o successor_n either_o of_o both_o form_n have_v their_o reason_n for_o the_o square_n they_o that_o use_v they_o hold_v opinion_n as_o aelian_n say_v that_o they_o be_v easy_a to_o frame_v and_o fit_a for_o joint_a move_n of_o horse_n and_o soon_o in_o order_n of_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o that_o the_o commander_n joint_o charge_v the_o enemy_n which_o in_o no_o other_o form_n can_v be_v do_v for_o the_o easiness_n to_o frame_v i_o see_v no_o great_a difference_n only_a custom_n and_o use_v must_v in_o every_o for_o i_o yea_o in_o the_o square_n themselves_o make_v the_o horseman_n ready_a to_o know_v and_o take_v and_o keep_v his_o place_n the_o same_o may_v be_v say_v for_o the_o joint_a move_n of_o the_o horse_n now_o to_o file_n and_o rank_n be_v common_a to_o the_o square_n with_o some_o rhombe_n and_o as_o soon_o do_v in_o the_o one_o as_o in_o the_o other_o the_o number_n of_o the_o troop_n be_v once_o know_v and_o every_o horseman_n have_v his_o place_n assign_v and_o the_o form_n resolve_v upon_o into_o the_o which_o it_o must_v be_v cast_v for_o where_o there_o be_v 4_o kind_n of_o rhombe_n one_o that_o file_v and_o rank_v a_o other_o that_o file_v but_o rank_v not_o the_o three_o that_o rank_v but_o file_v not_o the_o last_o that_o neither_o fileth_n nor_o rank_v as_o aelian_n teach_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n the_o first_o will_v find_v no_o more_o difficulty_n of_o fiâ—ing_v and_o rank_v than_o the_o square_a the_o two_o next_o albeit_o the_o one_o rank_n not_o the_o other_o file_v not_o yet_o the_o want_n of_o file_v or_o rank_v
horse_n in_o every_o troop_n because_o in_o horse_n a_o great_a depth_n will_v be_v idle_a and_o to_o no_o purpose_n for_o they_o can_v as_o foot_n do_v with_o their_o thickness_n thrust_v one_o a_o other_o forward_o from_o behind_o and_o so_o the_o foremost_a will_v they_o or_o will_v they_o be_v force_v to_o go_v against_o the_o enemy_n and_o this_o be_v do_v among_o foot_n but_o the_o horse_n can_v not_o thrust_v forward_o those_o that_o be_v before_o they_o nor_o the_o fileleader_n that_o stand_v in_o front_n be_v second_v in_o that_o kind_n by_o the_o rest_n that_o stand_v in_o depth_n after_o the_o four_o man_n for_o if_o they_o be_v lancer_n the_o five_o rank_n can_v reach_v with_o their_o lance_n to_o the_o front_n if_o archer_n they_o shall_v be_v fain_o to_o shoot_v aloft_o for_o fear_n of_o hurt_v their_o companion_n before_o and_o so_o their_o arrow_n serve_v for_o no_o use_n after_o fight_n be_v join_v therefore_o be_v the_o number_n of_o 4_o sufficient_a in_o depth_n as_o 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body_n a_o epitherarchy_n of_o eight_o 4_o ilarcha_n and_o the_o body_n a_o ilarchy_n of_o 16_o 5_o elephantarcha_n and_o the_o body_n a_o elephantarchy_n of_o 32_o 6_o keratarcha_n and_o the_o body_n a_o keratarchy_n that_o which_o consist_v of_o 64_o we_o call_v 7_o a_o phalange_n of_o elephant_n as_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v name_v the_o commander_n of_o both_o the_o wing_n phalangarcha_n note_n the_o use_n of_o elephant_n be_v great_a among_o the_o people_n of_o asia_n and_o africa_n those_o of_o europe_n esteem_v they_o not_o much_o and_o yet_o we_o find_v that_o they_o be_v bring_v into_o the_o field_n by_o the_o roman_n also_o who_o first_o see_v elephant_n in_o italy_n in_o the_o war_n they_o have_v against_o king_n pyrrhus_n â—_o the_o indian_a elephant_n be_v prefer_v before_o the_o african_a for_o greatness_n d._n of_o body_n strength_n and_o courage_n many_o thing_n be_v write_v concern_v the_o service_n of_o elephant_n but_o because_o aelian_n touch_v no_o more_o than_o 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at_o on_o time_n 500_o elephant_n the_o name_n of_o military_a motion_n express_v in_o this_o book_n chap._n xxiv_o thus_o have_v we_o set_v down_o in_o particular_a the_o kind_n of_o perfect_a force_n together_o with_o the_o several_a name_n of_o every_o body_n which_o be_v premise_v it_o seem_v cap_n 25_o 〈…〉_z face_n turn_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n câ—â—s_n or_o one_o turn_v of_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n the_o first_o stand_v the_o front_n fit_a to_o deliver_v the_o word_n of_o exercise_n that_o when_o the_o commander_n shall_v will_v any_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v the_o soldier_n in_o daily_a experience_n acquaint_v before_o with_o the_o signification_n of_o every_o of_o they_o and_o with_o the_o move_n in_o each_o figure_n may_v easy_o perform_v and_o execute_v whatsoever_o be_v command_v there_o be_v a_o motion_n call_v clisis_fw-la whereof_o one_o kind_n be_v to_o the_o pike_n the_o other_o to_o the_o target_n another_o be_v call_v metabole_n 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the_o right_a hand_n 2_o ecperispasmos_n i_o can_v never_o hitherto_o conceive_v any_o use_n of_o a_o treble_a wheel_a for_o so_o aelian_n take_v the_o word_n unless_o a_o perispasmos_n be_v first_o make_v and_o the_o battle_n have_v the_o front_n already_o bring_v to_o the_o rear_n and_o so_o a_o epistrophe_n add_v from_o the_o rear_n to_o the_o same_o hand_n otherwise_o see_v that_o one_o wheel_v be_v soon_o make_v than_o two_o and_o therefore_o soon_o than_o three_o i_o see_v no_o need_n of_o three_o wheeling_n especial_o see_v we_o may_v do_v that_o we_o desire_v with_o one_o for_o example_n let_v we_o wheel_v our_o battle_n thrice_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n will_v come_v to_o be_v in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o left_a flank_n the_o same_o will_v be_v perform_v as_o well_o with_o one_o wheel_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n et_fw-la frustra_fw-la fit_a per_fw-la plura_fw-la quod_fw-la potest_fw-la fieri_fw-la per_fw-la pauciora_fw-la especial_o in_o matter_n of_o war_n where_o the_o least_o moment_n of_o time_n often_o carry_v the_o whole_a business_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o ecperispasmos_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o use_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o wheel_a and_o double_a wheel_a be_v when_o the_o battle_n be_v close_v and_o the_o enemy_n come_v to_o assault_v you_o in_o any_o other_o one_o place_n than_o the_o front_n you_o seek_v to_o bring_v the_o best_a man_n to_o fight_v for_o if_o you_o be_v to_o be_v charge_v in_o two_o place_n at_o once_o or_o more_o wheel_a help_n little_a except_o it_o be_v to_o turn_v the_o front_n to_o one_o enemy_n and_o in_o that_o case_n your_o only_a shift_n be_v to_o turn_v face_n against_o they_o that_o come_v to_o charge_n on_o what_o side_n soever_o they_o come_v example_n of_o these_o two_o motion_n i_o mean_v epistrophe_n and_o perispasmos_n meet_v we_o almost_o in_o every_o greek_a history_n of_o which_o i_o will_v represent_v one_o or_o two_o especial_o of_o the_o latter_a the_o rather_o because_o practice_v give_v both_o light_n and_o life_n to_o precept_n pyrrh_n plutarch_n recount_v that_o after_o king_n pyrrhus_n have_v in_o vain_a assault_v sparta_n he_o be_v invite_v by_o a_o argivan_n name_v aristaeus_n to_o receive_v argos_n into_o his_o protection_n and_o that_o he_o march_v thitherward_o with_o his_o army_n arieus_fw-la the_o king_n of_o lacedemonia_fw-la lay_v ambush_n for_o he_o and_o take_v the_o principal_a straits_n by_o which_o he_o be_v to_o pass_v charge_v his_o rear_n wherein_o the_o galatian_n and_o molossian_n be_v when_o pyrrhus_n hear_v the_o bruit_n and_o noise_n he_o send_v his_o son_n ptolemy_n with_o the_o band_n of_o companion_n to_o aid_n himself_o with_o all_o speed_n march_v out_o of_o the_o straits_n lead_v on_o his_o army_n the_o medley_n be_v sharp_a about_o ptolemy_n and_o the_o choose_a lacedaemonian_n command_v by_o eualcus_n stand_v close_o to_o their_o business_n oroesus_n a_o candiot_n of_o aptera_n valiant_a of_o his_o hand_n and_o swift_a of_o foot_n run_v cross_a against_o the_o young_a prince_n give_v he_o a_o deadly_a stroke_n and_o overthrow_v he_o his_o fall_n make_v the_o rest_n to_o fly_v and_o the_o lacedaemonian_n have_v the_o victory_n and_o follow_v the_o chase_n come_v into_o the_o champion_n ground_n still_o kill_v but_o not_o remember_v they_o be_v not_o follow_v with_o arm_a foot_n upon_o who_o pyrrhus_n have_v even_o then_o hear_v of_o and_o be_v much_o move_v with_o the_o death_n of_o his_o son_n wheel_v about_o the_o molossian_a horseman_n and_o himself_o first_o advance_v upon_o the_o spur_n imbrue_v himself_o with_o the_o slaughter_n of_o lacedaemonian_n he_o always_o seem_v mighty_a and_o terrible_a in_o arm_n but_o then_o he_o exceed_v himself_o in_o dare_v and_o valour_n for_o turn_v his_o horse_n upon_o eualcus_n who_o shun_v he_o shift_v a_o side_n and_o with_o all_o strike_v at_o his_o bridle_n hand_n as_o he_o pass_v by_o and_o want_v but_o little_a of_o cut_v it_o off_o but_o miss_v the_o hand_n he_o light_v upon_o the_o reins_n and_o carve_v they_o quite_o a_o sunder_o pyrrhus_n with_o all_o strike_v he_o through_o the_o body_n with_o his_o lance_n then_o leap_v from_o his_o horse_n and_o fight_v a_o foot_n he_o cut_v in_o piece_n the_o choose_v lacedaemonian_n that_o fight_v to_o recover_v the_o body_n of_o eualcus_n this_o be_v the_o fight_n that_o pyrrhus_n make_v by_o wheel_v about_o his_o horseman_n against_o the_o lacedaemonian_n that_o follow_v upon_o his_o rear_n another_o example_n of_o wheel_v about_o be_v report_v by_o polybius_n and_o it_o be_v of_o amilcar_n annibals_n father_n this_o be_v the_o history_n the_o mercenary_a soldier_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n revolt_v from_o they_o and_o overthrow_v some_o of_o their_o general_n and_o shut_v they_o up_o within_o the_o city_n of_o carthage_n possess_v both_o other_o straits_n that_o lead_v into_o the_o country_n and_o also_o a_o bridge_n lay_v over_o a_o river_n call_v macar_n which_o river_n be_v not_o passable_a but_o by_o that_o bridge_n beside_o they_o build_v a_o city_n for_o defence_n of_o that_o bridge_n amilcar_n seek_v to_o dislodge_v the_o enemy_n from_o that_o bridge_n and_o have_v no_o way_n to_o come_v at_o they_o convenient_o observe_v that_o when_o certain_a wind_n blue_a the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n towards_o the_o sea_n be_v common_o fill_v up_o with_o sand_n and_o will_v give_v passage_n sufficient_a for_o his_o army_n find_v then_o a_o fit_a time_n he_o put_v over_o his_o army_n in_o the_o night_n and_o before_o day_n or_o ere_o any_o man_n know_v of_o it_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o passage_n and_o present_o lead_v against_o they_o that_o hold_v the_o bridge_n spendius_n he_o be_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a rebel_n hear_v thereof_o advance_v to_o meet_v amilcar_n in_o the_o plain_a and_o both_o ten_o thousand_o from_o the_o city_n at_o the_o bridge_n foot_n and_o fifteen_o thousand_o more_o from_o utica_n come_v out_o one_o to_o aid_v another_o think_v to_o wrap_v in_o the_o carthaginian_n between_o they_o who_o be_v not_o above_o ten_o thousand_o soldier_n of_o all_o sort_n and_o 70_o elephant_n amilcar_n lead_v on_o his_o army_n before_o be_v the_o elephant_n the_o horse_n and_o light_v arm_v follow_v next_o the_o arm_a foot_n come_v last_o and_o perceive_v the_o enemy_n that_o follow_v his_o rear_n press_v hard_o upon_o he_o he_o command_v his_o whole_a army_n to_o turn_v about_o those_o that_o be_v in_o the_o vanguard_n of_o the_o march_n he_o will_v to_o return_v to_o he_o with_o speed_n the_o other_o that_o at_o first_o have_v the_o rear_n he_o wheel_v about_o and_o straight_o oppose_v against_o the_o enemy_n the_o lybian_o and_o mercenary_n imagine_v the_o carthaginian_n flee_v for_o fear_n fall_v upon_o they_o disorderly_o and_o bold_o come_v to_o hand_n but_o when_o they_o see_v the_o horseman_n be_v now_o turn_v about_o and_o come_v up_o near_o to_o the_o foot_n and_o already_o put_v in_o order_n make_v a_o stand_n they_o themselves_o by_o reason_n they_o look_v for_o nothing_o less_o fall_v into_o a_o fear_n turn_v their_o back_n flee_v present_o as_o before_o they_o give_v on_o unaduised_o and_o stragling_o and_o some_o of_o they_o fall_v upon_o their_o own_o people_n that_o be_v come_v on_o wrought_v both_o they_o and_o their_o own_o destruction_n othersome_a be_v trample_v upon_o and_o tread_v to_o death_n by_o the_o horse_n and_o elephant_n that_o follow_v the_o chase_n thus_o far_o polybius_n and_o thus_o far_o of_o wheeling_n the_o figure_n and_o word_n of_o command_n be_v reserve_v for_o the_o 32_o chapter_n where_o the_o manner_n of_o wheeling_n and_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v set_v down_o of_o file_v rank_v and_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n xxvii_o to_o file_n be_v when_o every_o particular_a man_n keep_v equal_a distance_n from_o other_o stand_v in_o his_o own_o file_n lineal_o betwixt_o the_o file-leader_n and_o bringer-up_a to_o rank_n be_v to_o be_v in_o a_o right_a line_n even_o with_o his_o sideman_n in_o the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n 1_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v to_o bring_v the_o sight_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o same_o aspect_n he_o have_v before_o the_o first_o turn_v as_o if_o his_o face_n be_v at_o first_o towards_o the_o enemy_n be_v command_v to_o turn_v towards_o the_o pike_n and_o thence_o to_o return_v to_o his_o first_o posture_n he_o be_v again_o to_o return_v his_o face_n towards_o the_o enemy_n note_n of_o file_v and_o rank_v enough_o be_v speak_v before_o 1_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n this_o motion_n differ_v from_o anastrophe_n before_o specify_v for_o anastrophe_n bring_v back_o again_o the_o whole_a body_n to_o the_o first_o place_n after_o a_o wheeling_n this_o the_o soldier_n face_n
themselves_o of_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o target_n where_o diodore_n have_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o polienus_n have_v protinomenous_a ta_fw-la dorata_fw-la ortha_fw-mi hold_v before_o they_o their_o pike_n upright_o but_o both_o have_v pike_n upright_o and_o diodorus_n his_o continue_v have_v relation_n to_o the_o posture_n they_o be_v in_o which_o chabrias_n will_v not_o have_v they_o to_o alter_v polienus_n his_o hold_n before_o to_o that_o they_o be_v command_v to_o do_v in_o order_v of_o pike_n at_o this_o day_n i_o have_v show_v that_o the_o soldier_n hold_v they_o upright_o the_o but_o end_n set_v on_o the_o ground_n before_o and_o somewhat_o wide_a of_o their_o right_a foot_n 105._o aemilius_z probus_n recite_v this_o history_n pervert_v the_o stratagem_n he_o say_v that_o chabrias_n forbid_v the_o phalange_n to_o give_v back_o and_o teach_v his_o soldier_n to_o receive_v the_o enemy_n charge_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n the_o other_o set_v against_o the_o target_n and_o with_o the_o pike_n abase_v wherein_o he_o quite_o dissent_v from_o diodore_n and_o polien_n diodore_n say_v the_o command_n be_v to_o keep_v their_o array_n polienus_n not_o to_o run_v forward_o but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o probus_n not_o to_o give_v back_o probus_n say_v they_o shall_v kneel_v with_o one_o knee_n and_o rest_n against_o the_o target_n with_o the_o other_o diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o target_n sink_v to_o their_o knee_n polienus_n that_o they_o shall_v carry_v their_o target_n before_o at_o their_o knee_n probus_n that_o they_o shall_v abase_v and_o charge_v their_o pike_n diodore_n that_o they_o shall_v continue_v and_o order_v they_o upright_o polien_n that_o they_o shall_v hold_v their_o pike_n upright_o so_o that_o diodore_n and_o polien_n agree_v and_o expound_v one_o another_o aemilius_n probus_n bring_v in_o a_o new_a history_n dissent_v as_o i_o say_v from_o the_o other_o two_o especial_o in_o make_v that_o to_o be_v a_o form_n of_o fight_n prescribe_v by_o chabrias_n a_o simple_a form_n to_o receive_v the_o charge_n upon_o their_o knee_n which_o be_v a_o contempt_n to_o show_v how_o little_a especial_o in_o that_o strength_n of_o ground_n he_o regard_v agesilaus_n which_o contempt_n also_o make_v agesilaus_n retire_v not_o doubt_v but_o it_o proceed_v from_o a_o great_a assurance_n of_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o as_o i_o say_v i_o take_v these_o word_n ep_o '_o orthon_n apodounai_fw-mi not_o only_o to_o appertain_v to_o the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n but_o also_o and_o that_o much_o rather_o to_o the_o erection_n and_o order_v of_o pike_n of_o countermarche_n and_o the_o diverse_a kind_n thereof_o with_o the_o manner_n how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v make_v chap._n xxviii_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o countermarche_n one_o by_o file_n the_o other_o by_o rank_n each_o of_o these_o again_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o kind_n the_o first_o call_v the_o macedonian_a the_o second_o the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o three_o the_o choraean_a which_o be_v also_o the_o persian_a and_o the_o cretan_a 1_o the_o macedonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o lieu_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v the_o aspect_n of_o the_o soldier_n backward_o where_o before_o it_o be_v forward_o 2_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v that_o which_o leave_v likewise_o the_o ground_n it_o first_o have_v take_v in_o steed_n thereof_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 3_o the_o persian_a be_v the_o cretan_a and_o choraean_a this_o keep_v the_o same_o ground_n of_o the_o phalange_n every_o soldier_n take_v another_o place_n for_o that_o he_o have_v the_o file-leader_n the_o place_n of_o bringer-up_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n in_o order_n and_o turn_v also_o the_o face_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o contrary_a way_n 4_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n be_v make_v when_o a_o man_n will_v transfer_v the_o wing_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o section_n and_o the_o section_n into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n to_o the_o end_n to_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n likewise_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n and_o the_o left_a hand_n part_n into_o the_o right_a hand_n part_n they_o that_o fear_v to_o countermarch_n the_o phalange_n in_o gross_a the_o enemy_n be_v at_o hand_n do_v it_o by_o syntagmae_n i_o will_v now_o set_v down_o in_o what_o manner_n countermarch_v aught_o to_o be_v make_v the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n be_v say_v to_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n with_o the_o bringer-up_a go_v against_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n and_o pass_v on_o to_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_n themselves_o in_o order_n one_o after_o a_o other_o according_a as_o the_o file-leader_n himself_o have_v turn_v his_o face_n therefore_o it_o make_v show_v to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o run_v away_o or_o it_o be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o his_o face_n and_o the_o rest_n pass_v by_o he_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n place_v themselves_o orderly_a one_o behind_o another_o but_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n turn_v also_o their_o face_n and_o proceed_v forward_o together_o with_o their_o file-leader_n order_v themselves_o proportionable_o in_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n wherefore_o to_o the_o enemy_n appear_v behind_o it_o make_v a_o semblance_n of_o fall_v on_o again_o the_o lacedaemonian_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v his_o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n transfer_v the_o whole_a file_n to_o another_o place_n equal_a to_o the_o first_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v stand_n as_o before_o behind_o he_o or_o else_o when_o the_o bringer-up_a turn_v his_o face_n about_o and_o he_o that_o stand_v next_o before_o he_o pass_v by_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n be_v place_v again_o next_o before_o he_o and_o the_o rest_n follow_v be_v place_v one_o before_o another_o in_o their_o former_a order_n till_o the_o file-leader_n be_v the_o first_o the_o choraean_a be_v when_o the_o file-leader_n turn_v about_o towards_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n precede_v the_o file_n and_o the_o rest_n follow_v till_o the_o file-leader_n have_v the_o place_n of_o the_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o bringer-up_a the_o place_n of_o the_o file-leader_n and_o these_o be_v the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v countermarch_v make_v by_o rank_n in_o case_n a_o man_n will_v countermarch_n by_o rank_n for_o every_o rank_n countermarch_v either_o keep_v the_o 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disorder_v the_o thickness_n oâ—_n the_o same_o and_o the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o winding-battaile_n be_v to_o observe_v and_o mark_v the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o ploesium_fw-la that_o if_o they_o still_o maintain_v their_o closeness_n and_o fight_v ser_v they_o also_o encounter_v they_o in_o the_o like_a form_n if_o the_o ploesium_fw-la fileleader_n sever_v themselves_o and_o spring_v out_o from_o their_o main_a force_n than_o they_o likewise_o be_v ready_a to_o meet_v they_o man_n to_o man_n of_o hyperphalangesis_n and_o hyperkerasis_n and_o of_o attenuation_n chap._n l._n hyperphalangesis_n or_o over-fronting_a be_v when_o both_o wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n overreach_v the_o enemy_n front_n hyperkerasis_n or_o overw_v be_v when_o with_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n we_o overreach_v the_o front_n of_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o he_o that_o overfront_v overwinge_v but_o he_o that_o overwinge_v overfront_v not_o for_o they_o that_o match_n not_o the_o enemy_n in_o multitude_n may_v yet_o 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thus_o to_o your_o pike_n turn_v your_o face_n that_o be_v we_o ought_v to_o set_v the_o particular_a before_o and_o then_o infer_v the_o general_a like_a reason_n be_v if_o you_o say_v turn_v about_o your_o face_n or_o countermarch_n for_o these_o be_v also_o general_a word_n and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v do_v well_o to_o set_v the_o particular_a before_o as_o to_o the_o pike_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o or_o to_o the_o target_n turn_v your_o face_n about_o likewise_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n not_o the_o countermarch_v lacedaemonian_a for_o if_o you_o place_v the_o word_n countermarch_v first_o some_o of_o the_o soldier_n will_v happy_o fall_v to_o one_o kind_n other_o to_o another_o kind_n of_o countermarch_v for_o which_o cause_n word_n of_o double_a sense_n be_v to_o be_v avoid_v and_o the_o special_a to_o be_v set_v before_o the_o general_a of_o silence_n to_o be_v use_v by_o soldier_n chap._n liii_o but_o above_o all_o thing_n silence_n be_v to_o be_v command_v and_o that_o beed_o be_v give_v to_o direction_n as_o homer_n special_o signify_v in_o his_o description_n of_o the_o grecian_a and_o trojan_a fight_n the_o skilful_a cheeftaines_a press_v on_o guide_v with_o careful_a eye_n their_o arm_a troop_n who_o follow_v their_o leader_n silent_o you_o sure_o will_v have_v deem_v each_o one_o of_o all_o that_o mighty_a throng_n have_v be_v bereave_v of_o speech_n so_o bride_n lead_v he_o his_o heedful_a tongue_n fear_v the_o dread_a commander_n check_v and_o awful_a hest's_n among_o thus_o march_v the_o greek_n in_o silence_n breathe_v flame_n of_o high_a desire_n and_o fervent_a zeal_n to_o back_o their_o friend_n on_o foe_n to_o wreak_v their_o ire_n as_o for_o the_o disorder_n of_o the_o barbarian_n he_o resemble_v it_o to_o bird_n say_v as_o shoal_n of_o foul_a goose_n crane_n and_o swan_n with_o neck_n far_o stretch_v out_o which_o in_o the_o slimy_a fen_n caïster_v wind_a stream_n about_o sheare_n here_o and_o there_o the_o liquid_a sky_n 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face_n to_o the_o pike_n move_v a_o little_a further_o stand_v so_o as_o you_o be_v 25._o face_n to_o the_o target_n move_v a_o little_a further_o stand_v so_o 25._o face_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n move_v a_o little_a further_o stand_v so_o 29._o double_o your_o depth_n to_o your_o first_o posture_n 29._o double_o your_o length_n to_o your_o first_o posture_n 28._o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n to_o your_o first_o posture_n 28._o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n to_o your_o first_o posture_n 28._o the_o choraan_n countermarch_n to_o your_o first_o posture_n 26._o battle_n wheel_n to_o the_o pike_n to_o your_o first_o posture_n 26._o battle_n wheel_n about_o to_o the_o pike_n to_o your_o first_o posture_n these_o precept_n of_o the_o art_n tacticke_n most_o invincible_a caesar_n i_o have_v lay_v out_o to_o your_o majesty_n which_o will_v be_v a_o mean_n of_o safety_n to_o such_o as_o shall_v use_v they_o and_o of_o â—he_n overthrow_n of_o their_o enemy_n the_o exercise_n of_o the_o english_a in_o the_o service_n of_o the_o high_a and_o mighty_a lord_n the_o lord_n the_o estate_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n in_o the_o low_a country_n the_o soldier_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o kind_n foot_n and_o horse_n the_o foot_n again_o be_v of_o two_o kind_n pikeman_n and_o musketeer_n pikeman_n be_v arm_v with_o a_o head-piece_n a_o cuirass_n and_o tase_n defensive_a and_o with_o a_o pike_n of_o fifteen_o foot_n long_o and_o a_o rapier_n offen_n sieve_n the_o armour_n be_v all_o iron_n the_o pike_n of_o ashen_n wood_n for_o the_o steal_v and_o at_o the_o upper_a end_n a_o iron_n head_n of_o about_o a_o handful_n long_o with_o cheek_n about_o the_o length_n of_o two_o foot_n and_o at_o the_o butt-end_n a_o round_a strong_a socket_n of_o iron_n end_v in_o a_o pike_n that_o be_v blunt_a yet_o sharp_a enough_o to_o fix_v to_o the_o ground_n the_o form_n thereof_o be_v express_v in_o the_o grave_a figure_n the_o musketier_n have_v a_o head-piece_n for_o defence_n a_o 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